779 lines
67 KiB
XML
779 lines
67 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C4CB359F460A03891942F6F939209EA1">Order Carnivora</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7EEB86B446A4069EE8735513F6A4546C">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="46161FD76EC9B609D1652543ABF28C96">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="5784BC99992A78AE1526B0A50C6B7273">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="1E0960FBA3A4CB2CA00A01E77F6117E3">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="25E9F1ECE53C43B959C8D9D1D730673E">
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<mods:title id="F0AAF2E0604A2FAA916118883EECE002">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:start id="655D7CC7BE332F104AE6739913BA2BA9">532</mods:start>
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<treatment id="6A2B9A1701E78409EB38E0F11679743C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11344616" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231547536" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11344616" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6A2B9A1701E78409EB38E0F11679743C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A2B9A1701E78409EB38E0F11679743C" lastPageNumber="575" pageNumber="575" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14000738">
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<subSubSection id="D9CAB9378DF8B1ADCAB9B7AB5452BB89" pageNumber="575" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="7316DF5B2E32F2BC5A409B0933469FFF" pageNumber="575">
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<taxonomicName id="9C0112BCF0FF05AC623DD853E9814D9D" ID-CoL="QLXL" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
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<emphasis id="38A01BB450DE440676152EB854231E48" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
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Linnaeus 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0D6D358B12F8ED2FB4988297AE04D134" pageNumber="575" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="213780B0450A62F5BACCD2405E6F6B0F" pageNumber="575">
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<treatmentCitation id="0473BBBDEC1593CA99541389125BF976" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3920331" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3920331" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2F15C6CE-6C7A-4AF8-AE71-087151318E0E" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A288CFA2509ED874FE6DF4519278C0B8" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" page="39" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus" title="Canis lupus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
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<taxonomicName id="942CDBD7D624882F776378D5A73A4973" ID-CoL="QLXL" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
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<emphasis id="24142340F10F94505D38B5BFD8E7D725" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A37CAC53CECC2A7D22CCBE5ABF26841A" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibCitation id="02B7786B8B3142E950023E8B64B539C0" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="575" pagination="39" title="Canis lupus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 39</bibCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0B0A5C4209C397777F3B3837B9EAFBD9" pageNumber="575" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="AF0820041CA870E46C8ABF98E7221674" pageNumber="575">
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<emphasis id="8711DE0090449E5737B355D1C4C43590" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="575">Type Locality:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="1A3AC7E0F0EEEF8F363B5B4B69C0EEB4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867350598" country="Sweden" pageNumber="575">
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"Europæ sylvis, etjam frigidioribus", restricted by
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<bibRefCitation id="4F7427C8EAEDB45FBB38361C4C3F4542" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref353417" refString="Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158." year="1911">
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Thomas (1911
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<emphasis id="560C49970B49B8E65B53B77F76635796" italics="true" pageNumber="575">a</emphasis>
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)
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</bibRefCitation>
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to "
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<collectingCountry id="5FA80D720F00989B257F5EA97795EE67" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
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"
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="A259E718056DD63453AD8C568D3A41C0" pageNumber="575" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="BDF3963FA702A51A3D3323279059614B" pageNumber="575">
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<emphasis id="9950599D48A944662ED338A5FF768E0C" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="575">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="347C0C04CD56A38A58D36C3C219B1FC1" language="eng" pageNumber="575">Wolf</vernacularName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1DDCA009FA8A9260625ADEB17B861F2C" pageNumber="575" type="child_taxa">
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<paragraph id="8F9691E67E780EB8CD28FB0A71D8A723" pageNumber="575">
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<emphasis id="51C2ED59F58E826994A0FC08DCB55A00" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="575">Subspecies:</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7797147A4AF081DCF1AEFFBBC07E40F8" pageNumber="575">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="85F28A2037080696F7B99CEBCC6029D4" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="lupus">
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<emphasis id="143C09F80FFC9C538E77A6030864AC39" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="37EA40D693343C0C71636DBD1D1A4479" italics="true" pageNumber="575">lupus</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="D00F7AF2FD077A3DDD6E3612A04E2C37" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="2D6458BCD758AE948047DE8F390ECC37" pageNumber="575">
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Subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="3EF77C9C0975E027FFDAF7A6E7CE5098" authority="Kerr 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="albus">
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||
<emphasis id="389725427B6DDDC7D1AC931E969D235B" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="7600F5D5163AC6383438136C89C535AE" italics="true" pageNumber="575">albus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="08D56FA7F62B289BD5576B41A5E4F68E" author="Kerr, R." refId="ref183257" refString="Kerr, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system, of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus; class I: Mammalia. London, J. Murray & R. Faulder, 664 pp." year="1792">Kerr 1792</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="0C474C8AF0E48AE392215A533163B6B4" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="0181ECDD1FC4A31D67A6E6D8455254F1" authority="Goldman 1941" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1941" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="alces">
|
||
<emphasis id="31DF900056960A69F42E0039A6183760" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="906FB4F6E5EAAE40890A57A96B13A7BB" italics="true" pageNumber="575">alces</emphasis>
|
||
Goldman 1941
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0F91B7C92CEBF9AF7B92787A97B38EBE" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0FD7C329779D5FB5D71C8D189A71D094" authority="Pocock 1934" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1934" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="arabs">
|
||
<emphasis id="62E6308C5590BEBD446E0F4D93E82A80" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="1B270DA96EDCB4E0D1033E7D6368173D" italics="true" pageNumber="575">arabs</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock 1934
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C516E9AFBC9FFFC8AC75EE15534DA58C" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7E42F1D1338A8A71C77E9E8A97061AF3" authority="Pocock 1935" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="arctos">
|
||
<emphasis id="32247903CC201F31E71D48B6861CAAAF" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="7FEC9315AE9ACE34BC0026EFD2EDC8EA" italics="true" pageNumber="575">arctos</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock 1935
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CBBBC8EB0AF3092845DBC89F9EA02E24" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="B00ABAA998E42387883347F46B6CCE10" authority="Nelson and Goldman 1929" authorityName="Nelson and Goldman" authorityYear="1929" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="baileyi">
|
||
<emphasis id="50CFD5F1881FDFD73D5B0A814A425AF5" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="55ABB605383CA6B3830319904453642D" italics="true" pageNumber="575">baileyi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EAF8DB70BD05B16AF6BB1A399802102F" author="Nelson, E. W. & E. A. Goldman" refId="ref257483" refString="Nelson, E. W., and E. A. Goldman. 1929. Four new pocket gophers of the genus Heterogeomys from Mexico. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 42: 147 - 152." year="1929">Nelson and Goldman 1929</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="030940D1F37E532A70BF43C68A3CD129" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
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||
<taxonomicName id="5C0DF4CD3E23DEB41B193EE80C4309CC" authority="G. M. Allen and Barbour 1937" authorityName="G. M. Allen and Barbour" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="beothucus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F2EAB9FC84D7B1224BE864B09CEC11CB" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
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||
<emphasis id="C8CADBCC320F2D2843A424026295E2BE" italics="true" pageNumber="575">beothucus</emphasis>
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||
G. M. Allen and Barbour 1937
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||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EBC18B851257FBC4F5B64C3628D235C0" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="35AB44186F8973F0C03B590F3A0D6BD1" authority="Anderson 1943" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="bernardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="7857C68EF76B9199A35AE28B5A2C4C75" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="947D3235CC37A1AEFC834188F7B9553E" italics="true" pageNumber="575">bernardi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F1F87D723356C5A2B26E669C8386FEB" author="Anderson, R. M. & A. L. Rand" refId="ref8557" refString="Anderson, R. M., and A. L. Rand. 1943. Variation in the porcupine (Genus Erethizon) in Canada. Canadian Journal of Research, section D, 21: 292 - 309." year="1943">Anderson 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B96BD920AD0035C195A12F62E438FF60" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5F2B36F5B2B016BE5515FFE519279B66" authority="Dwigubski 1804" authorityName="Dwigubski" authorityYear="1804" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="campestris">
|
||
<emphasis id="06E9917C3430849A494CC0E3171C5756" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0D15C06BB04FA9A9AAB950877496FCCF" italics="true" pageNumber="575">campestris</emphasis>
|
||
Dwigubski 1804
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="94EAD3DFB44021FCA362F8507B6CC0B2" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9AE66A7C3B7D4F0D3FE8755F74DE19D0" authority="Gray 1863" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1863" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="chanco">
|
||
<emphasis id="957887B5ED172E0B22901162A45CAB53" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="BB5334E0EA0AE8BF084D9518818E39B2" italics="true" pageNumber="575">chanco</emphasis>
|
||
Gray 1863
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="900F814A5F09CD995E89F95E2991636C" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C8C52803177513ED7BBB25599E9CC111" authority="Goldman 1941" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1941" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="columbianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E7F06CE7490DD31C5E644AD2F9960027" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="08BAF03EC8D89ED26BA4488F1858CEDA" italics="true" pageNumber="575">columbianus</emphasis>
|
||
Goldman 1941
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA280062DE59D53E8F0A031375F78524" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9DE96A85CE8015877E102ECA3884FC2A" authority="Hall 1932" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="1932" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="crassodon">
|
||
<emphasis id="FC67F82C545A3FFB629FC66609FF93BF" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="7CE0CD483A87CAFC47F4B604A6BFFA8D" italics="true" pageNumber="575">crassodon</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DB9C2181361120838BF8EB65304EF4EA" author="Hall, E. R. & R. M. Gilmore" refId="ref137557" refString="Hall, E. R., and R. M. Gilmore. 1932. New mammals from St. Lawrence Island, Bering Sea, Alaska. University of California Publications in Zoology, 38: 391 - 404." year="1932">Hall 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4594A4C6AA1B2D52E1EFC7E32D1A4933" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AC96DD923A8A99171B6EE70720E14D30" authority="Meyer 1793" authorityName="Meyer" authorityYear="1793" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="dingo">
|
||
<emphasis id="69290DB34A061291B8E7AA0801DA2692" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0BC225CD1EE35389CEB263DEBA64E3FA" italics="true" pageNumber="575">dingo</emphasis>
|
||
Meyer 1793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EE53EEDEE70E8F2F8707ECFE02A31F88" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C29B32AF61A026E8443C58A8224326D9" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="familiaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="2BD0156B363BEA3C7CE2BF9D6CF82CFE" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="F517948A145DB2ED320BCA5DB57DDDD3" italics="true" pageNumber="575">familiaris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91A62A3E049608A77A597D03657AEFC3" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="519BE109659E0B638F9B48155C6D0086" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5CEA1D4E306A8F806F9EA6D40241784A" authority="Miller 1912" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="floridanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6953EEAC71A4FC86CB68B956C63DB5A1" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="B49CF41B3DA5A9C3085117240C9DFDEB" italics="true" pageNumber="575">floridanus</emphasis>
|
||
Miller 1912
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="866A31C2B9CE40E68E1DCA27C6859DDA" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6F1660CC0D217A81CE3ECCF507228B53" authority="Richardson 1839" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9F1900DF75D38EE5B2B462F4F02084B1" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="836C1AE0805475C5506E7DC38D7389CB" italics="true" pageNumber="575">fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
Richardson 1839
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C714DACEEC18B957F6DF974C902B085C" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="05D69F1E5D6FC6F1EB3F6A3612EEFE66" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="gregoryi">
|
||
<emphasis id="C508E92D8AA0D56E23984016162CE45A" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="EA52D3E7BC8B0DC3975595422E89B84D" italics="true" pageNumber="575">gregoryi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="9C6085888EC610856AF9F23D81514353" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3BD88563434DEA33C1BDCB7B11D94ADF" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5BE4020D43C581E735C3273800B4B4EA" authority="Baird 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="griseoalbus">
|
||
<emphasis id="E09D4525CC8FB69563AB17807786AA12" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="E51694DB7D91E2A4BE7842A7E80B483A" italics="true" pageNumber="575">griseoalbus</emphasis>
|
||
Baird 1858
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="76725354A7775B10CCD96C581C3C7A16" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D0B96C430B291DDA09BCCBDB06F691BE" authority="Kishida 1931" authorityName="Kishida" authorityYear="1931" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="hattai">
|
||
<emphasis id="88F81A670C2AF3E28080EB689A6AF0FA" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="16D270EAA37DA558E336B08715886BE0" italics="true" pageNumber="575">hattai</emphasis>
|
||
Kishida 1931
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1EAC85391DBD70D8804307FD1041B966" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D1079A73F278E20232F34A228089B10E" authority="Temminck 1839" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1839" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="hodophilax">
|
||
<emphasis id="DBF35B4F066D37AE43D7DEBD68B10932" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="8F47C8AD85D091D8E74DD389E0B089AB" italics="true" pageNumber="575">hodophilax</emphasis>
|
||
Temminck 1839
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4FF27D9ADD455E0232B480C3200DB4C1" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="290180674AA03E91917DDA78A3699FC8" authority="Goldman 1941" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1941" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="hudsonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="642E089F762087DE28CA8774B5501C38" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="A12837180F1EBF1E1A4FFBF3351B51C3" italics="true" pageNumber="575">hudsonicus</emphasis>
|
||
Goldman 1941
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="27E1A11C7D15B7CECF38860A39060F85" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68B938BF2560CFB27B0FC4DE5B3FC05C" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="irremotus">
|
||
<emphasis id="702770257E3F9D98D2072DCFAADC063E" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="49743B5E51A9F41D8411F436BD08A8A5" italics="true" pageNumber="575">irremotus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C4C6FA0434C01EF4A7DC96331B1132BF" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="05DB93A6BAF3307A3BE73A0A16D14851" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB3311A524755E99B0E199D8B39DA58E" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="labradorius">
|
||
<emphasis id="5A49086BED55A20480FA78A9A30CE486" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="A7C21FE1150981BF50212C746721E6BA" italics="true" pageNumber="575">labradorius</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7DCCEE00A63A3DC59E9639CC79ED8322" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="FB98528D5B4DF68301928494FF5691DF" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="50F99BD053571D0646146D14FC37AD84" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="ligoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="41FF695DD9E6D0010E0506BFE73AD8BB" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="07959E16DCCDA1DADA31730DF539ECF4" italics="true" pageNumber="575">ligoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D446B8150549D5A1EDB0E7D1BF6A10DA" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EEBAABBFA21238D8B47792E4A7C220E1" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="073C248157E9AD0B9ECA1B1B1791905F" authority="Schreber 1775" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1775" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="lycaon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B5C5E1F617CC7ADEE1AF74FCD9E4814D" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="FAADBF72E818DB31DB90BA2814158E67" italics="true" pageNumber="575">lycaon</emphasis>
|
||
Schreber 1775
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EB5C91EBE49F501A9DF20466C2876EDC" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="44DEAE73B0BE4405C465C2A132EFE6FF" authority="Anderson 1943" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="mackenzii">
|
||
<emphasis id="CE3A2AE50699FA1A6ED851C00932A6C8" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="045C7B54AA48EA6639996A3B7C27CEE3" italics="true" pageNumber="575">mackenzii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AE6B184FA9870161482AEC73E7125979" author="Anderson, R. M. & A. L. Rand" refId="ref8557" refString="Anderson, R. M., and A. L. Rand. 1943. Variation in the porcupine (Genus Erethizon) in Canada. Canadian Journal of Research, section D, 21: 292 - 309." year="1943">Anderson 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="27A5CDAFB4970CD22731447FB660F1FB" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9EF850D329CC5D04A7A161267C7EE7CE" authority="Anderson 1943" authorityName="Anderson" authorityYear="1943" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="manningi">
|
||
<emphasis id="3A33B63D38FBFA17ADE77D2CAA749E30" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="55D691EF3C99AFFAF525C19B9B53768F" italics="true" pageNumber="575">manningi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AEFCD191B30931977245B8A11EF3C4C6" author="Anderson, R. M. & A. L. Rand" refId="ref8557" refString="Anderson, R. M., and A. L. Rand. 1943. Variation in the porcupine (Genus Erethizon) in Canada. Canadian Journal of Research, section D, 21: 292 - 309." year="1943">Anderson 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="385D8BBC23C9AAAC84E5915FFE53C9F0" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B6A1DEB22AC0FC168D73F2074B02B8A0" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="mogollonensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="BBCD1C1A751FB1DB1903766BFEA5E05B" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="1B81243548C1A343BAFDC0FD47B37A81" italics="true" pageNumber="575">mogollonensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C072E61366BFF6450F0F28A02AB3A856" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F67A4804A116E8B223F32FC0B2B2E1CC" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6A12DCAB04467938CFE886479085BE10" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="monstrabilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="967E24518E0C7DC3A93B15FD1FED564B" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="DB4B88BCEC994A6A954D2509FB54BA59" italics="true" pageNumber="575">monstrabilis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C4B3AD31201FC9F6B25C5CC039411AA9" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="95B695E6EE4BC68557274BB9BB1C06D8" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E37B1588EBED26E950708A895FC941F0" authority="Say 1823" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="nubilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6E27ED1196115F4254C43500B826DA87" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="63FADDAF16B937613E14ECDE18FE92DC" italics="true" pageNumber="575">nubilus</emphasis>
|
||
Say 1823
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6C204551AF086699C5E4068229837470" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08139229E88DED87754AD817C284A39F" authority="Richardson 1829" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="occidentalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="1728AE96EA1AE1998E20C17A20586F74" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="CD7BD7B4DC1D09E19299ED9FB9F0C58C" italics="true" pageNumber="575">occidentalis</emphasis>
|
||
Richardson 1829
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EAAB64F510A4956A1BDC31433E2A54DA" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CA3B54128B44220750003CFF1CA10667" authority="Pocock 1935" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1935" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="orion">
|
||
<emphasis id="D76F9BCE961BE3904457BFA66941AAB4" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="0A3B4DD746C9F65EA7D9F2F984A63543" italics="true" pageNumber="575">orion</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock 1935
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="46C5A1690B0975BC79BA34DA94A8B727" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A9C4F53FF37E73B4972EDE80DF0D1B3D" authority="Sykes 1831" authorityName="Sykes" authorityYear="1831" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="pallipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="988C60049270C635E427B838CCD3D57A" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="897302711D655209FFFEECB50C9BF7CF" italics="true" pageNumber="575">pallipes</emphasis>
|
||
Sykes 1831
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="54E68156BA99D1D226D8A6A5F9EA7A05" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3DA93B35469AC9EC71F238635AD33474" authority="Elliot 1905" authorityName="Elliot" authorityYear="1905" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="pambasileus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8AC2B98A5A3C808EDA3413AC08B741E7" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="6A7D291923E7A3C460CDA9393B093C88" italics="true" pageNumber="575">pambasileus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="262DD3E37E4226BFAF23A22FD358ABD5" author="Elliot, D. G." refId="ref93464" refString="Elliot, D. G. 1905. A checklist of mammals of the North American continent, the West Indies and the neighboring seas. Field Columbian Museum, Publication 105, Zoological Series, 6: 1 - 761." year="1905">Elliot 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1421FEA3531391A703F30A506B38AB9E" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FACEBE747615502AAFD483031B824B48" authority="Audubon and Bachman 1851" authorityName="Audubon and Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91CB1645ACF185A163EE29021D25565" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="C1232985552CBA1ECB189D1740AA87ED" italics="true" pageNumber="575">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
Audubon and Bachman 1851
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="6AB9FC9C2B70D62B3ED9409CBE31DE71" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8BA102B4E965BBB5EBFBF90A4E270057" authority="Miller 1912" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1912" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="tundrarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="0E7AEFF2BC05FFC70F4F92C910C1C7FD" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="6AF51F7E95A2464C133237969080C43D" italics="true" pageNumber="575">tundrarum</emphasis>
|
||
Miller 1912
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="93B21B1C62C83979C71E232971D3F32A" pageNumber="575">
|
||
Subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F49BBF9562CE0BD446F3CD316057E95C" authority="Goldman 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageNumber="575" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lupus" subSpecies="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis id="4BA5AE9601A8D82FC8EF11E4D76198B5" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
subsp.
|
||
<emphasis id="F59997C05EE57C249A62443C6390A711" italics="true" pageNumber="575">youngi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="0F5E5CA054D302D4666FE13C4F5C0329" author="Goldman, E. A." refId="ref122808" refString="Goldman, E. A. 1937. The wolves of North America. Journal of Mammalogy, 18: 37 - 45." year="1937">Goldman 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="BD6266BB9E31B41603CBCD3F2879D77F" pageNumber="575" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="1937436C8A98206BAEB7C2F181696904" pageNumber="575">
|
||
<emphasis id="6E64C66405D719CE5957DC597F4C36EA" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="575">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Throughout the N hemisphere: North America south to
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="0154EF346B928C4FC1DD2C3C209090EB" degrees="20" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55555" value="20.0">20°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="E3C58B8C2684BD6204FA83ABA7889EC9" country="Mexico" name="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3C236E7BB4A856D48F89F2A50C94F165" name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
); Europe; Asia, including the Arabian Peninsula and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="966868951943DE077BADB2CBD90C0D13" name="Japan">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, excluding Indochina and S
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DB2B6E5723F51AE85E6CB564949418FC" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Extirpated from most of the continental
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8E8572F38B941618B1C4CBA925F74ED3" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Europe, and SE
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DFF582CB7AE9939A3A1EB11ED4BA1BD0" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Indochina (Ginsburg and Macdonald, 1990).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8354D7A8932F7B431BA602761AC8214B" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7CBAB23E6628E4FDFD3CF64323BDF0F8" name="Albania">Albania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7DBC0DD48B7180B52A74110875958246" name="Armenia">Armenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Azerbaijan,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1D7663F1D0808EF744DF00C5F3F98D0B" name="Belarus">Belarus</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C904C3AB6F4BF2BEDD389AB20600AD2E" name="Bhutan">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6605BD94C5537A309B83FF50D6A1468C" name="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F71DDF075A32F367AC80D0C6E55FE5A6" name="Canada">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="087B88A2AE1C3EEE023FEDE49B75055A" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3C1E63D7608642360CFCE1CF5C77CA80" name="Egypt">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
(?),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E302AF00401FD2911796C065DF72127E" name="Estonia">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DBB1A21F2BF46001375D6A10148195BE" name="Finland">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AF2389AE07E2143C4315012199196017" name="France">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Georgia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="17D61A5C06C72B6453B60E501C8C72D8" name="Greece">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="8D610D4277624C4FBC33842973B8E6FA" name="Greenland">Greenland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B0561072290EE0F1C74FE6359A4EDB52" name="Hungary">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4A3312361F31D89A668B5531B5BACC2F" name="India">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="84B45E8A752DBFF103FF970A099FDC16" name="Iran">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="166FAD0E42BAF418CFAED0D48F6399B6" name="Iraq">Iraq</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3D366561159D0ADD0CA6A78CAF8A19A8" name="Israel">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6969F484D724C3B3202B62FFB75AF948" name="Jordan">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0D72F9389DFFD27879560D47B389714B" name="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="5D0E20829F693A3003D590C6EEFC17E3" name="Latvia">Latvia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E831C6AE2CACBB3FBCD4859172D5539A" name="Lebanon">Lebanon</collectingCountry>
|
||
(?),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E58BD4986C780DCF2D1FB69C8B57C92A" name="Lithuania">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Macedonia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="7B332960E33187F5AAFD00B57E529224" name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="65115BF5A3DB73881CC43AF797443DEA" name="Mongolia">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4FAC19D30953DBEDBA4D92B030F5184A" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="72789EBB0E0AAFA57FC6C46BB24D70FF" name="Norway">Norway</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6763399C1A45F1C4FBBA135DBFD2B1E8" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BA1046E45BB08710FCC72E03618424F2" name="Poland">Poland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="303CD95764C3D22A373111CF6A9814D6" name="Portugal">Portugal</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F1BA0E57FFA5FEAADBCB8F70E6DDEE4B" name="Romania">Romania</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6E8CFDC53272207815D0F88C47C46081" name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="61EB50E78CF8F9D1A9C00EDA8953BD01" name="Saudi Arabia">Saudia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Arabia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9957CEF8FA5A4FBB7B5684048D7E004D" name="Serbia">Serbia and Montenegro</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="36F299577B3931DA951738C97AB3FDDB" name="Slovakia">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="FECF646E5F3C7FE16827F12C00902342" name="Spain">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="DEF1B5D1CF2744225F5D62C2040A27B3" name="Sweden">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4A1A1325BAD62FEA8CC0595B5A88C61A" name="Syria">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2DAF18D288C3A3B02CDE2D9BE9B45183" name="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4358A29B3701323FF7BDF04EB7FE8C96" name="Turkey">Turkey</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="3F178B87F7C07B6FBB457C763819AE4C" name="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E2F40DCEB5BF900C8760196B5FF8E72F" name="Ukraine">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="519076A4575FCDF9C8467584E9FF0BCC" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see status below),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="112FB524091E48BC079789317579421B" name="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="161B09EBE4643719A951D95945A6EBF6" pageNumber="575" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="590165F25FA7A7274A13119B4ADFBA09" pageNumber="575">
|
||
<emphasis id="F60E4507C23B31D0624F11523BE322F4" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="575">Conservation:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="7EE1A68048258770EAF4ED91D950783A">CITES</collectionCode>
|
||
– Appendix I (Indian,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="110946A952AF5FF6B149616A198DB110" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="AAF926523C0D1A7E258BE7DF64323A9F" name="Bhutan">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0BD4B09B52283A11951A7E62ACED39CF" name="Nepal">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
populations); otherwise Appendix II.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A507DF29ED0CC0E5A1B3AA50195217BD" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectionCode id="3354BF39F68D5F20D77D8110109DBD30" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
|
||
– as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBFC06A5E18D3BF13DC824BEC857124F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="098A5BC9CC60208070A079DC816060A6" italics="true" pageNumber="575">C. lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varies by population: 1) Endangered in Southwestern Distinct Population Segment –
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4A3EDC3AB3B3CF7F809B1C14AF8F4BA1" name="Mexico">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6632B068FBC6569C6966160359820333" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(AZ, NM, CO south of Interstate Highway 70,
|
||
<collectionCode id="00CEA333581AE561A23F17DE20E4FBCF" country="Iran" name="University of Tehran">UT</collectionCode>
|
||
south of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41EDB89E4E15161B6F7C951AC917420B" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
Highway 50, OK and TX, except those parts of OK and TX east of Interstate Highway 35; except where listed as an experimental population); 2) Threatened in Western Distinct Population Segment –
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B213A5730A87C72780FAA568C4FFBFCE" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="97DEF833D3B280CB76D902D39AA8F6BB" country="USA" name="Chicago Academy of Sciences" type="Museum">CA</collectionCode>
|
||
, ID,
|
||
<collectionCode id="68DFFFF827C415A0D73742D882241D63" country="Russia" name="Mus. Tinro, Vladyvostok">MT</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="8446F403F8671373BDC37AA4C5F01D70">NV</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="E7710005FA1AD1F9AF4C904F079B48AD">OR</collectionCode>
|
||
, WA,
|
||
<collectionCode id="60D60C35DF794124DCA0453C4E06C3B0">WY</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="04C7B51AB0BCB1A236D185AA7B6D56EB" country="Iran" name="University of Tehran">UT</collectionCode>
|
||
north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9E060050E0B91D1629F9FB3C82E92E55" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
Highway 50, and CO north of Interstate Highway 70, except where listed as an experimental population); 3) Threatened in Eastern Distinct Population Segment –
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BCEF960894A17DC0E75B414B5ADBDA0D" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(CT, IA,
|
||
<collectionCode id="82D0BA5FEA9B471456C3DF3A9506572F">IL</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="8846CA66907C73739B75A2BACB988C9E">IN</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="DC3A3D72DBC3117D45873EDA1CE1FFEC">KS</collectionCode>
|
||
, MA,
|
||
<collectionCode id="B6DFA431FB94795A2742A8B8B0F4875A">ME</collectionCode>
|
||
, MI,
|
||
<collectionCode id="7553EE2DAD08A306D03F726285401227" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
, MO, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, RI, SD, VT, and WI); 4) Experimental populations in portions of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9510B1D750E2EF3B48968B654D59C843" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="4FC3E838C1167DAC30DCEC0539165D47">WY</collectionCode>
|
||
and portions of ID and
|
||
<collectionCode id="0FFE4D5CF17AD27C37B605CCCA0BEF77" country="Russia" name="Mus. Tinro, Vladyvostok">MT</collectionCode>
|
||
; portions of AZ, NM, and
|
||
<collectionCode id="BC2FD7C2B8612B493132358FDAED18A3">TX</collectionCode>
|
||
); otherwise,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="41D7C6E39AABBE44DC3204868C609022" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectionCode id="032077FBAA130D5504731FE0A3E0EFBD" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
|
||
– Delisted Taxa in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C5A001B6D543CDC5E6E63E4175842C92" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="3DA338013CAD4314FEF723320D1B1C39" country="United States of America" name="Delaware">Delaware</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="A0C008C90A71A9040587FE51057011C4" country="United States of America" name="West Virginia">West Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="436B1BC3CCDA88586A1D864A3E0D1A6E" country="United States of America" name="Virginia">Virginia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="687FAB04AA7102733DA1B7671E399332" country="United States of America" name="Maryland">Maryland</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="AF5D90BB57046253316B78523CB60DDB" country="United States of America" name="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="51F5C1EBA5F9C58401870CA533259B7A" country="United States of America" name="Kentucky">Kentucky</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="035D07E64F75D64424FB24149031F03C" country="United States of America" name="Tennessee">Tennessee</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F100862EF5C555841556049929F110FE" country="United States of America" name="North Carolina">North Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D8B8E59E029690C9B2E10D14005D2C25" country="United States of America" name="South Carolina">South Carolina</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="5E6F711885F5A520C734353355BB18AE" country="United States of America" name="Georgia">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="CC030B09DB2E9DA86C213EAAA160B779" country="United States of America" name="Florida">Florida</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="2E9DA68F79E4115B291E030D87381C3F" country="United States of America" name="Alabama">Alabama</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="54B2D9FC0414E12AEDA8A8C20CD5F4B3" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="8850341753DF1C8CAB4A90F2DB161DC4" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="018238520634E00A36447F607996B801" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
|
||
, parts of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F4E049C4C1CA367F3FFCD4941776558E" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="D29C57B94404A2FCB2A9B1C9A3330D35" country="United States of America" name="Texas">Texas</collectingRegion>
|
||
east of Interstate Highway 35; delisting of all other lower 48 states or portions of lower 48 states not otherwise included in the 3 distinct population segments).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="D2C90AE170F110CFCE4E0A9B7CCC8657" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectionCode id="A826109B47793E855153605E535D9C3F" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
|
||
– as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E0CEB76ECC24985502FB444820FF7996" authority="Endangered" authorityName="Endangered" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="31448F6B31002430EB80538E2B1CE406" italics="true" pageNumber="575">C. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
Endangered
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in entire range except in portions of NC and TN (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="E4FAB1DB221B8BD191F2AC0EF001DC28" name="United States of America">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
), where listed as experimental populations.
|
||
<collectionCode id="F2919360C02CBA0A4CE1F61F67FBEAE3">IUCN</collectionCode>
|
||
– Lower Risk (lc), except for Mexican subpopulation, which is Extinct in the Wild, Italian subpopulation, which is Vulnerable, Spanish-Portuguese subpopulation, which is Lower Risk (cd), and as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="556D6802EA02D9CA2CEF18E2CC1FF454" authorityName="Audubon & Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9B42034A75E78BAD95049D395423331B" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is Critically Endangered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="449418B0740FC26F4F112D25E8DD2850" pageNumber="575" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E0AA734AF281D7A60F9E6A1163D35FE" pageNumber="575">
|
||
<emphasis id="74E65760BDB070FF8BB7DE5B8F92DA86" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="575">Discussion:</emphasis>
|
||
Reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DE29DE7DD3720FB16F52A586855B324C" author="Mech, L. D." refId="ref234987" refString="Mech, L. D. 1974. Canis lupus. Mammalian Species, 37: 1 - 6." year="1974">Mech, 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Opinion 2027 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (March, 2003
|
||
<emphasis id="ADDDD4850555C6BDFE38471946C7E2A2" italics="true" pageNumber="575">a</emphasis>
|
||
) ruled that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="269E9CE4368D6C456CB7F30E3F4B372F" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="98F17DEA2165D2513763E79B28FA70BB" italics="true" pageNumber="575">lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not invalid by virtue of being pre-dated by a name based on a domestic form. Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate--artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding (Vilá et al., 1999;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="007F96C84867BC17CC991BEF542447D0" author="Wayne, R. K. & E. A. Ostrander" refId="ref384989" refString="Wayne, R. K., and E. A. Ostrander. 1999. Origin, genetic diversity, and genome structure of the domestic dog. Bioessays, 21: 247 - 257." year="1999">Wayne and Ostrander, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C82B5B74DDD6064B891E515AE6C54C34" author="Savolainen, P. & Y. - P. Zhang & J. Luo & J. Lundeberg & T. Leitner" refId="ref318071" refString="Savolainen, P., Y. - P. Zhang, J. Luo, J. Lundeberg, and T. Leitner. 2002. Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of domestic dogs. Science, 298: 1610 - 1613." year="2002">Savolainen et al., 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although this may stretch the subspecies concept, it retains the correct allocation of synonyms.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EBE52016B2C2A15B8002947B8FE85DC6" author="Corbet, G. B. & J. E. Hill" refId="ref67955" refString="Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1992. Mammals of the Indomalayan region. A systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 488 pp." year="1992">Corbet and Hill (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested treating the domestic dog as a separate species in SE Asia. Synonyms allocated according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5BE48A47BB98CD5FCA2F1C3A7ED310EF" author="Ellerman, J. R. & T. C. S. Morrison-Scott" refId="ref93180" refString="Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 810 pp." year="1951">Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C89E05ABE80787F146D6FB8E881593D5" author="Mech, L. D." refId="ref234987" refString="Mech, L. D. 1974. Canis lupus. Mammalian Species, 37: 1 - 6." year="1974">Mech (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA6CE2F1266A674FF8E9FAB9BA165557" author="Hall, E. R." refId="ref137310" refString="Hall, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. Second ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1: 1 - 600 + 90, 2: 601 - 1181 + 90." year="1981">Hall (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Provisionally includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="ED54D05A90F4E5667DE3E8D616970EBC" authorityName="Audubon & Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85075AC3638B6E0027D469AAEFC7016B" italics="true" pageNumber="575">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (recognized by Paradiso, 1968; Paradiso and Nowak, 1972; Atkins and Dillion, 1971; Paradiso and Nowak, 1972;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6138508AFF0587F37FB225497C1218CE" author="Nowak, R. M." refId="ref262773" refString="Nowak, R. M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. University of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Monograph, 6: 1 - 154." year="1979">Nowak, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="538066EEABD07182C502BB5C8442712B" author="Nowak, R. M." refId="ref262839" refString="Nowak, R. M. 1992. The red wolf is not a hybrid. Conservation Biology, 6: 593 - 595." year="1992">1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4C3E15B0C39CBD6517A6BBE90837973B" author="Nowak, R. M." refId="ref262888" refString="Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of wolves in Eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 1: 95 - 130." year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) although this problematic group (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8C7420526F05EE2FFD43D2DEF9047611" authorityName="Audubon & Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0233578C01247FA3717809A51DBCCE7B" italics="true" pageNumber="575">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="849C38ECFEDE1CE35BF02B0970344D8F" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Gymnopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="floridanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="12263EC5A9DD22BC77880D0FCAB502F9" italics="true" pageNumber="575">floridanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DE35722E7673D9E70D81EDF0FB2A2C43" italics="true" pageNumber="575">gregoryi</emphasis>
|
||
) should probably be best listed as
|
||
<emphasis id="BAEA24E858BFD727F81D580DDBAD3522" italics="true" pageNumber="575">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
. The widely used name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="96C83F78A8702582D3BE808724B7D899" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="A90DBA3778651FBD1F73EC42601A0145" italics="true" pageNumber="575">C. niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is invalid (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="978879AFC9CD96754D1C6D35289B704A" author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" refId="ref166649" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 1957 a. Opinion 447. Rejection for nomenclatorial purposes of the original edition published at Philadelphia in 1791 and of the editions published in London and Dublin respectively in 1792 of the work by William Bartram entitled " Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, east and west Florida, the Cherokee country, the extensive territories of the Muscogulges or Creek confederacy, and the country of the Chactaws ", as being a work in which the author did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature. Opinions and Declarations Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 15 (12): 211 - 224." year="1957">
|
||
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1957
|
||
<emphasis id="B49DF7BA31D76D9945BF3D89743E70C6" italics="true" pageNumber="575">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The validity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="835667F0EF0AE73CE86F023A82283CF4" authorityName="Audubon & Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8A28ED52BF7D3581526BA27821EF2C83" italics="true" pageNumber="575">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a full species was questioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DF31B9AB47AFBFCED50FBFDAFA05C31F" author="Clutton-Brock, J. & G. B. Corbet & M. Hills" refId="ref63043" refString="Clutton-Brock, J., G. B. Corbet, and M. Hills. 1976. A review of the family Canidae, with classification by numerical methods. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), 29 (3): 119 - 199." year="1976">Clutton-Brock et al. (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16D230F9F3F9FAA8C5F2538203B6EF3C" author="Lawrence, B. & W. H. Bossert" refId="ref207028" refString="Lawrence, B., and W. H. Bossert. 1967. Multiple character analysis of Canis lupus, latrans and niger. American Zoologist, 7: 223 - 232." year="1967">Lawrence and Bossert (1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E1B1D706EE8922503EA485CE79B672D3" author="Lawrence, B. & W. H. Bossert" refId="ref207062" refString="Lawrence, B., and W. H. Bossert. 1975. Relationships of North American Canis shown by a multiple character analysis of selected populations, Pp. 73 - 86, in The wild canids, their systematics, behavioral ecology and evolution (M. W. Fox, ed.). Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. 508 pp." year="1975">1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), due to the existence of natural hybrids with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="AA9A428CD83D660E50388CE2A1AF0D0B" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="5B6FD01AEF332686C5694544CEE41D71" italics="true" pageNumber="575">lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1980AC9DFCDEDA3096918A332DFA9D47" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4578922A876CC6BB2F55386FABFDA3D" italics="true" pageNumber="575">latrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Natural hybridization may be a consequence of habitat disruption by man (Paradiso and Nowak, 1972, 2002). All specimens examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4D04E642DFDC05F3EC27AEAEAF89DA7D" author="Wayne, R. K. & S. M. Jenks" refId="ref384920" refString="Wayne, R. K., and S. M. Jenks. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature, 351: 565 - 568." year="1991">Wayne and Jenks (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had either a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9BC7EA4349154D306E89DC0FC2DE458" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="318263CA71E4BC05BC484E5BB41EA7D5" italics="true" pageNumber="575">lupus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36A41FEBC6E822F1858F54DBA25C9F30" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="221E1AF696F0D5C8D5D742A6519EE2B7" italics="true" pageNumber="575">latrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mtDNA genotype and there appears to be a growing consensus that all historical specimens are a product of hybridization (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="256D602DBAC904E72456F7A2A5EA54CF" author="Nowak, R. M." refId="ref262888" refString="Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of wolves in Eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 1: 95 - 130." year="2002">Nowak, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4BF8710C0ED2EF7AD8D55945E528EF96" author="Reich, D. E. & R. K. Wayne & D. B. Goldstein" refId="ref299730" refString="Reich, D. E., R. K. Wayne, and D. B. Goldstein. 1999. Genetic evidence for a recent origin by hybridization of red wolves. Molecular Ecology, 8: 139 - 144." year="1999">Reich et al., 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="08540FD4AFEBDDA18228CCD55D436FF3" author="Roy, M. S. & E. Geffen & D. Smith & E. A. Ostrander & R. K. Wayne" refId="ref311297" refString="Roy, M. S., E. Geffen, D. Smith, E. A. Ostrander, and R. K. Wayne. 1994. Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11: 553 - 570." year="1994">Roy et al., 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7B1C59BF2FE761F440D57DDB281CD986" author="Wayne, R. K. & N. Lehman & M. W. Allard & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref385331" refString="Wayne, R. K., N. Lehman, M. W. Allard, and R. L. Honeycutt. 1992. Mitochondrial DNA variability of the gray wolf: Genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation. Conservation Biology, 6: 559 - 569." year="1992">Wayne et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1998). Hybridization between wolf and coyote has long been recognized (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B46EC2947E214B27ED17F1D902761ED" author="Nowak, R. M." refId="ref262888" refString="Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of wolves in Eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 1: 95 - 130." year="2002">Nowak, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Two recent studies make the strongest case for separation. Wilson et al. (2000) argued for separation of the Eastern Canadian Wolf (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="22850C30898328D8CAE690945A21760A" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1775" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lycaon">
|
||
<emphasis id="FEBD7F7908F5B7F750282070DA2EC818" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis lycaon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and the Red Wolf (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="95BADFC77D7BD6C0684703407FBF598F" authorityName="Audubon & Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="4748156798FA6F40845B7FC5EE129F4A" italics="true" pageNumber="575">Canis rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) as separate species based on mtDNA, but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BA076AAAFA526FCFAF9DE585CC6E1F47" author="Nowak, R. M." refId="ref262888" refString="Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of wolves in Eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 1: 95 - 130." year="2002">Nowak (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who could not find support for this in a morphometric study.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E0B87290E8995A3869D132AA78E33985" author="Nowak, R. M." refId="ref262888" refString="Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of wolves in Eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 1: 95 - 130." year="2002">Nowak (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in an extensive analysis of tooth morphology concluded that there was a distinct population intermediate between traditionally recognized wolves and coyotes, which warranted full species recognition (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6AB1D4AD82A51892EE9A60E5ADFED4C1" authorityName="Audubon & Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="CA63513BB1D5D1B1B9E5E08AF07C34F0" italics="true" pageNumber="575">C. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The red wolf is here considered a hybrid after
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7C9F782111438DDDF8FCA819F03BC7A8" author="Wayne, R. K. & S. M. Jenks" refId="ref384920" refString="Wayne, R. K., and S. M. Jenks. 1991. Mitochondrial DNA analysis implying extensive hybridization of the endangered red wolf Canis rufus. Nature, 351: 565 - 568." year="1991">Wayne and Jenks (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Wayne (1992, 1995), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B4976D59EE4C3919B313739E52E8CB4B" author="Wayne, R. K. & N. Lehman & M. W. Allard & R. L. Honeycutt" refId="ref385331" refString="Wayne, R. K., N. Lehman, M. W. Allard, and R. L. Honeycutt. 1992. Mitochondrial DNA variability of the gray wolf: Genetic consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation. Conservation Biology, 6: 559 - 569." year="1992">Wayne et al. (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although hybrids are not normally recognized as subspecies, I have chosen as a compromise to retain
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6FF72F22F1DF636BC6EDF96E143E2E99" authorityName="Audubon & Bachman" authorityYear="1851" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="90C590ED4C8BB5395726DA17A7A172D7" italics="true" pageNumber="575">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of its uncertain status. Also see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="74FD9D02B510D99BD0DDA41D34DDEE03" author="Roy, M. S. & E. Geffen & D. Smith & E. A. Ostrander & R. K. Wayne" refId="ref311297" refString="Roy, M. S., E. Geffen, D. Smith, E. A. Ostrander, and R. K. Wayne. 1994. Patterns of differentiation and hybridization in North American wolflike canids, revealed by analysis of microsatellite loci. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 11: 553 - 570." year="1994">Roy et al. (1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, 1996), Vilá et al. (1999), and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="B66DD85E4BCD53EA450E7DB9A230BD8D" author="Nowak, R. M." refId="ref262888" refString="Nowak, R. M. 2002. The original status of wolves in Eastern North America. Southeastern Naturalist, 1: 95 - 130." year="2002">Nowak (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who provided an excellent review of the situation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |