456 lines
60 KiB
XML
456 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document id="56CC699D0EB4EB95516A892D3CDB16AC" ID-CLB-Dataset="46097" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3784.4.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="16f488d9-eb77-4ff5-a7ce-99eeb7875371" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="252218" ID-ZooBank="D5E03502-7BD3-41F4-A4CF-5537B1462A23" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460404217522" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Makarkin, Vladimir N. & Archibald, S. Bruce" docDate="2014" docId="039287A3FE0D371F23C76F48FEC9FF7A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03784p444.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3784 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Raphidiidae Latreille 1810, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="414" masterDocId="FFABFFDBFE06371223506A3EFFE0FF82" masterDocTitle="A revision of the late Eocene snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of the Florissant Formation, Colorado, with special reference to the wing venation of the Raphidiomorpha" masterLastPageNumber="444" masterPageNumber="401" pageNumber="412" updateTime="1698299590966" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="67FFCFD3C65E62F85542DD1C334056BD">A revision of the late Eocene snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of the Florissant Formation, Colorado, with special reference to the wing venation of the Raphidiomorpha</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6C47D6DCF8F8BD8C4EAF2EBA0223F681">Makarkin, Vladimir N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="960C4DEE48658775B1431A4CC18BC26D" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="86D5E05F75ED1E36BDB6866EC2FE16AB">Archibald, S. Bruce</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="BE868A34F85FB203CE93735AD8D4DE9E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="557ACF50B05879D4C158B4681F16FAB9">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B74B11800EB185E36A655DE2F9FCD09F">
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<mods:date id="43A51240964DC8BF198B1BBBF0E933DF">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="57523E01FC4C175C1A0ABAF937BE3D45">3784</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="D224F526E013EED5FC398CF581FE54B5" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3784.4.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039287A3FE0D371F23C76F48FEC9FF7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6131147" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119420859" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6131147" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039287A3FE0D371F23C76F48FEC9FF7A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039287A3FE0D371F23C76F48FEC9FF7A" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<subSubSection id="C321653EFE0D371E23C76F48FC3CFE9F" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="413" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0D371923C76F48FDABFA12" blockId="11.[151,587,1398,1424]" box="[151,587,1398,1424]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<heading id="D0CC81D9FE0D371923C76F48FDABFA12" bold="true" box="[151,587,1398,1424]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371923C76F48FDABFA12" bold="true" box="[151,587,1398,1424]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371923A66F48FDABFA12" ID-CoL="FJZ" ID-ENA="50483" authority="Latreille, 1810" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1810" box="[246,587,1398,1424]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Raphidiidae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0D371922C66F48FDABFA12" author="Latreille" box="[406,587,1398,1424]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Latreille, P. A. (1810) Considerations generales sur l'ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes; avec un tableau methodique de leurs genre disposes en famille. Schoell, Paris, 444 pp." type="book" year="1810">Latreille, 1810</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0D371923C76F82FD2BF90B" blockId="11.[151,1436,1468,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371923C76F82FD8FFA57" bold="true" box="[151,623,1468,1493]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Diagnostic character states of venation.</emphasis>
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Forewing: In subcostal space, two crossveins: one connecting ScP, RA; other closing pterostigma proximally. At least one branch of RA incorporating in pterostigma. In RA spaces, two crossveins between RA,
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<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0D371922E46C3BFE36F99E" box="[436,470,1541,1564]" name="Poland" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">RP</collectingCountry>
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(three crossveins in
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371921996C3AFB32F99F" authority="Liu et al., 2010" authorityName="Liu et al." authorityYear="2010" box="[713,1234,1540,1565]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Mongoloraphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abnormis">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371921996C3AFBE3F99F" box="[713,1027,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Mongoloraphidia abnormis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0D3719275C6C3AFB32F99F" author="Liu" box="[1036,1234,1540,1565]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Liu, X. Y., Aspock, H., Yang, D. & Aspock, U. (2010 a) Revision of the snakefly genus Mongoloraphidia (Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae) from mainland China. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N. F.), 57, 89 - 98." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">
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Liu
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D3719276D6C38FB98F99F" box="[1085,1144,1540,1565]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2010a
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</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0D3719278F6C3AFAC2F99F" box="[1247,1314,1540,1565]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[172,1408,1136,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[168,1411,1131,1858]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Wing venation of the Jurassic Mesoraphidiidae. A, Mesoraphidia inaequalis Martynov, 1925 (Late Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan), forewing. B, same, hind wing. Re-drawn with slight simplification from Martynov 1925 b. Fused veins are shown by red lines. Identity of the vein stub labeled “? ” in basal-most part of forewing is unknown. Both wings are shown with apex to right. No scale provided or pterostigma shown in original figure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252219/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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). M, CuA appear to originate from R either separately or at same point (rarely stem M+CuA present). 1r-m connects
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<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0D3719261A6C17FA8CF9C2" box="[1354,1388,1577,1600]" name="Poland" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">RP</collectingCountry>
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and MA. In medial space, only two crossveins between MA, MP forming two
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371927596C72FBCCF9E7" box="[1033,1068,1612,1637]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">doi</emphasis>
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. CuA fused with MP for short distance. AA2, AA3 basally almost entirely fused.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0D371923976CAAFE6FF977" blockId="11.[151,1436,1468,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0D371923976CAAFF1FF92F" box="[199,255,1684,1709]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Hind</collectingCountry>
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wing: In subcostal space, one crossvein closing pterostigma proximally; at least one branch of RA incorporating in pterostigma; two
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371921476C86FDDAF953" box="[535,570,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">doi</emphasis>
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(except normally one in few species); CuP, AA1 medially fused (except two Baltic amber species).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0D371923976D3EFB59F8E3" blockId="11.[151,1436,1468,2033]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371923976D3EFEBFF89B" bold="true" box="[199,351,1792,1817]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Composition</emphasis>
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. Twenty six extant genera (ca. 200 species) distributed in the Northern Hemisphere (Aspöck
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371926D86D3FFF4DF8BF" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et al</emphasis>
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. 2012a) and four fossil genera from the late Eocene of Baltic amber (
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371920ED6D1AFB96F8BF" box="[957,1142,1828,1853]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Succinoraphidia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0D3719272E6D1AFA75F8BF" author="Aspock" box="[1150,1429,1828,1853]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Aspock, U. & Aspock, H. (2004) Two significant new snakeflies from Baltic amber, with discussion on autapomorphies of the order and its included taxa (Raphidioptera). Systematic Entomology, 29, 11 - 19. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2004.00245. x" type="journal article" year="2004">
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Aspöck
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D3719278B6D18FB0FF8BF" box="[1243,1263,1830,1853]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">et</emphasis>
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Aspöck, 2004
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and Florissant (
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371922156D76FD42F8E3" authority="Cockerell, 1907" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1907" box="[325,674,1864,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Megaraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371922156D76FE05F8E3" box="[325,485,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Megaraphidia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0D371922BC6D76FD42F8E3" author="Cockerell" box="[492,674,1864,1889]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1907) Some fossil arthropods from Florissant, Colorado. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 23, 605 - 616." type="journal article" year="1907">Cockerell, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371921FE6D76FCABF8E3" box="[686,843,1864,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Archiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371921FE6D76FCABF8E3" box="[686,843,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Archiraphidia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D3719200A6D76FBDCF8E3" box="[858,1084,1864,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Florissantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D3719200A6D76FBDCF8E3" box="[858,1084,1864,1889]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Florissantoraphidia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27C57DCFE0D371927136D77FB4CF8E3" box="[1091,1196,1865,1889]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0D371E23976D52FC3CFE9F" blockId="11.[151,1436,1468,2033]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="413" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">
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Besides seven from Florissant, the following six named species have been described: ‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371927CC6D52FB07F807" box="[1180,1255,1900,1925]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Agulla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371927CC6D52FB07F807" box="[1180,1255,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Agulla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371927A86D52FA7CF807" box="[1272,1436,1900,1925]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">protomaculata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0D371923C76DAEFEC2F82B" author="Engel" box="[151,290,1936,1961]" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" refString="Engel, M. S. (2011) A new snakefly from the Eocene Green River Formation (Raphidioptera: Raphidiidae). Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 114, 77 - 87. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1660 / 062.114.0107" type="journal article" year="2011">Engel, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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(late Ypresian of the Green River Formation, Parachute Creek Member of Colorado); ‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D3719267C6DAEFA73F82B" box="[1324,1427,1936,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D3719267C6DAEFA73F82B" box="[1324,1427,1936,1961]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Raphidia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371923C76D8AFF05F84F" box="[151,229,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">baltica</emphasis>
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and
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D3719224B6D8AFDDDF84F" box="[283,573,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Succinoraphidia exhibens</emphasis>
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(late Eocene of Baltic amber); ‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371920F56D8AFBEBF84F" box="[933,1035,1972,1997]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371920F56D8AFBEBF84F" box="[933,1035,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Raphidia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D3719274C6D8AFB8DF84F" box="[1052,1133,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">creedei</emphasis>
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(late Oligocene of Creede, Colorado);
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371922486DE6FE19F873" box="[280,505,2008,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Agulla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mineralensis">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371922486DE6FE19F873" box="[280,505,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Agulla mineralensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(middle Miocene of Stewart Valley, Nevada); and ‘
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371927106DE6FB41F873" box="[1088,1185,2008,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Ohmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371927106DE6FB41F873" box="[1088,1185,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">Ohmella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’
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<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0D371927E26DE7FB19F873" box="[1202,1273,2009,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Ohmella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="412" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coffini">
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<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0D371927E26DE7FB19F873" box="[1202,1273,2009,2033]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="412">coffini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(late Miocene of Ardèche (Mt. Andance),
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<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E22B66AA6FDD7FF32" box="[486,567,152,176]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">France</collectingCountry>
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). Also, six specimens have been figured, but not named, from the early Oligocene of the Anna potash mine in Haut-Rhin department,
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<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E20356A83FC51FF56" box="[869,945,189,212]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">France</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E20936A82FB74FF56" author="Nel" box="[963,1172,188,213]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Nel, A. (1993) Nouveaux Raphidiopteres fossiles du Cenozoique de France et d'Espagne (Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae, Inocelliidae). Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Biologie et Evolution des Insectes, 6, 99 - 108." type="journal article" year="1993">
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Nel 1993:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E276F6A82FB74FF56" box="[1087,1172,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="21.[151,249,1918,1940]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,409,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@21.[151,1436,409,1897]" captionTargetPageId="21" captionText="FIGURE 10. Archiraphidia tumulata (Scudder, 1890). Holotype MCZ 244. A, counterpart. B, part (converted to right). Scale bar = 4 mm (both to scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252228/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the late Oligocene of Enspel,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E23A26ADEFEBAFF7A" box="[242,346,224,248]" name="Germany" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E22386AE1FD9CFF7A" author="Wedmann" box="[360,636,223,248]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Wedmann, S. (2000) Die Insekten der oberoligozanen Fossilagerstatte Enspel (Westerwald, Deutschland). Systematik, Biostratinomie und Palaookologie. Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv, Beiheft 16, 1 - 153, 9 pls." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Wedmann 2000:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E217A6AE1FD9CFF7A" box="[554,636,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 13" captionStartId="24.[151,249,848,870]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,209,823]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,193,827]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 13. Archiraphidia tranquilla (Scudder, 1890). Wing venation of the holotype MCZ 246. A, right forewing. B, right hind wing. C, left forewing. D, left hind wing. Scale bar = 4 mm (all to scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252231/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 13</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); the early Miocene of Rubielos de Mora,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E270C6AE1FB7CFF7A" box="[1116,1180,223,248]" name="Spain" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E27FB6AE1FEC0FE9E" author="Penalver" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Penalver, E. & Seilacher, A. (1995) Rubielos de Mora. Eine untermiozane Fossil-Lagerstatte. Fossilien, 4, 211 - 216." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Peñalver & Seilacher 1995:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E238D6B3AFEC0FE9E" box="[221,288,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="18.[151,249,1753,1775]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1718]" captionTargetId="figure@18.[151,1436,301,1731]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 8. Megaraphidia sp. Specimen MCZ 3641. A, part (converted to right). B, counterpart. C, hind wing venation. Scale bar = 4 mm (all to scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252226/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the late Miocene of Murat,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E21C86B3BFD04FE9E" box="[664,740,261,284]" name="France" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">France</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E21A36B3AFC2FFE9F" author="Nel" box="[755,975,260,285]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Nel, A. (1993) Nouveaux Raphidiopteres fossiles du Cenozoique de France et d'Espagne (Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae, Inocelliidae). Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Biologie et Evolution des Insectes, 6, 99 - 108." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Nel 1993:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E203A6B3AFC2FFE9F" box="[874,975,260,285]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 6" captionStart-1="FIGURE 7" captionStart-2="FIGURE 8" captionStart-3="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="15.[151,249,1962,1984]" captionStartId-1="16.[151,249,1533,1555]" captionStartId-2="18.[151,249,1753,1775]" captionStartId-3="19.[151,249,1674,1696]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,1046,1937]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,193,1508]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1436,301,1718]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1436,519,1662]" captionTargetId-0="figure@15.[151,1436,1046,1940]" captionTargetId-1="figure@16.[151,1436,193,1511]" captionTargetId-2="figure@18.[151,1436,301,1731]" captionTargetId-3="figure@19.[151,1436,519,1662]" captionTargetPageId-0="15" captionTargetPageId-1="16" captionTargetPageId-2="18" captionTargetPageId-3="19" captionText-0="FIGURE 6. Megaraphidia exhumata (Cockerell, 1909). Holotype UCM 4513. A, the specimen as preserved. B, forewing venation. Scale bar = 4 mm (both to scale)." captionText-1="FIGURE 7. Megaraphidia exhumata (Cockerell, 1909). Holotype MCZ 3640. A, part (converted to right). B, counterpart. C, forewing venation. Scale bar = 4 mm (all to scale)." captionText-2="FIGURE 8. Megaraphidia sp. Specimen MCZ 3641. A, part (converted to right). B, counterpart. C, hind wing venation. Scale bar = 4 mm (all to scale)." captionText-3="FIGURE 9. Pterostigma of Archiraphidia species. A – C, A. tumulata (Scudder, 1890): A, left wings. B, right forewing. C, right hind wing. D – F, A. tranquilla (Scudder, 1890): D, four wings of the holotype MCZ 446. E, four wings of MCZ 4137 (lectotype of A. eventa (Scudder, 1890 )); F, left wings of MCZ 253 (paralectotype of A. eventa). G, three wings of A.? somnolenta (Scudder, 1890). H, right forewing of A.? somnolenta. HW, hind wing; LFW, left forewing; RFW, right forewing. All wings are shown with apex to right and not to scale." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/252224/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/252225/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/252226/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/252227/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Figs 6–9</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C321653EFE0A371F23976B14FEC9FF7A" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="414" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0A371E23976B14FDD3FE78" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E23976B14FB69FEC1" bold="true" box="[199,1161,298,323]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
Comments on characters.
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E22AD6B14FB69FEC1" bold="true" box="[509,1161,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">The additional distal crossvein between C/ScP and RA (2</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27D96B19FB71FEB7" bold="true" box="[1161,1169,295,309]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">b</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27C16B14FB3BFEC1" bold="true" box="[1169,1243,298,323]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27C16B14FB34FEC1" bold="true" box="[1169,1236,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">scp-r)</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
This crossvein is absent in extant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E22356B70FE0FFEE5" box="[357,495,334,359]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Raphidiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, except in the three species (both in fore- and hind wings) of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E23C76B4CFE13FE09" authority="Steinmann, 1963" authorityName="Steinmann" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,499,370,395]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Harraphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E23C76B4CFEC5FE09" box="[151,293,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Harraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E22606B4CFE13FE09" author="Steinmann" box="[304,499,370,395]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Steinmann, H. (1963) Raphidiopterological studies I. Navasana gen. n. from Hungary, Harraphidia gen. n. from Morocco, new Lesna Nav. and Subilla Nav. species from Europe. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 9, 183 - 198." type="journal article" year="1963">Steinmann, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E21CE6B4CFCD2FE09" box="[670,818,370,395]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E21CE6B4CFCCEFE09" box="[670,814,370,395]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Harraphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Harraphidia</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
distributed in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E20B46B4DFBA9FE08" box="[996,1097,371,394]" name="Morocco" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
and extreme south of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E260C6B4CFA7CFE09" box="[1372,1436,370,395]" name="Spain" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E23CE6BA4FDDCFE30" author="Monserrat" box="[158,572,409,434]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Monserrat, V. J. & Papenberg, D. (2006) Revision del genero Harraphidia Steinmann, 1963 con la descripcion de dos nuevas especies de la peninsula Iberica y de Marruecos (Insecta, Raphidioptera). Graellsia, 62, 203 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / graellsia. 2006. v 62. i 2.67" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E23CE6BA4FEF3FE30" box="[158,275,410,434]" name="Montserrat" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Monserrat</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Papenberg 2006:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E22AB6BA7FDDCFE30" box="[507,572,409,434]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[172,1408,1136,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[168,1411,1131,1858]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Wing venation of the Jurassic Mesoraphidiidae. A, Mesoraphidia inaequalis Martynov, 1925 (Late Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan), forewing. B, same, hind wing. Re-drawn with slight simplification from Martynov 1925 b. Fused veins are shown by red lines. Identity of the vein stub labeled “? ” in basal-most part of forewing is unknown. Both wings are shown with apex to right. No scale provided or pterostigma shown in original figure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252219/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). 2b scp-r is present in at least one Florissant species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E27C46BA7FEADFE54" authority="Scudder, 1890" authorityName="Scudder" authorityYear="1890" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Archiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27C46BA7FA7CFE30" box="[1172,1436,409,434]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Archiraphidia tumulata</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E23CE6B83FEA5FE54" author="Scudder" box="[158,325,445,470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Scudder, S. H. (1890) The Tertiary Insects of North America. Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, 13, 1 - 734, 28 pls." type="journal article" year="1890">Scudder, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E22086B80FDF8FE54" author="Carpenter" box="[344,536,445,470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Carpenter, F. M. (1936) Revision of the Nearctic Raphidiodea (recent and fossil). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Science, 71, 89 - 157, 2 pls." type="journal article" year="1936">Carpenter (1936)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified this crossvein in one forewing of the ‘
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27696B83FAE1FE54" box="[1081,1281,445,470]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Raphidia’ creedei</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="54808817FE0A371E26586B83FA8DFE54" box="[1288,1389,445,470]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, but found it certainly absent in the other.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0A371E2397683BFB0BFD50" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E2397683BFE4EFD9C" bold="true" box="[199,430,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Discoidal cells (doi).</emphasis>
|
||
Some specimens of species which normally have two
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E2757683BFBCBFD9C" box="[1031,1067,517,542]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">doi</emphasis>
|
||
may adventitiously possess other numbers of these. Figured examples of such aberrant individuals include an instance of one
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27C26817FB56FDC0" box="[1170,1206,553,578]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">doi</emphasis>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E27886817FDE6FDE4" authority="Aspock et Aspock, 1968" authorityName="Aspock et Aspock" authorityYear="1968" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Mongoloraphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kaszabi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27886817FF0AFDE4" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Mongoloraphidia kaszabi</emphasis>
|
||
Aspöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E221F6870FE83FDE7" box="[335,355,590,613]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">et</emphasis>
|
||
Aspöck, 1968
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E21466873FC64FDE4" author="Aspock" box="[534,900,589,614]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1968 a) Raphidiidae (Insecta, Neuroptera). 154. Beitrag der Serie " Ergebnisse der zoologischen Forschungen von Dr. Z. Kaszab in der Mongolei ". Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam, 28, 115 - 120." type="journal article" year="1968" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
Aspöck & Aspöck 1968a:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E20146873FC64FDE4" box="[836,900,589,614]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[172,1408,1136,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[168,1411,1131,1858]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Wing venation of the Jurassic Mesoraphidiidae. A, Mesoraphidia inaequalis Martynov, 1925 (Late Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan), forewing. B, same, hind wing. Re-drawn with slight simplification from Martynov 1925 b. Fused veins are shown by red lines. Identity of the vein stub labeled “? ” in basal-most part of forewing is unknown. Both wings are shown with apex to right. No scale provided or pterostigma shown in original figure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252219/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E20CE6873FA84FDE4" authority="Aspock et al., 1994" authorityName="Aspock et al." authorityYear="1994" box="[926,1380,589,614]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Alena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="infundibulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E20CE6873FB9CFDE4" box="[926,1148,589,614]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Alena infundibulata</emphasis>
|
||
Aspöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27B16870FAF2FDE4" box="[1249,1298,589,614]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1994
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E26206873FF55FD08" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="30.[151,249,963,985]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,197,938]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,193,942]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 18. Archiraphidia? somnolenta (Scudder, 1890). Wing venation of the holotype MCZ 488. A, left forewing. B, right forewing as preserved. C, right forewing, reconstruction. D, left hind wing. E, right hind wing. Scale bar = 4 mm (all to scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252236/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E23BF684FFD97FD08" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[239,631,625,650]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ophiopsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E23BF684FFE26FD08" box="[239,454,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Raphidia ophiopsis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E229D684FFD97FD08" author="Linnaeus" box="[461,631,625,650]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. 10 th ed. Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E21D6684FFCBDFD08" author="Aspock" box="[646,861,625,650]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1977) Polyzentrische Ausbreitung eines " sibirisch-mediterranen " Faunenelements am Beispiel der polytypischen Kamelhalsfliege Raphidia ophiopsis L. (Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 28 (for 1976), 89 - 105." type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
Aspöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E21B4684CFCF4FD08" box="[740,788,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1977
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E2038684FFC46FD08" box="[872,934,625,650]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[172,1408,1136,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[168,1411,1131,1858]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Wing venation of the Jurassic Mesoraphidiidae. A, Mesoraphidia inaequalis Martynov, 1925 (Late Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan), forewing. B, same, hind wing. Re-drawn with slight simplification from Martynov 1925 b. Fused veins are shown by red lines. Identity of the vein stub labeled “? ” in basal-most part of forewing is unknown. Both wings are shown with apex to right. No scale provided or pterostigma shown in original figure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252219/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
e); three in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E2777684FFEDAFD2C" authority="Aspock & Aspock, 1966" authorityName="Aspock & Aspock" authorityYear="1966" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Turcoraphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="acerba">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E2777684FFAFAFD08" box="[1063,1306,625,650]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Turcoraphidia acerba</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E2679684FFED3FD2C" author="Aspock" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, H. & Aspock, U. (1966) Zwei neue Arten des Genus Raphidia L. aus Kleinasien (Insecta, Neuroptera). Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Wien, 13, 69 - 72." type="journal article" year="1966">Aspöck & Aspöck, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E221968ABFDC0FD2C" author="Aspock" box="[329,544,661,686]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1991) Die Raphidiopteren der Erde. Eine monographische Darstellung der Systematik, Taxonomie, Biologie, Okologie und Chorologie der rezenten Raphidiopteren der Erde, mit einer zusammenfassenden Ubersicht der fossilen Raphidiopteren (Insecta: Neuropteroidea). 2 Vols. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, 730 & 550 pp." type="book" year="1991">
|
||
Aspock
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E22F768A8FE37FD2C" box="[423,471,661,686]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E217C68ABFD9DFD2C" box="[556,637,661,686]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="30.[151,249,963,985]" captionTargetBox="[157,1433,197,938]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,193,942]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURE 18. Archiraphidia? somnolenta (Scudder, 1890). Wing venation of the holotype MCZ 488. A, left forewing. B, right forewing as preserved. C, right forewing, reconstruction. D, left hind wing. E, right hind wing. Scale bar = 4 mm (all to scale)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252236/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
); and four in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E204468ABFC0BFD2C" box="[788,1003,661,686]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ophiopsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E204468ABFC0BFD2C" box="[788,1003,661,686]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Raphidia ophiopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E20AA68ABFB31FD2C" author="Aspock" box="[1018,1233,661,686]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1977) Polyzentrische Ausbreitung eines " sibirisch-mediterranen " Faunenelements am Beispiel der polytypischen Kamelhalsfliege Raphidia ophiopsis L. (Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 28 (for 1976), 89 - 105." type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
Aspöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E270868A8FB68FD2C" box="[1112,1160,661,686]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1977
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E278D68ABFAFBFD2C" box="[1245,1307,661,686]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[172,1408,1136,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[168,1411,1131,1858]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Wing venation of the Jurassic Mesoraphidiidae. A, Mesoraphidia inaequalis Martynov, 1925 (Late Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan), forewing. B, same, hind wing. Re-drawn with slight simplification from Martynov 1925 b. Fused veins are shown by red lines. Identity of the vein stub labeled “? ” in basal-most part of forewing is unknown. Both wings are shown with apex to right. No scale provided or pterostigma shown in original figure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252219/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
h). One
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E262868ABFA7BFD2C" box="[1400,1435,661,686]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">doi</emphasis>
|
||
is characteristic of all species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E213F6887FBBDFD50" authority="Monserrat & Papenberg 2006" authorityName="Monserrat & Papenberg" authorityYear="2006" box="[623,1117,697,722]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Harraphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E213F6887FD1BFD50" box="[623,763,697,722]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Harraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E205A6884FBB5FD50" author="Monserrat" box="[778,1109,697,722]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Monserrat, V. J. & Papenberg, D. (2006) Revision del genero Harraphidia Steinmann, 1963 con la descripcion de dos nuevas especies de la peninsula Iberica y de Marruecos (Insecta, Raphidioptera). Graellsia, 62, 203 - 222. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3989 / graellsia. 2006. v 62. i 2.67" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F32C7625FE0A371E205A6884FC9EFD50" box="[778,894,698,722]" name="Montserrat" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Monserrat</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Papenberg 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0A371E239768E3FC3FFC07" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E239768E3FEDBFD74" bold="true" box="[199,315,733,758]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
No raphidiopteran specimens with the full combination of the raphidiid diagnostic character states in their venation are known before the Eocene, except probably one mesoraphidiid forewing (see above; but this is incompletely preserved). The two genera described from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E27E8691BFA75FCBC" author="Engel" box="[1208,1429,805,830]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Engel, M. S. & Ren, D. (2008) New snakeflies from the Jiulongshan Formation of Inner Mongolia, China (Raphidioptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 81, 188 - 193. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2317 / jkes- 802.19.1" type="journal article" year="2008">Engel & Ren 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E22126977FD72FCE0" authority="Ren et al. 2010" authorityName="Ren et al." authorityYear="2010" box="[322,658,841,866]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
|
||
Raphidiidae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E22886974FD6AFCE0" author="Ren" box="[472,650,841,866]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Ren, D., Cui, Y. Y. & Shih, C. K. (2010) Raphidioptera - looking out looking forward. In: Ren, D., Shih, C. K., Gao, T. P., Yao, Y. Z. & Zhao., Y. Y. (Eds.), Silent stories - insect fossil treasures from dinosaur era of the northeastern China. Sceince Press, Beijing, pp. 158 - 164." type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Ren
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E215D6974FDDEFCE0" box="[525,574,841,866]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, they cannot be assigned to this family, as both genera lack a crossvein closing the pterostigma proximally, and the third
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E20136953FC87FC04" box="[835,871,877,902]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">doi</emphasis>
|
||
is present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0A371E239769ACFBABFB94" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
No venational autapomorphies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E210069AFFD37FC28" box="[592,727,913,938]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Raphidiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
were identified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E20ED69AFFB1CFC28" author="Aspock" box="[957,1276,913,938]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, U. & Aspock, H. (2004) Two significant new snakeflies from Baltic amber, with discussion on autapomorphies of the order and its included taxa (Raphidioptera). Systematic Entomology, 29, 11 - 19. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2004.00245. x" type="journal article" year="2004">Aspöck and Aspöck (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; however, we find that MP fused for a short distance with CuA in the forewing may be considered one. The CuA fused for some distance with AA
|
||
<quantity id="4CC39B50FE0A371E220F69E4FE65FC70" box="[351,389,985,1010]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
the hind wing is an apomorphy characterisizing all extant raphidiids. However, this condition probably appeared at later stage; it is absent in the two Baltic amber species (above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0A371E23976E1FFDE6FB24" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E23976E1FFCC1FBB8" bold="true" box="[199,801,1057,1082]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Generic attribution of Florissant raphidiid species.</emphasis>
|
||
Extant genera and species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E273C6E1FFAEAFBB8" box="[1132,1290,1057,1082]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Raphidioptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
are based on genitalic characters, as eidonomic characters (external, visible without dissection) have been widely considered too conservative to be useful at those levels (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E21E86E57FCB5FB00" author="Aspock" box="[696,853,1129,1154]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, H. (1986) The Raphidioptera of the world: a review of present knowledge. In: Gepp, J., Aspock, H. & Holzel, H. (Eds.), Recent Research in Neuropterology. Proceedings of the 2 nd International Symposium on Neuropterology. Privately printed, Graz, Austria, pp. 15 - 29." type="book chapter" year="1986">Aspöck 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This has rendered the fossil history of the order obscured below the family level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0A371E23976E8FFD9AFAB4" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
Florissant species are currently assigned to the extant genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E20DB6E8FFC12FB48" box="[907,1010,1201,1226]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E20DB6E8FFC12FB48" box="[907,1010,1201,1226]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Raphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a situation that most recent authors recognize as a problematic lumping (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E21226EEBFCABFB6C" author="Aspock" box="[626,843,1237,1262]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1991) Die Raphidiopteren der Erde. Eine monographische Darstellung der Systematik, Taxonomie, Biologie, Okologie und Chorologie der rezenten Raphidiopteren der Erde, mit einer zusammenfassenden Ubersicht der fossilen Raphidiopteren (Insecta: Neuropteroidea). 2 Vols. Goecke & Evers, Krefeld, 730 & 550 pp." type="book" year="1991">
|
||
Aspöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E219F6EE9FCE0FB6C" box="[719,768,1237,1262]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1991
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E20086EEBFC3EFB6C" author="Engel" box="[856,990,1237,1262]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Engel, M. S. (2002) The smallest snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): a new species in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with a catalog of fossil snakeflies. American Museum Novitates, 3363, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2002) 363 <0001: tssrma> 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Engel 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Alternatively,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E27C26EEBFAC6FB6C" author="Engel" box="[1170,1318,1237,1262]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Engel, M. S. (2002) The smallest snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): a new species in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with a catalog of fossil snakeflies. American Museum Novitates, 3363, 1 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0082 (2002) 363 <0001: tssrma> 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2002">Engel (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that all North American fossil
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E22BB6EC7FD92FA90" box="[491,626,1273,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Raphidiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E20366EC7FC51FA90" box="[870,945,1273,1298]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Agulla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E20366EC7FC51FA90" box="[870,945,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Agulla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, citing lack of reliable wing characters with which to confidently separate them further.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0A371E23976F7CFE05F98F" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
We examined wing venation within the order, and found broad patterns that covary with genera or generic groups that are congruent with those that have been independently based on genetalic characters, and so appear useful in distinguishing the generic relationships of extinct species known only or primarily by their wings. Based on these characters, described in the genus diagnoses provided here, we found three distinct species groups of Florissant raphidiid species which we recognize as the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E20A56FEFFB75FA68" box="[1013,1173,1489,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Megaraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E20A56FEFFB75FA68" box="[1013,1173,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Megaraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E27E56FEFFAB3FA68" box="[1205,1363,1489,1514]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Archiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27E56FEFFAB3FA68" box="[1205,1363,1489,1514]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Archiraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E23C76FCBFE99F98C" box="[151,377,1525,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Florissantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E23C76FCBFE99F98C" box="[151,377,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Florissantoraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27C57DCFE0A371E222F6FC8FE05F98F" box="[383,485,1526,1550]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0A371E23976C27FB93F863" blockId="12.[151,1436,151,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
All three of these genera share a combination of the proximal location of 3ra-rp (located within the pterostigma) in both their fore- and hind wings and the presence of the long basal 1r-m in the hind wing. Both conditions are plesiomorphic in the order, which precludes their usefulness in assessing its internal relationships. In extant snakeflies, this combination is present in some species of the raphidiid genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E27046CBBFB75F91C" box="[1108,1173,1669,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Alena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27046CBBFB75F91C" box="[1108,1173,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Alena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27F36CBBFA75F91C" box="[1187,1429,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E27F36CBBFB11F91C" box="[1187,1265,1669,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Agulla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Agulla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E27AC6CBBFA75F91C" box="[1276,1429,1669,1694]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Dichrostigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dichrostigma</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E239B6C97FEBDF940" box="[203,349,1705,1730]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Phaeostigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E239B6C97FEBDF940" box="[203,349,1705,1730]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Phaeostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In these cases, however, their venation differs from the Florissant species in other aspects, suggesting that the Florissant species cannot be confidently attributed to these or other extant genera; they might be closely related. This placement of 3ra-rp excludes these fossil species from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E27566CCFFB8DF888" box="[1030,1133,1777,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27566CCFFB8DF888" box="[1030,1133,1777,1802]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Raphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where, in all species this crossvein is almost invariably located distad the pterostigma, rendering the distal portion of RA zigzagged. We know of only a single specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E217D6D07FCE8F8D0" box="[557,776,1849,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ophiopsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E217D6D07FCE8F8D0" box="[557,776,1849,1874]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Raphidia ophiopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where 3ra-rp is aberrantly located within the pterostigma (Steinmann 1964: Fig. 26; as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E22A06D63FC74F8F4" authority="Steinmann, 1964" authorityName="Steinmann" authorityYear="1964" box="[496,916,1885,1910]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="helvetica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E22A06D63FD26F8F4" box="[496,710,1885,1910]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Raphidia helvetica</emphasis>
|
||
Steinmann, 1964
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); all others that we are aware of have 3ra-rp located distad the pterostigma (see e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFAA4B44FE0A371E21376DBFFCA7F818" author="Aspock" box="[615,839,1921,1946]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" refString="Aspock, H., Aspock, U. & Rausch, H. (1977) Polyzentrische Ausbreitung eines " sibirisch-mediterranen " Faunenelements am Beispiel der polytypischen Kamelhalsfliege Raphidia ophiopsis L. (Neuroptera, Raphidioptera, Raphidiidae). Zeitschrift der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Osterreichischer Entomologen, 28 (for 1976), 89 - 105." type="journal article" year="1977">
|
||
Aspöck
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E21966DBCFD19F818" box="[710,761,1921,1946]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1977
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<figureCitation id="13002A30FE0A371E20046DBFFC78F818" box="[852,920,1921,1946]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1876,1898]" captionTargetBox="[172,1408,1136,1855]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[168,1411,1131,1858]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Wing venation of the Jurassic Mesoraphidiidae. A, Mesoraphidia inaequalis Martynov, 1925 (Late Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan), forewing. B, same, hind wing. Re-drawn with slight simplification from Martynov 1925 b. Fused veins are shown by red lines. Identity of the vein stub labeled “? ” in basal-most part of forewing is unknown. Both wings are shown with apex to right. No scale provided or pterostigma shown in original figure." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252219/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
a–h). Venational character states indicate the following possible close relationships between Florissant and extant genera:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E27726D9BFB22F83C" box="[1058,1218,1957,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Megaraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E27726D9BFB22F83C" box="[1058,1218,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Megaraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E26536D9BFA75F83C" box="[1283,1429,1957,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Phaeostigma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E26536D9BFA75F83C" box="[1283,1429,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Phaeostigma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E23C76DF7FED5F860" box="[151,309,1993,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Archiraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E23C76DF7FED5F860" box="[151,309,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Archiraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E223B6DF7FE18F860" box="[363,504,1993,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Harraphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E223B6DF7FE18F860" box="[363,504,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Harraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E21666DF7FCF8F860" box="[566,792,1993,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Florissantoraphidia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E21666DF7FCF8F860" box="[566,792,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Florissantoraphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27C57DCFE0A371E204E6DF4FC64F863" box="[798,900,1994,2018]" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E20EA6DF7FBE5F860" box="[954,1029,1993,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Agulla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E20EA6DF7FBE5F860" box="[954,1029,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Agulla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0A371E277A6DF7FB8BF860" box="[1066,1131,1993,2018]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Alena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0A371E277A6DF7FB8BF860" box="[1066,1131,1993,2018]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="413">Alena</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8436B5FE0B371F23976AA6FEC9FF7A" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,248]" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">
|
||
We recognize that at least two of these three Florissant genera are preliminary; however, this status has more confidence than leaving them in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3B4D36FE0B371F215F6A82FD96FF57" box="[527,630,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Raphidiidae" genus="Raphidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Raphidioptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="414" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94FEAA7FE0B371F215F6A82FD96FF57" box="[527,630,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="414">Raphidia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where they clearly do not belong, and which would render that genus paraphyletic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |