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<mods:title id="2523BEB2AFFB3738AB7B2B662A595353">An illustrated atlas of the vertebral morphology of extant non-caenophidian snakes, with special emphasis on the cloacal and caudal portions of the column</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BD09A4F139EDCE7AEBE83E2AD82E5C13">Szyndlar, Zbigniew</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="B05D4CE2B4B01F4232C60C51EEE27FD9">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E90FF9B83DBDA1C90FC9D3706AD1F87A">Georgalis, Georgios L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A0C27B2BEE08D47A8CD1318F7500DE9E">Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Slawkowska 17, 31 - 016 Krakow, Poland</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="333FAB43E9B830C00BB4E587BD007997" ID-CoL="6FS" ID-ENA="327152" authority="Cundall, Wallach &amp; Rossman, 1993" authorityName="Oken" authorityYear="1816" family="Anomochilidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" rank="family">Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach &amp; Rossman, 1993</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3D7620F0102E30282B7AD5E4EE32DF14" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">General information.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5C9676062096F68F99500364AA3F35CF" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
A rather enigmatic lineage of snakes.
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are known exclusively from a single genus,
<taxonomicName id="B5921409D806A3A6993E8DAF8E95F16C" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1901" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" genus="Anomochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomochilus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="AD1C56DB04309C46C854D3CF8D2CE1DD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Berg, 1901, encompassing three species known from only a very few available specimens, distributed in Southeastern Asia and Indonesia (
<bibRefCitation id="473AC0D800B8AC3108914DE416592F24" author="Wallach, V" journalOrPublisher="CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B669" refString="Wallach, V, Williams, KL, Boundy, J, 2014. Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL" title="Snakes of the world: A catalogue of living and extinct species." year="2014">Wallach et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
). They were once lumped into an expanded concept of
<taxonomicName id="141A1318AD29BBF76A274A5957FB1AAC" class="Reptilia" family="Aniliidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Aniliidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="4DD2476E15642C714829A9D52894620E" author="Boulenger, GΑ" journalOrPublisher="Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B83" refString="Boulenger, GΑ, 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1, Containing the Families Typhlopidae, Glauconidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae Aglyphae, part. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London" title="Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume 1, Containing the Families Typhlopidae, Glauconidae, Boidae, Ilysiidae, Uropeltidae, Xenopeltidae, and Colubridae Aglyphae, part." year="1893">Boulenger 1893</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="B535D83F7D14015B8AB1ACB5FB1663AE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" author="Dowling, HG" journalOrPublisher="Copeia" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="38 - 52" refId="B152" refString="Dowling, HG, 1959. Classification of the Serpentes: A critical review. Copeia 1959: 38 - 52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" title="Classification of the Serpentes: A critical review." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1440098" volume="1959" year="1959">Dowling 1959</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0C5BE81052A6419868EB4A80F9A72517" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" author="Rage, J-C" editor="Seigel, RA" journalOrPublisher="Macmillan, New York" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="51 - 76" refId="B478" refString="Rage, J-C, 1987. Fossil history. In: Seigel, RA, Collins, JT, Novak, SS, Eds., Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Macmillan, New York: 51 - 76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" title="Fossil history." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1445695" volumeTitle="Snakes: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology." year="1987">Rage 1987</bibRefCitation>
), then to
<taxonomicName id="3C0EE18B712712658C71699CE8A078E4" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Cylindrophiidae</taxonomicName>
(e.g.,
<bibRefCitation id="776DC2CD0E3EF7C0AD3D0869EA776866" DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/1562691" author="McDowell, SB" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="1 - 79" refId="B379" refString="McDowell, SB, 1975. A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part II. Anilioidea and Pythoninae. Journal of Herpetology 9: 1 - 79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1562691" title="A catalogue of the snakes of New Guinea and the Solomons, with special reference to those in the Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Part II. Anilioidea and Pythoninae." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/1562691" volume="9" year="1975">McDowell 1975</bibRefCitation>
), however, they were subsequently shown to possess unique cranial features and represent a distinct family (
<bibRefCitation id="2A55A965018777FEFE7FA3D7577B25B4" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02535.x" author="Cundall, D" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="235 - 273" refId="B138" refString="Cundall, D, Rossman, DA, 1993. Cephalic anatomy of the rare Indonesian snake Anomochilus weberi. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 109: 235 - 273, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02535.x" title="Cephalic anatomy of the rare Indonesian snake Anomochilus weberi." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02535.x" volume="109" year="1993">Cundall and Rossman 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="53230D352E3E5049EE96D47BC350C7E8" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02536.x" author="Cundall, D" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="275 - 299" refId="B139" refString="Cundall, D, Wallach, V, Rossman, DA, 1993. The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 109: 275 - 299, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02536.x" title="The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02536.x" volume="109" year="1993">Cundall et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
). Indeed, morphological data suggested that
<taxonomicName id="6740E1DE87C2F4C7D8299AFA69D51B8E" authorityName="Cundall, Wallach &amp; Rossman" authorityYear="1993" class="Reptilia" family="Anomochilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Anomochilidae</taxonomicName>
were lying at the base of alethinophidians (
<bibRefCitation id="2A97CBBB9DA31D0982D53E68E2417BC5" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02536.x" author="Cundall, D" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="275 - 299" refId="B139" refString="Cundall, D, Wallach, V, Rossman, DA, 1993. The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 109: 275 - 299, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02536.x" title="The systematic relationships of the snake genus Anomochilus." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb02536.x" volume="109" year="1993">Cundall et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
) but recent molecular evidence attests for a closer relationship with cylindrophiids (
<bibRefCitation id="5626D3CF176E6407CFD0F6700318E25C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00315.x" author="Gower, DJ" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="315 - 320" refId="B217" refString="Gower, DJ, Vidal, N, Spinks, JN, McCarthy, CJ, 2005. First inclusion of Anomochilidae in molecular phylogenetics of the major lineages of snakes. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43: 315 - 320, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00315.x" title="First inclusion of Anomochilidae in molecular phylogenetics of the major lineages of snakes." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.2005.00315.x" volume="43" year="2005">Gower et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="48E96B879E3111FFAB77E86E8D28A8DE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010" author="Vidal, N" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Biologies" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="129 - 139" refId="B644" refString="Vidal, N, Hedges, BS, 2009. The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians. Comptes Rendus Biologies 332: 129 - 139, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010" title="The molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010" volume="332" year="2009">Vidal et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EE54C17D94D89AE0535CBD0FC9B14E3B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" author="Pyron, RA" journalOrPublisher="Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="163 - 178" refId="B467" refString="Pyron, RA, Burbrink, FT, 2012. Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity. Evolution 66: 163 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" title="Extinction, ecological opportunity, and the origins of global snake diversity." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01437.x" volume="66" year="2012">Pyron and Burbrink 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="AC50CD73C859ED35051B0D9A0C7C33EE" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" author="Zheng, Y" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="537 - 547" refId="B696" refString="Zheng, Y, Wiens, JJ, 2016. Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537 - 547, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" title="Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009" volume="94" year="2016">Zheng and Wiens 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA8944C8E5E962FF0EE17FC9E228BE75" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
The postcranial osteology of
<taxonomicName id="DF9C3C7C17E1FF90DECD6E23360BF7C0" authorityName="Berg" authorityYear="1901" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" genus="Anomochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomochilus" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="30F7F01D1ACDB39401CD55B36469ABBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomochilus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has never been studied. Indeed, so far, the only published source on the vertebrae of anomochilids is an X-ray image of a paratype of
<taxonomicName id="6BBC8FBE4C9B7FCFBED1F84D824EA515" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" genus="Anomochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomochilus monticola" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="96D77BE8FB367B8C6302ADF09B3CD190" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomochilus monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="5E7672552B08C2D6AA4FEA8CB712A923" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" author="Das, I" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="584 - 591" refId="B143" refString="Das, I, Lakin, M, Lim, KKP, Hui, TH, 2008. New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae). Journal of Herpetology 42: 584 - 591, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" title="New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" volume="42" year="2008">Das et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
, provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EB66C98E8C8CC6E29B3135B18CB7B65F" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" author="Das, I" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="584 - 591" refId="B143" refString="Das, I, Lakin, M, Lim, KKP, Hui, TH, 2008. New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae). Journal of Herpetology 42: 584 - 591, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" title="New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" volume="42" year="2008">Das et al. (2008</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 3) (which, however, is not very informative) plus some vertebral counts in the same paper. In a previous study,
<bibRefCitation id="BC87BB2B4F26EB567BA184D96DE8719C" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/03745481.1940.9723701" author="Smith, MA" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica, Abteilung A: Palaeozoology - Stratigraphy" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" refId="B576" refString="Smith, MA, 1940. A new snake of the genus Anomochilus from the Malay Peninsula. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 11) 6: 447-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/03745481.1940.9723701" title="A new snake of the genus Anomochilus from the Malay Peninsula. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 11) 6: 447 - 449." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/03745481.1940.9723701" year="1940">Smith (1940)</bibRefCitation>
also mentioned an X-ray image (which he never figured), but he confined his observation solely to the absence of pelvic bones or femur and said nothing on the vertebrae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="72DF24E63FBB777E904C8BB899B6D4A3" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="0A7878927A1E53A4B534A3A79EE7E4B1" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="200673F43D96E9FB3347BDA2E46B27B7" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
We only had available an X-ray of the posterior trunk, cloacal, and caudal regions of a skeleton (NHMUK 1946.1.17.4) of
<taxonomicName id="3FBDA17EE0A302383B8C3F511F580577" authorityName="M.A.Smith" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" genus="Anomochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomochilus leonardi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leonardi">
<emphasis id="EDC0A6A21FD231F095F2E8D5C7C365B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomochilus leonardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Smith, 1940.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0BBFC951B984036DDE4623E71D34D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="004BD027174DCCA14BE59DB3E2CD7496" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
<emphasis id="7FF4266DAA51C8F14262F92D2BD3E2A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Number of vertebrae</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E8662F6935F81FCD9ECDE0633314B8A8" authorityName="M.A.Smith" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" genus="Anomochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomochilus leonardi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leonardi">
<emphasis id="091E791AC4961F4B9D6B2D21D697B8B0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomochilus leonardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHMUK 1946.1.17.4): ~15 cloacal and caudal vertebrae (number of trunk vertebrae unknown).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E186ED60B98816693495933F449AEFC1" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">
Data from literature and unpublished data from personal communications:
<taxonomicName id="15F849E5F2D4C8A0BB6A36898AF6F001" authorityName="M.A.Smith" authorityYear="1940" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" genus="Anomochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomochilus leonardi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leonardi">
<emphasis id="E899CB8F6C0E8AE64EC96CEBAB4C1BA4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomochilus leonardi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 265 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus 17 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="8084BA10DF3B4D989C631B6D20EEB75B" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" author="Das, I" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="584 - 591" refId="B143" refString="Das, I, Lakin, M, Lim, KKP, Hui, TH, 2008. New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae). Journal of Herpetology 42: 584 - 591, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" title="New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" volume="42" year="2008">Das et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="0F6C19B3D211467CC90EED0291C43F01" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" genus="Anomochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomochilus monticola" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
<emphasis id="EF64807C58284EDB5BF8A691790EB6C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomochilus monticola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="172C2AAC465F1631C3B9BB4B99346715" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" author="Das, I" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="584 - 591" refId="B143" refString="Das, I, Lakin, M, Lim, KKP, Hui, TH, 2008. New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae). Journal of Herpetology 42: 584 - 591, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" title="New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" volume="42" year="2008">Das et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
: 264 trunk and cloacal vertebrae plus 11 caudal vertebrae (
<bibRefCitation id="F0A99F381576E4DEAD1509B503225B9E" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" author="Das, I" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Herpetology" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" pagination="584 - 591" refId="B143" refString="Das, I, Lakin, M, Lim, KKP, Hui, TH, 2008. New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae). Journal of Herpetology 42: 584 - 591, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" title="New species of Anomochilus from Borneo (Squamata: Anomochilidae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1670/07-154.1" volume="42" year="2008">Das et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="B42DE266079E634823E983AA598088DE" baseAuthorityName="Lidth De Jeude" baseAuthorityYear="1890" class="Reptilia" family="Cylindrophiidae" genus="Anomochilus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anomochilus weberi" order="Squamata" pageId="0" pageNumber="717" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="4DCBA9A44037CA8F3347284BD25469C5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="717">Anomochilus weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lidth de Jeude, 1890): 246 trunk vertebrae (last with forked rib) plus 4 cloacal vertebrae plus 9 caudal vertebrae (RMNH RENA 4691; Agustin Scanferla, unpublished data, personal communication).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>