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<document id="9D4E3B4E64EA55A62B353B8945877B40" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3752.1.12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="045b2782-a97c-4d59-ba43-be1fd2ab94b6" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="218575" ID-ZooBank="75DAD76A-FB66-481D-80CB-5F1909E55A36" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460711994011" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="White, William T. &amp; Moore, Alec B. M." docDate="2013" docId="4C7987FFFF869655FF36275EAEFEE94B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03752p213.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3752 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Aetobatus flagellum Bloch &amp; Schneider 1801" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="207" masterDocId="B040FF87FF84965DFFA12631AA05EF6A" masterDocTitle="Redescription of Aetobatus flagellum (Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801), an endangered eagle ray (Myliobatoidea: Myliobatidae) from the Indo – West Pacific" masterLastPageNumber="213" masterPageNumber="199" pageNumber="201" updateTime="1698358137705" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="A81759B43167876915177F6B45737174" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="1E14F897E68C121D378A4ABFA4FC448A">Redescription of Aetobatus flagellum (Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801), an endangered eagle ray (Myliobatoidea: Myliobatidae) from the Indo – West Pacific</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="51508AE0712AC39B93C4B6EFEFAD3169" type="personal">
<mods:role id="67B2ED467CB61122BA380AC4A87166E2">
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<mods:namePart id="29E34601C0974BD55A6FEAE7E907ECD6">White, William T.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="FBC86D2196682DD7650251A11B551743">Moore, Alec B. M.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="E3EB4116A6980CD04056DACD5E136C88">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="50CDDEF9BF2AFC3704CCFB16AAC2DFB7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B36785B2966994691FC49999F5CFA648">
<mods:date id="7F7F8ED6548914E1A3712DB6D4B6DB9A">2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="158A51AB56EDD8C542021D6BF4CDD006" type="volume">
<mods:number id="184E6DDBE7DF7D320C73F3F0CD0E218A">3752</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6C7F41C6170F4573B6CC09F467C25F3D">1</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D24BEB6896F249C3569239F4E821B322" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3752.1.12</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="4C7987FFFF869655FF36275EAEFEE94B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671107" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119585152" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671107" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C7987FFFF869655FF36275EAEFEE94B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C7987FFFF869655FF36275EAEFEE94B" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="207" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<subSubSection id="8CCA6562FF86965FFF36275EA9CCEE9A" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF36275EA8D2EEE0" blockId="2.[151,727,367,427]" box="[151,727,367,394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<heading id="9F278185FF86965FFF36275EA8D2EEE0" bold="true" box="[151,727,367,394]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF86965FFF36275EA8D2EEE0" ID-CoL="65DZ6" authority="Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801" authorityName="Bloch &amp; Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,727,367,394]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF36275EA8D2EEE0" bold="true" box="[151,727,367,394]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF36275EAB8EEEE3" bold="true" box="[151,395,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Aetobatus flagellum</emphasis>
(Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF3627A3AB8AEEC1" blockId="2.[151,727,367,427]" box="[151,399,402,427]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
(
<figureCitation id="5CEB2A6CFF86965FFF3F27A3AB22EEC1" box="[158,295,402,427]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="2.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1980,2002]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1407,1429]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,250,1046,1068]" captionStartId-4="9.[151,250,1580,1602]" captionStartId-5="10.[151,250,895,917]" captionTargetBox-0="[365,1220,776,1951]" captionTargetBox-1="[301,1286,324,1957]" captionTargetBox-2="[337,1253,704,1380]" captionTargetBox-3="[403,1269,244,1044]" captionTargetBox-4="[358,1230,978,1547]" captionTargetBox-5="[491,1095,197,873]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[362,1225,733,1955]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[297,1290,320,1966]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[329,1258,700,1386]" captionTargetId-3="figure@8.[350,1284,195,1096]" captionTargetId-4="figure@9.[343,1243,970,1577]" captionTargetId-5="figure@10.[491,1096,195,873]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionTargetPageId-4="9" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Aetobatus flagellum. A. original illustration from Bloch &amp; Schneider (1801); B. dorsal view of stuffed syntype ZMB 31560." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of Aetobatus flagellum. A. CSIRO H 6662 – 03 (immature male 346 mm DW); B. not retained fresh specimen from Kuwait (female ~ 500 mm DW)." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Ventral view of Aetobatus flagellum, CSIRO H 6134 – 01 (subadult male 431 mm DW)." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Ventral view of the head of Aetobatus flagellum, CSIRO H 6134 – 01 (subadult male 431 mm DW)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Illustration of the tooth plates of Aetobatus flagellum (CSIRO H 4426 – 14, subadult male 446 mm DW). A. upper; B. lower. Drawings by Lindsay Marshall." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Dorsal view of the head of Aetobatus flagellum, MNHN A- 7949 (adult male 543 mm DW)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/218576/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/218577/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/218578/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/218579/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/218580/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/218581/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Figures 1–6</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="89520352FF86965FFE9227A3AB81EEC1" box="[307,388,402,427]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1376,1399]" captionText="TABLE 1. Ranges for the morphometric data for 20 specimens of Aetobatus flagellum. Measurements expressed as a percentage of disc width." pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF3627EAA9CCEE9A" blockId="2.[151,1435,474,680]" box="[151,969,474,496]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF86965FFF3627EAA86DEE9A" authority="Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801: 361" authorityName="Bloch &amp; Schneider" authorityPageNumber="361" authorityYear="1801" box="[151,616,474,496]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF3627EAAB28EE9A" box="[151,301,474,496]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Raja flagellum</emphasis>
Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801: 361
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 73 (Coromandel Coast,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF86965FFC2427EBA9BBEE9A" box="[901,958,474,496]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">India</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8CCA6562FF86965EFF3627C8AEA8EFBF" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="202" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" type="description">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF3627C8A9FEED65" blockId="2.[151,1435,474,680]" box="[151,1019,505,527]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF3627C8AB6DED65" box="[151,360,505,527]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF86965FFF3627C8AAF2ED65" box="[151,247,505,527]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aetobatis</taxonomicName>
narinari—
</emphasis>
Day, 1878 (in part): 743, pl. 194, fig. 4 (misidentification,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF86965FFC1627C8A9F5ED65" box="[951,1008,505,527]" name="India" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">India</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF362429A813ED26" blockId="2.[151,1435,474,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF362429AB6CED44" box="[151,361,536,558]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF86965FFF362429AAF2ED44" box="[151,247,536,558]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aëtobatis</taxonomicName>
narinari—
</emphasis>
Day, 1889: 59–60, fig. 24; Blegvad, 1944: 55–56, fig. 23 (brief description, illustration after Day, 1878) (misidentification, Persian Gulf).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF362464AEA7ED01" blockId="2.[151,1435,474,680]" box="[151,1186,597,619]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF362464AB76ED01" box="[151,371,597,619]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF86965FFF362464AAF2ED01" box="[151,247,597,619]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aëtobatis</taxonomicName>
flagellum—
</emphasis>
Annandale, 1909: 54–58, fig. 10a, pl. (fig. 5) (off Orissa Coast and Chilka Lake)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF362445A924EDE0" blockId="2.[151,1435,474,680]" box="[151,801,628,650]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF362445AB76EDE0" box="[151,371,628,650]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF86965FFF362445AAF2EDE0" box="[151,247,628,650]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Aetobatis</taxonomicName>
flagellum—
</emphasis>
Fowler, 1930: 507 (Hawaii; Indian Ocean)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF3624A3A9CBEDC2" blockId="2.[151,1435,474,680]" box="[151,974,658,680]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF86965FFF3624A3AB53EDC2" box="[151,342,658,680]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="narinari">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF3624A3AB53EDC2" box="[151,342,658,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Aetobatus narinari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(in part)
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFE0E24A2ABC0EDC2" box="[431,453,659,680]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">—</emphasis>
Fowler, 1941: 471;
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF86965FFD2D24A3A8CFEDC2" box="[652,714,658,680]" name="Egypt" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Misra</collectingCountry>
, 1947: 40; Dor, 1984: 20.
</paragraph>
<caption id="90AF6661FF86965FFF36218DAB1FE89E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218576/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" targetBox="[365,1220,776,1951]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF86965FFF36218DAB1FE89E" blockId="2.[151,1436,1980,2036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFF36218DAB10E8BB" bold="true" box="[151,277,1980,2002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF86965FFEBC218DABEEE8B8" box="[285,491,1980,2002]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="201" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF86965FFEBC218DABEEE8B8" box="[285,491,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="201">Aetobatus flagellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. original illustration from Bloch &amp; Schneider (1801); B. dorsal view of stuffed syntype ZMB 31560.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF87965EFF3626A6AEA8EFBF" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFF3626A6AB0CEFDA" bold="true" box="[151,265,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<typeStatus id="1B6B884BFF87965EFF3626A6AB00EFDA" box="[151,261,151,176]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
ZMB 7845, male, coast of Coramandel,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFCB826A6A950EFDA" box="[793,853,151,176]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">India</collectingCountry>
, collected by M.E. Bloch; ZMB 31560, male,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFF36268DAB42EFBF" box="[151,327,188,213]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Tharangambadi</collectingCountry>
(formerly
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFE61268DA840EFBF" box="[448,581,188,213]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Tranquebar</collectingCountry>
), coast of Coramandel,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFCEC268DA98CEFBF" box="[845,905,188,213]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">India</collectingCountry>
, collected by M.E. Bloch.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8CCA6562FF87965EFF6626EEAF0DEC86" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF87965EFF6626EEAF91EC37" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFF6626EEA804EF92" bold="true" box="[199,513,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Other material examined.</emphasis>
(
<specimenCount id="D2D6FD60FF87965EFDB326D1A8B1EF92" box="[530,692,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
): BMNH 89.2.1.4205-8,
<specimenCount id="D2D6FD60FF87965EFC7226EEAE5AEF92" box="[979,1119,223,248]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
(female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFB6926D1AF22EF9D" box="[1224,1319,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.43" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="243.0">243 mm</quantity>
DW [
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFACE26EEAAC6EE76" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.529999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="653.0">653 mm</quantity>
TL], immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFE1B2735A81DEE76" box="[442,536,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="233.0">233 mm</quantity>
DW [
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFDFE2735A8C5EE76" box="[607,704,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4799999999999995" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="548.0">548 mm</quantity>
TL], female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFCF82735A9BDEE76" box="[857,952,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.69" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="369.0">369 mm</quantity>
DW [
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFC5F2735AE6BEE76" box="[1022,1134,260,284]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.082" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="1082.0">1082 mm</quantity>
TL], female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFAA72735AF60EE76" box="[1286,1381,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8899999999999997" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="289.0">289 mm</quantity>
DW [
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFF3C2716AAFAEE55" box="[157,255,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.959999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="796.0">796 mm</quantity>
TL], female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFE392719ABF2EE55" box="[408,503,296,320]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="290.0">290 mm</quantity>
DW), Madras (possibly),
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFC842716A967EE2A" box="[805,866,295,320]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">India</collectingCountry>
; CSIRO H 4426–14, subadult male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFAA02716AF65EE55" box="[1281,1376,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.46" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="446.0">446 mm</quantity>
DW, Muara Angke fish landing site, Jakarta,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFDDD277DA8E9EE0F" box="[636,748,332,357]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFD5C277DA99AEE0F" box="[765,927,332,357]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="1995-10-17">17 Oct. 1995</date>
, collected by P. Last; CSIRO H 5485–02, immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFEE6275EABA1EEED" box="[327,420,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="350.0">350 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFE482741A853EEED" box="[489,598,368,392]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.017" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="1017.0">1017 mm</quantity>
TL), Kuching fish market,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFC2A275EA9EBEEE2" box="[907,1006,367,392]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFC5B275EAE61EEE2" box="[1018,1124,367,392]" name="Malaysia" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, 0
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFBDC2741AF0DEEE2" box="[1149,1288,368,392]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="1999-05-02">2 May 1999</date>
, collected by P. Last &amp; M. Manjaji; CSIRO H 6134–01, subadult male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFC8027A5A97AEEC6" box="[801,895,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.31" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="431.0">431 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFC6427A5AE37EEC6" box="[965,1074,404,429]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="1260.0">1260 mm</quantity>
TL), Muara Angke fish landing site, Jakarta,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFE892786AB9DEEBA" box="[296,408,439,464]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFE022789A83FEEBA" box="[419,570,440,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="2002-05-20">20 May 2002</date>
, collected by W. White &amp; Dharmadi; CSIRO H 6662–03, immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFAD32786AAC6EE9E" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.46" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="346.0">346 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFEAC27EDAB79EE9E" box="[269,380,476,501]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.156" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="1156.0">1156 mm</quantity>
TL), CSIRO H 6662–04, immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFCC727EDA9C3EE9E" box="[870,966,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.06" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="306.0">306 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFBB127EDAE77EE9E" box="[1040,1138,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.559999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="956.0">956 mm</quantity>
TL), CSIRO H 6662–05, female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFF4D27CEAB4FED7D" box="[236,330,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.26" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="326.0">326 mm</quantity>
DW, CSIRO H 6662–06, immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFC8D27CEA98EED7D" box="[812,907,511,536]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="305.0">305 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFC732431AE44ED7D" box="[978,1089,512,536]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.027" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="1027.0">1027 mm</quantity>
TL), Muara Baru fish landing site, Jakarta,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFE8C2415AB98ED57" box="[301,413,548,573]" name="Indonesia" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFE0A2415A840ED56" box="[427,581,548,572]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="2004-04-19">19 Apr. 2004</date>
, collected by W. White &amp; Dharmadi; CSIRO H 7252–01, female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFA9C2415AF99ED56" box="[1341,1436,548,572]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.88" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="388.0">388 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFF752479AB45ED35" box="[212,320,584,608]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.029" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="1029.0">1029 mm</quantity>
TL), Persian (Arabian) Gulf, Sharq fish market,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFCC02476A9EEED0A" box="[865,1003,583,608]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait City</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFC572476AE4EED0A" box="[1014,1099,583,608]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFBF72479AEBBED35" box="[1110,1214,583,608]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="29.383333">29°23′ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFB682479AF28ED35" box="[1225,1325,583,608]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="47.966667">47°58′ E</geoCoordinate>
, probably caught off
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFEB2245DAB63EDEF" box="[275,358,620,645]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
in &lt;
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFE3C245DABDFEDEE" box="[413,474,620,644]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
, 0
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFE58245DA885EDEE" box="[505,640,620,644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="2011-04-01">1 Apr. 2011</date>
, collected by A. Moore; CSIRO H 7253–01, immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFA9C245DAF99EDEE" box="[1341,1436,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.04" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="304.0">304 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFF7424BEAB31EDCD" box="[213,308,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.53" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="853.0">853 mm</quantity>
TL), Persian (Arabian) Gulf, Sharq fish market,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFCFA24BEA9E3EDC2" box="[859,998,655,680]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait City</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFC5324BEAE42EDC2" box="[1010,1095,655,680]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFBF224A1AEBEEDCD" box="[1107,1211,655,680]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="29.383333">29°23′ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFB6624A1AF28EDCD" box="[1223,1325,655,680]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="47.966667">47°58′ E</geoCoordinate>
, probably caught off
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFEB52485AB62EDA7" box="[276,359,692,717]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
in &lt;
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFE3F2485ABD9EDA6" box="[414,476,692,716]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
, 0
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFE582485A881EDA6" box="[505,644,692,717]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="2011-04-05">5 Apr. 2011</date>
, collected by A. Moore; MNHN 0000–2355 (largest of 2), immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFF7B24E9AB38ED85" box="[218,317,728,752]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.22" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="322.0">322 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFE2C24E6ABF4ED85" box="[397,497,727,752]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.66" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="866.0">866 mm</quantity>
TL),
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFD9D24E6A8C3ED9A" box="[572,710,727,752]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Pondicherry</collectingCountry>
, Coromandel Coast,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFC6324E6A9FBED9A" box="[962,1022,727,752]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">India</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFBAE24E6AE7AED85" box="[1039,1151,727,752]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="11.983334">11°59’ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFB3124E6AEF8ED85" box="[1168,1277,727,752]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="79.833336">79°50’ E</geoCoordinate>
, collected by Boulenger; MNHN A-7949, adult male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFDCE24CDA8D4EC7E" box="[623,721,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.43" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="543.0">543 mm</quantity>
DW, MNHN A-7957, female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFB9C24CDAE9AEC7E" box="[1085,1183,764,789]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.779999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="578.0">578 mm</quantity>
DW (
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFB4C24CDAF5BEC7E" box="[1261,1374,764,788]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.392" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="1392.0">1392 mm</quantity>
TL), MNHN A-7958,
<specimenCount id="D2D6FD60FF87965EFEFA2511ABE3EC52" box="[347,486,799,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
(immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFD0D252EA909EC5D" box="[684,780,799,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.66" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="366.0">366 mm</quantity>
DW, female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFC042511AE01EC5D" box="[933,1028,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.01" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="301.0">301 mm</quantity>
DW [
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFBEA2511AEA8EC5D" box="[1099,1197,800,824]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="800.0">800 mm</quantity>
TL], immature male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFF362575AAF1EC36" box="[151,244,836,860]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.29" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="329.0">329 mm</quantity>
DW [
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFE962575AB93EC36" box="[311,406,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.26" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="826.0">826 mm</quantity>
TL]), Malabar Coast, Northern Kerala,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFCF72575A997EC37" box="[854,914,836,861]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">India</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFC3F2575AE02EC36" box="[926,1031,836,860]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="11.0">11°00’ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFBB32575AE7FEC36" box="[1042,1146,836,861]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="76.0">76°00’ E</geoCoordinate>
, collected by Dussumier.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF87965EFF662556AF0DEC86" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFF662556A886ECEA" bold="true" box="[199,643,871,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Specimens examined but not retained.</emphasis>
female
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFD7B2556A930EC15" box="[730,821,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.459999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="746.0">746 mm</quantity>
DW, Persian (Arabian) Gulf, Sharq fish market,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFAEA2556AAC2ECCF" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait City</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFF7225BDAB23ECCF" box="[211,294,908,933]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFE9325BDAB9DECCE" box="[306,408,907,932]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="29.383333">29°23′ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFE0525BDA802ECCE" box="[420,519,907,933]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="47.966667">47°58′ E</geoCoordinate>
, probably caught off
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFD5525BDA940ECCF" box="[756,837,908,933]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
in &lt;
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFCD925BDA9B1ECCE" box="[888,948,908,932]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
,
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFC6125BDAE57ECCE" box="[960,1106,908,932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="2011-04-13">13 Apr. 2011</date>
, collected by A. Moore; male
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFF36259EAAF2ECAD" box="[151,247,943,968]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="570.0">570 mm</quantity>
DW (tissue accession GT2373, BW-A6099), Persian (Arabian) Gulf, Sharq fish market,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFAAB259EAF9DECA2" box="[1290,1432,943,968]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait City</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFF3625E5AAEEEC87" box="[151,235,980,1005]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
, 2923′ N,
<geoCoordinate id="A1E4502EFF87965EFEFA25E5ABB8EC86" box="[347,445,979,1005]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" precision="925" value="47.966667">47°58′ E</geoCoordinate>
, probably caught off
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFD0725E5A8F2EC87" box="[678,759,980,1005]" name="Kuwait" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
in &lt;
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFC8925E5A966EC86" box="[808,867,980,1004]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="m" value="40.0">40 m</quantity>
,
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFCCF25E5AE05EC86" box="[878,1024,980,1004]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="2008-04-19">19 Apr. 2008</date>
, collected by A. Moore.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8CCA6562FF87965EFF6625C6AF52EB3D" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" type="description">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF87965EFF6625C6AF52EB3D" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFF6625C6A919EB7A" bold="true" box="[199,796,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Specimens not examined but with images verified</emphasis>
. USNM 206131, Caraioor fish market, near Jaffna Fort,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFF36222DAB0CEB5F" box="[151,265,1052,1077]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFEB7222DABB1EB5E" box="[278,436,1052,1076]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="1970-03-17">17 Mar. 1970</date>
; USNM 222684, fish market at Kalupittiya,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFC15222DAE23EB5F" box="[948,1062,1052,1077]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFB92222DAECDEB5E" box="[1075,1224,1052,1077]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="1970-01-25">25 Jan. 1970</date>
, collected by C.C. Koenig; USNM 222690, St John’s fish market, Colombo,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF87965EFC80220EA997EB32" box="[801,914,1087,1112]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="B06E1029FF87965EFC3C2271AE30EB32" box="[925,1077,1088,1112]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" value="1970-05-23">23 May 1970</date>
, collected by T. Iwamoto.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8CCA6562FF87965AFF662255AEADE9DA" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="206" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF87965EFF662255AF5DEA45" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,1328]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFF662255AB44EB17" bold="true" box="[199,321,1124,1149]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A small
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF87965EFE0F2255A81BEB17" box="[430,542,1124,1149]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFE0F2255A81BEB17" box="[430,542,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Aetobatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(attaining about
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFD452255A941EB16" box="[740,836,1124,1148]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="900.0">900 mm</quantity>
DW) with the following combination of characters: dorsal surfaces uniformly brownish, without pale spots; tail very long (1.22–2.81 times DW); stinging spine(s) relatively long (6.2–16.2% DW); head long; rostral lobe long to very long (longest in adult males) with a narrowly pointed apex; teeth plates in a single row, those in lower jaw chevron-shaped; width of lower tooth plate about two thirds mouth width; pectoral-fin radials 89–96 (excluding propterygial radials anterior of eyes); total vertebral centra (including synarcual) 85–91; males mature by about
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFC932326A98AEA45" box="[818,911,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
DW and females by about
<quantity id="03289B0CFF87965EFB602326AF1BEA45" box="[1217,1310,1303,1328]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.459999999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" unit="mm" value="746.0">746 mm</quantity>
DW.
</paragraph>
<caption id="90AF6661FF87965EFF362351ABA1EAF0" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF87965EFF362351ABA1EAF0" blockId="3.[151,1436,1375,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFF362351AB0EEA1D" bold="true" box="[151,267,1376,1399]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Ranges for the morphometric data for 20 specimens of
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF87965EFCD5236EAE49EA1D" box="[884,1100,1375,1399]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="202" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFCD5236EAE49EA1D" box="[884,1100,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Aetobatus flagellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Measurements expressed as a percentage of disc width.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF87965EFB25239CAEB0EAA8" blockId="3.[151,1436,1375,1974]" box="[1156,1205,1453,1474]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">n=20</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF87965EFC7D23FFAF53E8FE" blockId="3.[151,1436,1375,1974]" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">Min. Max. Mean Disc width (mm) 233 578 353.25 Total length 178.1 336.7 274.3 Pre-dorsal length 55.7 68.5 61.5 Disc, length 55.3 70.0 62.1 Snout to pectoral-fin insertion 49.4 63.0 54.9 Disc thickness 9.5 12.8 11.2 Snout to pectoral-fin origin 13.8 20.4 17.7 Posterior orbit to pectoral-fin insertion 39.5 45.8 42.2 Snout to maximum width (horiz.) 38.2 45.7 42.8 Pectoral-fin anterior margin 48.8 52.7 50.5 Pectoral-fin posterior margin 45.1 50.4 47.6 Pectoral-fin base length 38.2 43.8 40.7 Pectoral-fin inner margin 5.8 8.1 7.1</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF879658FBCF2190AEE0ED72" blockId="3.[151,1436,1375,1974]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="204" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF87965EFBCF2190AF96E8DC" box="[1134,1427,1953,1974]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="202">......continued on the next page</emphasis>
n=20
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF819658FF6726A6AB50EFDA" bold="true" box="[198,341,151,176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="204">Description.</emphasis>
Disc diamond-shaped, broad but relatively short, width about 1.33–1.81 times disc length; anterior projection
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FEAF268DAB9CEFBF" box="[270,409,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3599" metricValueMax="10.7188" metricValueMin="8.001" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="3.6849999999999996" valueMax="4.22" valueMin="3.15">3.15–4.22 in</quantity>
disc length; axis of greatest width of disc well posterior to scapular region, over abdominal cavity, its horizontal distance from snout tip 1.18–1.40 times in distance from tip of snout to pectoral-fin insertion; moderately deep, greatest thickness above scapular region and posterior head, thickness
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FBDD2735AF13EE77" box="[1148,1302,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3367999999999998" metricValueMax="2.68478" metricValueMin="1.98882" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="9.2" valueMax="10.57" valueMin="7.83">7.83–10.57 in</quantity>
disc width; without denticles, or thorns; with a short, bony ridge on midline above scapular region. Pectoral fins very large, winglike, narrowly triangular, weakly falcate; anterior margin concave basally, nearly straight for first two thirds, slightly to moderately convex distally; apex narrowly rounded to subangular, pectoral angle 54–61°; posterior margin moderately concave near apex, almost straight posteriorly; free rear tip broadly rounded; inner margin convex distally, becoming nearly straight basally; length of anterior margin 48.8–52.7% DW, 1.17–1.31 times its base length, inner margin
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FF4A27EDAB71EE9F" box="[235,372,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.49606" metricValueMax="1.75514" metricValueMin="1.23698" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="5.89" valueMax="6.91" valueMin="4.87">4.87–6.91 in</quantity>
its base; origin over anterior edge of spiracles; apex located just posteriorly to pectoral mid-base; insertion just posterior to pelvic-fin origin; free rear tip partly overlapping pelvic-fin anterior margin.
</paragraph>
<caption id="90AF6661FF809659FF3626AAAB92EFD8" ID-Table-UUID="90AF6661FF809659FF3626AAAB92EFD8" box="[151,407,155,178]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/90AF6661FF809659FF3626AAAB92EFD8" pageId="4" pageNumber="203" targetBox="[151,1378,230,2018]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF809659FF3626AAAB92EFD8" blockId="4.[151,1205,155,218]" box="[151,407,155,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF809659FF3626AAAB0CEFD8" bold="true" box="[151,265,155,178]" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF809659FF3E2736AF53E888" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<table id="B6D0C449FF8069A2FF3626D7AF67E888" box="[151,1378,230,2018]" gridcols="4" gridrows="19" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3626D7AF67EE76" box="[151,1378,230,284]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3626D7A877EE76" box="[151,626,230,284]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Head length (ventral)</th>
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7626D7AE08EE76" box="[983,1037,230,284]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Min. 26.0</th>
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2326D7AEBDEE76" box="[1154,1208,230,284]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Max. 33.5</th>
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D26D7AF67EE76" box="[1324,1378,230,284]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Mean 29.9</th>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF362718AF67EEEA" box="[151,1378,297,384]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF362718A877EEEA" box="[151,626,297,384]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Preorbital length Preorbital length (horiz.) Head width at pectoral-fin origins</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC762718AE08EEEA" box="[983,1037,297,384]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">7.0 4.1 14.8</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB232718AEBDEEEA" box="[1154,1208,297,384]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">13.3 10.4 17.8</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D2718AF67EEEA" box="[1324,1378,297,384]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">10.8 8.0 16.5</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3627BCAF67EE8E" box="[151,1378,397,484]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3627BCA877EE8E" box="[151,626,397,484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Head height at pectoral-fin origins Head width at mid-eye Head height at mid-eye</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7627BCAE08EE8E" box="[983,1037,397,484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">9.0 12.5 7.5</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2327BCAEBDEE8E" box="[1154,1208,397,484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">10.5 15.9 10.1</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D27BCAF67EE8E" box="[1324,1378,397,484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">9.7 14.1 8.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3627C0AF67ED22" box="[151,1378,497,584]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3627C0A877ED22" box="[151,626,497,584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Interorbital width Interspiracular width Spiracle length (longest)</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7627C0AE08ED22" box="[983,1037,497,584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">9.2 10.1 4.8</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2327C0AEBDED22" box="[1154,1208,497,584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">11.0 12.4 6.8</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D27C0AF67ED22" box="[1324,1378,497,584]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">10.2 11.2 5.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF362464AF67EDC6" box="[151,1378,597,684]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF362464A877EDC6" box="[151,626,597,684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Spiracle width (narrowest) Orbit diameter Eye diameter</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC762464AE08EDC6" box="[983,1037,597,684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">1.6 4.0 1.9</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB232464AEBDEDC6" box="[1154,1208,597,684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">3.1 6.3 3.0</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D2464AF67EDC6" box="[1324,1378,597,684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">2.3 5.2 2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF362488AF67ED85" box="[151,1378,697,751]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF362488A877ED85" box="[151,626,697,751]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Orbit and spiracle length Preoral length</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC762488AE08ED85" box="[983,1037,697,751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">10.6 8.2</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB232488AEBDED85" box="[1154,1208,697,751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">12.8 15.0</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D2488AF67ED85" box="[1324,1378,697,751]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">11.5 11.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3624CDAF67EC1E" box="[151,1378,764,884]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3624CDA877EC1E" box="[151,626,764,884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Prenasal length Prenasal length (horiz.) Rostral lobe width Rostral lobe length</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7624CDAE08EC1E" box="[983,1037,764,884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">7.3 6.5 8.3 3.6</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2324CDAEBDEC1E" box="[1154,1208,764,884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">11.6 11.3 12.8 9.4</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D24CDAF67EC1E" box="[1324,1378,764,884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">9.1 8.4 9.9 6.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3625B0AF67ECDD" box="[151,1378,897,951]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3625B0A877ECDD" box="[151,626,897,951]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Mouth width Internarial width (external)</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7625B0AE08ECDD" box="[983,1037,897,951]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">6.5 4.1</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2325B0AEBDECDD" box="[1154,1208,897,951]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">8.9 5.6</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D25B0AF67ECDD" box="[1324,1378,897,951]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">7.5 5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3625F5AF67EB56" box="[151,1378,964,1084]" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3625F5A877EB56" box="[151,626,964,1084]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Nasal curtain length Nasal curtain width Nostril length (internal) Width of first gill slit</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7625F5AE08EB56" box="[983,1037,964,1084]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">3.5 6.1 2.4 1.6</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2325F5AEBDEB56" box="[1154,1208,964,1084]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">5.4 7.9 4.2 2.8</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D25F5AF67EB56" box="[1324,1378,964,1084]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">4.4 7.2 3.3 2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF362278AF67EB15" box="[151,1378,1097,1151]" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF362278A877EB15" box="[151,626,1097,1151]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Width of third gill slit Width of fifth gill slit</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC762278AE08EB15" box="[983,1037,1097,1151]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">1.8 1.4</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB232278AEBDEB15" box="[1154,1208,1097,1151]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">2.6 2.0</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D2278AF67EB15" box="[1324,1378,1097,1151]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">2.1 1.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3622BDAF67EA6E" box="[151,1378,1164,1284]" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3622BDA877EA6E" box="[151,626,1164,1284]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Distance between first gill slits Distance between fifth gill slits Tail at axil of pelvic fins (width) Tail at axil of pelvic fins (height)</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7622BDAE08EA6E" box="[983,1037,1164,1284]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">14.8 9.6 2.9 3.0</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2322BDAEBDEA6E" box="[1154,1208,1164,1284]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">17.5 11.6 3.9 4.1</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D22BDAF67EA6E" box="[1324,1378,1164,1284]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">16.2 10.2 3.4 3.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF362320AF67EA2D" box="[151,1378,1297,1351]" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF362320A877EA2D" box="[151,626,1297,1351]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Tail at origin of stinging spine(s) (width) Tail at origin of stinging spine(s) (height)</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC762320AE08EA2D" box="[983,1037,1297,1351]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">1.3 1.9</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB232320AEBDEA2D" box="[1154,1208,1297,1351]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">2.7 2.8</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D2320AF67EA2D" box="[1324,1378,1297,1351]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">2.0 2.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF362365AF67EAA6" box="[151,1378,1364,1484]" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF362365A877EAA6" box="[151,626,1364,1484]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Pectoral-fin insertion to spine origin (horiz.) Length of first stinging spine Length of second stinging spine Pectoral-fin insertion to dorsal-fin origin (horiz.)</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC762365AE08EAA6" box="[983,1037,1364,1484]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">10.4 6.2 12.0 5.7</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB232365AEBDEAA6" box="[1154,1208,1364,1484]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">14.8 16.2 13.5 10.1</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D2365AF67EAA6" box="[1324,1378,1364,1484]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">12.5 10.3 13.0 7.4</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3623E8AF67E965" box="[151,1378,1497,1551]" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3623E8A877E965" box="[151,626,1497,1551]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Dorsal-fin length Dorsal-fin anterior margin</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7623E8AE08E965" box="[983,1037,1497,1551]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">4.7 5.6</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2323E8AEBDE965" box="[1154,1208,1497,1551]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">7.8 7.9</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D23E8AF67E965" box="[1324,1378,1497,1551]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">6.3 6.8</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF36202DAF67E9FE" box="[151,1378,1564,1684]" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF36202DA877E9FE" box="[151,626,1564,1684]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Dorsal-fin height Dorsal-fin posterior margin Dorsal-fin inner margin Snout to anterior cloaca</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC76202DAE08E9FE" box="[983,1037,1564,1684]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">2.6 1.8 0.6 48.2</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB23202DAEBDE9FE" box="[1154,1208,1564,1684]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">4.5 3.5 2.5 61.5</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D202DAF67E9FE" box="[1324,1378,1564,1684]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">3.3 2.7 1.6 54.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF362090AF67E9BD" box="[151,1378,1697,1751]" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF362090A877E9BD" box="[151,626,1697,1751]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Cloaca anterior to tail tip Cloaca anterior to stinging spine</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC762090AE08E9BD" box="[983,1037,1697,1751]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">121.7 11.5</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB232090AEBDE9BD" box="[1154,1208,1697,1751]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">281.0 16.1</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D2090AF67E9BD" box="[1324,1378,1697,1751]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">219.5 13.1</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF3620D5AF67E836" box="[151,1378,1764,1884]" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF3620D5A877E836" box="[151,626,1764,1884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Width across pelvic fin bases Greatest span of pelvic fins Pelvic-fin length Pelvic-fin anterior margin</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC7620D5AE08E836" box="[983,1037,1764,1884]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">9.7 17.3 14.3 12.0</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB2320D5AEBDE836" box="[1154,1208,1764,1884]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">12.8 25.4 18.7 16.2</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D20D5AF67E836" box="[1324,1378,1764,1884]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">11.5 21.4 16.6 14.6</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF362158AF67E8F5" box="[151,1378,1897,1951]" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF362158A877E8F5" box="[151,626,1897,1951]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Pelvic-fin base Pelvic-fin posterior margin</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC762158AE08E8F5" box="[983,1037,1897,1951]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">5.5 6.6</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB232158AEBDE8F5" box="[1154,1208,1897,1951]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">8.6 9.3</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D2158AF67E8F5" box="[1324,1378,1897,1951]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">7.1 7.7</td>
</tr>
<tr id="7AE034ABFF8069A2FF36219DAF67E888" box="[151,1378,1964,2018]" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">
<th id="39315DD7FF8069A2FF36219DA877E888" box="[151,626,1964,2018]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">Pelvic-fin inner margin Clasper outer length</th>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FC76219DAE08E888" box="[983,1037,1964,2018]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">9.0 6.4</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FB23219DAEBDE888" box="[1154,1208,1964,2018]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">13.3 6.4</td>
<td id="39315DD7FF8069A2FA8D219DAF67E888" box="[1324,1378,1964,2018]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="4" pageNumber="203">11.1 6.4</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF819658FF662415A858ECEA" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="204">
Head pronounced, deep, short and relatively narrow; projecting well anterior to pectoral-fin origins; subquadrangular in cross-section at pectoral-fin origin; cranial region of head broadly rounded in dorsoventral view; chondrocranium pronounced above eyes and spiracles; snout abruptly convex anterior of eyes, becoming deeply concave at origin of rostral lobe; slightly convex ventrally; ventral head length 26.0–33.5% DW, 1.46–2.23 times width at pectoral-fin origins, 2.96–6.36 times preorbital length (horizontal), 2.39–3.39 times interorbital width; preoral snout length 0.99–2.30 times mouth width, 1.73–2.99 times internarial width, 0.50–0.99 times distance between first gill slits; head width at pectoral-fin origin 14.8–17.8% DW, 1.58–1.93 times its height. Rostral lobe fleshy, long (very long in adult males); narrowly parabolic in dorsoventral view with a narrowly pointed apex; narrowly pointed in lateral view; its length 3.6–9.4% DW,
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FC6C2575AE5EEC37" box="[973,1115,836,861]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.37795" metricValueMax="1.8491199999999999" metricValueMin="0.90678" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="5.425" valueMax="7.28" valueMin="3.57">3.57–7.28 in</quantity>
head length, its width
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FAFC2575AAE0ECEA" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2672" metricValueMax="5.0292" metricValueMin="3.5052" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="1.68" valueMax="1.98" valueMin="1.38">1.38– 1.98 in</quantity>
head width at pectoral-fin origin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF819658FF6625BDAF2FEB32" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="204">
Interorbital space moderately broad, convex but with a broad medial depression, without ridges, denticles or thorns; interorbital width 9.2–11.0% DW, 1.72–2.37 times orbit length, 0.63–0.81 times head width at mid-eye. Eyes small, subcircular, very slightly ventrolateral on head; orbit level or only slightly elevated above dorsal head profile, diameter
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FEC325C9ABF1EB7A" box="[354,500,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.604" metricValueMax="7.8232" metricValueMin="5.3848" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="2.6" valueMax="3.08" valueMin="2.12">2.12–3.08 in</quantity>
spiracle length,
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FD1D25C6A94BEB7A" box="[700,846,1015,1040]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8567399999999998" metricValueMax="2.23012" metricValueMin="1.48336" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="7.31" valueMax="8.78" valueMin="5.84">5.84–8.78 in</quantity>
head width at pectoral-fin origin. Spiracles large, suboval to elliptical, situated dorsolaterally posterior to orbit and above pectoral-fin origin, more visible dorsally than laterally; margins without any protuberances or folds; length 4.8–6.8% DW, 2.08–3.75 times width.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF819658FF662255A93EEA3F" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="204">
Nostril narrowly suboval, immediately preceded by a broad, shallow, fleshy depression bordering anterolateral margin of the nasal curtain; anterior nasal fold thin, membranous, internal; deep oronasal groove present; internarial space
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FEF7229DABE1EBAF" box="[342,484,1196,1221]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4577" metricValueMax="5.715" metricValueMin="3.2004" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="1.755" valueMax="2.25" valueMin="1.26">1.26–2.25 in</quantity>
prenasal length, 1.18–2.28 times nostril length. Nasal curtain large, elongate, lobate, width 1.32–1.94 times length; lateral margin concave, smooth edged; posterior margin divided by deep medial notch, bordered by a long, curtain-like fringe, not following contour of lower jaw; posterior margin of each lobe convex with apices narrowly rounded; most of surface finely papillate, covered with minute pores centrally; apex and posterolateral margin recessible within oronasal groove.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF819658FF66236EA835E842" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="204">
Mouth moderate-sized, transverse, located ventrally, width 6.5–8.9% DW, 0.44–1.01 times preoral length,
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FF3623B5AB22EAF7" box="[151,295,1412,1437]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7785" metricValueMax="6.6802" metricValueMin="4.8768" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="2.275" valueMax="2.63" valueMin="1.92">1.92–2.63 in</quantity>
head width at pectoral-fin origin; not protrusible, anterior teeth of lower jaw visible when mouth closed; buccal region intricately papillate; skin on chin and at margin of lower jaw fleshy, strongly furrowed, papillate, indented slightly at symphysis. Teeth in a single row in each jaw, coalesced to form plates; about 6 narrow, almost straight teeth in upper jaw, tooth plate well inside palate, its length about half its width (based on CSIRO H 4426–14); about 13 narrow, chevron-shaped teeth in lower jaw, tooth plate protruding distally, its length more than twice its width, its width about two thirds mouth width (based on CSIRO H 4426–14); roof of mouth with 2 rows of oral papillae, those in outer row slightly larger than those of inner row; floor of mouth near lingual margin of lower tooth plate with lunate fringe of about 16 variably shaped (usually pointed), irregular oral papillae. Gill openings small, elongated S-shaped, forming a weakly fringed lobe laterally; length of first gill slit 0.95–1.70 times length of fifth gill slit,
<quantity id="03289B0CFF819658FE7C20F6A86FE98A" box="[477,618,1735,1760]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8519" metricValueMax="11.7094" metricValueMin="5.9944" pageId="5" pageNumber="204" unit="in" value="3.485" valueMax="4.61" valueMin="2.36">2.36–4.61 in</quantity>
mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.86–3.95 times internarial space, 0.45–0.64 times ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.78–2.45 times internarial distance, 0.45–0.64 times ventral head length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF819658FF662105AB09E8B6" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="204">Pelvic fins moderately large, slender, subquadrangular, anterior margin slightly concave to almost straight, apex moderately angular, posterior margin moderately convex, free rear tip broadly rounded, inner margin slightly convex; extending well beyond pectoral-fin free tips; pelvic-fin length 14.3–18.7% DW, 1.12–1.74 times width across fin bases, inner margin 9.0–13.3% DW. Claspers of adult male (MNHN A7949) relatively short, outer length 6.4% DW.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF82965BFF6626A6AF56EE77" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">
Dorsal fin small, strongly raked, its origin posterior to pelvic-fin insertions by about half to two-thirds its fin base; anterior margin almost straight; apex broadly rounded, posterior to insertion of fin; posterior margin convex to nearly straight; free rear tip subangular, inner margin very short, nearly straight; predorsal length
<quantity id="03289B0CFF82965BFAAC26EEAF99EF92" box="[1293,1436,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1402" metricValueMax="4.572" metricValueMin="3.7084" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" unit="in" value="1.63" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.46">1.46–1.80 in</quantity>
disc width, fin length 4.7–7.8% DW, height 0.35–0.67 times its length, inner margin
<quantity id="03289B0CFF82965BFBED2735AEDCEE77" box="[1100,1241,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.67259" metricValueMax="2.6416" metricValueMin="0.70358" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" unit="in" value="6.585" valueMax="10.4" valueMin="2.77">2.77–10.4 in</quantity>
fin length.
</paragraph>
<caption id="90AF6661FF82965BFF36218DA87FE89E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218577/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" targetBox="[301,1286,324,1957]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF82965BFF36218DA87FE89E" blockId="6.[151,1436,1980,2036]" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF82965BFF36218DAB11E8BB" bold="true" box="[151,276,1980,2002]" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Dorsal view of
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF82965BFE1D218DA882E8B8" box="[444,647,1980,2002]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF82965BFE1D218DA882E8B8" box="[444,647,1980,2002]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="205">Aetobatus flagellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A. CSIRO H 6662–03 (immature male 346 mm DW); B. not retained fresh specimen from Kuwait (female ~500 mm DW).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF83965AFF6626A6A974EEC7" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">Tail very long, slender, whip-like, its length (from cloaca origin) 1.22–2.81 times disc width; tapering gradually at base to stinging spine, and gradually becoming more whip-like beyond sting; base moderately compressed, suboval in cross section at pelvic-fin insertion, tail width at pelvic insertion 0.73–1.20 times height; almost rhomboidal in cross section near origin of stinging spine, width 0.59–1.36 times height at first spine origin; no skin folds present; a weak naked groove on dorsal surface of tail immediately posterior to base of stingingspine(s), almost fully housing spines. Stinging spines 0–2, very elongate, slender, moderately broad-based, strongly tapered, almost fully serrated laterally; distance from sting base to pectoral-fin insertion 10.4–14.8% DW; longest stinging spine 9.4–16.2% DW, 1.86–3.44 times dorsal-fin length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF83965AFF662786ABFDEDEE" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">Vertebral centra total (including synarcual) 85–91 (n=7); total (excluding synarcual) 80–87 (n=7); monospondylous (including synarcual) 33–42 (n=8); monospondylous (excluding synarcual) 29–38 (n=8); predorsal diplospondylous 13–29 (n=4); post-dorsal diplospondylous 27–34 (n=3). Total pectoral-fin radials (excluding propterygial radials anterior of eyes) 89–96 (n=7); propterygium (anterior of eyes) 13*–16*, propterygium (posterior of eyes) 10–14, mesopterygium 27–33, metapterygium 48–54. Pelvic-fin radials: 1 (4–6 fused elements) + 14–16 (n=7).</paragraph>
<caption id="90AF6661FF83965AFF36234EAE8EEAFF" box="[151,1163,1407,1429]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218578/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" targetBox="[337,1253,704,1380]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF83965AFF36234EAE8EEAFF" blockId="7.[151,1163,1407,1429]" box="[151,1163,1407,1429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF83965AFF36234EAB16EAFE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1407,1429]" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Ventral view of
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF83965AFE1A234EA882EAFF" box="[443,647,1407,1429]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF83965AFE1A234EA882EAFF" box="[443,647,1407,1429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">Aetobatus flagellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, CSIRO H 6134–01 (subadult male 431 mm DW).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF83965AFF66238EAEADE9DA" blockId="7.[151,1436,1471,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF83965AFF66238EABC9EAB2" bold="true" box="[199,460,1471,1496]" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">Colour (when fresh).</emphasis>
Dorsal surface uniformly brownish (sometimes greenish brown), without distinct markings; eye bluish black; dark (dorsal) and pale (ventral) surfaces well demarcated (waterline) at pectoral-fin origin at junction with head; waterline extending anteriorly to mid eye and onto forehead; dark dorsal surface on rostral lobe similar, contrasted with its paler ventral surface and posteriorly with pale mid-snout; tail uniform greyish brown. Ventral surface mostly whitish; broad brownish margin along most of disc, junction between brown margin and whitish ventral colour strongly mottled, broadest on posterior margin, narrowest anteriorly; distal third of pelvic fins brownish; rostral lobe mostly whitish, anteriormost margin narrowly brownish.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8CCA6562FF83965AFF66208AAF70E8BA" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" type="description">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF83965AFF66208AAF70E8BA" blockId="7.[151,1436,1471,2000]" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF83965AFF66208AAAFBE9BE" bold="true" box="[199,254,1723,1748]" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">Size.</emphasis>
The male and female specimens of
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF83965AFD35208DA91BE9BE" box="[660,798,1723,1748]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF83965AFD35208DA91BE9BE" box="[660,798,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">A. flagellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
measured in this study ranged in size from 233–543 and
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFF3620EEAB29E99D" box="[151,300,1759,1784]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1049999999999995" metricValueMax="5.779999999999999" metricValueMin="2.43" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="410.5" valueMax="578.0" valueMin="243.0">243–578 mm</quantity>
DW, respectively. Two male specimens of 431 and
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFCD420EEA9D7E99D" box="[885,978,1759,1784]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.46" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="446.0">446 mm</quantity>
DW were adolescent, and one specimen of
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFF192132AB12E871" box="[184,279,1795,1820]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.43" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="543.0">543 mm</quantity>
DW was mature. Moore
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF83965AFD9E2135A87FE876" box="[575,634,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">et al.</emphasis>
(2012) reported 36 individuals from the Persian Gulf with males and females ranging from 277–580 and
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFD962116A8D5E855" box="[567,720,1831,1856]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.38" metricValueMax="7.459999999999999" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="538.0" valueMax="746.0" valueMin="330.0">330–746 mm</quantity>
DW, respectively; males mature by ~
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFB262116AEE3E855" box="[1159,1254,1831,1856]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="500.0">500 mm</quantity>
DW. Birth size unknown; smallest free-swimming individual examined was
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFCE9217DA9A3E809" box="[840,934,1868,1892]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.33" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="233.0">233 mm</quantity>
DW. Specimens of up to
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFB6A217DAF2CE809" box="[1227,1321,1868,1892]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="900.0">900 mm</quantity>
DW have been recorded from northern
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF83965AFE48215EA839E8E2" box="[489,572,1903,1928]" name="Kuwait" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
(J. Bishop,
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF83965AFD6B215EA918E8E2" box="[714,797,1903,1928]" name="Kuwait" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
Institute for Scientific Research, unpubl. data). Sujatha (2002) recorded two specimens off Visakhapatnam in northeastern
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF83965AFC2621A2A9C6E8C6" box="[903,963,1939,1964]" name="India" pageId="7" pageNumber="206">India</collectingCountry>
, which were 790 and
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFB1621A5AF10E8C1" box="[1207,1301,1940,1964]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="830.0">830 mm</quantity>
DW, but no sex was given. A single female of
<quantity id="03289B0CFF83965AFDB92186A870E8A5" box="[536,629,1975,2000]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.459999999999999" pageId="7" pageNumber="206" unit="mm" value="746.0">746 mm</quantity>
DW (not retained), was mature and had functional, but empty, uteri.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="90AF6661FF8C9655FF362227AF07EB46" box="[151,1282,1046,1068]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/218579/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="207" targetBox="[403,1269,244,1044]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF8C9655FF362227AF07EB46" blockId="8.[151,1282,1046,1068]" box="[151,1282,1046,1068]" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF8C9655FF362227AB16EB41" bold="true" box="[151,275,1046,1068]" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Ventral view of the head of
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF8C9655FD932227A8F8EB46" box="[562,765,1046,1068]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF8C9655FD932227A8F8EB46" box="[562,765,1046,1068]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Aetobatus flagellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, CSIRO H 6134–01 (subadult male 431 mm DW).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="8CCA6562FF8C9655FF662269AEFEE94B" pageId="8" pageNumber="207" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C46F36E9FF8C9655FF662269AEFEE94B" blockId="8.[151,1436,1112,1569]" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF8C9655FF662269AB65EB1B" bold="true" box="[199,352,1112,1137]" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Distribution.</emphasis>
Patchily distributed in the
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FD042269A8D2EB1B" box="[677,727,1112,1137]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Indo</collectingCountry>
–West Pacific; known from the Western Indian Ocean, from
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FF36224DAAEFEBFF" box="[151,234,1148,1173]" name="Kuwait" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Kuwait</collectingCountry>
in the Persian Gulf to
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FE5C224DA859EBFF" box="[509,604,1148,1173]" name="Pakistan" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FD3B224DA8D2EBFF" box="[666,727,1148,1173]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">India</collectingCountry>
; and the Eastern Indian Ocean, from
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FB33224DAEC9EBFF" box="[1170,1228,1148,1173]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">India</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FAAB224DAF79EBFF" box="[1290,1404,1148,1173]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FF362291AB01EBD3" box="[151,260,1184,1209]" name="Indonesia" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(Kalimantan) and
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FE412291A843EBD3" box="[480,582,1184,1209]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FDF92291A8BAEBD3" box="[600,703,1184,1209]" name="Malaysia" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
). Not recorded from the east coast of
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FBDC2291AF0AEBD3" box="[1149,1295,1184,1209]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">South Africa</collectingCountry>
(S. Dudley, KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board, pers. comm.
<date id="B06E1029FF8C9655FD3622F5A908EBB7" box="[663,781,1220,1245]" pageId="8" pageNumber="207" value="2009-07">July 2009</date>
),
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FC8522F5A9AEEBB7" box="[804,939,1220,1245]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(A.J. Cooke, Blue Ventures, pers. comm.; Robinson &amp; Sauer, 2013),
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FE6022D8A800EA6B" box="[449,517,1257,1281]" name="Oman" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">Oman</collectingCountry>
(Randall, 1995; Henderson &amp; Reeve, 2011) nor the southern Persian Gulf (Moore
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF8C9655FF36233FAACDEA4F" box="[151,200,1292,1317]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">et al</emphasis>
., 2012; A. Moore unpubl. data). Reported presence in the Red Sea (Bonfil &amp; Abdallah, 2004) was not based on records (R. Bonfil, pers. comm.) and requires confirmation, as it has not been reported previously from this region (Gohar &amp; Mazhar, 1964). The Red Sea records are possibly due to its inclusion (mistakenly) as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF8C9655FF142348AB34EAFB" box="[181,305,1401,1425]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="narinari">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF8C9655FF142348AB34EAFB" box="[181,305,1401,1425]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">A. narinari</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in species lists for the Red Sea (e.g. Fowler, 1956; Dor, 1984). Compagno &amp; Last (1999) mentioned that records of
<taxonomicName id="03D04D6AFF8C9655FEED23ACABDCEADF" box="[332,473,1436,1461]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flagellum">
<emphasis id="F6A4EAFBFF8C9655FEED23ACABDCEADF" box="[332,473,1436,1461]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">A. flagellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Hawaii and the Eastern Atlantic require confirmation. During this study, no specimens or accurate records of this species from these two regions were found and experts on the chondrichthyans faunas of Hawaii (J. Randall, BPBM, pers. comm.
<date id="B06E1029FF8C9655FC0923D5AE1EEA97" box="[936,1051,1508,1533]" pageId="8" pageNumber="207" value="2009-07">July 2009</date>
) and West Africa (B. Serét, pers. comm.
<date id="B06E1029FF8C9655FF4A2039AB70E94B" box="[235,373,1544,1569]" pageId="8" pageNumber="207" value="2009-03">March 2009</date>
) had no records. Records of this species from southern
<collectingCountry id="BCC77679FF8C9655FC422039AE23E94B" box="[995,1062,1544,1569]" name="China" pageId="8" pageNumber="207">China</collectingCountry>
require validation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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