419 lines
51 KiB
XML
419 lines
51 KiB
XML
<document id="CEA072D0C099A345A52659C4ACFAD29B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B73D20FFF6FFF04FA4EF956" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Borbo lugens Hopffer 1855" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="24" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="5A22B75F679D75AB3FBC36FDECA25E02">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B15B8CDFB33070DCAAE613D77010D0A6">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8FF4CBC2F29178E10F98D1B6B28FAFBC">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B4FD0BDC066DB4038863F9C8894F3B92">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2D9FB480DA95B559CC0216C3D4256EF9">2012</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03AB4D687B73D20FFF6FFF04FA4EF956" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680678" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523726" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680678" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB4D687B73D20FFF6FFF04FA4EF956" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB4D687B73D20FFF6FFF04FA4EF956" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FFF04FD7AFF26" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,355]" box="[151,691,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<heading id="D0F54B127B73D202FF6FFF04FD7AFF26" bold="true" box="[151,691,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FF6FFF04FD7AFF26" bold="true" box="[151,691,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FF6FFF04FE23FF26" ID-CoL="MJB9" authority="Hopffer, 1855" authorityName="Hopffer" authorityYear="1855" box="[151,490,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FF6FFF04FEF0FF26" bold="true" box="[151,313,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Borbo lugens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FEB8FF04FE23FF26" author="Hopffer" box="[320,490,151,177]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Hopffer, [C.] (1855) Lepidoptera diurna. In: Peters, [W. C. H.] Reisewerke uber Mossambique. Bericht uber die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Koniglich-Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1855, 636 - 660." type="journal article" year="1855">Hopffer, 1855</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B73D202FE01FF04FD62FF26" box="[505,683,151,177]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 19" captionStart-1="FIGURE 20" captionStart-2="FIGURE 21" captionStart-3="FIGURE 22" captionStart-4="FIGURE 23" captionStartId-0="23.[151,250,1109,1132]" captionStartId-1="24.[151,244,848,869]" captionStartId-2="24.[151,250,1982,2005]" captionStartId-3="25.[151,250,1621,1644]" captionStartId-4="26.[151,250,1366,1389]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,626,1085]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1435,151,831]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,1557,1958]" captionTargetBox-3="[151,1435,756,1602]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,1435,447,1342]" captionTargetId-0="figure@23.[151,1436,626,1085]" captionTargetId-1="figure@24.[151,1436,143,832]" captionTargetId-2="figure@24.[151,1436,1557,1959]" captionTargetId-3="figure@25.[151,1436,756,1603]" captionTargetId-4="figure@26.[151,1436,447,1342]" captionTargetPageId-0="23" captionTargetPageId-1="24" captionTargetPageId-2="24" captionTargetPageId-3="25" captionTargetPageId-4="26" captionText-0="FIGURE 19. Adult female Borbo lugens. 1, at rest, Kakamega Forest, 16. vi. 1991; 2, female basking, Kisii, 7. viii. 1990 (vouchered)." captionText-1="FIGURE 20. Ova of Borbo lugens, laid 20. ii. 1990 by wild caught female, Cottar’s Camp, Masai Mara; photographed 22. ii.; eclosed 27. ii.; ref. 90 / 22." captionText-2="FIGURE 21. Third instar caterpillar of Borbo lugens, reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to instar 3 25. iii. 1990; photographed 25. iii., 10 mm; moulted to instar 4 29. iii – 1. iv; ref. 90 / 22 B." captionText-3="FIGURE 22. Final instar caterpillars of Borbo lugens. 1, lateral view with wax glands visible, collected 8. ii. 1981 on Panicum trichocladum, Kisii; photographed 10. ii., 25 mm; pupated 15. ii; ref. 91 / 8; 2, detail of head with heavy markings, anterodorsal view; reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to final instar 29. iii – 1. iv; photographed 2. iv., 16 mm.; pupated 12. iv; ref. 90 / 22 A; detail of head with medium markings, anterodorsolateral view; collected and photographed as (1); 4, detail of head with light markings, anterodorsal view; collected as n- 2 instar caterpillar 5. viii. 1980 on P. trichocladum, Kadera God Forest, near Kisii; moulted to final instar 5 – 8. viii; photographed 21. viii., 22 mm; pupated 1. ix.; ref. 90 / 83 B." captionText-4="FIGURE 23. Pupae of Borbo lugens. 1, dorsolateral view; collected as final instar caterpillar 8. ii. 1981 on Panicum trichocladum, Kisii; pupated 15. ii; photographed 19. ii., 23 mm; adult female 27. ii.; ref. 91 / 8; 2, dorsal view, collected as n- 2 instar caterpillar 5. viii. 1980 on P. trichocladum, Kadera God Forest, near Kisii; pupated 1. ix.; photographed 2. ix., 24 mm; adult male 19. ix; ref. 90 / 83 B." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/246350/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/246351/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/246352/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/246353/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/246354/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figures 19–23</figureCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FFF29FC1FFEF4" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,355]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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The indistinct brown discal band UNH (Figure 19.1) makes this species quite distinctive. In the field, the yellowish tibiae and tarsi may also be helpful (Figure 19.1). This is a fairly common and widespread member of the genus, found in partially wooded or wooded situations from sea level to at least
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<quantity id="4CFA519B7B73D202FBA1FE91FB6FFE8D" box="[1113,1190,258,282]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="m" value="1600.0">1600m</quantity>
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in eastern and southeastern Africa.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FEB2FEB5FDEDFEA9" author="Sevastopulo" box="[330,548,294,318]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1974). Butterflies of the Shimba Hills. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 86, 131 - 136." type="journal article" year="1974">Sevastopulo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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considered it fairly common in the Makardara Forest, and I have found in both lightly and densely wooded areas from the
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B73D202FD81FED8FD0BFEF4" box="[633,706,331,355]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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coast to western
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B73D202FC7DFED8FC1BFEF4" box="[901,978,331,355]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FFE00FE85FE3C" blockId="23.[151,1437,403,570]" box="[151,332,403,427]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FF6FFE00FE85FE3C" box="[151,332,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FFE25FEE6FDAD" blockId="23.[151,1437,403,570]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Adults rest quietly on low vegetation for extended periods with their wings closed (Figure 19.1), but they will also sunbathe (Figure 19.2).
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FE49FE49FD61FE65" box="[433,680,474,499]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
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Henning
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FDE3FE4FFD87FE64" box="[539,590,475,499]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
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. (1997)
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</bibRefCitation>
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describe territorial behaviour based on these perches.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FAD8FE49FEF8FD81" author="Dickson" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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consider it a morning species, not normally seen in the afternoons, but we do not have observations to assess this.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF7DACF67B73D202FF6FFBC6FED1FB1D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246350/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" targetBox="[151,1436,626,1085]" targetPageId="23">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FFBC6FED1FB1D" blockId="23.[151,1436,1109,1162]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FF6FFBC6FED5FBFD" bold="true" box="[151,284,1109,1132]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 19</emphasis>
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. Adult female
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FE32FBC6FD9CFBFC" box="[458,597,1109,1131]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FE32FBC6FD9CFBFC" box="[458,597,1109,1131]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Borbo lugens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FD88FBC6FDB5FBFD" bold="true" box="[624,636,1109,1130]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">1</emphasis>
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, at rest, Kakamega Forest, 16.vi.1991;
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FBD9FBC6FBE7FBFD" bold="true" box="[1057,1070,1109,1130]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">2</emphasis>
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, female basking, Kisii, 7.viii.1990 (vouchered).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FFB48FED7FB64" blockId="23.[151,1436,1243,1663]" box="[151,286,1243,1267]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FF6FFB48FED7FB64" box="[151,286,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FFB6CFD9AFA15" blockId="23.[151,1436,1243,1663]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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Grasses are the only food plants recorded.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FD6EFA93FC90FA80" box="[662,857,1279,1303]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural insects of East Africa. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, Kenya, 307 pp." type="book">Le Pelley (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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records
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FC38FA93FB0AFA80" box="[960,1219,1279,1303]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FC38FA93FB0AFA80" box="[960,1219,1279,1303]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Panicum trichocladum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a food plant in
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B73D202FF6FFAB1FF27FAAD" box="[151,238,1314,1338]" name="Uganda" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Uganda</collectingCountry>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FEDEFAB1FDC8FAAD" box="[294,513,1314,1338]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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lists
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FDC6FAB7FD26FAAC" box="[574,751,1315,1339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FDC6FAB7FD26FAAC" box="[574,751,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">P. trichocladum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FD06FAB0FC2AFAAC" box="[766,995,1315,1339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FD06FAB0FC2AFAAC" box="[766,995,1315,1339]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cenchrus purpureus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FBFCFAB7FAC0FAAC" box="[1028,1289,1316,1339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="purpureum">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FBFCFAB7FAC0FAAC" box="[1028,1289,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pennisetum purpureum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and grasses generally from East Africa (although as noted under
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FD1DFADBFCACFAC8" box="[741,869,1351,1375]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatuellus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FD1DFADBFCACFAC8" box="[741,869,1351,1375]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">B. fatuellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, this entry appears against both
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FB36FADBFA84FAC8" box="[1230,1357,1351,1375]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatuellus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FB36FADBFA84FAC8" box="[1230,1357,1351,1375]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">B. fatuellus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FA7CFADBFF29FA14" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FA7CFADBFF29FA14" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">B. lugens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and I assume it applies to both).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF3FFA03FD97FA78" blockId="23.[151,1436,1243,1663]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FF3FFA03FEA4FA30" author="Murray" box="[199,365,1423,1448]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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records
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FE36FA1CFD49FA30" box="[462,640,1423,1447]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FE36FA1CFD49FA30" box="[462,640,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ehrharta erecta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FD4FFA1CFC5BFA30" box="[695,914,1423,1447]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="megaphylla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FD4FFA1CFC5BFA30" box="[695,914,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Setaria megaphylla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FC4AFA1CFBCAFA30" box="[946,1027,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">sulcata</emphasis>
|
||
) in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B73D202FBC9FA1CFB0CFA30" box="[1073,1221,1423,1447]" name="South Africa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FAC0FA03FA55FA30" box="[1336,1436,1424,1447]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FAC0FA03FA55FA30" box="[1336,1436,1424,1447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FF58FA20FF09FA5C" box="[160,192,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">s.l.</emphasis>
|
||
) sp. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FECAFA20FEA3FA5D" box="[306,362,1459,1482]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FECAFA20FEA3FA5D" box="[306,362,1459,1482]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Stipa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. have been added (G.C. Clark in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FCE0FA21FBE4FA5D" author="Dickson" box="[792,1069,1458,1482]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FBC4FA21FADFFA5D" author="Pringle" box="[1084,1302,1458,1483]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. & Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Pringle
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FB6FFA27FB02FA5C" box="[1175,1227,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FF6FFA4BFD93FA78" authority="Henning et al. 1997" authorityName="Henning et al." authorityYear="1997" box="[151,602,1495,1519]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="deustum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FF6FFA4BFE97FA78" box="[151,350,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Panicum deustum</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FE95FA44FD98FA78" author="Henning" box="[365,593,1495,1519]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book" year="1997">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FE2EFA4BFDC1FA78" box="[470,520,1495,1519]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF3FFA68FE80F9E8" blockId="23.[151,1436,1243,1663]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FF3FFA68FEAFF985" author="Larsen" box="[199,358,1530,1554]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FE67FA69FD4EF985" box="[415,647,1530,1555]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Ackery, P. R., Smith, C. R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1995) Carcasson's African Butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. CSIRO Publications, Melbourne, Australia, 803 pp." type="book">
|
||
Ackery
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FE02FA6FFDE4F984" box="[506,557,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1995)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
list
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FD42FA68FCE9F984" box="[698,800,1531,1555]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FD42FA68FCE9F984" box="[698,800,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ehrharta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FCC8FA6FFC5DF984" box="[816,916,1532,1555]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FCC8FA6FFC5DF984" box="[816,916,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Panicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FC5BFA68FC12F985" box="[931,987,1531,1554]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Stipa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FC5BFA68FC12F985" box="[931,987,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Stipa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FC13FA68FBF5F985" box="[1003,1084,1531,1554]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FC13FA68FBF5F985" box="[1003,1084,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Setaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FB84FA68FB2EF984" box="[1148,1255,1531,1555]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FB84FA68FB2EF984" box="[1148,1255,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cenchrus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FAF1FA6FFA42F984" box="[1289,1419,1532,1555]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FAF1FA6FFA42F984" box="[1289,1419,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pennisetum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), derived from the above. I have collected caterpillars on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FCD8F9B3FBE8F9A0" box="[800,1057,1567,1591]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FCD8F9B3FBE8F9A0" box="[800,1057,1567,1591]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Panicum trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(several times) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FAF3F98CFF32F9CC" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FAF3F98CFF32F9CC" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FEDBF9D7FDCBF9CC" box="[291,514,1604,1627]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FEDBF9D7FDCBF9CC" box="[291,514,1604,1627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Panicum maximum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); in captivity caterpillars also fed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FC26F9D0FB38F9CC" box="[990,1265,1603,1627]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FC26F9D0FB38F9CC" box="[990,1265,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cenchrus trachyphyllus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B73D202FAE1F9D7FEF1F9E8" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trachyphyllum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FAE1F9D7FEF1F9E8" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Pennisetum trachyphyllum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FF923FF13F950" blockId="23.[151,1437,1712,1879]" box="[151,218,1712,1735]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FF6FF923FF13F950" box="[151,218,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B73D202FF6FF941FCB4F8C0" blockId="23.[151,1437,1712,1879]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The ova in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B73D202FEE5F941FE42F97D" box="[285,395,1746,1770]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="24.[151,244,848,869]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,151,831]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,143,832]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 20. Ova of Borbo lugens, laid 20. ii. 1990 by wild caught female, Cottar’s Camp, Masai Mara; photographed 22. ii.; eclosed 27. ii.; ref. 90 / 22." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246351/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Figure 20</figureCitation>
|
||
were laid by a wild caught female from Cottar's Camp, Masai Mara, which was kept in a
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B73D202FF6FF964FF17F898" box="[151,222,1783,1807]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.8" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="58.0">58mm</quantity>
|
||
diameter plastic pot (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FE23F964FDA5F898" author="Cock" box="[475,620,1783,1807]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Cock, M. J. W. (2010 b) Observations on the biology of Afro - tropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 1. Introduction and Coeliadinae. Zootaxa, 2547, 1 - 63." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="b">Cock 2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ova measure 1.0mm in diameter including the basal flange, and 0.9 without it. They are laid singly according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B73D202FD6CF889FC40F8A5" box="[660,905,1818,1843]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B73D202FD04F88FFCE7F8A4" box="[764,814,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and hatch within between 5 days at the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B73D202FAABF888FA55F8A4" box="[1363,1436,1819,1843]" name="Kenya" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
coast (Sevastopulo unpublished) and nine days at Nairobi (90/22).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B7CD20DFF6FFCC3FEF0FC14" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246351/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[151,1435,151,831]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7CD20DFF6FFCC3FEF0FC14" blockId="24.[151,1436,848,899]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7CD20DFF6FFCC3FEDAFCF2" bold="true" box="[151,275,848,869]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 20</emphasis>
|
||
. Ova of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7CD20DFE96FCC2FE26FCF1" box="[366,495,849,870]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7CD20DFE96FCC2FE26FCF1" box="[366,495,849,870]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Borbo lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, laid 20.ii.1990 by wild caught female, Cottar’s Camp, Masai Mara; photographed 22.ii.; eclosed 27.ii.; ref. 90/22.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7CD20DFF6FFC23FEEEFC5F" blockId="24.[151,1437,944,1147]" box="[151,295,944,968]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7CD20DFF6FFC23FEEEFC5F" box="[151,295,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7CD20DFF6FFC40FE38FBEC" blockId="24.[151,1437,944,1147]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
The shelters of instar 3 caterpillars on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7CD20DFDA3FC46FC94FC7B" box="[603,861,980,1004]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7CD20DFDA3FC46FC94FC7B" box="[603,861,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Panicum trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are made by rolling the distal portion of the leaf upwards (91/52), or downwards (90/83, 95/103, 93/105) and feeding basally to this. An instar 4 caterpillar, probably of this species (95/111), on the same food plant, used a whole leaf rolled upwards to make a tight tube.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7CD20DFF6FFBACFE5BFBC0" box="[151,402,1087,1112]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7CD20DFEFAFBD2FEFEFBCF" box="[258,311,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
describe the caterpillar as feeding on the distal part of the leaf, but this may reflect the behaviour of older caterpillars.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7CD20DFF6FFB3FFEDCFB53" blockId="24.[151,1436,1196,1508]" box="[151,277,1196,1220]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7CD20DFF6FFB3FFEDCFB53" box="[151,277,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7CD20DFF6FFB5CFA55FA74" blockId="24.[151,1436,1196,1508]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Of the two individuals that I reared from ova (90/22), the male took six instars, while the female took five. The head capsules of the six instars of male measured 0.5 x 0.5, 0.7 x 0.7, 0.8 x 0.9, 1.2 x 1.2, 1.6 x 1.8, 2.3 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7CD20DFAB6FB60FA55FA9C" box="[1358,1436,1267,1291]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x high, while those of the female measured 0.5 x 0.5, 0.8 x 0.8, 1.1 x 1.1, 1.4 x 1.6, 1.9 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7CD20DFB48FA84FACBFAB8" box="[1200,1282,1303,1327]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="2.2">2.2mm</quantity>
|
||
. The average size of the final instar of other specimens was 2.1 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7CD20DFD1AFAA8FCFAFAC4" box="[738,819,1339,1363]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="2.4">2.4mm</quantity>
|
||
, so the sixth instar male was larger than this, while the fifth instar female was smaller. The first three instars have dark heads (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B7CD20DFC57FAF3FBD6FAEF" box="[943,1055,1376,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1982,2005]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1557,1958]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,1557,1959]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 21. Third instar caterpillar of Borbo lugens, reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to instar 3 25. iii. 1990; photographed 25. iii., 10 mm; moulted to instar 4 29. iii – 1. iv; ref. 90 / 22 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). As can be seen in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B7CD20DFAF9FAF3FAA7FAEF" box="[1281,1390,1376,1400]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1982,2005]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1557,1958]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,1557,1959]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 21. Third instar caterpillar of Borbo lugens, reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to instar 3 25. iii. 1990; photographed 25. iii., 10 mm; moulted to instar 4 29. iii – 1. iv; ref. 90 / 22 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 21</figureCitation>
|
||
, the instar 3 caterpillar has a black transverse dorsal plate on T1, and Sevastopulo (unpublished) notes that this is present in the first four instars. Instars 3 and 4 have the body green with pale subdorsal and dorsolateral lines (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B7CD20DFF66FA58FEC6FA74" box="[158,271,1483,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="24.[151,250,1982,2005]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,1557,1958]" captionTargetId="figure@24.[151,1436,1557,1959]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 21. Third instar caterpillar of Borbo lugens, reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to instar 3 25. iii. 1990; photographed 25. iii., 10 mm; moulted to instar 4 29. iii – 1. iv; ref. 90 / 22 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). The head of the instar
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B7CD20DFDD9FA58FDAFFA73" box="[545,614,1483,1508]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">4 may</date>
|
||
be intermediate to instar 5 which has variable head markings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B7CD20DFAE6FA58FA59FA74" box="[1310,1424,1483,1507]" captionStart="FIGURE 22" captionStartId="25.[151,250,1621,1644]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,756,1602]" captionTargetId="figure@25.[151,1436,756,1603]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 22. Final instar caterpillars of Borbo lugens. 1, lateral view with wax glands visible, collected 8. ii. 1981 on Panicum trichocladum, Kisii; photographed 10. ii., 25 mm; pupated 15. ii; ref. 91 / 8; 2, detail of head with heavy markings, anterodorsal view; reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to final instar 29. iii – 1. iv; photographed 2. iv., 16 mm.; pupated 12. iv; ref. 90 / 22 A; detail of head with medium markings, anterodorsolateral view; collected and photographed as (1); 4, detail of head with light markings, anterodorsal view; collected as n- 2 instar caterpillar 5. viii. 1980 on P. trichocladum, Kadera God Forest, near Kisii; moulted to final instar 5 – 8. viii; photographed 21. viii., 22 mm; pupated 1. ix.; ref. 90 / 83 B." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246353/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Figure 22</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B7CD20DFF6FF82DFCBAF864" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246352/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" targetBox="[151,1435,1557,1958]" targetPageId="24">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7CD20DFF6FF82DFCBAF864" blockId="24.[151,1436,1982,2035]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7CD20DFF6FF82DFED5F843" bold="true" box="[151,284,1982,2005]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">FIGURE 21</emphasis>
|
||
. Third instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7CD20DFDB1F82CFD1DF842" box="[585,724,1983,2005]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7CD20DFDB1F82CFD1DF842" box="[585,724,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Borbo lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to instar 3 25.iii.1990; photographed 25.iii., 10mm; moulted to instar 4 29.iii–1.iv; ref. 90/22B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7DD20CFF3FFF04FB3AFE63" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The mature caterpillar grows to
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7DD20CFDD7FF04FDB3FF38" box="[559,634,151,175]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="mm" value="28.0">28mm</quantity>
|
||
; head markings variable as described below; body pale yellowish green dorsally. Pale green ventrally; diffuse pale subdorsal and dorsolateral lines; spiracles pale; all legs paler than ground colour. The head is translucent green with variable dark markings and a broad white band down each side of the face. At the heavily marked extreme (Figure 22.2), there is a broad band from vertex laterally to mouthparts, a broad line each side of the epicranial suture, the adfrontals and clypeus dark, and a broad band from below the apex parallel to the epicranial suture which joins the adfrontal suture and runs to the mouthparts, almost obscuring the translucent green ground colour on the face. At the lightly marked extreme (Figure 22.4), the lateral line is narrower and only runs to the stemmata, the lines each side of the epicranial suture are very narrow, and only the upper part of the clypeal sutures are dark, leaving a broad band of translucent green ground colour down the centre of the face and across the adfrontals and clypeus, and the dark line down each epicranium is absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7DD20CFF3FFE6CFC4DFD5B" blockId="25.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Round wax glands develop ventrolaterally on both segments A7 and A
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7DD20CFC09FE6CFBD5FD80" box="[1009,1052,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.032" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="in" value="8.0">8 in</quantity>
|
||
the mature caterpillar (90/22, 90/ 87). One caterpillar was noted as having the glands ventrolaterally on the posterior margin of A6 and the anterior margin of A7, and narrowly on the posterior margin of A7 and the anterior margin of A8 (91/8, Figure 22.1); another caterpillar had a broad gland on A7 and a narrower one on anterior margin of A8 (91/52). A caterpillar reared from eclosion took 44 days to pupation at Nairobi (90/22A), while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7DD20CFC2CFD1CFB0CFD30" box="[980,1221,655,680]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Henning, G. A., Henning, S. F., Joannou, J. G. & Woodhall, S. E. (1997) Living Butterflies of Southern Africa. Biology, Ecology and Conservation. Volume I Hesperiidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae of South Africa. Umdaus Press, Hatfield, South Africa, 395 pp." type="book">
|
||
Henning
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFBC3FD02FBA5FD3F" box="[1083,1132,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1997)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
report 40 days and one reared at the coast by Sevastopulo (unpublished) took 30 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B7DD20CFF6FF9C6FB94F960" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246353/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" targetBox="[151,1435,756,1602]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7DD20CFF6FF9C6FB94F960" blockId="25.[151,1436,1621,1783]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFF6FF9C6FED1F9FD" bold="true" box="[151,280,1621,1644]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 22</emphasis>
|
||
. Final instar caterpillars of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7DD20CFDCDF9C6FD74F9FC" box="[565,701,1621,1643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFDCDF9C6FD74F9FC" box="[565,701,1621,1643]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Borbo lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFD37F9C6FD15F9FD" bold="true" box="[719,732,1621,1642]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">1</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral view with wax glands visible, collected 8.ii.1981 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7DD20CFABAF9C5FED7F910" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFABAF9C5FED7F910" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Panicum trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kisii; photographed 10.ii., 25mm; pupated 15.ii; ref. 91/8;
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFC73F9E2FC5EF911" bold="true" box="[907,919,1649,1670]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">2</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head with heavy markings, anterodorsal view; reared from ovum (cf. Figure 20); moulted to final instar 29.iii–1.iv; photographed 2.iv., 16 mm.; pupated 12.iv; ref. 90/ 22A; detail of head with medium markings, anterodorsolateral view; collected and photographed as (1);
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFB3AF93AFB06F929" bold="true" box="[1218,1231,1705,1726]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">4</emphasis>
|
||
, detail of head with light markings, anterodorsal view; collected as n-2 instar caterpillar 5.viii.1980 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7DD20CFC16F955FAACF94C" authority="Kadera God Forest" authorityName="Kadera God Forest" box="[1006,1381,1733,1755]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFC16F955FB59F94C" box="[1006,1168,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
, Kadera God Forest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, near Kisii; moulted to final instar 5–8.viii; photographed 21.viii., 22 mm; pupated 1.ix.; ref. 90/83B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7DD20CFF3FF8B2FAFFF816" blockId="25.[151,1436,1825,2029]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Sevastopulo (unpublished) described a sixth instar caterpillar (which he considered unusual, and due to the dry condition of the food plant grasses. "Head whitish, a red-brown lateral stripe, the median suture with a brown line which divides and outlines the clypeus, and a very faint brown line on either side of the median suture...."</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7DD20CFF3FF81EFEFEF87A" blockId="25.[151,1436,1825,2029]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
The life history illustrated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B7DD20CFDE5F81EFC60F832" author="Dickson" box="[541,937,1933,1957]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. & Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson & Kroon (1978, Plate 33)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows a caterpillar with reduced dark head markings (only an inverted
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7DD20CFE33F821FE16F85D" bold="true" box="[459,479,1970,1994]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Y</emphasis>
|
||
in the centre of the face) and extensive white areas, i.e. intermediate between Figures 22.3 and 22.4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7ED20FFF6FFF0AFF1BFF27" blockId="26.[151,1436,153,391]" box="[151,210,153,176]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFF6FFF0AFF1BFF27" box="[151,210,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7ED20FFF6FFF2FFF1BFE10" blockId="26.[151,1436,153,391]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
The pupa is typical of the grass feeding members of this group. It is formed in a slightly folded blade of grass, the cremaster held in a silk bar, and supported by a silk girdle (Sevastopulo unpublished; Figure 23.1). Pupa 90/83, reared from a caterpillar on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7ED20FFE13FE96FD68FE8B" box="[491,673,260,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFE13FE96FD68FE8B" box="[491,673,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7ED20FFD15FE97FCFDFE8B" box="[749,820,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="24.0">24mm</quantity>
|
||
long; light green; a yellow-white subdorsal line on abdomen; the proboscis sheath extended about
|
||
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B7ED20FFD55FEB4FD14FEA8" box="[685,733,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="cm" value="5.0">5cm</quantity>
|
||
beyond the wing cases, half way to the cremaster tip. I noted that the eyes developing within the pupa turn dark without going through a red stage (90/22). Pupation takes 8–18 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF7DACF67B7ED20FFF6FFAC5FE40FA5F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246354/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" targetBox="[151,1435,447,1342]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7ED20FFF6FFAC5FE40FA5F" blockId="26.[151,1436,1366,1480]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFF6FFAC5FED7FAFB" bold="true" box="[151,286,1366,1389]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">FIGURE 23</emphasis>
|
||
. Pupae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7ED20FFE51FAC4FDFFFAFA" box="[425,566,1367,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lugens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFE51FAC4FDFFFAFA" box="[425,566,1367,1389]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Borbo lugens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFDACFAC4FDA8FAFB" bold="true" box="[596,609,1367,1388]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view; collected as final instar caterpillar 8.ii.1981 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7ED20FFABAFACBFED7FA1C" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFABAFACBFED7FA1C" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Panicum trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kisii; pupated 15.ii; photographed 19.ii., 23mm; adult female 27.ii.; ref. 91/8;
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFBA2FAE6FBAFFA1D" bold="true" box="[1114,1126,1397,1418]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">2</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view, collected as n-2 instar caterpillar 5.viii.1980 on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7ED20FFE2CFA06FC8BFA3D" authority="Kadera God Forest" authorityName="Kadera God Forest" box="[468,834,1428,1450]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFE2CFA06FDBDFA3D" box="[468,628,1428,1450]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
, Kadera God Forest
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, near Kisii; pupated 1.ix.; photographed 2.ix., 24 mm; adult male 19.ix; ref. 90/83B.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7ED20FFF6FFA66FE86F99A" blockId="26.[151,1436,1525,1729]" box="[151,335,1525,1549]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFF6FFA66FE86F99A" box="[151,335,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B7ED20FFF6FF989FA4EF956" blockId="26.[151,1436,1525,1729]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
A final instar caterpillar found on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7ED20FFDEFF98AFCD8F9A6" box="[535,785,1561,1585]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFDEFF98AFCD8F9A6" box="[535,785,1561,1585]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Karen, Nairobi,
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B7ED20FFC13F98AFBBEF9A6" box="[1003,1143,1561,1585]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1988-09-18">18 Sep 1988</date>
|
||
(88/82) and provisionally identified as this species, was attacked by larvae of a eulophid ectoparasitoid. The naked pupae were subsequently formed in the leaf shelter and took nine days to complete development, producing one male and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D0437F77B7ED20FFB0BF9F2FABBF9EE" box="[1267,1394,1633,1657]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="female">11 females</specimenCount>
|
||
. A third instar caterpillar, collected with others on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B7ED20FFD55F915FC96F90A" box="[685,863,1669,1693]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trichocladum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B7ED20FFD55F915FC96F90A" box="[685,863,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. trichocladum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Kadera God Forest, near Kisii,
|
||
<date id="FFBCDABE7B7ED20FFB1AF916FAA1F90A" box="[1250,1384,1669,1694]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="1990-08-05">5 Aug 1990</date>
|
||
(90/ 83A) moulted before becoming mummified; an adult wasp subsequently emerged (unnamed specimen in NHM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |