374 lines
70 KiB
XML
374 lines
70 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="AD3ACC41E04634381A2E4F5E53B34937">Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of the Recent species of Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 and Mixtoscutella n. gen. (Bryozoa, Cheilostomata)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038923740B13331AFF73A8531BF2FD5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6520689" ID-GBIF-Taxon="209285972" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6520689" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B13331AFF73A8531BF2FD5D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038923740B13331AFF73A8531BF2FD5D" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B133319FF73A8531BFCF8DC" box="[151,651,1842,1869]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B133319FF73A8531BFCF8DC" blockId="36.[151,651,1842,1905]" box="[151,651,1842,1869]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<heading id="D0D7250E0B133319FF73A8531BFCF8DC" bold="true" box="[151,651,1842,1869]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B133319FF73A8531BFCF8DC" ID-CoL="4S3GT" authority="Gontar, 1993" authorityName="Gontar" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,651,1842,1869]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="alutacea">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B133319FF73A8531BFCF8DC" bold="true" box="[151,651,1842,1869]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B133319FF73A8531895F8DD" bold="true" box="[151,482,1842,1869]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Rhamphostomella alutacea</emphasis>
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Gontar, 1993
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B133319FF73A836182EF8E1" box="[151,345,1879,1905]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B133319FF73A836182EF8E1" blockId="36.[151,651,1842,1905]" box="[151,345,1879,1905]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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(
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B133319FF7BA8361981F8E1" box="[159,246,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Figs 10</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B133319FEE6A8361826F8E1" box="[258,337,1879,1905]" captionStart="FIGURE 32" captionStartId="92.[151,250,1756,1780]" captionTargetBox="[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-20@92.[225,1362,181,1732]" captionTargetPageId="92" captionText="FIGURE 32. Type specimens of Rhamphostomella species. A, B. Rhamphostomella gigantea Osburn, 1952. Holotype, USNM 11033 (Point Barrow, Alaska, Beaufort Sea). C–E. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/44569 (Krabovaya Bight, Shikotan Island, Lesser Kuril Ridge, Pacific Ocean). F, G. Rhamphostomella bilaminata (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1580A (Gaspe, Gulf of St Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean). H, I. Rhamphostomella hincksi Nordgaard, 1906. Neotype, NHMUK 1976.8.6.39pt (about 22 km westwards from Medvezhii Island, western Barents Sea). J, K. Rhamphostomella plicata (Smitt, 1868). Lectotype, SMNH-Type-1696 (Waygat Islands, Hinlopen Strait, Svalbard and Jan Mayen). L, M. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877). Neotype, NHMUK 1911.10.1.1592 (Iceland). Scale bars: A, B, D–G, K, M, 250 µm; C, H, I, J, L, 500 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6544593" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6544593/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">32C–E</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B133319FF73A8FA1BC6F842" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B133319FF73A8FA1BBDF823" blockId="36.[151,714,1947,2002]" box="[151,714,1947,1971]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B133319FF73A8FA1BBDF823" box="[151,714,1947,1971]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B133319FF73A8FA1BF4F823" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[151,643,1947,1971]" page="12" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="1993">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B133319FF73A8FA1BF4F823" ID-CoL="4S3GT" authority="Gontar, 1993 a, p. 12" authorityName="Gontar" authorityPageNumber="12" authorityYear="1993" box="[151,643,1947,1971]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="alutacea">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B133319FF73A8FA18DCF823" box="[151,427,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Rhamphostomella alutacea</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B133319FE56A8FA1B32F823" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[434,581,1947,1971]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="9 - 12" refId="ref88419" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1993 a) New species of Cheilostomida from the Kuril Islands (Bryozoa). Zoosystematica Rossica, 1, 9 - 12." type="journal article" year="1993">Gontar, 1993a</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 12
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B133319FF73A8DB1BC6F842" blockId="36.[151,714,1947,2002]" box="[151,689,1978,2002]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB30B54C0B133319FF73A8DB1BC6F842" box="[151,689,1978,2002]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A81B4730B133319FF73A8DB1BDAF842" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[151,685,1978,2002]" page="184" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" year="2013">
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<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B133319FF73A8DB1BDAF842" ID-CoL="4S3GT" authority=": Denisenko 2013, p. 184" authorityName="Denisenko" authorityPageNumber="184" authorityYear="2013" box="[151,685,1978,2002]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="alutacea">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B133319FF73A8DB18DCF842" box="[151,427,1978,2002]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Rhamphostomella alutacea</emphasis>
|
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B133319FE5DA8DB1B16F842" author="Denisenko, N. V." box="[441,609,1978,2002]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" pagination="178 - 188" refId="ref87447" refString="Denisenko, N. V. (2013) Phylum Bryozoa. Check-list of species of free-living invertebrates of the Russian Far Eastern Seas. Explorations of the Fauna of the Seas, 75, 178 - 188." type="journal article" year="2013">Denisenko 2013</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 184
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B123318FF73AFF71DCAFEF5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF73AFF71DCAFEF5" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B123318FF73AFF71809FF20" bold="true" box="[151,382,150,176]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B123318FE67AFF6186CFE8D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405411" collectingDate="1949-09-15" collectionCode="ZIRAS, TINRO" collectorName="E. F. Guryanova." county="Shikotan Island" elevation="55" location="Kuril-Sakhalin Expedition of Zoological Institute" municipality="Oceanography" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="ZIRAS 1" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B9544E700B123318FE67AFF6189DFF21" box="[387,490,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
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<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B123318FE67AFF6189DFF21" box="[387,490,151,177]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
|
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:
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<specimenCode id="DB863A190B123318FE12AFF61B23FF21" box="[502,596,150,177]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ZIRAS 1</specimenCode>
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/44569, colony encrusting skeleton of sea urchin,
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B123318FE7AAFDA1885FF45" box="[414,498,187,213]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ZIRAS</collectionCode>
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) and
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and
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B123318FC7AAFDA1D36FF45" box="[926,1089,187,213]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Oceanography</collectingMunicipality>
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B123318FBABAFDA1DDDFF45" box="[1103,1194,187,213]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">TINRO</collectionCode>
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),
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B123318FB59AFDB1CEFFF45" box="[1213,1432,186,213]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1949-09-15">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B123318FB59AFDB1CEFFF45" box="[1213,1432,186,213]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1949-09-15">15 September 1949</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B123318FF73AFBE182EFF69" box="[151,345,223,249]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Krabovaya Bight</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B123318FE80AFBE1B62FF69" box="[356,533,223,249]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Shikotan Island</collectingCounty>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B123318FDC4AFBE1B81FF69" box="[544,758,223,249]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Lesser Kuril Ridge</collectorName>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B123318FCE5AFBE1AE8FF69" box="[769,927,223,249]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Pacific Ocean</collectorName>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B123318FC0AAFBF1D5FFF69" box="[1006,1064,222,249]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="55.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B123318FC0AAFBF1D5FFF69" box="[1006,1064,222,249]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="55.0">55 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, shell, rock dredge, collector
|
||
<collectorName id="26D5F7B40B123318FA94AFBE186CFE8D" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">E.F. Guryanova.</collectorName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B123318FEC6AE621868FED1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405431" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="ZIRAS 2" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B123318FEC6AE6218FEFE8C" box="[290,393,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<typeStatus id="549B2CC00B123318FEC6AE6218FEFE8C" box="[290,393,259,284]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="paratype">Paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DB863A190B123318FE7DAE621889FE8D" box="[409,510,258,285]" collectionCode="ZIRAS" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">ZIRAS 2</specimenCode>
|
||
/50123, five fragments of single colony detached from broken shell of the bivalve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B123318FF73AE461868FED1" box="[151,287,295,321]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B123318FF73AE46198EFED1" box="[151,249,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Chlamys</emphasis>
|
||
sp
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.,
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B123318FED4AE461D67FEF5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405459" collectingDate="1992-09-12" collectionCode="MFRT" county="Rodino" elevation="80" latitude="57.603333" location="Sea of Okhotsk" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Cape Hayryuzova" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kamchatka" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B123318FED4AE46180DFED1" box="[304,378,295,321]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">MFRT</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B123318FE66AE4618A4FED1" box="[386,467,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62FEEAEE0B123318FE66AE4618A4FED1" box="[386,467,295,321]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Rodino</collectingCounty>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="FF9EB4A20B123318FE05AE461BB7FED1" box="[481,704,295,321]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1992-09-12">
|
||
<collectingDate id="EFDA4D4A0B123318FE05AE461BB7FED1" box="[481,704,295,321]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1992-09-12">12 September 1992</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, about
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B123318FCF6AE461A2DFED1" box="[786,858,295,321]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="km" value="32.0">32 km</quantity>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFB08180B123318FC7BAE461D1AFED1" box="[927,1133,295,321]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Cape Hayryuzova</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
, western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B123318FB33AE461C20FED1" box="[1239,1367,295,321]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
shelf,
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B123318FF73AE2A1830FEF5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B13331AFF73A8531BF2FD5D:8EFFC4B90B123318FF73AE2A1830FEF5" box="[151,327,331,357]" county="Rodino" latitude="57.603333" longLatPrecision="104" longitude="156.15" municipality="Cape Hayryuzova" name="Sea of Okhotsk" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" stateProvince="Kamchatka">Sea of Okhotsk</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B123318FEB6AE2D18B9FEF5" box="[338,462,331,359]" degrees="57" direction="north" minutes="36.2" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="92" value="57.603333">57°36.2ʹ N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE14F4A50B123318FE3DAE2D1B17FEF5" box="[473,608,331,359]" degrees="156" direction="east" minutes="09.0" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="92" value="156.15">156°09.0ʹ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, depth
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B123318FD55AE2A1A61FEF5" box="[689,790,331,357]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="78.0">
|
||
<elevation id="000D75510B123318FD55AE2A1A61FEF5" box="[689,790,331,357]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.95" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="7.8" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="79.5" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="78.0">78–81 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMethod id="5261EA750B123318FCC6AE2A1AF0FEF5" box="[802,903,331,357]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">crab trap</collectingMethod>
|
||
, collector A
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B48983F0B123318FBF7AE2A1DCEFEF5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4027405371" box="[1043,1209,331,357]" collectionCode="V" location="Grischenko" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Kamchatka" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED310AA70B123318FBF7AE2A1D5EFEF5" box="[1043,1065,331,357]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8EFFC4B90B123318FBD0AE2A1DCEFEF5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038923740B13331AFF73A8531BF2FD5D:8EFFC4B90B123318FBD0AE2A1DCEFEF5" box="[1076,1209,331,357]" name="Grischenko" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" stateProvince="Kamchatka">Grischenko</location>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B12331AFF23AE0E1BCFFF69" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23AE0E18EEFE66" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B123318FF23AE0E1809FE19" bold="true" box="[199,382,367,393]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Measurements.</emphasis>
|
||
ZIRAS 2/50123, western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B123318FD49AE0E1A58FE19" box="[685,815,367,393]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Sea of Okhotsk (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FC1BAE0E1DFEFE19" box="[1023,1161,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A–L</figureCitation>
|
||
). ZL, 0.60–0.93 (0.71 ± 0.09). ZW, 0.35–0.55 (0.44 ± 0.05). ZD, 0.59–0.65 (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B123318FD02AEF21B83FE3C" box="[742,756,403,428]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 2). OrL, 0.15–0.25 (0.19 ± 0.03). OrW, 0.20–0.27 (0.22 ± 0.02). OeL, 0.17–0.27 (0.24 ± 0.03). OeW, 0.24–0.35 (0.30 ± 0.03). Av(s)L, 0.07–0.14 (0.10 ± 0.01). P(m)N, 16–26 (19). P(oe)N, 1–10 (6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23AE9F1D44FD15" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B123318FF23AE9F182EFD88" bold="true" box="[199,345,510,536]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies encrusting, multiserial, unilaminar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FC8FAE9E1AA1FD89" box="[875,982,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
), irregular in form, attaining
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B123318FACFAE9E1C0AFD89" box="[1323,1405,511,537]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="33.0">33 mm</quantity>
|
||
in maximal dimension; bright red to orange when alive, dark red to pink when dry. Zooids of medium size, hexagonal, oval to pyriform or irregular, arranged in quincunx, demarcated by fine, meandering sutures between lateral and transverse walls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FEBEAD0A1B7FFD15" box="[346,520,619,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D–H</figureCitation>
|
||
); boundaries less distinct in older parts of colony.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23ADEE180EFC59" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Frontal shield umbonuloid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FDF4ADEE1BC8FD39" box="[528,703,655,681]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, I</figureCitation>
|
||
), thickened, pustulose, convex in young zooids, flattened and smoother in older ones owing to its thickening. Large, deep, round to oval areolae along margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FAE7ADD21CE7FD5D" box="[1283,1424,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10D–H</figureCitation>
|
||
), separated by short narrow interareolar ridges that may reach suboral avicularian cystid in distal part of frontal shield, mainly in young zooids. Thickening of frontal shield in older parts of colony resulting in considerable change in appearance, with some areolae reduced in size and obliterated, and others partitioned, resulting in “migration” of openings toward central part of shield and possibly fusing (compare
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FC70AC221D4FFCCD" box="[916,1080,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
with
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FB93AC221D8BFCCD" box="[1143,1276,835,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10F–H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Umbonuloid component extensive, occupying about 60% of length of frontal shield (63% in one measured zooid). Ring scar discrete (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FF1AACEA1808FC35" box="[254,383,907,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10I, K</figureCitation>
|
||
), forming regular boundary between umbonuloid exterior wall and extra-umbonuloid interior wall microstructure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23ACB218BEFBED" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Primary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FE66ACB21B7EFC7D" box="[386,521,979,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) submerged, broadly circular or oval; distal and lateral margins formed by upper terminal part of distal transverse wall, with ill-defined rim (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FCDBAC961D78FB81" box="[831,1039,1015,1041]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, B, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distal margin of orifice rounded; proximal margin concave, with elongate to short, blunt or bifurcate median lyrula and two small acute or blunt processes situated proximolaterally. Sometimes one or both processes strongly reduced or absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FB03AB5E1CE6FBC9" box="[1255,1425,1087,1113]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). No condyles or oral spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23ABE619CBFAA1" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Secondary orifice (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FE7AABE61B54FB31" box="[414,547,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10E–H</figureCitation>
|
||
) round to oval, cormidial, formed distally by slightly elevated vertical walls of distal zooid and occasionally by lateral walls of neighbouring zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FC46ABCA1D3DFB55" box="[930,1098,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10D, E, G</figureCitation>
|
||
); proximally restricted by thin walls of peristome, comprising two relatively tall, symmetrical lappets derived from frontal shield and incorporating avicularian cystid medially; lappets connecting to proximolateral corners of ooecium in ovicellate zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FADCAB9219D8FAA1" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10F, H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23AA5A1A7DF9C1" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Cystid of suboral avicularium small, occupying less than one-quarter of zooid frontal shield; low in young zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FF16AA3E18D5FAE9" box="[242,418,1375,1401]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10A, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
), moderately to strongly elevated and conical in some older zooids; situated medially or (more often) lying transversely to left or right of median axis. Frontal surface (rostral/postmandibular areas) crossing zooidal midline. Rostral frontal surface at strong oblique angle to postmandibular area, overall facing laterally and obliquely frontally; this concave aspect of avicularium, as well as position in peristome, gives impression of pseudosinus in secondary orifice. Rostrum short, blunt, semioval, directed laterally to distolaterally and upwards (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FF44A9721871F9BD" box="[160,262,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
|
||
); palatal foramen conforming to shape of rostrum, no cryptocystal shelf; opesia semicircular or lingulate, sometimes of same size as foramen. Crossbar complete.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23A93A1881F9E5" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" box="[199,502,1627,1653]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">No adventitious avicularia.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23A91E1BDCF8E1" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Ovicells initially hyperstomial, rapidly becoming subimmersed and even appearing endozooidal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FAF6A91E19DEF92D" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10F–H, L</figureCitation>
|
||
) through overgrowth by secondary calcification from adjoining daughter and neighbouring zooids that cover most of ooecium except for central pseudoporous part. Ooecium formed by distal autozooid. Ooecial and visceral coelomic cavities connected via communication canal opening on underside of frontal shield of distal zooid as large, angular communication slit near proximalmost areolae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FCB6A86E1AD8F8B9" box="[850,943,1807,1833]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ooecium with straight or slightly concave proximal margin. Ectooecium smooth, with pseudopores varying markedly in number, size, form (round, oval, elongate, irregular) and pattern of arrangement.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B123318FF23A81A1D33F84D" blockId="37.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Zooids interconnected by one mural pore chamber in each distolateral wall (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B123318FBA7A81A1DDBF805" box="[1091,1196,1915,1941]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Fig. 10L</figureCitation>
|
||
). Predominantly two (occasionally one) multiporous septula sometimes added by individual pores in basal half of transverse walls. In some zooids, transverse wall has two shallow recesses separated by medial buttress.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5FC2EA0B11331BFF73A9A11A70F869" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" targetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" targetPageId="38">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B11331BFF73A9A11A70F869" blockId="38.[151,1437,1728,2041]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B11331BFF73A9A11854F948" bold="true" box="[151,291,1728,1752]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B11331BFEC8A9A11BAFF948" authority="Gontar, 1993" authorityName="Gontar" authorityYear="1993" box="[300,728,1728,1752]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="alutacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B11331BFEC8A9A11B34F948" box="[300,579,1728,1752]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Rhamphostomella alutacea</emphasis>
|
||
Gontar, 1993
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars: A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B10331AFF23AFF61D86FF45" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Basal surface of zooids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B10331AFE3BAFF61B4BFF21" box="[479,572,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 10J</figureCitation>
|
||
) fully calcified, convex, smooth or with coarse transverse lineation; without evident protuberances. Boundaries between zooids recognizable basally by deep, sinuous incisions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B10331AFF23AFBE1BCFFF69" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,717]" box="[199,696,223,249]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Ancestrula and early astogeny not observed.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B10331AFF23AE621B78FD89" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B10331AFF23AE621DBDFE19" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFF23AE62184CFE8D" bold="true" box="[199,315,259,285]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B10331AFEA7AE621B02FE8D" authorityName="Gontar" authorityYear="1993" box="[323,629,259,285]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="alutacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFEA7AE621B02FE8D" box="[323,629,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Rhamphostomella alutacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from congeners in the strictly transverse position of the suboral avicularium, which is strongly angled upon itself to appear concave, with the rostrum facing obliquely frontally. The only congener with a similar transverse placement of the suboral avicularium,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B10331AFBE6AE2A1DFEFEF5" baseAuthorityName="Hincks" baseAuthorityYear="1877" box="[1026,1161,331,357]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="radiatula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFBE6AE2A1D64FEF4" box="[1026,1043,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFBC5AE2A1DFEFEF5" box="[1057,1161,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">radiatula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has a narrow, U-shaped pseudosinus, with the avicularian rostrum often hidden or barely visible frontally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B10331AFBD6AE0E1DCAFE19" box="[1074,1213,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 18" captionStartId="61.[151,250,1647,1671]" captionTargetBox="[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetId="figure-17@61.[213,1374,181,1623]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="FIGURE 18. Rhamphostomella radiatula (Hincks, 1877).ZIRAS 19/50114 (Medny Island, Commander Islands, Bering Sea).A. Developing zooids with forming ooecia near colony margin. B. Distal view of marginal zooids with developing ooecia (arrows). C. Suboral avicularium. D. Non-ovicellate zooids in relatively young part of colony.E.Ovicellate (to the right) and non-ovicellate zooids with well-developed, bulge-like coarse tubercles of secondary calcification in older part of colony. F. Single ovicellate zooid, showing form of secondary orifice and ooecium in relatively young part of colony. G. Group of ovicellate zooids with ooecia overgrown by secondary calcification in relatively young part of colony. H. Distal view of ovicellate zooids, showing suboral avicularium and median process in older part of colony. I. Interior of frontal shield, showing lyrula, ring scar and areolae. J. Close-up of frontal-shield interior, showing median lyrula. K. Basal surface of colony that was overgrowing another bryozoan colony, Celleporella hyalina. L. Interior of frontal shield, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. M. Lateral section of zooids showing two ooecia, suboral avicularium, areolae (upper row) and zooidal lateral walls with mural pore chambers. Scale bars: A, B, G, H, 250 μm; C, J, L, 50 μm; D, K, 500 μm; E, F, I, 100 μm; M, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521177/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 18D–H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B10331AFF23AEF21B78FD89" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
In her original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB1EF930B10331AFDE1AEF21BC3FE3D" author="Gontar, V. I." box="[517,692,403,429]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="9 - 12" refId="ref88419" refString="Gontar, V. I. (1993 a) New species of Cheilostomida from the Kuril Islands (Bryozoa). Zoosystematica Rossica, 1, 9 - 12." type="journal article" year="1993">Gontar (1993a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned and illustrated ovicells as having an ooecium with a single triangular or slit-like central pseudopore. In fact, the number, shape, and arrangement of the pseudopores can vary markedly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131B8EE70B10331AFEACAEBA18B9FE65" box="[328,462,475,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetId="figure-20@38.[180,1407,181,1704]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 10. Rhamphostomella alutacea Gontar, 1993. ZIRAS 2/50123 (western Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk). A. Colony margin with developing zooids. B. Orifice, showing median lyrula and lateral denticles. C. Close-up of suboral avicularium. D, E. Group of non-ovicellate zooids in young part of colony. F, G. Ovicellate zooids in older part of colony, with ooecia embedded in secondary calcification arising from surrounding zooids. H. Close-up of ovicellate zooid, with coarsely granulate frontal shield and ooecium having pseudopores overlain with secondary calcification. I. Interior of the frontal shield, showing ring scar, areolae and proximal area with chevron-shaped communication slit of ooecium (arrow). J. Basal colony surface. K. Close-up of frontal shield interior, showing ring scar and exterior wall microstructure of umbonuloid component. L. Lateral view of zooidal lateral wall, showing mural pore chambers, and ooecium (to the right) embedded in secondary calcification. Scale bars:A, J, 500 μm; B, H, I, 100 μm; C, K, 50 μm; D–G, 250 μm; L, 200 μm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6521151" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6521151/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Fig. 10F
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFE4CAEBA18C1FE64" box="[424,438,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">–</emphasis>
|
||
H
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Contrary to the original description of the frontal shield as flattened, we observed that it can be convex in young zooids.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B10331AFF23AD421DADFDF1" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B10331AFF23AD421DADFDF1" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFF23AD42185BFDAD" bold="true" box="[199,300,547,573]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Ecology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B10331AFED0AD421B10FDAD" authorityName="Gontar" authorityYear="1993" box="[308,615,547,573]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="alutacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFED0AD421B10FDAD" box="[308,615,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Rhamphostomella alutacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was recorded from
|
||
<quantity id="4CD83F870B10331AFCABAD431AC3FDAD" box="[847,948,546,573]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="8.1" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" unit="m" value="68.0" valueMax="81.0" valueMin="55.0">55–81 m</quantity>
|
||
depth on sandy and silty bottoms overlain with gravel, where colonies encrust broken shells of the bivalve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B10331AFC8CAD261A86FDF1" box="[872,1009,583,609]" class="Bivalvia" family="Pectinidae" genus="Chlamys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Pectinida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFC8CAD261ABDFDF1" box="[872,970,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Chlamys</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and sea urchin tests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33AC1E90B10331AFF23AD0B1BF2FD5D" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9F92620B10331AFF23AD0B1BF2FD5D" blockId="39.[151,1437,151,717]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFF23AD0B1816FD14" bold="true" box="[199,353,618,644]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species was originally described from Krabovaya Bight, Shikotan Island, Lesser Kuril Ridge, northwestern Pacific; we report it also from the western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E45C800B10331AFCB3ADEE1AA0FD39" box="[855,983,655,681]" country="Russia" name="Kamchatka" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Kamchatka</collectingRegion>
|
||
shelf, Sea of Okhotsk. Thus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C20E9E10B10331AFAF9ADEE1CEBFD39" authorityName="Gontar" authorityYear="1993" box="[1309,1436,655,681]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Umbonulidae" genus="Rhamphostomella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="alutacea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFAF9ADEE1C59FD38" box="[1309,1326,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">R</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9544E700B10331AFAD8ADEE1CEBFD39" box="[1340,1436,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">alutacea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a Pacific Asian boreal, sublittoral species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |