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<document id="EBF23614B9BD9ADF6F73EC75A77924C8" ID-DOI="10.24199/j.mmv.2005.62.2" ID-ISSN="1447-2554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10665561" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1708004547937" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Fitzgerald, Erich M. G." docDate="2005" docId="03ACB35ADC7CFF8BFCD6FDB9FC95FD79" docLanguage="en" docName="MemMusVictoria.62.1.67-89.pdf" docOrigin="Memoirs of Museum Victoria 62 (1)" docSource="https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-62-issue-1-2005/pages-67-89/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:99484BB52C5EA01CDE4EA5EECB5782C2.2:MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type2" docStyleId="99484BB52C5EA01CDE4EA5EECB5782C2" docStyleName="MemMusVictoria.2003-.journal_article.type2" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Phocidae Gray 1821" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="84" masterDocId="FF95CB22DC72FF99FFF0FFF6FF94FF8B" masterDocTitle="Pliocene marine mammals from the Whalers Bluff Formation of Portland, Victoria, Australia" masterLastPageNumber="89" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="81" updateTime="1711396190357" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="C31C39520575E9CBE1887B760453651A">Pliocene marine mammals from the Whalers Bluff Formation of Portland, Victoria, Australia</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="BE165705A95C2619391E6CADDC41886F" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C187B3B92C31E032FC63A24AA405A74E">
<mods:roleTerm id="3619A3E3E434F9EEDBDDD7173E92BDEE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="32E7D2F5D683DE12F541623D14C0CCF2">Fitzgerald, Erich M. G.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A6E1DCFF460AA70319116BE25A8AB3EB">School of Geosciences, Monash University, Vic. 3800, Australia and Museum Victoria, G. P. O. Box 666, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3240DA5A2E80367A3559321FEE43C5F8" type="email">efitzger@museum.vic.gov.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="3A43A0B64DE83B97A0DECC23DA7B5158">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C9C90B1FCF35B877A864689E00792495">Memoirs of Museum Victoria</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="0CD2EB9EC8E3711341BF98DE4D6665AB">
<mods:date id="D41555C1C5C7AFF7FE049E923194354C">2005</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="83A842609AF496A30E7E221742C9133B" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="83149BA89CC1F90A63CE045F87ABE49A">2005-12-31</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="2035156534E6DD4AC2495EB76388DCD1" type="volume">
<mods:number id="17661681FF001A2E8FF7004987A8E67D">62</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="94ED82F2A638134F4327B812414E5842">https://museumsvictoria.com.au/collections-research/journals/memoirs-of-museum-victoria/volume-62-issue-1-2005/pages-67-89/</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="47321BC4CB680DD4E6FBBA3825C682DD">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="3326FEE6A82FACBA797B2A53CF701D35" type="DOI">10.24199/j.mmv.2005.62.2</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D1D605B7ADFF34DC1B70BE559DF0832D" type="ISSN">1447-2554</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="063140244272627F0563848FC706DE15" type="Zenodo-Dep">10665561</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03ACB35ADC7CFF8BFCD6FDB9FC95FD79" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03ACB35ADC7CFF8BFCD6FDB9FC95FD79" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03ACB35ADC7CFF8BFCD6FDB9FC95FD79" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
<subSubSection id="C31F51C7DC7CFF97FCD6FDB9FBC2FDEE" box="[806,1110,591,613]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC7CFF97FCD6FDB9FBC2FDEE" blockId="14.[806,1110,591,613]" box="[806,1110,591,613]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
<heading id="D0F2B520DC7CFF97FCD6FDB9FBC2FDEE" box="[806,1110,591,613]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" reason="3">
Family?
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC7CFF97FC8FFDB9FBC2FDEE" ID-CoL="625XL" authority="Gray, 1821" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[895,1110,591,613]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FC8FFDB9FC74FDEE" bold="true" box="[895,992,591,613]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Phocidae</emphasis>
Gray, 1821
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F51C7DC7CFF97FCD6FD8CFB13FD1B" box="[806,1159,634,656]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC7CFF97FCD6FD8CFB13FD1B" blockId="14.[806,1159,634,656]" box="[806,1159,634,656]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
<heading id="D0F2B520DC7CFF97FCD6FD8CFB13FD1B" bold="true" box="[806,1159,634,656]" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" reason="2">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FCD6FD8CFB13FD1B" bold="true" box="[806,1159,634,656]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Genus and species indeterminate</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F51C7DC7CFF97FCD6FD52FC47FD66" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC7CFF97FCD6FD52FC47FD66" blockId="14.[806,1437,676,749]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FCD6FD52FC49FD3C" box="[806,989,676,695]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Referred specimens.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED149A89DC7CFF97FC12FD53FB82FD33" box="[994,1046,677,696]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
P218465, incomplete left horizontal ramus of mandible (
<figureCitation id="133E1EC9DC7CFF97FC6EFD48FC75FD59" box="[926,993,702,722]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[130,188,1163,1183]" captionTargetBox="[261,1308,299,1142]" captionTargetId="figure-452@17.[525,1299,727,1073]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10.?Phocidae gen. et sp. indet. (Pliocene Whalers Bluff Formation, Portland, Victoria, Australia), incomplete left mandible, NMV P218465 (AC). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, medial view. Black arrow in B points to mental foramen. Scale bar equals 10 mm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665581/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
).
<collectionCode id="ED149A89DC7CFF97FC01FD49FBB1FD59" box="[1009,1061,703,722]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" type="Museum">NMV</collectionCode>
P218273, isolated upper incisor or canine tooth (not figured).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F51C7DC7CFF97FCD6FCF4FBABF93D" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC7CFF97FCD6FCF4FC58F983" blockId="14.[806,1438,770,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FCD6FCF4FC08FC93" box="[806,924,770,792]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Description</emphasis>
. P218465 is an incomplete left horizontal ramus with a preserved length of
<quantity id="4CFDAFA9DC7CFF97FBC2FCE9FBEEFCBE" box="[1074,1146,799,821]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
, depth at level of dorsal concavity of
<quantity id="4CFDAFA9DC7CFF97FC76FCCAFC5BFCD9" box="[902,975,828,850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="21.0">21 mm</quantity>
, and mediolateral thickness at level of posterior alveolus for m1 of
<quantity id="4CFDAFA9DC7CFF97FBF7FCAFFBC4FCE4" box="[1031,1104,857,879]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
. The surface detail of P218465 is well preserved relative to most of the other marine vertebrate fossils recovered from the Whalers Bluff Formation. P218465 lacks all of the horizontal ramus anterior to the anterior alveolus for p4 and all of the ascending and horizontal rami posterior to the anteriormost corner of the fossa for
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FB02FC1CFC1EFB96" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">m. masseter pars profundus</emphasis>
. No teeth are preserved in situ in the mandible. In overall proportions, the ramus is lightly built. In posterior and dorsal view, slight medial inflection of the ramus is visible. In lateral aspect, there is a small mental foramen located ventral to the position of the interalveolar septum between the anterior and posterior alveoli of p4 (
<figureCitation id="133E1EC9DC7CFF97FBB4FB61FB36FB26" box="[1092,1186,1175,1197]" captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="17.[130,188,1163,1183]" captionTargetBox="[261,1308,299,1142]" captionTargetId="figure-452@17.[525,1299,727,1073]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 10.?Phocidae gen. et sp. indet. (Pliocene Whalers Bluff Formation, Portland, Victoria, Australia), incomplete left mandible, NMV P218465 (AC). A, dorsal view. B, lateral view. C, medial view. Black arrow in B points to mental foramen. Scale bar equals 10 mm" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665581/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
). This position is almost identical to that of the posteriormost mental foramen on a mandible referred to
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC7CFF97FBE0FB27FB24FB6C" box="[1040,1200,1233,1255]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Piscophoca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FBE0FB27FB11FB6C" box="[1040,1157,1233,1255]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Piscophoca</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC7CFF97FB14FB27FCF8FA8F" author="Walsh, S. &amp; Naish, D." pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="821 - 842" refId="ref17051" refString="Walsh, S., and Naish, D. 2002. Fossil seals from late Neogene deposits in South America: a new pinniped (Carnivora, Mammalia) assemblage from Chile. Palaeontology 45: 821 - 842." type="journal article" year="2002">Walsh and Naish (2002)</bibRefCitation>
. Such small mental foramina are also present on the mandibles of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC7CFF97FC48FAFDFAAEFAAA" authority="Lesson, 1828" authorityName="Lesson" authorityYear="1828" box="[952,1338,1291,1313]" class="Mammalia" family="Otariidae" genus="Zalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californianus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FC48FAFDFB31FAAA" box="[952,1189,1291,1313]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Zalophus californianus</emphasis>
Lesson, 1828
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC7CFF97FABCFAFDFCCFFAB5" author="Howell, A. B." pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 142" refId="ref15577" refString="Howell, A. B. 1929. Contribution to the comparative anatomy of the eared and earless seals (genera Zalophus and Phoca). P roceedings of the United States National Museum 73: 1 - 142." type="journal article" year="1929">Howell, 1929</bibRefCitation>
; pers. obs.). Immediately posterior to the posterior alveolus of m1 is a prominent dorsal concavity
<quantity id="4CFDAFA9DC7CFF97FAEDFAB3FAF3FAD0" box="[1309,1383,1349,1371]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
long (measured from the m1 alveolus to the anterior margin of the fossa for
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FC7AFA89FB3CFA1E" box="[906,1192,1407,1429]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">m. masseter pars profundus</emphasis>
). This dorsal concavity resembles that of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC7CFF97FC28FA6AFBD9FA39" baseAuthorityName="Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[984,1101,1436,1458]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Piscophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FC28FA6AFBD9FA39" box="[984,1101,1436,1458]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Piscophoca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The preserved anterior region of the fossa for
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FC4AFA4EFB75FA45" box="[954,1249,1464,1486]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">m. masseter pars profundus</emphasis>
differs from that of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC7CFF97FCB6FA23FC2FFA60" baseAuthorityName="Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[838,955,1493,1515]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Piscophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FCB6FA23FC2FFA60" box="[838,955,1493,1515]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Piscophoca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in being dorsoventrally broader with a more rounded outline.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC7CFF97FCB6F9F9FBABF93D" blockId="14.[806,1438,770,1718]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
P218273 represents an isolated incisor or canine tooth,
<quantity id="4CFDAFA9DC7CFF97FA74F9F9FCD9F9C9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="28.0">28 mm</quantity>
long; its mesiodistal width at a level just below the base of the crown is
<quantity id="4CFDAFA9DC7CFF97FC40F9BFFC7AF9D4" box="[944,1006,1609,1631]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="8.0">8 mm</quantity>
while its buccolingual width at the same level is
<quantity id="4CFDAFA9DC7CFF97FC88F990FC22F9F7" box="[888,950,1638,1660]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
. The crown has smooth enamel and is recurved towards the apex. The root has a consistent thickness and is buccolingually compressed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31F51C7DC7CFF8BFCD6F93DFC95FD79" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC7CFF88FCD6F93DFDB0F990" blockId="14.[806,1437,1739,1963]" lastBlockId="17.[130,761,1252,1968]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="84" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7CFF97FCD6F93DFC00F96A" box="[806,916,1739,1761]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Discussion</emphasis>
. The pinniped fossils recovered from the Whalers Bluff Formation do not include elements preserving unequivocal synapomorphies of suprageneric pinniped taxa.
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC7CFF97FA96F8F3FCFCF8B3" author="Berta, A." pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 33" refId="ref13452" refString="Berta, A. 1991. New Enaliarctos * (Pinnipedimorpha) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Oregon and the role of &quot; enaliarctids &quot; in pinniped phylogeny. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 69: 1 - 33." type="journal article" year="1991">Berta (1991)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC7CFF97FC50F8D4FB1AF8B3" author="Berta, A. &amp; Wyss, A. R." box="[928,1166,1826,1848]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="33 - 56" refId="ref13492" refString="Berta, A., and Wyss, A. R. 1994. Pinniped phylogeny. Pp. 33 - 56 in: Berta, A. and Demere, T. A. (eds), Contributions in Marine Mammal Paleontology Honoring Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History 29." type="journal article" year="1994">Berta and Wyss (1994)</bibRefCitation>
listed the possession of a bony flange below the angular process of the mandible as an unequivocal synapomorphy of Superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC7CFF97FB1CF8AAFAC0F8F9" box="[1260,1364,1884,1906]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Phocoidea">Phocoidea</taxonomicName>
(sensu
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC7CFF97FCD6F88EFB91F805" author="Wyss, A. R. &amp; Flynn, J. J." box="[806,1029,1912,1934]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="32 - 52" refId="ref17330" refString="Wyss, A. R., and Flynn, J. J. 1993. A phylogenetic analysis and definition of the Carnivora. Pp. 32 - 52 in: Szalay, F. S., Novacek, M. J. and McKenna, M. C. (eds), Mammal Phylogeny. Springer-Verlag: Berlin." type="book chapter" year="1993">Wyss and Flynn, 1993</bibRefCitation>
) but the posterior region of the mandible is not preserved in P218465. However, P218465 is tentatively referred to the
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FEE3FB12FEFBFB71" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[275,367,1252,1274]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phocidae</taxonomicName>
on the basis of its morphology and proportions being most similar to the mandibles of phocid seals, as opposed to otariids and odobenids. It remains possible that P218465 represents an otariid mandible. If this were the case, then a major rethinking of otariid evolutionary biogeography would be necessary, as current estimates place the otariid dispersal into the Southern Hemisphere at around the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary (
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FE3EFA59FD3EFA4E" author="Demere, T. A. &amp; Berta, A. &amp; Adam, P. J." box="[462,682,1455,1477]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="32 - 76" refId="ref13906" refString="Demere, T. A., Berta, A., and Adam, P. J. 2003. Pinnipedimorph evolutionary biogeography. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 279: 32 - 76." type="journal article" year="2003">Deméré et al., 2003</bibRefCitation>
; contra
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FF72FA3AFE25FA69" author="Repenning, C. A. &amp; Tedford, R. H." box="[130,433,1484,1506]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 93" refId="ref16846" refString="Repenning, C. A., and Tedford, R. H. 1977. Otarioid seals of the Neogene. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 992: 1 - 93." type="journal article" year="1977">Repenning and Tedford, 1977</bibRefCitation>
, who indicated a latest Miocene dispersal event at the earliest), and the age of P218465 (and P218273) probably predates that horizon.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A52C4DC7DFF96FF72F89BFC3AF810" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665577" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10665577" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665577/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" startId="15.[130,188,1901,1921]" targetBox="[150,1407,295,1882]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC7DFF96FF72F89BFC3AF810" blockId="15.[130,1429,1900,1947]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">
Figure 8.
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC7DFF96FF29F89BFED2F80A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[217,326,1901,1921]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="15" pageNumber="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Delphinidae</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. undet. A (Pliocene Whalers Bluff Formation, Portland, Victoria, Australia), right periotic, NMV P218264 (
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7DFF96FA99F89AFA1CF80B" bold="true" box="[1385,1416,1900,1920]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">AC</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7DFF96FF72F871FF06F810" bold="true" box="[130,146,1927,1947]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">A</emphasis>
, ventral view.
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7DFF96FEE8F871FEB3F811" bold="true" box="[280,295,1927,1946]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">B</emphasis>
, cranial view.
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7DFF96FE5BF871FE2FF810" bold="true" box="[427,443,1927,1947]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">C</emphasis>
, medial view.
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC7DFF96FDB0F871FDC4F811" bold="true" box="[576,592,1927,1946]" pageId="15" pageNumber="82">D</emphasis>
, lateral view. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC62FF89FB31FC47FDE9FC55" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">B A B A</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC62FF89FBC5FA97FBC9FAFD" box="[1077,1117,1377,1398]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">C</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC62FF89FBC5FA80FBC9FA04" box="[1077,1117,1398,1423]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">C</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC62FF89FBCAF8FEFBCBF8B9" box="[1082,1119,1800,1842]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">D</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC62FF89FBCAF8C4FBCBF8BE" box="[1082,1119,1842,1845]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">D</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7A52C4DC62FF89FF7AF89BFCB4F810" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" startId="16.[138,196,1901,1921]" targetBox="[162,1416,299,1882]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC62FF89FF7AF89BFCB4F810" blockId="16.[138,1438,1900,1947]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">
Figure 9.
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC62FF89FF2FF89BFED8F80A" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[223,332,1901,1921]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="16" pageNumber="83" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Delphinidae</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. undet.A (Pleistocene-Pliocene Red Crag, Henley, England), right periotic, NMV P218481 (
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC62FF89FB2EF89AFB69F80B" bold="true" box="[1246,1277,1900,1920]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">AC</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC62FF89FAE0F89AFAB4F80B" bold="true" box="[1296,1312,1900,1920]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">A</emphasis>
, ventral view.
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC62FF89FF7AF871FF0DF811" bold="true" box="[138,153,1927,1946]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">B</emphasis>
, cranial view.
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC62FF89FEEDF871FEB9F810" bold="true" box="[285,301,1927,1947]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">C</emphasis>
, medial view.
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC62FF89FE42F871FE56F811" bold="true" box="[434,450,1927,1946]" pageId="16" pageNumber="83">D</emphasis>
, lateral view. Scale bar equals 10 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF7A52C4DC63FF88FF72FB7DFB47FB32" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10665581" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10665581" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10665581/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" startId="17.[130,188,1163,1183]" targetBox="[261,1308,299,1142]" targetPageId="17" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC63FF88FF72FB7DFB47FB32" blockId="17.[130,1429,1163,1209]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
Figure 10.?
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FF1AFB7DFEAAFB14" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[234,318,1163,1183]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phocidae</taxonomicName>
gen. et sp. indet. (Pliocene Whalers Bluff Formation, Portland, Victoria, Australia), incomplete left mandible, NMV P218465 (
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FF79FB53FF3CFB32" bold="true" box="[137,168,1189,1209]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">AC</emphasis>
).
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FF4CFB53FF58FB32" bold="true" box="[188,204,1189,1209]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">A</emphasis>
, dorsal view.
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FEBAFB53FECDFB33" bold="true" box="[330,345,1189,1208]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">B</emphasis>
, lateral view.
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FE28FB53FE7CFB32" bold="true" box="[472,488,1189,1209]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">C</emphasis>
, medial view. Black arrow in
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FD09FB53FC9CFB33" bold="true" box="[761,776,1189,1208]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">B</emphasis>
points to mental foramen. Scale bar equals 10 mm
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC63FF88FF52F9D4FED9F818" blockId="17.[130,761,1252,1968]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
Given that P218465 is not similar in morphology to
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FF72F9C9FF4BF9DE" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1825" box="[130,223,1599,1621]" class="Mammalia" family="Otariidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Otariidae</taxonomicName>
but shares certain features with some phocids (see description and discussion below), there is no firm evidence to suggest that the Portland mandible represents an otariid. The fact that phocid seal fossils have previously been reported from Pliocene-aged sediments in
<collectingRegion id="49C1CCAEDC63FF88FE5AF945FE6EF942" box="[426,506,1715,1737]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Victoria</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FDFCF945FF21F96D" author="Fordyce, R. E. &amp; Flannery, T. F." pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="99 - 100" refId="ref14768" refString="Fordyce, R. E., and Flannery, T. F. 1983. Fossil phocid seals from the late Tertiary of Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 95: 99 - 100." type="journal article" year="1983">Fordyce and Flannery, 1983</bibRefCitation>
) whereas otariids have not lends further support to the assignment of P218465 to the
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FE38F91BFDB3F888" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[456,551,1773,1795]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phocidae</taxonomicName>
. However, P218465 and P218273 are not referred unquestionably to
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FD6DF8FCFD6DF8AB" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1821" box="[669,761,1802,1824]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phocidae</taxonomicName>
because the late Neogene fossil record of marine mammals in the SW Pacific remains too poorly documented to provide any absolute idea of the composition of the marine mammal fauna during the Pliocene.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC63FF88FF52F86CFCF5F927" blockId="17.[130,761,1252,1968]" lastBlockId="17.[798,1430,1253,1969]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
Among extant and fossil phocid mandibles, P218465 is most similar to those of the Pliocene taxa
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FB04FB13FB8CFA9C" authority="Muizon, 1981" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1981" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Acrophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longirostris">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FB04FB13FCE6FA93" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Acrophoca longirostris</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FC71FAF7FB8CFA9C" author="Muizon, C. de" box="[897,1048,1281,1303]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref16192" refString="Muizon, C. de. 1981. Les vertebres fossiles de la formation Pisco (Perou). Premiere partie: Deux nouveaux Monachinae (Phocidae, Mammalia) du Pliocene de Sud-Sacaco. Travaux de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines 22: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1981">Muizon, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FBDBFAF4FC47FABF" authority="Hendey and Repenning, 1972" authorityName="Hendey and Repenning" authorityYear="1972" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Homiphoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FBDBFAF4FA91FA93" box="[1067,1285,1282,1304]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Homiphoca capensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FAE4FAF7FC47FABF" author="Hendey, Q. B. &amp; Repenning, C. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="71 - 98" refId="ref15509" refString="Hendey, Q. B., and Repenning, C. A. 1972. A Pliocene phocid from South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 59: 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="1972">Hendey and Repenning, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FBE9FAE9FA06FABF" authority="Muizon, 1981" authorityName="Muizon" authorityYear="1981" box="[1049,1426,1310,1333]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Piscophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacifica">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FBE9FAE9FB78FABE" box="[1049,1260,1311,1333]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Piscophoca pacifica</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FB0AFAE8FA06FABF" author="Muizon, C. de" box="[1274,1426,1310,1332]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref16192" refString="Muizon, C. de. 1981. Les vertebres fossiles de la formation Pisco (Perou). Premiere partie: Deux nouveaux Monachinae (Phocidae, Mammalia) du Pliocene de Sud-Sacaco. Travaux de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines 22: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1981">Muizon, 1981</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. P218465 may be clearly distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FB1CFACAFACCFAD9" baseAuthorityName="Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[1260,1368,1340,1362]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Acrophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FB1CFACAFACCFAD9" box="[1260,1368,1340,1362]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Acrophoca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as it lacks the wide diastema between cheek teeth characteristic of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FCEEFA83FBA6FA00" authority="(Muizon, 1981)" baseAuthorityName="Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[798,1074,1397,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Acrophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FCEEFA83FC1EFA00" box="[798,906,1397,1419]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Acrophoca</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FC68FA83FBBDFA00" author="Muizon, C. de" box="[920,1065,1397,1419]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref16192" refString="Muizon, C. de. 1981. Les vertebres fossiles de la formation Pisco (Perou). Premiere partie: Deux nouveaux Monachinae (Phocidae, Mammalia) du Pliocene de Sud-Sacaco. Travaux de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines 22: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1981">Muizon, 1981</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The Portland mandible can be further distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FBE7FA64FB18FA23" authorityName="de Muizon &amp; Hendey" authorityYear="1980" box="[1047,1164,1426,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Homiphoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FBE7FA64FB18FA23" box="[1047,1164,1426,1448]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Homiphoca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FB6CFA64FCC7FA4E" author="Hendey, Q. B. &amp; Repenning, C. A." pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="71 - 98" refId="ref15509" refString="Hendey, Q. B., and Repenning, C. A. 1972. A Pliocene phocid from South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 59: 71 - 98." type="journal article" year="1972">Hendey and Repenning, 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FC95FA59FB12FA4E" author="Muizon, C. de &amp; Hendey, Q. B." box="[869,1158,1455,1477]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="91 - 128" refId="ref16521" refString="Muizon, C. de, and Hendey, Q. B. 1980. Late Tertiary seals of the South Atlantic Ocean. Annals of the South African Museum 82: 91 - 128." type="journal article" year="1980">Muizon and Hendey, 1980</bibRefCitation>
) by the possession of a well-developed dorsal concavity posterior to m1. P218465 is generally very similar to the mandible of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FB4EFA1FFCCCF997" authority="(Muizon, 1981)" baseAuthorityName="Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1981" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Piscophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FB4EFA1FFAA7FA74" box="[1214,1331,1513,1535]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Piscophoca</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FAB0FA1FFCC5F997" author="Muizon, C. de" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="1 - 161" refId="ref16192" refString="Muizon, C. de. 1981. Les vertebres fossiles de la formation Pisco (Perou). Premiere partie: Deux nouveaux Monachinae (Phocidae, Mammalia) du Pliocene de Sud-Sacaco. Travaux de l'Institut Francais d'Etudes Andines 22: 1 - 161." type="journal article" year="1981">Muizon, 1981</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in its overall proportions, relative length of the dorsal concavity posterior to m1, subequal diameters of the alveoli and relatively closely spaced alveoli along the tooth row. However, it is not possible at this stage to determine whether the Portland mandible belongs to a species of
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC63FF88FAD0F98CFA01F91B" baseAuthorityName="Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[1312,1429,1658,1680]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Piscophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC63FF88FAD0F98CFA01F91B" box="[1312,1429,1658,1680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Piscophoca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or not.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBA024CDC63FF8BFCCEF945FC95FD79" blockId="17.[798,1430,1253,1969]" lastBlockId="18.[138,770,298,754]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">
The Australian fossil record of pinnipeds is currently poor.
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FCEEF926FC5EF96D" author="Fordyce, R. E." box="[798,970,1744,1766]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="1165 - 1190" refId="ref14372" refString="Fordyce, R. E. 1991 b. The Australasian marine vertebrate record and its climatic and geographic implications. Pp. 1165 - 1190 in: Vickers-Rich, P., Monaghan, J. M., Baird, R. F., and Rich, T. H. (eds), Vertebrate Palaeontology of Australasia. Pioneer Design Studio in cooperation with the Monash University Publications Committee: Melbourne." type="book chapter" year="1991">Fordyce (1991b)</bibRefCitation>
summarised the state of knowledge at the beginning of the 1990s, and virtually nothing has been added since that time. The oldest fossil pinnipeds from the SW Pacific are latest Miocene (c. 6 Ma) at the earliest and are from
<collectingCountry id="F31242DCDC63FF88FCEEF8B2FCEEF8D1" box="[798,890,1860,1882]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="84">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FC7DF8B2FBDDF8D1" author="Fitzgerald, E. M. G." box="[909,1097,1860,1882]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="183 - 208" refId="ref14100" refString="Fitzgerald, E. M. G. 2004 b. A review of the Tertiary fossil Cetacea (Mammalia) localities in Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 61: 183 - 208." type="journal article" year="2004">Fitzgerald, 2004b</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC63FF88FBAFF8B2FA01F8D1" author="Fordyce, R. E. &amp; Flannery, T. F." box="[1119,1429,1860,1882]" pageId="17" pageNumber="84" pagination="99 - 100" refId="ref14768" refString="Fordyce, R. E., and Flannery, T. F. 1983. Fossil phocid seals from the late Tertiary of Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 95: 99 - 100." type="journal article" year="1983">Fordyce and Flannery (1983)</bibRefCitation>
provided a preliminary assessment of these fragmentary fossils suggesting that they represented monachine phocids. The fossils represent one?incisor tooth (P16198), two right temporals (P160399 and P160441), two fused sacral vertebrae (P41759) and an articulated series of eight thoracic vertebrae with five ribs (P160433). None of these specimens has yet been described and only one of the temporals (P160399) has been figured (
<bibRefCitation id="EF947FBDDC60FF8BFEE8FE68FDF6FE3F" author="Fordyce, R. E. &amp; Flannery, T. F." box="[280,610,414,436]" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" pagination="99 - 100" refId="ref14768" refString="Fordyce, R. E., and Flannery, T. F. 1983. Fossil phocid seals from the late Tertiary of Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 95: 99 - 100." type="journal article" year="1983">Fordyce and Flannery, 1983: 99</bibRefCitation>
). Recently, two other pre-Pleistocene?phocid fossils have been discovered: P42523, isolated right metatarsal
<collectionCode id="ED149A89DC60FF8BFE2CFE2EFE7BFE65" box="[476,495,472,494]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
; and P215759, isolated left metatarsal
<collectionCode id="ED149A89DC60FF8BFF0BFE03FE99FD80" box="[251,269,501,523]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
. Both P42523 and P215759 were derived from beds immediately overlying a phosphatic nodule horizon at the base of the Black Rock Sandstone (Beaumaris,
<collectingRegion id="49C1CCAEDC60FF8BFD85FDD9FD5EFDCE" box="[629,714,559,581]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">Victoria</collectingRegion>
), and are thus early Early Pliocene in age. The exact relationships of the phocids represented by temporals to extant Monachinae and their fossil sister-taxa (
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC60FF8BFE79FD73FD14FD10" box="[393,640,645,667]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC60FF8BFE79FD73FE6CFD10" baseAuthorityName="Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1981" box="[393,504,645,667]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Acrophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Acrophoca</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC60FF8BFDFBFD73FD14FD10" authorityName="de Muizon &amp; Hendey" authorityYear="1980" box="[523,640,645,667]" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Homiphoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Homiphoca</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C0579CFDC60FF8BFD31FD73FF53FD33" baseAuthorityName="Muizon" baseAuthorityYear="1981" class="Mammalia" family="Phocidae" genus="Piscophoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="18" pageNumber="85" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B971DE5EDC60FF8BFD31FD73FF53FD33" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="85">Piscophoca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) have yet to be determined. The report herein of two probable phocid pinniped fossils from Portland brings the number of known Australian pre-Pleistocene pinniped specimens to nine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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