treatments-xml/data/B4/82/DF/B482DFB6B2D051BCB35B5ED9D326D53D.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9b7e9386-268d-4cc0-82e6-9d309bfeed4f" ID-PMC="PMC8948169" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-193-55" ID-Pensoft-UUID="3770952DE127599BAC33307FD3035DBC" ID-PubMed="35586126" ModsDocID="1314-2003-193-55" checkinTime="1647574135886" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Piwowarczyk, Renata, Pedraja, Oscar Sanchez, Fateryga, Alexander V. &amp; Svirin, Sergey A." docDate="2022" docId="B482DFB6B2D051BCB35B5ED9D326D53D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 193: 55-66" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 193" docPubDate="2022-03-17" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886" docTitle="Orobanche ingens Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182 1990" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="3770952DE127599BAC33307FD3035DBC" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="3770952DE127599BAC33307FD3035DBC" masterDocTitle="Orobanche ingens (Orobanchaceae) - a poorly known species of the Greater Caucasus: taxonomic problems, distribution, hosts and habitats" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="55" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1668140695188" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Orobanche ingens (Orobanchaceae) - a poorly known species of the Greater Caucasus: taxonomic problems, distribution, hosts and habitats</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Piwowarczyk, Renata</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Center for Research and Conservation of Biodiversity, Department of Environmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Uniwersytecka 7, PL- 25 - 406 Kielce, Poland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">renata.piwowarczyk@ujk.edu.pl</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart>Pedraja, Oscar Sanchez</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Grupo Botanico Cantabrico, ES- 39722 Lierganes (Cantabria), Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Fateryga, Alexander V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-3477</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>T. I. Vyazemsky Karadag Scientific Station, Nature Reserve of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Branch of A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Nauki Str. 24, Kurortnoye, Feodosiya 298188, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Svirin, Sergey A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Urban Development Institute, Sevastopol State University, Kornilova Emb. 1, Sevastopol 299011, Russia &amp; Nikitsky Botanical Garden - National Scientific Center, Nikita, Yalta 298648, Russia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-03-17</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="194097453" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B482DFB6B2D051BCB35B5ED9D326D53D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B482DFB6B2D051BCB35B5ED9D326D53D" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName LSID="B482DFB6-B2D0-51BC-B35B-5ED9D326D53D" authority="(Beck) Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182 (1990)" authorityName="Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Beck" baseAuthorityYear="1990" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche ingens" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">Orobanche ingens (Beck) Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182 (1990)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Lectotype of Orobanche ingens (LE 01015386) (http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015386)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660025" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Additional non-type material of Orobanche ingens (LE 01015385, LE 01015387) (http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015385, http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015387)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660026" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">, 2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" form="ingens" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche alba subsp. f." order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="alba" subSpecies="f.">Orobanche alba f. ingens</taxonomicName>
Beck in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 38[470] (1922)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1897-07-13" collectingDateMax="1988-03-05" collectingDateMin="1897-07-13" collectorName="Th. Alexeenko, Determ. I. Novopokrovsky, G. Beck" country="Russia" location="Beck" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Daghestan" typeStatus="lectotype">
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Tzvelev, NN" journalOrPublisher="Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Rastenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="179 - 183" refId="B10" refString="Tzvelev, NN, 1990. De plantarum speciebus nonnulis pro Caucaso novis. Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Rastenii 27: 179 - 183" title="De plantarum speciebus nonnulis pro Caucaso novis." volume="27" year="1990">Tzvelev 1990</bibRefCitation>
: 182; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" refId="B8" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF, 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
: Art. 9.3, 7.11; we do not know if additional elements were used by 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B482DFB6B2D051BCB35B5ED9D326D53D:4739340885EF655A8FD73276433885E0" country="Russia" name="Beck" stateProvince="Daghestan">Beck</location>
): 
<collectingCountry name="Russia">Russia</collectingCountry>
: 1. &quot;Flora Caucasi / 10524 [m. Beck]. / 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasitica [m. Beck] / Prov. 
<collectingRegion country="Russia" name="Dagestan">Daghestan</collectingRegion>
, Distr. Kasi-Kumukh [Kazi-Kumykh, Laksky distr.]. / Ad viam inter pagos Chelussun et Kumukh / 
<collectingDate value="1897-07-13">13 Jul 1897</collectingDate>
6400 
<normalizedToken originalValue="´-7000´">'-7000'</normalizedToken>
/ leg. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<collectorName>Th. Alexeenko</collectorName>
</emphasis>
&quot;. - 2. &quot;Orobanche alba Steph. nov. forma ingens mihi / Luxurians 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
[description] 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
/ Cum forma bidentata Beck Mon. 211 formis / intermediis conjunta / Beck [m. Beck]&quot;. - 3. &quot;Orobanche crenata Forssk.! / var. ingens (Beck) m.c.n. / 
<collectingDate value="1947-10-15">15.X.1947</collectingDate>
/ 
<collectorName>Determ. I. Novopokrovsky</collectorName>
&quot;. - 4. &quot;? 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. crenata" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. crenata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Forssk. / 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
/ 
<collectingDate value="1955-02-15">1955.II.15</collectingDate>
Teste: Tzvelev&quot;. - 5. &quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Beck" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche ingens" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Orobanche ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectorName>G. Beck</collectorName>
) Tzvel / comb. et stat. nov. / Typus! / 
<collectingDate value="1988-03-05">1988.III.5</collectingDate>
Teste Tzvelev&quot; (LE01015386, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Lectotype of Orobanche ingens (LE 01015386) (http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015386)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660025" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">1</figureCitation>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660025" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Figure 1.</emphasis>
<typeStatus>Lectotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Beck" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche ingens" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Orobanche ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(LE01015386) (http://re.herbariumle.ru/01015386).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="type material">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Additional non-type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
Russia: 1. &quot;Flora Caucasi // 10544. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" form="bidentata" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche alba subsp. f." order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="alba" subSpecies="f.">Orobanche alba Steph. / f. bidentata</taxonomicName>
Beck [m. Beck] // Prov. Daghestan, Distr. Kasi-Kumukh [Kazi-Kumykh, Laksky distr.]. / Ad viam inter pagos Chelussun et Kumukh / 13 Jul 1897 6400 
<normalizedToken originalValue="´-7000´">'-7000'</normalizedToken>
/ leg. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Th. Alexeenko</emphasis>
&quot;. - 2. &quot;Af. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. owerini" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="owerini">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. owerini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
G. Beck [m. Beck, handwritten on the sheet]&quot;. - 3. &quot;I. Novopokrovsky. Notae criticae / 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche crenata" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Orobanche crenata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
/ Forssk.! / 1948.8.XI&quot;. - 4. &quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Beck" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche ingens" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Orobanche ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G. Beck) Tzvel / Isotypus! / 1988.III Teste Tzvelev&quot; (LE01015385, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Additional non-type material of Orobanche ingens (LE 01015385, LE 01015387) (http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015385, http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015387)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660026" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660026" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Figure 2.</emphasis>
Additional non-type material of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Beck" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche ingens" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Orobanche ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(LE01015385, LE01015387) (http://re.herbariumle.ru/01015385, http://re.herbariumle.ru/01015387).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
1. &quot;Flora Caucasi / 10544. / 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" form="bidentata" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche alba subsp. f." order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="alba" subSpecies="f.">Orobanche alba Steph. / f. bidentata</taxonomicName>
Beck / Prov. Daghestan, Distr. Kasi-Kumukh [Kazi-Kumykh, Laksky distr.]. / Ad viam inter pagos Chelussum [sic] et Kumukh / 6400 
<normalizedToken originalValue="´-7000´">'-7000'</normalizedToken>
/ 13 Jul 1897 / leg. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Th. Alexeenko</emphasis>
[m. Beck]&quot;. - 2. &quot;an. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. picridis" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="picridis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. picridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">hieraciodes</emphasis>
/ Holandre [handwritten on the sheet]&quot;. - 3. &quot; 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Beck" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche ingens" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Orobanche ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G. Beck) Tzvel / Isotypus! / 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. crenata" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crenata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. crenata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Forsk. / 1955.II.2 [date of the first revision] Teste Tzvelev III.1988&quot; (LE01015387, Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Additional non-type material of Orobanche ingens (LE 01015385, LE 01015387) (http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015385, http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015387)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660026" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">2</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="synonyms">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Synonyms.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche alsatica subsp. var. var. heraclei" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="alsatica" subSpecies="var." variety="heraclei">Orobanche alsatica var. heraclei</taxonomicName>
Tzvelev, Fl. Azerb. 7: 591 (1957), nom. inval. (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" author="Turland, NJ" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" refId="B8" refString="Turland, NJ, Wiersema, JH, Barrie, FR, Greuter, W, Hawksworth, DL, Herendeen, PS, Knapp, S, Kusber, W-H, Li, D-Z, Marhold, K, May, TW, McNeill, J, Monro, AM, Prado, J, Price, MJ, Smith, GF, 2018. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten. https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Koeltz Botanical Books, Glashuetten." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018" year="2018">Turland et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
: Art. 39.1); 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche alsatica subsp. var. var. heraclei" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="alsatica" subSpecies="var." variety="heraclei">Orobanche alsatica var. heraclei</taxonomicName>
Tzvelev in Schischk., Fl. SSSR 23: 111 (1958), nom. inval. (
<bibRefCitation author="Tzvelev, NN" journalOrPublisher="Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="189 - 215" refId="B11" refString="Tzvelev, NN, 2015. On the genus Orobanche L. sensu lato (Orobanchaceae) in Russia. Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii 46: 189 - 215" title="On the genus Orobanche L. sensu lato (Orobanchaceae) in Russia." volume="46" year="2015">Tzvelev 2015</bibRefCitation>
: 211, nom. nud. [sic]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="misapplied names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Misapplied names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche alba subsp. var. var. bidentata" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="alba" subSpecies="var." variety="bidentata">Orobanche alba var. bidentata</taxonomicName>
sensu Beck in Engl., Pflanzenr. 96: 155 (1930) [saltem p.p.], non 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" form="bidentata" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alba subsp. f." order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="alba" subSpecies="f.">O. alba f. bidentata</taxonomicName>
Beck in Biblioth. Bot. 19: 211 (1890).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Distribution, ecology and taxonomic problems</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">General distribution.</emphasis>
Caucasus, mainly Greater Caucasus range, Russia (Krasnodar Krai, Karachay-Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Dagestan) and Georgia. Needs confirmation in Azerbaijan. Endemic to the Caucasus (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution of Orobanche ingens, triangle indicates locus classicus." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660027" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660027" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Beck" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche ingens" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Orobanche ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, triangle indicates 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">locus classicus</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
Georgia. Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti prov., tall herb communities, forest edges and glade, near the trail to Udziro lake, 1.5-2 km S of Shovi Village, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="42" direction="north" minutes="41" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="07" value="42.68528">42°41'07&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="43" direction="east" minutes="39" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="56" value="43.665558">43°39'56&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 2050-2100 m a.s.l., on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum leskovii" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leskovii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum leskovii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but probably also on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Ligusticum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ligusticum alatum" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Ligusticum alatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 18 July 2018, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">R. Piwowarczyk</emphasis>
(KTC); Russia: Dagestan. Distr. Kasi-Kumukh [Laksky distr.], ad viam inter pagos Chelussun et Kumukh, 6400 
<normalizedToken originalValue="´-7000´">'-7000'</normalizedToken>
, 13 July 1897, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Th. Alexeenko</emphasis>
(LE) [as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Tzvelev in 1988, Typus]; prov. Dagestan, distr. Samur, ad riparian fl. Dulty-chaj, 7300', 12 July 1897, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Th. Alexeenko</emphasis>
(LE) [as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“10526”">&quot;10526&quot;</normalizedToken>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" form="rubiginosa" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alba subsp. f." order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="form" species="alba" subSpecies="f.">O. alba f. rubiginosa</taxonomicName>
by Beck (
<bibRefCitation author="Beck, G" editor="Engler, A" journalOrPublisher="261 (Heft 96). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 348" refId="B3" refString="Beck, G, 1930. Orobanchaceae L. In: Engler, A, Ed., Das Pflanzenreich IV. 261 (Heft 96). Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig: 1 - 348" title="Orobanchaceae L." volumeTitle="Das Pflanzenreich IV." year="1930">Beck 1930</bibRefCitation>
: 148, sub 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alba" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alsatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alsatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Novopokrovsky in 1949, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. flava" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Tzvelev in 1955, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Tzvelev in 1988]; Dagestan, Dokuzparinskiy distr., Kiler, meadow near road, parasitising on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum sosnowskyi" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sosnowskyi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum sosnowskyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[root attachment verified], 41°22'50&quot;N, 47°53'55&quot;E, [ca. 1130 m a.s.l.], 26 June 2021, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">A.V. Fateryga &amp; S.A. Svirin</emphasis>
(KTC, YALT); Karachay-Cherkessia. North Caucasus, upper reaches of the Bolshaya Laba river, upper part of Zagedanka river, tall grassy vegetation in subalpine meadow, on the roots of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 2300 m a.s.l., 19 July 1946, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Blyumental &amp; Karpova</emphasis>
(LE) [as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. owerinii" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="owerinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. owerinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Novopokrovsky in 1946, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica subsp. var. var. heraclei" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="alsatica" subSpecies="var." variety="heraclei">O. alsatica Kirschl. var. heraclei</taxonomicName>
Tzvel. by Tzvelev in 1955, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(G. Beck) Tzvel. by Tzvelev in 1988]; North Caucasus, basin of the Urup river [Kuban distr.], 9 Aug 1945, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">V.I. Grubov &amp; L.I. Ivanina</emphasis>
(LE) [as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Tzvelev in 1988]; near Dombay, Alibek river valley, 29 July 2014, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">M. Skotnikova</emphasis>
[phot., https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/268327.html, https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/256514.html, https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/256512.html, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alsatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alsatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; Dombay, Alibek river valley, 26 August 2013, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">S. Banketov</emphasis>
[phot., https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/205049.html, https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/205050.html, https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/205051.html, https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/205052.html, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alsatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alsatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; Karachay-Cherkessia, Dombay, Dombay-Ulgen river valley, above the Russian glade, about 2000 m a.s.l., 21 July 2010, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">E. Komarov</emphasis>
[phot., https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/66557.html, https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/66558.html]; Karachayevsky distr., near Dombay, 11 Aug 2010, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">E. Suslova</emphasis>
[phot., https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/70214391, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alsatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alsatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; Karachay-Cherkessia, Malokarachaevsky distr., slope of Bolshoi Bermamyt peak, ca. 2000 m a.s.l., subalpine meadow, 5 Aug 2017, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">T. Gaidash</emphasis>
[phot., https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/527245.html, https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/527246.html, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. grossheimii" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="grossheimii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. grossheimii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; Karachay-Cherkessia, Malokarachaevsky distr., Eshkakon river valley, 15 June 2013, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">I. Tabunova</emphasis>
[phot., https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/193231.html]; Krasnodar Krai. North Caucasus, Krasnodar territory, Mostovskoi distr., 6-7 km N from Shedok, vicinity of Dyatlovo, small piece of fallow land at the field margin, not far from dried-up stream, on 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum mantegazzianum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mantegazzianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum mantegazzianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 4 June 2002, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">D.V. Geltman</emphasis>
(LE) [as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alsatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alsatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]; North Ossetia. Vladikavkaz, July 1888, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Akinfiew</emphasis>
(LE) [as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. flava" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. flava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
? by Tzvelev in 1955, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Tzvelev in 1988]; North Ossetia, Irafsky distr., upper part of Urukh river, ca. 1700 m a.s.l., subalpine meadow, 9 July 2016, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">M. Skotnikova</emphasis>
[phot., https://www.plantarium.ru/page/image/id/479013.html, as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alsatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alsatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
].
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Habitat.</emphasis>
In tall herbaceous habitats, mainly in subalpine meadows, pastures, edges of forests and shrubs, forest glades, near river valleys, as well as fallow lands, usually (1000) 2000-2300 (2500) m a.s.l.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
In Georgia, in the locality on a subalpine glade, numerous pollinators of this species - workers of 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Scopoli" baseAuthorityYear="1763" class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" genus="Dolichovespula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dolichovespula sylvestris" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sylvestris">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Dolichovespula sylvestris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Scop.) (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rohwer" authorityYear="1916" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Vespidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vespidae</taxonomicName>
) - have been observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Host.</emphasis>
Parasitises 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
), such as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. leskovii" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="leskovii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">H. leskovii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Grossh., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. sosnowskyi" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sosnowskyi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">H. sosnowskyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Manden. and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. mantegazzianum" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mantegazzianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">H. mantegazzianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Sommier &amp; Levier. Probably also on other large 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
species, such as 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Ligusticum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Ligusticum alatum" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Ligusticum alatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(M. Bieb.) Spreng. (= 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Cnidiocarpa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cnidiocarpa alata" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Cnidiocarpa alata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(M. Bieb.) Pimenov &amp; Kljuykov), but this needs confirmation (observed by R. Piwowarczyk in Georgia, but root attachment was not verified).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
Apart from 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, only one 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
parasite is known - 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Phelipanche" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Phelipanche sevanensis" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sevanensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Phelipanche sevanensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Piwow., 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ó">O</normalizedToken>
. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sánchez">Sanchez</normalizedToken>
&amp; Moreno Mor., described from the slopes of Sevan lake in Armenia, where it parasitises 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="H. trachyloma" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyloma">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">H. trachyloma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fischer &amp; Meyer (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.292.3.3" author="Piwowarczyk, R" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="231 - 242" refId="B5" refString="Piwowarczyk, R, Sanchez Pedraja, O, Moreno Moral, G, 2017. Phelipanche sevanensis (Orobanchaceae): A new species from the Caucasus, and nomenclatural notes on similar species. Phytotaxa 292 (3): 231 - 242, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.292.3.3" title="Phelipanche sevanensis (Orobanchaceae): A new species from the Caucasus, and nomenclatural notes on similar species." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.292.3.3" volume="292" year="2017">Piwowarczyk et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.386.1.1" author="Piwowarczyk, R" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="1 - 106" refId="B6" refString="Piwowarczyk, R, Sanchez Pedraja, O, Moreno Moral, G, Fayvush, G, Zakaryan, N, Kartashyan, N, Aleksanyan, A, 2019. Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: Distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems. Phytotaxa 386 (1): 1 - 106, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.386.1.1" title="Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: Distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.386.1.1" volume="386" year="2019">2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Phenology.</emphasis>
Flowering (June) July-August, fruiting (July) August (September).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Note.</emphasis>
At first, the species was mistakenly described as a form of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alba" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alba">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(subsect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Glandulosae">Orobanche Glandulosae</taxonomicName>
); next 
<bibRefCitation author="Tzvelev, NN" journalOrPublisher="Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Rastenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="179 - 183" refId="B10" refString="Tzvelev, NN, 1990. De plantarum speciebus nonnulis pro Caucaso novis. Novosti Sistematiki Vysshchikh Rastenii 27: 179 - 183" title="De plantarum speciebus nonnulis pro Caucaso novis." volume="27" year="1990">Tzvelev (1990</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Tzvelev, NN" journalOrPublisher="Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="189 - 215" refId="B11" refString="Tzvelev, NN, 2015. On the genus Orobanche L. sensu lato (Orobanchaceae) in Russia. Novosti Sistematiki Vysshikh Rastenii 46: 189 - 215" title="On the genus Orobanche L. sensu lato (Orobanchaceae) in Russia." volume="46" year="2015">2015</bibRefCitation>
) continued to indicate the relationship of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alsatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alsatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
aggr., especially with 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. bartlingii" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bartlingii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. bartlingii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Griseb. (subsect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Curvatae">Orobanche Curvatae</taxonomicName>
). However, according to morphological features (Figs 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Lectotype of Orobanche ingens (LE 01015386) (http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015386)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660025" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Additional non-type material of Orobanche ingens (LE 01015385, LE 01015387) (http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015385, http: // re. herbariumle. ru / 01015387)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660026" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">2</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Orobanche ingens from Kiler in Dagestan A, B habitat and general habit C attachment with host root of Heracleum sosnowskyi D top of inflorescence E flowers in front view F flower in lateral view G flower in longitudinal-section. Phot. A. Fateryga." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660028" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">4</figureCitation>
, Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Distinctive morphological characters and hosts of the studied species and its Caucasian relatives." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4887FB7B1A902F27E1A31F786B5AEA93" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" tableUuid="4887FB7B1A902F27E1A31F786B5AEA93">1</tableCitation>
), it is far from the 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. alsatica" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="alsatica">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. alsatica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group and subsect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Curvatae">Orobanche Curvatae</taxonomicName>
, but belongs to the 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName genus="Minores" lsidName="Minores" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rank="genus">Minores</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Speciosae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Speciosae" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Speciosae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
subsection. In the 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName genus="Minores" lsidName="Minores" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rank="genus">Minores</taxonomicName>
/ 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Speciosae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Speciosae" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Speciosae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
subsection, the corolla is usually tubular or campanulate, almost straight in the middle part, the pubescence of the corolla is usually a mixture of longer and stiff whitish hairs, the calyx segments are long, entire or bidentate, usually subulate or filiform at the tip. In contrast, in the subsect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Curvatae">Orobanche Curvatae</taxonomicName>
, the corolla is usually tubular-infundibuliform or 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
broadly tubular, the dorsal line of the corolla is evenly curved over its entire length, the pubescence is rarely a mixture of whitish hairs. Molecular studies do not indicate the validity of dividing the species into the subsect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Speciosae">Orobanche Speciosae</taxonomicName>
because the species included here are both morphologically and genetically very similar to those of the subsect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Minores">Orobanche Minores</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.174.62524" author="Piwowarczyk, R" journalOrPublisher="PhytoKeys" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" pagination="165 - 194" refId="B7" refString="Piwowarczyk, R, Schneider, AC, Goralski, G, Kwolek, D, Denysenko-Bennett, M, Burda, A, Ruraz, K, Joachimiak, AJ, Sanchez Pedraja, O, 2021. Phylogeny and historical biogeography analysis support Caucasian and Mediterranean centres of origin of key holoparasitic Orobancheae (Orobanchaceae) lineages. PhytoKeys 174: 165 - 194, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.174.62524" title="Phylogeny and historical biogeography analysis support Caucasian and Mediterranean centres of origin of key holoparasitic Orobancheae (Orobanchaceae) lineages." url="https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.174.62524" volume="174" year="2021">Piwowarczyk et al. 2021</bibRefCitation>
). It is worth emphasising that individuals of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are usually very tall, over 60 to 100 cm, with corolla (20-) 23-24 (-30) cm long, usually with a mixture of longer and stiff whitish hairs (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Orobanche ingens from Kiler in Dagestan A, B habitat and general habit C attachment with host root of Heracleum sosnowskyi D top of inflorescence E flowers in front view F flower in lateral view G flower in longitudinal-section. Phot. A. Fateryga." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660028" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">4F</figureCitation>
; without dark glandular hairs which are characteristic for the subsect. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSection" subSection="Glandulosae">Orobanche Glandulosae</taxonomicName>
) and both the corolla and stem can be very variable in colour, even within one population, from yellow to pink and purple; additionally, the colour of the stigma can be variable, from yellow through to orange, pink to purple (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Orobanche ingens from Kiler in Dagestan A, B habitat and general habit C attachment with host root of Heracleum sosnowskyi D top of inflorescence E flowers in front view F flower in lateral view G flower in longitudinal-section. Phot. A. Fateryga." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660028" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">4</figureCitation>
and photos from Plantarium.ru and iNaturalist.org, links above).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="4887FB7B1A902F27E1A31F786B5AEA93" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4887FB7B1A902F27E1A31F786B5AEA93" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Table 1.</emphasis>
Distinctive morphological characters and hosts of the studied species and its Caucasian relatives.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<th colspan="1" isEmpty="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">-</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. bartlingii" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bartlingii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. bartlingii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. ingens" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. owerinii" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="owerinii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. owerinii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. laxissima" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxissima">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. laxissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="O. minor" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="minor">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">O. minor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Inflorescence</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
cylindrical to ovate, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
dense, usually shorter than the rest of the stem
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">usually long, rarely short (small specimens), cylindrical, somewhat lax, usually many-flowered</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
usually short-cylindrical to ovate, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
lax, usually few-flowered
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">usually long, or less frequently short (small specimens), cylindrical, very lax, usually many-flowered</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">usually long, rarely short (small specimens), cylindrical, dense at the first of anthesis, becoming lax later, usually many-flowered (except small specimens)</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Floral bract</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">about two thirds of the length of the corolla</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">as long as the corolla tube, slightly shorter than the corolla</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">as long as the corolla or slightly shorter or longer than the corolla</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">as long as the corolla tube, slightly shorter than the corolla</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">as long as the corolla</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Calyx segments</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">bidentate, teeth short, usually subulate at tip</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">deeply bidentate, teeth frequently filiform</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">segments entire or less frequently bidentate, narrowly subulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">usually entire or less frequently bidentate, rarely with 4 teeth, teeth narrowly subulate to filiform</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">bidentate or less frequently entire, teeth subulate to narrowly subulate but not filiform</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Corolla, length</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">12-18 mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">(20-) 23-24 (-30) mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">15-20 (-30) mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">(20) 22-24 (-25) mm</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">10-19 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Corolla, form</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">tubular</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">campanulate</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">campanulate-infundibuliform</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">tubular-infudibuliform</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">tubular</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Corolla, dorsal line</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">evenly curved at the proximal and distal part, almost straight at the middle</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">almost straight, except evenly curved at the proximal part</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">almost straight, except evenly curved at the proximal part and, sometimes, slightly bent forward at the distal part</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">almost straight, except evenly curved at the proximal part and, sometimes, slightly bent forward at the distal part</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">evenly curved at the proximal part, almost straight at the middle and slightly bent forward at the distal part</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Corolla, colour</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
yellow, brownish-yellow, pinkish 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
tinged with purple
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">yellow, rarely violet, dark pink</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">pale violet to purple, rarely cream</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
purple, dark or light pink, rarely dirty yellow, light brown, sometimes with 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
dark purplish veins
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">whitish or yellowish-white, more or less coloured purple, with dark purplish veins, rarely entirely yellow</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Filaments</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">inserted 1-3 mm above the corolla base; with long hairs at the basal half and sparsely glandular pubescent under the anthers</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">inserted 1 (-2) mm above the corolla base; with long hairs at the basal half and sparsely glandular pubescent (almost glabrous) under the anther</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">inserted 3-4 mm above the corolla base; hairy at the basal half (or third) and sparsely glandular pubescent under the anthers</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">inserted (2-)3-5 mm above the corolla base; hairy at the base and sparsely glandular pubescent under the anthers</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">inserted 2-3 (-5) mm above the corolla base, glabrous or sparsely hairy at the base and sparsely glandular pubescent under the anthers</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Stigma</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">yellow</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">mainly yellow or orange, rarely reddish, violet, dark pink</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">reddish to deep purple</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">dark pink, purple, violet, rarely orange, pale to dark yellow</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
pinkish, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
deep purple, rarely yellow or whitish
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Host</emphasis>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Seseli" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Seseli" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Seseli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trifolium" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Trifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Vicia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Vicia" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Vicia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and rarely 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Leontodon" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leontodon" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Leontodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Lactuca" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Lactuca" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Lactuca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
trees and shrubs, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Oleaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Sapindaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Sapindaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cornaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Cornales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cornaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lythraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Myrtales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lythraceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Anacardiaceae</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Fraxinus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fraxinus" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Fraxinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Fagus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Fagus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Fagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Betulaceae" genus="Carpinus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carpinus" order="Fagales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Carpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Rhus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rhus" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Rhus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apiaceae</taxonomicName>
, etc. (e.g., 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Trifolium" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Trifolium" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Trifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Medicago" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Medicago" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Medicago</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Hypochaeris" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hypochaeris" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Hypochaeris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Leontodon" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Leontodon" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Leontodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Chondrilla" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chondrilla" order="Asterales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Chondrilla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Daucus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Daucus" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Daucus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.193.79886.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/660028" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Figure 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 27: 182" authorityYear="1990" baseAuthorityName="Beck" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Orobanchaceae" genus="Orobanche" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Orobanche ingens" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ingens">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Orobanche ingens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Kiler in Dagestan 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">A, B</emphasis>
habitat and general habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">C</emphasis>
attachment with host root of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Heracleum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heracleum sosnowskyi" order="Fabales" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sosnowskyi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heracleum sosnowskyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">D</emphasis>
top of inflorescence 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">E</emphasis>
flowers in front view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">F</emphasis>
flower in lateral view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">G</emphasis>
flower in longitudinal-section. Phot. A. Fateryga.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>