treatments-xml/data/03/AB/4D/03AB4D687B6ED21AFF6FFD46FCD8FC29.xml

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<mods:title id="0CD0CC10BA86F224E10C61B1B75AEF39">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="13138F41743CFDC0F5A62F3CBE084C84">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6ED21FFF6FFD46FCA0FD78" blockId="10.[151,1436,725,1036]" box="[151,873,725,751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<heading id="D0F54B127B6ED21FFF6FFD46FCA0FD78" bold="true" box="[151,873,725,751]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF6FFD46FCA0FD78" bold="true" box="[151,873,725,751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFF6FFD46FD6AFD78" ID-CoL="76CKX" authority="Fabricius, 1798" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1798" box="[151,675,725,751]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mathias" subSpecies="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF6FFD46FE12FD78" bold="true" box="[151,475,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pelopidas mathias mathias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFE1AFD46FD6AFD78" author="Fabricius" box="[482,675,725,751]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1798) Supplementum. Entomologiae systematicae. Proft et Storch, Hafniae [= Denmark], [iv] + 572 pp." type="book" year="1798">Fabricius, 1798</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B6ED21FFD49FD46FCA8FD78" box="[689,865,725,751]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 10" captionStart-1="FIGURE 11" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,620,643]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,483,1607]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,155,598]" captionTargetId-0="figure@14.[151,1436,483,1608]" captionTargetId-1="figure@15.[151,1436,155,599]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 10. Final instar caterpillars of Pelopidas mathias mathias, dorsolateral view. 1, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Megathyrsus maximus, Mazoe Dam, near Harare, Zimbabwe, 25. iii. 1988; moulted to final instar 28. iii; photographed 13. iv.; pupated 22. iv.; ref. 99 / 26; 2, collected on maize, Kakamega, photographed 22. iv. 1988 (H. van den Berg)." captionText-1="FIGURE 11. Pupa of Pelopidas mathias mathias, dorsal view; collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Megathyrsus maximus, Mazoe Dam, near Harare, Zimbabwe, 25. iii. 1988; pupated 22. iv.; photographed 22. iv., 25 mm; adult 4. v.; ref. 99 / 26." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/246341/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/246342/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 10–11</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6ED21FFF6FFD64FDB1FB9B" blockId="10.[151,1436,725,1036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The range of ssp. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFE90FD6BFE08FC87" box="[360,449,760,784]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFE90FD6BFE08FC87" box="[360,449,760,784]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
extends through most of sub-Saharan Africa, through Arabia to 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFB54FD64FB2FFC98" box="[1196,1254,759,783]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
and South-East Asia; it was described from 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFE25FC8FFDDEFCA3" box="[477,535,796,820]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFDD0FC8FFD1EFCA3" author="Fabricius" box="[552,727,796,820]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1798) Supplementum. Entomologiae systematicae. Proft et Storch, Hafniae [= Denmark], [iv] + 572 pp." type="book" year="1798">Fabricius 1798</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFD0DFC8EFC5FFCA3" author="Larsen" box="[757,918,796,820]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Larsen, T. B. (2005) Butterflies of West Africa. 2 vols. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark, 595 + 270 pp." type="book" year="2005">Larsen (2005)</bibRefCitation>
points out that the 
<typeStatus id="54B942DC7B6ED21FFB80FC8EFB61FCA2" box="[1144,1192,797,821]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">type</typeStatus>
specimens are not 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFA7FFC8EFF39FCCF" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFA7FFC8EFF39FCCF" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as understood today, and so a case will need to be made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to preserve the current usage, which dates at least as far back as 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFB9DFCF7FACFFCEB" author="Butler" box="[1125,1286,868,892]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Butler, A. G. [1870] Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera Described by Fabricius in the Collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London, v + 303 pp., 3 pls. (&quot; 1869 &quot;)." type="book" year="1870">Butler (1870)</bibRefCitation>
. Additional subspecies are recognised in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFE27FC1BFD8FFC08" box="[479,582,903,927]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">east Asia</collectingCountry>
(
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFDAEFC1BFD05FC37" box="[598,716,904,928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">oberthueri</emphasis>
Evans) and 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFCA2FC1BFBFDFC08" box="[858,1076,903,927]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
(
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFBBCFC1AFB53FC37" box="[1092,1178,905,928]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">repetita</emphasis>
Butler) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFAF9FC14FA51FC08" author="Evans" box="[1281,1432,903,927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Evans, W. H. (1937 b) Indo-Australian Hesperiidae: descriptions of new genera, species and subspecies. Entomologist, 70, 16 - 19, 38 - 40, 64 - 66, 81 - 83." type="journal article" year="1937" yearSuffix="b">Evans 1937b</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFF6FFC3FFF1AFC53" author="Evans" box="[151,211,940,964]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Evans, W. H. (1949) A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London, 502 pp, 53 plates." type="book" year="1949">1949</bibRefCitation>
). It is widespread in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFE39FC3EFDC7FC52" box="[449,526,941,965]" name="Kenya" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kenya</collectingCountry>
. The dark brand of male 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFCD3FC3EFC56FC53" box="[811,927,940,964]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFCD3FC3EFC56FC53" box="[811,927,940,964]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
easily distinguishes this species from male 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFA7FFC3EFF1BFC7F" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFA7FFC3EFF1BFC7F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. thrax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which has a pale grey brand, but the females are confusingly similar. However, the caterpillars as shown here are easily separated (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFE19FC67FDA4FB9B" author="Cock" box="[481,621,1012,1036]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6ED21FFF6FFBAFFED7FBC3" blockId="10.[151,1436,1084,2008]" box="[151,286,1084,1108]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF6FFBAFFED7FBC3" box="[151,286,1084,1108]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Food plants</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6ED21FFF6FFBF2FCA7FA2B" blockId="10.[151,1436,1084,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Most food plant records from Africa are of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD71FBF2FD2CFBEF" box="[649,741,1121,1144]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
crops. It was recorded as a pest of cereals (“rice, maize and millet (
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF13FB17FE65FB0B" box="[235,428,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFF13FB17FE86FB0B" box="[235,335,1156,1180]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">Sorghum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFEA0FB17FE65FB0B" box="[344,428,1156,1180]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hordeum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">vulgare</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
)”) in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFE0CFB17FD9EFB0B" box="[500,599,1156,1180]" name="Tanzania" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
in a general paper on insect pests by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFBF5FB17FAE8FB0B" author="Mansfield-Aders" box="[1037,1313,1156,1180]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Mansfield-Aders, W. (1920) Insects injurious to economic crops in the Zanzibar Protectorate. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10, 145 - 155, plates XIII - XV." type="journal article" year="1920">Mansfield-Aders (1920)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFAC0FB17FF25FB57" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFAC0FB17FA55FB0B" box="[1336,1436,1156,1180]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">Sorghum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFF6FFB3BFF25FB57" box="[151,236,1192,1216]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hordeum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">vulgare</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is normally considered to be a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD10FB3BFC9FFB57" box="[744,854,1192,1216]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bicolor">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFD10FB3BFC9FFB57" box="[744,854,1192,1216]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. bicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, i.e. 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFC69FB34FC3BFB28" box="[913,1010,1191,1215]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">sorghum</taxonomicName>
not millet; millets refer to species in several different grass genera including 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD96FB5FFCA1FB73" box="[622,872,1228,1252]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cenchrus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="americanus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFD96FB5FFCA1FB73" box="[622,872,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cenchrus americanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFC74FB5EFBB2FB73" box="[908,1147,1228,1252]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Pennisetum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glaucum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFC74FB5EFBB2FB73" box="[908,1147,1228,1252]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pennisetum glaucum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, bulrush millet), 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFAB3FB5EFF17FA9F" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="italica">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFAB3FB5EFF17FA9F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Setaria italica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Italian foxtail millet), 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFE1FFB62FD0EFA9F" box="[487,711,1264,1288]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="miliaceum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFE1FFB62FD0EFA9F" box="[487,711,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panicum miliaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(common millet), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFC32FB63FB55FA9F" box="[970,1180,1264,1288]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Eleusine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coracana">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFC32FB63FB55FA9F" box="[970,1180,1264,1288]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eleusine coracana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(finger millet, African millet). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFF04FA86FE77FABB" box="[252,446,1300,1324]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Le Pelley, R. H. (1959) Agricultural insects of East Africa. East Africa High Commission, Nairobi, Kenya, 307 pp." type="book">Le Pelley (1959)</bibRefCitation>
cited 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFDF0FA87FCD3FABB" author="Mansfield-Aders" box="[520,794,1300,1324]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Mansfield-Aders, W. (1920) Insects injurious to economic crops in the Zanzibar Protectorate. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10, 145 - 155, plates XIII - XV." type="journal article" year="1920">Mansfield-Aders (1920)</bibRefCitation>
when listing 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFC43FA87FB8FFABB" box="[955,1094,1300,1324]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFC43FA87FB8FFABB" box="[955,1094,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Andropogon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. (probably a reference to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFF6FFAABFF30FAC7" box="[151,249,1336,1360]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">sorghum</taxonomicName>
or millet) and pasture grasses (
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFDADFAABFD66FAC7" box="[597,687,1336,1360]" name="Uganda" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Uganda</collectingCountry>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD14FAAAFC9FFAC7" box="[748,854,1337,1360]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFD14FAAAFC9FFAC7" box="[748,854,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zea mays</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFC9DFAABFC77FAC7" box="[869,958,1336,1360]" name="Uganda" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Uganda</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFC0CFAABFB95FAC7" box="[1012,1116,1336,1360]" name="Tanzania" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zanzibar</collectingCountry>
), records which 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFAEBFAABFF28FAE3" author="Sevastopulo" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975) Hesperiidae. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 131 - 132. In: Sevastopulo, D. G. (1975 - 1978) A list of the food-plants of East African Macrolepidoptera. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists' Society, 34, 84 - 92, 124 - 132, 175 - 184; 35, 94 - 100, 177 - 195; 36, 45 - 50; 37, 147 - 172, 202 - 216." type="journal article" year="1975">Sevastopulo (1975)</bibRefCitation>
repeats without locality. Given that 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFD76FACFFC56FAE3" author="Mansfield-Aders" box="[654,927,1372,1396]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Mansfield-Aders, W. (1920) Insects injurious to economic crops in the Zanzibar Protectorate. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 10, 145 - 155, plates XIII - XV." type="journal article" year="1920">Mansfield-Aders (1920)</bibRefCitation>
did not distinguish between the three cereal crops, the subsequent repetition of African records from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFCD6FA13FC59FA0F" box="[814,912,1408,1432]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">sorghum</taxonomicName>
or millet should be considered unconfirmed, although there are better documented records from Asia (below).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B6ED21AFF3FFA5BFCD8FC29" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6ED21FFF3FFA5BFF21F8B2" blockId="10.[151,1436,1084,2008]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFF3FFA5BFE5EFA77" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[199,407,1480,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF3FFA5BFE5EFA77" box="[199,407,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pelopidas mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been noted as a pest of rice (
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFCE0FA5BFC61FA77" ID-CoL="6SZF3" box="[792,936,1480,1504]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFCE0FA5BFC61FA77" box="[792,936,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Oryza sativa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFC26FA5AFB6DFA77" author="Descamps" box="[990,1188,1480,1504]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Descamps, M. (1956) Insectes nuisibles au riz dans le Nord Cameroun. Agronomie tropicale, 11 (6), 732 - 755." type="journal article" year="1956">Descamps (1956)</bibRefCitation>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFB33FA5BFA8AFA77" box="[1227,1347,1480,1504]" name="Cameroon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
, and by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFF6FFA7FFE13F993" author="Heinrichs" box="[151,474,1516,1540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Heinrichs, E. A. &amp; Barrion, A. T. (2004) Rice-feeding insects and selected natural enemies in West Africa: Biology, ecology, identification. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines; and WARDA - The Africa Rice Center, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, 243 pp." type="book" year="2004">Heinrichs &amp; Barrion (2004)</bibRefCitation>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFDFCFA7FFDB0F993" box="[516,633,1516,1540]" name="Cameroon" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFD4EFA7FFC9AF993" box="[694,851,1516,1540]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFC94FA7FFBE8F993" author="Breniere" box="[876,1057,1516,1540]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Breniere, J. (1976) Reconnaissance des principaux lepidopteres du riz de l'Afrique de l'ouest. Agronomie Tropicale, 31 (3), 212 - 231." type="journal article" year="1976">Brenière (1976)</bibRefCitation>
lists it as a pest of rice in West Africa, but noted that damage is minimal and outbreaks terminated by the action of natural enemies. In 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFAD4F983FA48F9BF" box="[1324,1409,1552,1576]" name="Angola" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Angola</collectingCountry>
, it has been reported as a pest of wheat (
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFDAAF9A6FD78F9DB" ID-CoL="8W4FX" box="[594,689,1589,1612]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Triticum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFDAAF9A6FD78F9DB" box="[594,689,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Triticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. [
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD16F9A6FC9BF9DB" ID-CoL="5944Q" box="[750,850,1589,1612]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Triticum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aestivum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFD16F9A6FC9BF9DB" box="[750,850,1589,1612]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">aestivum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
]) of unknown economic importance (“importância económica ignorada”) (
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFE65F9CBFD01F9E7" author="Carvalho" box="[413,712,1624,1648]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Carvalho, M. U. P. &amp; Cardoso, H. L. (1971) Lista de pragas de Angola repeitante ao ano de 1970. Instituto de Investigacao Agronomica de Angola, Serie Tecnica, 25, 15 pp. [The date on the cover is 1971, but in the footers on all pages is 1972]." type="book" year="1971">Carvalho &amp; Cardosa 1971</bibRefCitation>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFCF9F9CBFC5DF9E7" box="[769,916,1624,1648]" name="South Africa" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">South Africa</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFC66F9CAFB8FF9E7" author="Murray" box="[926,1094,1624,1649]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Murray, D. (1959) The genitalia and food-plants of the South African Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). Durban Museum Novitates, 5, 219 - 227, plates i - iii." type="journal article" year="1959">Murray (1959)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFBAAF9CBFAA5F9E7" author="Dickson" box="[1106,1388,1624,1648]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. &amp; Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson &amp; Kroon (1978)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFF6FF9EFFEB6F903" box="[151,383,1660,1684]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Pringle, E. L. L., Henning, G. A. &amp; Ball, J. B. (Eds.) (1994) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. Second Edition. Struik Winchester, Cape Town, South Africa, 800 pp." type="book">
Pringle 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF09F9EEFEECF903" box="[241,293,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
record 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFE22F9EFFD47F903" ID-CoL="38V3B" box="[474,654,1660,1684]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ehrharta" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="erecta">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFE22F9EFFD47F903" box="[474,654,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ehrharta erecta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other suitable grasses, while 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFBEEF9EFFADBF903" box="[1046,1298,1660,1684]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Carnegie, A. J. M., Dick, J. &amp; Harris, R. H. G. (1974) Insects and nematodes of South African sugarcane. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture and Technical Services, Republic of South Africa, 39, [2 +] 19 pp." type="book">
Carnegie 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFB7CF9EEFB71F903" box="[1156,1208,1660,1684]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. (1974)
</bibRefCitation>
list it as an unimportant pest of sugar cane (
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFE05F933FCCAF92F" ID-CoL="4TWQL" box="[509,771,1696,1720]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFE05F933FCCAF92F" box="[509,771,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Saccharum officinarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). In 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFCC6F933FC1EF92F" box="[830,983,1696,1720]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Côte d’Ivoire</collectingCountry>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFC19F932FB50F92F" author="Vuattoux" box="[993,1177,1696,1720]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Vuattoux, R. (1999) Les lepidopteres hesperiides de la Station de Lamto (Cote d'Ivoire). Lambillionea, 94, 562 - 568." type="journal article" year="1999">Vuattoux (1999)</bibRefCitation>
reared 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFB14F932FA96F92F" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[1260,1375,1696,1720]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFB14F932FA96F92F" box="[1260,1375,1696,1720]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the savannah grasses 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFE7FF957FD47F94B" ID-CoL="3NMNX" box="[391,654,1732,1756]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hyparrhenia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="diplandra">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFE7FF957FD47F94B" box="[391,654,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Hyparrhenia diplandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD3CF956FC6DF94B" ID-CoL="6N862" box="[708,932,1732,1756]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFD3CF956FC6DF94B" box="[708,932,1732,1756]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. I (or colleagues) have found caterpillars on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFF6FF97BFE5BF897" box="[151,402,1768,1792]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF6FF97BFE5BF897" box="[151,402,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFE49F97AFD40F897" ID-CoL="6TN3M" box="[433,649,1769,1792]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFE49F97AFD40F897" box="[433,649,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panicum maximum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFD46F97BFCF3F897" box="[702,826,1768,1792]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
), 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFCB5F97BFBC0F897" box="[845,1033,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFCB5F97BFC78F897" ID-CoL="8W3NG" box="[845,945,1768,1792]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">Sorghum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFC40F97BFBC0F897" ID-CoL="4CD4G" box="[952,1033,1768,1792]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFBEFF97BFBB5F897" ID-CoL="8W3NG" box="[1047,1148,1768,1792]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">sorghum</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFB41F97AFAEDF897" ID-CoL="5CXX5" box="[1209,1316,1769,1792]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFB41F97AFAEDF897" box="[1209,1316,1769,1792]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Zea mays</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(maize) in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6ED21FFF6FF89EFF2DF8B2" box="[151,228,1805,1829]" name="Kenya" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kenya</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6ED21EFF3FF8A2FB8BFF43" blockId="10.[151,1436,1084,2008]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,152,572]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Many species have been recorded as food plants in Asia, and 
<tableCitation id="C680C9C57B6ED21FFC8BF8A3FC0CF8DF" box="[883,965,1840,1864]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,242,661,685]" captionTargetBox="[151,1430,784,965]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected food plant records for Pelopidas mathias mathias from Asia (compiled principally from Litsinger et al. 1994, Robinson et al. 2001, CABI 2011). Records from “ grasses ” without scientific names are not listed, nor are many repeated records that add no additional information." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7DACF67B6FD21EFF6FFD06FCCAFD65" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" tableUuid="DF7DACF67B6FD21EFF6FFD06FCCAFD65">Table 1</tableCitation>
summarises those recorded for 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFAD0F8A2FF39F8FB" ID-CoL="76CKX" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mathias" subSpecies="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFAD0F8A2FF39F8FB" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mathias mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. In addition to these field records, under experimental conditions, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6ED21FFC27F8C7FB1DF8FB" box="[991,1236,1876,1900]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refString="Litsinger, J. A., Bumroongsri, V., Morrill, W. L. &amp; Sarnthoy, O. (1994) Rearing, developmental biology and host plant range of the rice skipper Pelopidas mathias (F.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Insect Science and its Application, 15, 9 - 17." type="journal article">
Litsinger 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFBB3F8C6FBB2F8FB" box="[1099,1147,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
reared 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFAD0F8C6FA55F8FB" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[1320,1436,1876,1900]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFAD0F8C6FA55F8FB" box="[1320,1436,1876,1900]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on all 23 grasses that they tested: 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFDECF8EBFD01F807" ID-CoL="5XWPN" box="[532,712,1912,1936]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Chloris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="barbata">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFDECF8EBFD01F807" box="[532,712,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chloris barbata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD2FF8EBFC20F807" box="[727,1001,1912,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Asilidae" genus="Chrysopogon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aciculatus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFD2FF8EBFC20F807" box="[727,1001,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Chrysopogon aciculatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFC0FF8EBFAECF807" ID-CoL="6BYDW" box="[1015,1317,1912,1936]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dactyloctenium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aegyptium">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFC0FF8EBFAECF807" box="[1015,1317,1912,1936]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Dactyloctenium aegyptium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFACCF8EAFF2FF823" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Digitaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditoida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="ciliaris">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFACCF8EAFF2FF823" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Digitaria ciliaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFF06F80FFE20F823" box="[254,489,1948,1972]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Echinochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="colona">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFF06F80FFE20F823" box="[254,489,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Echinochloa colona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFDF9F80EFD5EF823" ID-CoL="38GZJ" box="[513,663,1948,1972]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Echinochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crus-galli">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFDF9F80EFD5EF823" box="[513,663,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. crus-galli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD57F80EFC94F823" ID-CoL="8WVRX" box="[687,861,1948,1972]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Echinochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="glabrescens">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFD57F80EFC94F823" box="[687,861,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E. glabrescens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFC8DF80FFBE4F823" ID-CoL="398JK" box="[885,1069,1948,1972]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Eleusine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="indica">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFC8DF80FFBE4F823" box="[885,1069,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eleusine indica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFBBCF80FFAD4F823" ID-CoL="3B3PK" box="[1092,1309,1948,1972]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Eriochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="procera">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFBBCF80FFAD4F823" box="[1092,1309,1948,1972]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Eriochloa procera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFACDF80EFEC0F84F" ID-CoL="6N862" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFACDF80EFEC0F84F" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFEEEF853FE36F84F" ID-CoL="3Q3RL" box="[278,511,1984,2008]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Ischaemum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rugosum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFEEEF853FE36F84F" box="[278,511,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Ischaemum rugosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFDF5F852FD1BF84F" ID-CoL="3SX6S" box="[525,722,1984,2008]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leersia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hexandra">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFDF5F852FD1BF84F" box="[525,722,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Leersia hexandra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFD18F853FC04F84F" ID-CoL="3TM3C" box="[736,973,1984,2008]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Leptochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFD18F853FC04F84F" box="[736,973,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Leptochloa chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFC24F852FB59F84F" ID-CoL="4CF2Q" box="[988,1168,1985,2008]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Panicum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="repens">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFC24F852FB59F84F" box="[988,1168,1985,2008]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Panicum repens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6ED21FFB66F853FA5CF84F" ID-CoL="4DVTR" box="[1182,1429,1984,2008]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalidium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flavidum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6ED21FFB66F853FA5CF84F" box="[1182,1429,1984,2008]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paspalidium flavidum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF6FFF0BFE5EFF27" ID-CoL="4DW2Z" box="[151,407,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="conjugatum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF6FFF0BFE5EFF27" box="[151,407,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paspalum conjugatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFE51FF0AFDFFFF27" ID-CoL="4DW5G" box="[425,566,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distichum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFE51FF0AFDFFFF27" box="[425,566,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. distichum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFDB1FF0AFD22FF27" ID-CoL="6TSMP" box="[585,747,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolium">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFDB1FF0AFD22FF27" box="[585,747,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. longifolium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFD05FF0AFC74FF27" ID-CoL="4DWQG" box="[765,957,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scrobiculatum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFD05FF0AFC74FF27" box="[765,957,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. scrobiculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFC28FF0BFAC2FF27" ID-CoL="4TGKN" box="[976,1291,152,176]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Rottboellia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cochinchinensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFC28FF0BFAC2FF27" box="[976,1291,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Rottboellia cochinchinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFAE5FF0BFE2DFF43" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFAE5FF0BFEC8FF43" ID-CoL="4ZCDY" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sporobolus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africanus">Sporobolus africanus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFEF0FF2FFE2DFF43" ID-CoL="7DTNS" box="[264,484,188,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Urochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distachya">Urochloa distachya</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFDFCFF2FFD38FF43" ID-CoL="MSF7" box="[516,753,188,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Brachiaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distachya">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFDFCFF2FFD38FF43" box="[516,753,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Brachiaria distachya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFCC0FF2EFC6FFF43" ID-CoL="7DTPM" box="[824,934,189,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Urochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mutica">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFCC0FF2EFC6FFF43" box="[824,934,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">U. mutica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFC3FFF2EFBFBFF43" ID-CoL="7DTPM" box="[967,1074,189,212]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Urochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mutica">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFC3FFF2EFBFBFF43" box="[967,1074,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B. mutica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFF3FFF4CFDD1FDAB" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,572]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Additional food plants recorded for ssp. 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFD61FF73FCC6FF6F" box="[665,783,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">oberthueri</emphasis>
include 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFC8CFF73FB99FF6F" ID-CoL="R833" box="[884,1104,224,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="anisostachys">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFC8CFF73FB99FF6F" box="[884,1104,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carex anisostachys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFB8AFF73FB3DFF6F" ID-CoL="5XCNJ" box="[1138,1268,224,248]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="olivacea">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFB8AFF73FB3DFF6F" box="[1138,1268,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C. olivacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFAF6FF4CFA5DFF60" ID-CoL="8W5" box="[1294,1428,223,247]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF3FFE96FEEEFE8B" ID-CoL="627FW" box="[199,295,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFECBFE97FE2AFE8B" ID-CoL="3VVXK" box="[307,483,260,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Lolium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="perenne">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFECBFE97FE2AFE8B" box="[307,483,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Lolium perenne</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFE0BFE97FD20FE8B" ID-CoL="43MPT" box="[499,745,260,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Miscanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="floridulus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFE0BFE97FD20FE8B" box="[499,745,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Miscanthus floridulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFD00FE96FCBEFE8B" ID-CoL="43MQZ" box="[760,887,261,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Miscanthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFD00FE96FCBEFE8B" box="[760,887,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. sinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFC57FE96FB86FE8B" ID-CoL="4X2NF" box="[943,1103,260,284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFC57FE96FB86FE8B" box="[943,1103,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Setaria viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFB98FE97FAC1FE8B" author="Nakasuji" box="[1120,1288,260,284]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Nakasuji, F. (1982) Seasonal changes in native host plants of a migrant skipper, Parnara guttata Bremer &amp; Grey (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 17 (1), 146 - 148." type="journal article" year="1982">Nakasuji 1982</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFAECFE97FF3FFEA8" author="Robinson" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Robinson, G. S., Ackery, P. R., Kitching, I. J., Beccaloni, G. W. &amp; Hernandez, L. M. (2001) Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the Oriental Region. The Natural History Museum, London, 744 pp." type="book" year="2001">
Robinson 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFA70FE96FF64FED7" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The field use of a 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFE22FEBBFDD4FEA8" ID-CoL="8VRHY" box="[474,541,296,319]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFE22FEBBFDD4FEA8" box="[474,541,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6FD21EFD90FEBBFD61FEA8" box="[616,680,296,319]" name="Japan" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Japan</collectingCountry>
reported by 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFCCDFEB4FC23FEA8" author="Nakasuji" box="[821,1002,295,319]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Nakasuji, F. (1982) Seasonal changes in native host plants of a migrant skipper, Parnara guttata Bremer &amp; Grey (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 17 (1), 146 - 148." type="journal article" year="1982">Nakasuji (1982)</bibRefCitation>
was based on a single observation and does not seem to have been duplicated. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFD91FEDFFCADFEF3" box="[617,868,332,356]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Litsinger, J. A., Bumroongsri, V., Morrill, W. L. &amp; Sarnthoy, O. (1994) Rearing, developmental biology and host plant range of the rice skipper Pelopidas mathias (F.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Insect Science and its Application, 15, 9 - 17." type="journal article">
Litsinger 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFD2FFEDEFCC3FEF3" box="[727,778,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
tried to rear 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFC04FEDEFB1DFEF3" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[1020,1236,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mathias" subSpecies="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFC04FEDEFB1DFEF3" box="[1020,1236,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. mathias mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on six species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF6FFEFCFED4FE10" ID-CoL="8W5" box="[151,285,367,391]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
, but none were suitable food plants. However, it should be noted that in their experimental design, Litsinger 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFEFFFE06FEF4FE3B" box="[263,317,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. monitored the development of caterpillars from eclosion, but did not report at what stage the caterpillars died, although most likely it would have been in the first or second instar. On the other hand, Nakasuji’s (1982) field observation might represent a mature caterpillar that transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFB5FFE4EFB22FE63" ID-CoL="8VRHY" box="[1191,1259,477,500]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFB5FFE4EFB22FE63" box="[1191,1259,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Carex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or was simply preparing a pupation shelter. We suggest that 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFD48FD92FCEDFD8F" box="[688,804,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. m at h ia s</emphasis>
would very rarely use 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFBCDFE6CFB71FD80" ID-CoL="8W5" box="[1077,1208,511,535]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Cyperaceae</taxonomicName>
for oviposition and sedges are not normal food plants.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7DACF67B6FD21EFF6FFD06FCCAFD65" ID-Table-UUID="DF7DACF67B6FD21EFF6FFD06FCCAFD65" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7DACF67B6FD21EFF6FFD06FCCAFD65" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" targetBox="[151,1430,784,965]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFF6FFD06FCCAFD65" blockId="11.[151,1430,661,754]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF6FFD06FECDFD3A" bold="true" box="[151,260,661,685]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">TABLE 1</emphasis>
. Selected food plant records for 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFD9AFD05FC4BFD3A" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[610,898,662,685]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mathias" subSpecies="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFD9AFD05FC4BFD3A" box="[610,898,662,685]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pelopidas mathias mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Asia (compiled principally from Litsinger 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFA7BFD05FF65FD47" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 1994, Robinson 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFE90FD2AFE5EFD47" box="[360,407,697,720]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 2001, CABI 2011). Records from “grasses” without scientific names are not listed, nor are many repeated records that add no additional information.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFF5DFC83FBABFC53" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table id="F9020EDE7B6F2DEAFF6FFC83FA5FFC52" box="[151,1430,784,965]" gridcols="4" gridrows="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFC83FA5FFCD3" box="[151,1430,784,836]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFC83FEFEFCD3" box="[151,311,784,836]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFC83FF25FCD3" bold="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Family and species</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFE79FC83FE1CFCD3" box="[385,469,784,836]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFE79FC83FE1CFCB2" bold="true" box="[385,469,784,805]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Locality</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FC83FD2AFCD3" box="[561,739,784,836]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFDC9FC83FD59FCB2" bold="true" box="[561,656,784,805]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Source(s)</emphasis>
</th>
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFC83FA5FFCD3" box="[947,1430,784,836]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFC4BFC83FB03FCB2" bold="true" box="[947,1226,784,805]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Common name / comments</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFCC9FA5FFCF8" box="[151,1430,858,879]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFCC9FEFEFCF8" box="[151,311,858,879]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFCC9FEC7FCF8" ID-CoL="6234D" box="[165,270,858,879]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFCC9FEC7FCF8" bold="true" box="[165,270,858,879]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Arecaceae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFC16FA5FFC0D" box="[151,1430,901,922]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFC16FEFEFC0D" box="[151,311,901,922]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFC16FEF9FC0D" ID-CoL="RJKX" box="[165,304,901,922]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Caryota" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="urens">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFC16FEF9FC0D" box="[165,304,901,922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Caryota urens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFE79FC16FE1CFC0D" box="[385,469,901,922]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FC16FD2AFC0D" box="[561,739,901,922]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Purohit 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFD85FC16FD6FFC0D" box="[637,678,901,922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. 1972
</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFC16FA5FFC0D" box="[947,1430,901,922]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">See text</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFC3CFA5FFC52" box="[151,1430,943,965]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFC3CFEFEFC52" box="[151,311,943,965]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFC23FEFEFC52" ID-CoL="WP6H" box="[165,311,944,965]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nucifera">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFC23FEFEFC52" box="[165,311,944,965]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cocos nucifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFE79FC3CFE1CFC52" box="[385,469,943,965]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FC3CFD2AFC52" box="[561,739,943,965]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Jandu 1943</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFC3CFA5FFC52" box="[947,1430,943,965]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Coconut (see text)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFF5DFC49FAFAFA4F" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table id="F9020EDE7B6F2DEAFF6FFC49FA5FFA6F" box="[151,1430,986,1528]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFC49FA5FFC78" box="[151,1430,986,1007]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFC49FE24FC78" box="[151,493,986,1007]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFC49FE94FC78" ID-CoL="3VP7Y" box="[165,349,986,1007]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Livistona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFC49FE94FC78" box="[165,349,986,1007]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Livistona chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India
</th>
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FC49FCA4FC78" box="[561,877,986,1007]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Odak &amp; Dhamdhere 1970</th>
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFC49FA5FFC78" box="[947,1430,986,1007]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">See text</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFB96FA5FFB8D" box="[151,1430,1029,1050]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFB96FE24FB8D" box="[151,493,1029,1050]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Palms India</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FB96FCA4FB8D" box="[561,877,1029,1050]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Jandu 1943</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFB96FA5FFB8D" box="[947,1430,1029,1050]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">See text</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFBBCFA5FFBD3" box="[151,1430,1071,1092]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFBBCFE24FBD3" box="[151,493,1071,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFBBCFF31FBD3" ID-CoL="627FW" box="[165,248,1071,1092]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFBBCFF31FBD3" bold="true" box="[165,248,1071,1092]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Poaceae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFBC9FA5FFB18" box="[151,1430,1114,1167]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFBC9FE24FB18" box="[151,493,1114,1167]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFBC9FED4FBF8" ID-CoL="8VTTT" box="[165,285,1114,1135]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFBC9FED4FBF8" box="[165,285,1114,1135]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Andropogon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Indonesia
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FBC9FCA4FB18" box="[561,877,1114,1167]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kalshoven &amp; van den Laan 1981</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFBC9FA5FFB18" box="[947,1430,1114,1167]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The source implies that this is sereh wangi, but that is 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFC0BFBE9FB72FB18" ID-CoL="336W6" box="[1011,1211,1146,1167]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cymbopogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nardus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFC0BFBE9FB72FB18" box="[1011,1211,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cymbopogon nardus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFB37FA5FFB4E" box="[151,1430,1188,1241]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFB37FE24FB4E" box="[151,493,1188,1241]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFB37FEE9FB2E" ID-CoL="K2QJ" box="[165,288,1188,1209]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Avena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFB37FEE9FB2E" box="[165,288,1188,1209]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Avena sativa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FB37FCA4FB4E" box="[561,877,1188,1241]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vishakantaiah &amp; Visweswara Gowda 1975</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFB37FA5FFB4E" box="[947,1430,1188,1241]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oats</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFB7CFA5FFA14" box="[151,1430,1263,1411]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFB7CFE24FA14" box="[151,493,1263,1411]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFB7CFF37FA93" ID-CoL="8VVG4" box="[165,254,1263,1284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFB7CFF37FA93" box="[165,254,1263,1284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bambusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. Philippines
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FB7CFCA4FA14" box="[561,877,1263,1411]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Litsinger 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFD75FB7CFD77FA93" box="[653,702,1263,1284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al.</emphasis>
1987
</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFB7CFA5FFA14" box="[947,1430,1263,1411]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The record of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFBC4FB7CFB5CFA93" ID-CoL="8VVG4" box="[1084,1173,1263,1284]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bambusa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFBC4FB7CFB5CFA93" box="[1084,1173,1263,1284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Bambusa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. in Litsinger 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFAC9FB7CFA92FA93" box="[1329,1371,1263,1284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. (1994) citing Kalshoven &amp; van den Laan (1981) is incorrect, since the latter refer to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFAF0FABDFB03FAF4" ID-CoL="76CKV" authority="Herrich-Schaffer" authorityName="Herrich-Schaffer" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="conjuncta">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFAF0FABDFBD8FAF4" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Pelopidas conjuncta</emphasis>
(Herrich-Schäffer)
</taxonomicName>
feeding on bamboo (bambu), not 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFBCDFAFDFB55FA14" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[1077,1180,1390,1411]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFBCDFAFDFB55FA14" box="[1077,1180,1390,1411]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFA0BFA5FFA39" box="[151,1430,1432,1454]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFA0BFE24FA39" box="[151,493,1432,1454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFA0AFE9DFA39" ID-CoL="WWPQ" box="[165,340,1433,1454]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Coix" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lacryma-jobi">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFA0AFE9DFA39" box="[165,340,1433,1454]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Coix lacryma-jobi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FA0BFCA4FA39" box="[561,877,1432,1454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Raich &amp; Choudhary 1974</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FFA50FA5FFA6F" box="[151,1430,1475,1528]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FFA50FE24FA6F" box="[151,493,1475,1528]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFA50FEECFA4F" ID-CoL="8VWNJ" box="[165,293,1475,1496]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cymbopogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFA50FEECFA4F" box="[165,293,1475,1496]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cymbopogon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Indonesia 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DFA70FF21FA6F" ID-CoL="336W6" box="[165,232,1507,1528]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Cymbopogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nardus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DFA70FF21FA6F" box="[165,232,1507,1528]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">nardus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9FA50FCA4FA6F" box="[561,877,1475,1528]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kalshoven &amp; van den Laan 1981</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BFA50FA5FFA6F" box="[947,1430,1475,1528]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Referred to as sereh wangi in the source</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFE79F99EFCE1F9B5" blockId="11.[165,898,1549,1676]" box="[385,808,1549,1570]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6FD21EFE79F99EFE14F9B5" box="[385,477,1549,1570]" name="Malaysia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFDC9F99EFD51F9B5" author="Eliot" box="[561,664,1549,1570]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Eliot, J. N. (1978) The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula by A. Steven Corbet and H. M. Pendlebury. Third edition. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, xiv + 578 pp, 35 plates." type="book" year="1978">Eliot 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFD5AF99EFCE1F9B5" author="Fleming" box="[674,808,1549,1570]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Fleming, W. A. (1983) Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore, 2 nd edition. Longman Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 148 pp, 92 plates." type="book" year="1983">Fleming 1983</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFE79F9BEFDD9F9D5" blockId="11.[165,898,1549,1676]" box="[385,528,1581,1602]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
West 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6FD21EFE40F9BEFDD9F9D5" box="[440,528,1581,1602]" name="Malaysia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFF5DF9CBFC4BF9FA" blockId="11.[165,898,1549,1676]" box="[165,898,1624,1645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DF9CBFE9CF9FA" box="[165,341,1624,1645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dactylon">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DF9CBFE9CF9FA" box="[165,341,1624,1645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cynodon dactylon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6FD21EFE79F9CBFE7BF9FA" box="[385,434,1624,1645]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFDC9F9CBFD61F9FA" author="Ghosh" box="[561,680,1624,1645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Ghosh, C. C. (1914) Life-histories of Indian insects. V. Lepidoptera. (Butterflies). Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Entomology Series, 5 (1), 1 - 72, plates I - IX." type="journal article" year="1914">Ghosh 1914</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFD4AF9CBFCEAF9FA" author="Jandu" box="[690,803,1624,1645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Jandu, A. S. (1943) Biological notes on the butterflies of Delhi. Part II. Danaidae, Satyridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. Indian Journal of Entomology, 5, 223 - 241." type="journal article" year="1943">Jandu 1943</bibRefCitation>
; Teotia &amp;
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFDC9F9E4FD53F91B" blockId="11.[165,898,1549,1676]" box="[561,666,1655,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFDC9F9E4FD53F91B" author="Nand" box="[561,666,1655,1676]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Teotia, T. P. S. &amp; Nand, S. (1966) Bionomics of the rice skipper, Parnara mathias Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Indian Journal of Entomology, 28 (2), 181 - 186." type="journal article" year="1966">Nand 1966</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFF5DF931FCA4F8BB" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<table id="F9020EDE7B6F2DEAFF6FF931FA5FF8BB" box="[151,1430,1698,1836]" gridcols="3" gridrows="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FF931FA5FF920" box="[151,1430,1698,1719]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FF931FE17F920" box="[151,478,1698,1719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DF931FE91F920" ID-CoL="398HR" box="[165,344,1698,1719]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Eleusine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="coracana">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DF931FE91F920" box="[165,344,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Eleusine coracana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India
</th>
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9F931FCA4F920" box="[561,877,1698,1719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ghosh 1914; Jandu 1943</th>
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BF931FA5FF920" box="[947,1430,1698,1719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Finger millet</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FF95EFA5FF895" box="[151,1430,1741,1794]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FF95EFE17F895" box="[151,478,1741,1794]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DF95EFE86F975" ID-CoL="6MDJP" box="[165,335,1741,1762]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Hordeum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vulgare">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DF95EFE86F975" box="[165,335,1741,1762]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Hordeum vulgare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9F95EFCA4F895" box="[561,877,1741,1794]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Vishakantaiah &amp; Visweswara Gowda 1975</td>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFC4BF95EFA5FF895" box="[947,1430,1741,1794]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Barley</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B6F2DEAFF6FF884FA5FF8BB" box="[151,1430,1815,1836]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B6F2DEAFF6FF884FE17F8BB" box="[151,478,1815,1836]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DF884FEADF8BB" ID-CoL="6N862" box="[165,356,1815,1836]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Imperata" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cylindrica">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DF884FEADF8BB" box="[165,356,1815,1836]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Imperata cylindrica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Indonesia
</th>
<td id="76E397407B6F2DEAFDC9F884FCA4F8BB" box="[561,877,1815,1836]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Kalshoven &amp; van den Laan 1981</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFE79F8D1FCE1F8C0" blockId="11.[165,1424,1858,1992]" box="[385,808,1858,1879]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6FD21EFE79F8D1FE14F8C0" box="[385,477,1858,1879]" name="Malaysia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFDC9F8D1FD51F8C0" author="Eliot" box="[561,664,1858,1879]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Eliot, J. N. (1978) The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula by A. Steven Corbet and H. M. Pendlebury. Third edition. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, xiv + 578 pp, 35 plates." type="book" year="1978">Eliot 1978</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFD5AF8D1FCE1F8C0" author="Fleming" box="[674,808,1858,1879]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Fleming, W. A. (1983) Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore, 2 nd edition. Longman Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 148 pp, 92 plates." type="book" year="1983">Fleming 1983</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFE79F8F2FDD9F8E1" blockId="11.[165,1424,1858,1992]" box="[385,528,1889,1910]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
West 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6FD21EFE40F8F2FDD9F8E1" box="[440,528,1889,1910]" name="Malaysia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD21EFF5DF81FFB3BF836" blockId="11.[165,1424,1858,1992]" box="[165,1266,1932,1953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFF5DF81FFF29F836" ID-CoL="8VZYW" box="[165,224,1932,1953]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFF5DF81FFF29F836" box="[165,224,1932,1953]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oryza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6FD21EFE79F81FFE7BF836" box="[385,434,1932,1953]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">India</collectingCountry>
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6FD21EFDC9F81FFD15F836" author="Sevastopulo" box="[561,732,1932,1953]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refString="Sevastopulo, D. G. (1973) The food plants of Indian Rhopalocera. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 72 (3), 156 - 183." type="journal article" year="1973">Sevastopulo 1973</bibRefCitation>
Probably attributable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6FD21EFB64F81FFB3BF836" ID-CoL="K2QJ" box="[1180,1266,1932,1953]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Avena" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFB64F81FFB3BF836" box="[1180,1266,1932,1953]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">O. sativa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6FD219FB7DF825FF29F932" blockId="11.[165,1424,1858,1992]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1437,1497,2025]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6FD21EFB7DF825FA59F85F" box="[1157,1424,1974,1992]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">...... continued on the next page</emphasis>
The observations of three palms as hosts in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B68D219FD35FA4AFCCEFA66" box="[717,775,1497,1521]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India</collectingCountry>
(
<tableCitation id="C680C9C57B68D219FCE0FA4AFCA7FA66" box="[792,878,1497,1521]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[151,242,661,685]" captionTargetBox="[151,1430,784,965]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 1. Selected food plant records for Pelopidas mathias mathias from Asia (compiled principally from Litsinger et al. 1994, Robinson et al. 2001, CABI 2011). Records from “ grasses ” without scientific names are not listed, nor are many repeated records that add no additional information." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF7DACF67B6FD21EFF6FFD06FCCAFD65" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="DF7DACF67B6FD21EFF6FFD06FCCAFD65">Table 1</tableCitation>
) are unexpected. There are few if any parallel situations amongst 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FE8CFA6EFE34F982" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[372,509,1533,1557]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
, where both grasses and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FCE7FA6DFC5DF981" ID-CoL="6234D" box="[799,916,1534,1558]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
are used as food plants by the same species. The single example that had been recorded, the Neotropical 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FCABF9B2FB57F9AE" ID-CoL="7755Q" authority="Gmelin" authorityName="Gmelin" box="[851,1182,1569,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Perichares" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="philetes">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FCABF9B2FBE4F9AE" box="[851,1069,1569,1593]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Perichares philetes</emphasis>
(Gmelin)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FB57F9B2FAFEF9AE" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[1199,1335,1569,1593]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FAB8F9B1FF06F9CA" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">incertae sedis</emphasis>
), on closer examination in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B68D219FDFEF9D6FD48F9CA" box="[518,641,1605,1629]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
was shown to be four species with very similar genitalia but different barcodes and caterpillars, and that two species were grass feeders and the other two palm feeders (
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B68D219FAEBF9FAFF1DF932" author="Burns" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Burns, J. M., Janzen, D. H., Hajibabaei, M., Hallwachs, W. &amp; Hebert, P. D. N. (2008) DNA barcodes and cryptic species of skipper butterflies in the genus Perichares in Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 6350 - 6355." type="journal article" year="2008">
Burns 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FA99F9F9FA5CF916" box="[1377,1429,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B68D219FF5DFF36FBB7FAEE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<table id="F9020EDE7B682DEAFF5DFF36FAE4FAEE" box="[165,1325,165,1401]" gridcols="3" gridrows="19" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFF36FAE4FF2A" box="[165,1325,165,189]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFF36FDD9FF2A" box="[165,528,165,189]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFF36FEDAFF2A" bold="true" box="[165,275,165,189]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TABLE 1</emphasis>
(continued)
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFF41FAE4FE90" box="[165,1325,210,263]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFF41FDD9FE90" box="[165,528,210,263]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFF41FF25FE90" bold="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Family and Locality species</emphasis>
</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FF41FC5BFE90" box="[561,914,210,263]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FDC9FF41FD59FF70" bold="true" box="[561,656,210,231]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Source(s)</emphasis>
</td>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFC4BFF41FAE4FE90" box="[947,1325,210,263]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FC4BFF41FB03FF70" bold="true" box="[947,1226,210,231]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Common name / comments</emphasis>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFE8EFAE4FE26" box="[165,1325,285,433]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFE8EFDD9FE26" box="[165,528,285,433]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFE8EFED6FEA5" ID-CoL="6SZF3" box="[165,287,285,306]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Oryza" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFE8EFED6FEA5" box="[165,287,285,306]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Oryza sativa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India
</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FE8EFC5BFE26" box="[561,914,285,433]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Davidson 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FD6AFE8EFD74FEA5" box="[658,701,285,306]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 1890, 1897; Maxwell-Lefroy 1907; Maxwell- Lefroy &amp; Howlett 1909; Ghosh 1914; Fletcher 1914, 1920; Jandu 1943
</td>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFC4BFE8EFAE4FE26" box="[947,1325,285,433]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Rice</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFE54FAE4FE4B" box="[165,1325,455,476]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFE54FDD9FE4B" box="[165,528,455,476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Indonesia</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FE54FC5BFE4B" box="[561,914,455,476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Kalshoven &amp; van den Laan 1981</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFE62FAE4FDB1" box="[165,1325,497,550]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFE62FDD9FDB1" box="[165,528,497,550]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Malaysia: West Malaysia</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FE62FC5BFDB1" box="[561,914,497,550]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eliot 1978; Fleming 1983; van Vreden &amp; Ahmadzabidi 1986</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFDAFFAE4FDC6" box="[165,1325,572,593]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFDAFFDD9FDC6" box="[165,528,572,593]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Myanmar</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FDAFFC5BFDC6" box="[561,914,572,593]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Shroff 1920; Ghosh 1940</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFDF5FAE4FD0C" box="[165,1325,614,667]" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFDF5FDD9FD0C" box="[165,528,614,667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFDF5FECCFDEC" ID-CoL="8W26D" box="[165,261,614,635]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFDF5FECCFDEC" box="[165,261,614,635]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paspalum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFD15FD6CFDEC" ID-CoL="4DWQG" authority="Ghosh 1914" authorityName="Ghosh" authorityYear="1914" box="[165,677,614,667]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Paspalum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="scrobiculatum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFD15FEE7FD0C" box="[165,302,646,667]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">scrobiculatum</emphasis>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FDF5FC5BFD0C" box="[561,914,614,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ghosh 1914</td>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFD23FAE4FD51" box="[165,1325,688,710]" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFD23FDD9FD51" box="[165,528,688,710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFD22FED8FD51" ID-CoL="8W38L" box="[165,273,689,710]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFD22FED8FD51" box="[165,273,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Saccharum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. India
</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FD23FC5BFD51" box="[561,914,688,710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sevastopulo 1973</td>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFC4BFD23FAE4FD51" box="[947,1325,688,710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Doubtless attributable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FB5DFD22FAE4FD51" ID-CoL="4TWQL" box="[1189,1325,689,710]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FB5DFD22FAE4FD51" box="[1189,1325,689,710]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S. officinarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFD48FAE4FC87" box="[165,1325,731,784]" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFD48FDD9FC87" box="[165,528,731,784]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFD48FED8FD67" ID-CoL="8W38L" box="[165,273,731,752]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFD48FED8FD67" box="[165,273,731,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Saccharum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Indonesia 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFD68FEDCFC87" ID-CoL="4TWQL" box="[165,277,763,784]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Saccharum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinarum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFD68FEDCFC87" box="[165,277,763,784]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">officinarum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FD48FC5BFC87" box="[561,914,731,784]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Kalshoven &amp; van den Laan 1981</td>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFC4BFD48FAE4FC87" box="[947,1325,731,784]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sugar cane</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFCB5FAE4FCCD" box="[165,1325,806,858]" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFCB5FDD9FCCD" box="[165,528,806,858]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Malaysia: West Malaysia</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FCB5FC5BFCCD" box="[561,914,806,858]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Eliot 1978; Fleming 1983</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFCE3FAE4FC12" box="[165,1325,880,901]" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFCE3FDD9FC12" box="[165,528,880,901]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Myanmar</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FCE3FC5BFC12" box="[561,914,880,901]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Shroff 1920</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFC09FAE4FC78" box="[165,1325,922,1007]" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFC09FDD9FC78" box="[165,528,922,1007]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFC08FE8CFC27" box="[165,325,923,944]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFC08FF35FC27" ID-CoL="8W3NG" box="[165,252,923,944]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">Sorghum</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FEF8FC08FE8CFC27" ID-CoL="4CD4G" box="[256,325,923,944]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Setaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bicolor">bicolor</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
(= India 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFC28FF30FC78" ID-CoL="8W3NG" box="[165,285,955,1007]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFC28FF30FC78" box="[165,285,955,1007]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Andropogon sorghum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)
</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FC09FC5BFC78" box="[561,914,922,1007]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Ghosh 1914; Fletcher 1914, 1920; Jandu 1943; Teotia &amp; Nand 1966</td>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFC4BFC09FAE4FC78" box="[947,1325,922,1007]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FC4BFC09FBC2FC38" ID-CoL="8W3NG" box="[947,1035,922,943]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">Sorghum</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFB96FAE4FB8D" box="[165,1325,1029,1050]" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFB96FDD9FB8D" box="[165,528,1029,1050]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Myanmar</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FB96FC5BFB8D" box="[561,914,1029,1050]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Shroff 1920</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFBBCFAE4FBF3" box="[165,1325,1071,1124]" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFBBCFDD9FBF3" box="[165,528,1071,1124]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFBBCFEC9FBD3" ID-CoL="5CXX5" box="[165,256,1071,1092]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Zea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mays">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFBBCFEC9FBD3" box="[165,256,1071,1092]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Zea mays</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India
</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FBBCFC5BFBF3" box="[561,914,1071,1124]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fletcher 1914; Ghosh 1914; Teotia &amp; Nand 1966</td>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFC4BFBBCFAE4FBF3" box="[947,1325,1071,1124]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Maize, cholam</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFBE9FAE4FB18" box="[165,1325,1146,1167]" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFBE9FDD9FB18" box="[165,528,1146,1167]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Indonesia</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FBE9FC5BFB18" box="[561,914,1146,1167]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Kalshoven &amp; van den Laan 1981</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFB37FAE4FB2E" box="[165,1325,1188,1209]" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFB37FDD9FB2E" box="[165,528,1188,1209]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Myanmar</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FB37FC5BFB2E" box="[561,914,1188,1209]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Shroff 1920</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFB5CFAE4FAB3" box="[165,1325,1231,1316]" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFB5CFDD9FAB3" box="[165,528,1231,1316]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFB5CFEC3FB73" ID-CoL="8VWYS" box="[165,266,1231,1252]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dinochloa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFB5CFEC3FB73" box="[165,266,1231,1252]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Dinochloa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India: 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFB7CFF34FA93" box="[165,253,1263,1284]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">scandens</emphasis>
Andaman and Nicobar Is.
</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FB5CFC5BFAB3" box="[561,914,1231,1316]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
Veenakumari 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FD40FB5CFD28FB73" box="[696,737,1231,1252]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. 1997
</td>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFAAAFAE4FAD9" box="[165,1325,1337,1358]" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFAAAFDD9FAD9" box="[165,528,1337,1358]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFAAAFECCFAD9" ID-CoL="623QT" box="[165,261,1337,1358]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFAAAFECCFAD9" bold="true" box="[165,261,1337,1358]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fabaceae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr id="3532FE3C7B682DEAFF5DFAF7FAE4FAEE" box="[165,1325,1380,1401]" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<th id="76E397407B682DEAFF5DFAF7FDD9FAEE" box="[165,528,1380,1401]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FF5DFAF7FE9BFAEE" ID-CoL="ZNML" box="[165,338,1380,1401]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Crotalaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juncea">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FF5DFAF7FE9BFAEE" box="[165,338,1380,1401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Crotalaria juncea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
India
</th>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFDC9FAF7FC5BFAEE" box="[561,914,1380,1401]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fletcher 1920; Jandu 1943</td>
<td id="76E397407B682DEAFC4BFAF7FAE4FAEE" box="[947,1325,1380,1401]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sann-hemp (see text)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B68D218FF3FF922FD0BFF43" blockId="12.[151,1437,1497,2025]" lastBlockId="13.[151,1436,151,500]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B68D219FF3FF922FE92F95E" author="Jandu" box="[199,347,1713,1737]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Jandu, A. S. (1943) Biological notes on the butterflies of Delhi. Part II. Danaidae, Satyridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. Indian Journal of Entomology, 5, 223 - 241." type="journal article" year="1943">Jandu (1943)</bibRefCitation>
lists coconut and palm as food plants without attributing a source or providing any details, and we have found no earlier records with this information, so it may be that these are the author’s observations. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B68D219FAA7F946FE41F886" author="Odak" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Odak, S. C. &amp; Dhamdhere, S. V. (1970) Record of a new alternate host plant of Parnara mathias Fabricius. Indian Journal of Entomology, 32 (4), 397." type="journal article" year="1970">Odak &amp; Dhamdhere (1970)</bibRefCitation>
record “a large number of larvae of the rice skipper [
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FC19F96AFB79F886" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[993,1200,1785,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FC19F96AFB79F886" box="[993,1200,1785,1809]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pelopidas mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] were found feeding on the leaves of garden fan palm, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FDCDF88DFCD8F8A2" ID-CoL="3VP7Y" box="[565,785,1821,1845]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Livistona" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chinensis">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FDCDF88DFCD8F8A2" box="[565,785,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Livistona chinensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
… 
<date id="FFBCDABE7B68D219FCBDF88EFB55F8A2" box="[837,1180,1821,1845]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1969-10" valueMax="1969-11-31" valueMin="1969-10-00">October and November 1969</date>
” at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B68D219FF07F8D2FEF5F8CE" box="[255,316,1857,1881]" name="India" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">India</collectingCountry>
. Similarly, 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B68D219FE3CF8D2FD63F8CE" box="[452,682,1857,1881]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refString="Purohit, M. L., Patel, R. K. &amp; Kharti, A. K. (1972) Note on the record of a new host of the rice skipper, Parnara mathias Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 42, 429 - 430." type="journal article">
Purohit 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FDE6F8D1FD99F8CE" box="[542,592,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al</emphasis>
. (1972)
</bibRefCitation>
observed 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FCE6F8D1FC5DF8CE" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[798,916,1857,1881]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FCE6F8D1FC5DF8CE" box="[798,916,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
“feeding on the ornamental plant marikajhad, or Indian sago-palm (
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B68D219FE6BF8F5FDFFF8EA" ID-CoL="RJKX" box="[403,566,1894,1917]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Caryota" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="urens">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B68D219FE6BF8F5FDFFF8EA" box="[403,566,1894,1917]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Caryota urens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L.) in the winter season from November to February at Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. On this host in 
<date id="FFBCDABE7B68D219FE47F81AFDBDF836" box="[447,628,1929,1953]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" value="1970-12">December 1970</date>
the average population of its larvae was 3 and of pupae 2 per plant.” Since the authors of neither paper state that any adults were reared out, it is possible that the identifications were made from the caterpillars, in which case it cannot be ruled out that this represents another palm-feeding 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FF6FFF04FEE8FF38" ID-CoL="93MWY" box="[151,289,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
. Similarly there is no indication regarding voucher specimens, or who made the identifications, so that confirmation of these records would be desirable.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF3FFF73FC1CFE63" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,500]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
A record from sann-hemp, 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FE0EFF73FC88FF60" ID-CoL="ZNML" box="[502,833,223,248]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Crotalaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="juncea">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FE0EFF73FD76FF6F" box="[502,703,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Crotalaria juncea</emphasis>
(Fabaceae)
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B69D218FCB6FF4CFC25FF60" author="Fletcher" box="[846,1004,223,247]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Fletcher, T. B. (1920) Annotated list of Indian crop pests. In: Fletcher, T. B. (Ed.) Report of the proceedings of the Third Entomological meeting held at Pusa on the 3 rd to 15 th February 1919. Volume 1. Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, India, pp 33 - 313." type="journal article" year="1920">Fletcher 1920</bibRefCitation>
) is unlikely. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B69D218FB7BFF4CFAF9FF60" author="Fletcher" box="[1155,1328,223,247]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Fletcher, T. B. (1920) Annotated list of Indian crop pests. In: Fletcher, T. B. (Ed.) Report of the proceedings of the Third Entomological meeting held at Pusa on the 3 rd to 15 th February 1919. Volume 1. Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, India, pp 33 - 313." type="journal article" year="1920">Fletcher (1920)</bibRefCitation>
wrote “It [
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FF58FE97FEBBFE8B" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[160,370,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FF58FE97FEBBFE8B" box="[160,370,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Pelopidas mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
] has also been reared at Pusa [New Delhi] … once on sann-hemp leaves (collected on sannhemp in field).” C.C. Ghosh (in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B69D218FDECFEB4FD7BFEA8" author="Fletcher" box="[532,690,295,319]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Fletcher, T. B. (1920) Annotated list of Indian crop pests. In: Fletcher, T. B. (Ed.) Report of the proceedings of the Third Entomological meeting held at Pusa on the 3 rd to 15 th February 1919. Volume 1. Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, India, pp 33 - 313." type="journal article" year="1920">Fletcher 1920</bibRefCitation>
) commented “I found one caterpillar on a leaf of sann-hemp”, to which Fletcher responded “sann-hemp is a very unusual food-plant. Possibly it had wandered off grass.” 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B69D218FAA3FEDFFF28FE10" author="Jandu" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Jandu, A. S. (1943) Biological notes on the butterflies of Delhi. Part II. Danaidae, Satyridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. Indian Journal of Entomology, 5, 223 - 241." type="journal article" year="1943">Jandu (1943)</bibRefCitation>
listed sann-hemp as a food plant; he does not give a source for this record, but it is likely to be based on the information in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B69D218FEB2FE07FDC9FE3B" author="Fletcher" box="[330,512,404,428]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Fletcher, T. B. (1920) Annotated list of Indian crop pests. In: Fletcher, T. B. (Ed.) Report of the proceedings of the Third Entomological meeting held at Pusa on the 3 rd to 15 th February 1919. Volume 1. Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, India, pp 33 - 313." type="journal article" year="1920">Fletcher (1920)</bibRefCitation>
. Since Ghosh does not mention feeding or shelters, and there have been no subsequent records of this food plant, Fletcher’s suggestion seems realistic to us, and we agree with 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B69D218FB00FE24FF28FE63" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Litsinger, J. A., Bumroongsri, V., Morrill, W. L. &amp; Sarnthoy, O. (1994) Rearing, developmental biology and host plant range of the rice skipper Pelopidas mathias (F.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Insect Science and its Application, 15, 9 - 17." type="journal article">
Litsinger 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FA9CFE2AFA5CFE47" box="[1380,1429,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. (1994)
</bibRefCitation>
that this food plant record should be disregarded unless confirmed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF6FFDB6FF13FDAB" blockId="13.[151,1436,549,644]" box="[151,218,549,572]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FF6FFDB6FF13FDAB" box="[151,218,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Ovum</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF6FFDDBFEB2FD13" blockId="13.[151,1436,549,644]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Not seen, but white and hemispherical according to Clark (in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B69D218FCBFFDD4FB9BFDC8" author="Dickson" box="[839,1106,583,607]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. &amp; Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
, Plate 31), who illustrates the life history in detail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF6FFD27FEEEFD5B" blockId="13.[151,1437,692,1005]" box="[151,295,692,716]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FF6FFD27FEEEFD5B" box="[151,295,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF6FFD44FB4AFCE8" blockId="13.[151,1437,692,1005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B69D218FF6FFD44FE00FD78" author="Sen" box="[151,457,727,751]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refString="Sen, P. &amp; Chakravorty, S. (1970) Mode of formation of larval shelters in certain lepidopterous pests of rice. International Rice Commission Newsletter, 19 (2), 13 - 19." type="journal article" year="1970">Sen &amp; Chakravorty (1970)</bibRefCitation>
record and illustrate some observations on shelter construction and use on rice by 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FA7FFD4AFE86FC83" ID-CoL="76CKX" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mathias" subSpecies="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FA7FFD4AFE86FC83" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. mathias mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in West Bengal, 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B69D218FDF4FD6FFD80FC83" box="[524,585,764,788]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
. Young caterpillars make a tube shelter of about 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B69D218FB94FD6FFB72FC83" box="[1132,1211,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
using the distal part of the leaf which they roll from both sides downwards “stitched by silken threads” (i.e. multiple strands of silk to form a thick attachment lines). Mature caterpillars take 2–5 h to draw together several leaves from the same or adjacent plants, which are “glued together” (i.e. sheets of silk evenly spread across joins).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF3FFC1FFD52FC7B" blockId="13.[151,1437,692,1005]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
A third instar caterpillar in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B69D218FE0DFC1FFDA4FC33" box="[501,621,908,932]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
(88/26) cut a 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B69D218FCFFFC1FFC87FC33" box="[775,846,908,932]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="35.0">35mm</quantity>
flap from the edge of a leaf and rolled it under; it fed from the leaf lamina edge both basal and distal to the shelter. A final instar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FBEBFC3CFBBDFC50" ID-CoL="8W3NG" box="[1043,1140,943,967]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">sorghum</taxonomicName>
at Kakamega (88/67) was only noted as in a leaf roll, without any detail.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF6FFB8FFEDCFBA3" blockId="13.[151,1437,1052,2012]" box="[151,277,1052,1076]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FF6FFB8FFEDCFBA3" box="[151,277,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Caterpillar</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF6FFBACFDE4FA73" blockId="13.[151,1437,1052,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The caterpillar is similar to others of this group. The head is widest near the base, slightly indent at vertex; it is somewhat variable, with a brown to dark red lateral stripe bordered to a variable degree with yellow (
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B69D218FB05FBF7FAA7FBEB" box="[1277,1390,1124,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1632,1655]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,483,1607]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,483,1608]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Final instar caterpillars of Pelopidas mathias mathias, dorsolateral view. 1, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Megathyrsus maximus, Mazoe Dam, near Harare, Zimbabwe, 25. iii. 1988; moulted to final instar 28. iii; photographed 13. iv.; pupated 22. iv.; ref. 99 / 26; 2, collected on maize, Kakamega, photographed 22. iv. 1988 (H. van den Berg)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246341/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 10</figureCitation>
). A 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B69D218FF6FFB14FF16FB08" box="[151,223,1159,1183]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="30.0">30mm</quantity>
caterpillar collected on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FE01FB14FD92FB08" ID-CoL="8W3NG" box="[505,603,1159,1183]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sorghum">sorghum</taxonomicName>
at Kakamega (88/67) was described. Head: 2.5 x 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B69D218FB49FB14FAC9FB08" box="[1201,1280,1159,1183]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1mm</quantity>
wide x high; ground colour translucent apple-green; a brown stripe from vertex laterally to just in front of stemmata, narrowly bordered anteriorly and posteriorly with yellow; mouthparts brown. T1 concolorous. Body green, tinted yellow on T1–T3; dorsal line slightly darker; narrow, yellowish white dorsolateral line T1–A8; broader, white, ventrolateral line T3–A9, with ventral margin darker, lateral margin diffuse; between dorsolateral and ventrolateral lines the body appears pale green due to densely arranged green dots in a pale matrix; darker green below ventrolateral line; legs concolorous; spiracles pale brown, inconspicuous. The mature caterpillar develops wax glands, but their location and arrangement was not recorded for this individual, and wax was not used to coat the pupa or its shelter. Another caterpillar collected on maize near Kisumu developed wax glands ventrolaterally on A7 and A8, but it was parasitized (natural enemies below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D218FF3FFA63FD27F8E7" blockId="13.[151,1437,1052,2012]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
A final instar caterpillar collected on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FD97FA63FCA2F99F" box="[623,875,1520,1544]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FD97FA63FCA2F99F" box="[623,875,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B69D218FC68FA63FBC1F99F" box="[912,1032,1520,1544]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
(88/26) was similar: head 2.6 x 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B69D218FA81FA63FF0AF9BB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.1 mm</quantity>
wide x high; the lateral stripe on the head was chestnut brown, black at the level of the stemmata, narrowest at vertex and 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B69D218FEEFF9ABFEAFF9C7" box="[279,358,1592,1616]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5mm</quantity>
wide otherwise; the yellow border to this stripe was restricted to the central two-thirds of the face; a narrow dark line between the yellow border and the brown stripe on the ventral half of the head only; epicranial and adfrontal sutures darker, inconspicuous dark streak on clypeus and lateral to adfrontals. In the penultimate instar of the same individual, the head measured 1.9 x 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B69D218FC7FF937FC1FF92B" box="[903,982,1700,1724]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="2.1">2.1mm</quantity>
wide x high; vertex barely indent; black ground colour, rugose; a diffuse, pale streak runs from just below the vertex down each epicranium to the stemmata, with a slight break in the lower half; adfrontals slightly paler; pair of angled short dashes on clypeus. Body mostly dull green, yellow-green on T1–A3 and A8–9; darker, clear dorsal line defined by subcutaneous fat bodies; indistinct diffuse pale dorsolateral line; legs concolorous; spiracles inconspicuous. The n-2 instar caterpillar had a dark head, 1.0 x 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B69D218FDF5F8CBFD92F8E7" box="[525,603,1880,1904]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2mm</quantity>
wide x high.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B69D21BFF3FF8EFFCE3FE3B" blockId="13.[151,1437,1052,2012]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1436,151,428]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
Sevastopulo (unpublished) describes caterpillars with black lateral stripes on the head of the fifth instar, although given earlier confusion between 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FD97F832FD2DF82F" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[623,740,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FD97F832FD2DF82F" box="[623,740,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FCE4F832FCA6F82F" box="[796,879,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. t h r a x</emphasis>
, the fit of this description to the caterpillars of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B69D218FA7FF832FF1BF84B" ID-CoL="76CLD" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thrax">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FA7FF832FF1BF84B" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. thrax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B69D218FF1AF857FE9DF84B" box="[226,340,1988,2012]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1782,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1095,1757]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[151,1436,1095,1757]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Sixth instar caterpillars and pupa of Pelopidas thrax, collected on Saccharum sp. in Hajar Mountains, Oman, 17 Apr 1994 (after Cock 2010 a). 1, dorsal view of caterpillar, 35 mm; 2, detail of caterpillar head, anterolateral view; 3, detail of caterpillar head, anterior view (different individual); 4, pupa, dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246343/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 12</figureCitation>
) raises the possibility that it could be a caterpillar of 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B69D218FC46F856FBDDF84B" box="[958,1044,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. t h r a x</emphasis>
. Sevastopulo also reared another caterpillar with a red stripe with white borders and a broken red stripe between this and the clypeus, i.e. resembling that shown here from 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6AD21BFE77FF2FFDCEFF43" box="[399,519,188,212]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
(Figure 10.1). Clark (in 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6AD21BFCDEFF2FFBF8FF43" author="Dickson" box="[806,1073,188,212]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Dickson, C. G. C. &amp; Kroon, D. M. (Eds.) (1978) Pennington's Butterflies of Southern Africa. A. D. Donker, Johannesburg, South Africa, 670 pp." type="book" year="1978">Dickson &amp; Kroon 1978</bibRefCitation>
) provides a detailed plate of the life history, showing that the first three instars have a dark head, and the fourth instar has the head pale with dark sutures, a strong lateral line from vertex laterally to stemmata and a dark line down each side of face parallel to the adfrontals; a trace of this line on the face persists in the final, fifth instar. 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6AD21BFC1CFEBBFB4AFEA8" author="Larsen" box="[996,1155,295,319]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1984) Butterflies of Saudi Arabia and its neighbours. Transworld Arabian Library, Riyadh &amp; Stacey International, London, 160 pp." type="book" year="1984">Larsen (1984)</bibRefCitation>
illustrates the caterpillar from Dhofar, incorrectly identified as 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6AD21BFDBCFEDEFD5EFEF3" box="[580,663,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">P. t h r a x</emphasis>
(see 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6AD21BFD2FFEDFFCAAFEF3" author="Cock" box="[727,867,332,356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6AD21BFC85FEDEFBCEFEF3" author="IRRI" box="[893,1031,332,356]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) (1983) Field problems of tropical rice. Revised Edition. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines, 172 pp." type="book" year="1983">IRRI (1983)</bibRefCitation>
illustrates the caterpillar as a minor pest of rice, although the pupa is of another species (
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6AD21BFD0AFEFCFC48FE10" author="Cock" box="[754,897,367,391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="Cock, M. J. W. [2010 a] Observations on the biology of Pelopidas thrax (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae) in the Hajar Mountains, Oman. Tribulus, 18 (2009), 42 - 49." type="journal article" year="2010" yearSuffix="a">Cock 2010a</bibRefCitation>
). Van 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6AD21BFC28FEFCFAFBFE10" author="Vreden" box="[976,1330,367,391]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" refString="van Vreden, G. &amp; Ahmadzabidi, A. L. (1986) Pests of rice and their natural enemies in Peninsular Malaysia. PUDOC, Wageningen, Netherlands, 230 pp." type="book" year="1986">Vreden &amp; Ahmadzabidi (1986)</bibRefCitation>
illustrate the caterpillar and pupa from 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6AD21BFE1BFE07FD80FE3B" box="[483,585,404,428]" name="Malaysia" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
with colour photos.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7DACF67B6AD21BFF6FF9F3FA5FF924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246341/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" targetBox="[151,1435,483,1607]" targetPageId="14">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6AD21BFF6FF9F3FA5FF924" blockId="14.[151,1436,1632,1715]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6AD21BFF6FF9F3FED5F9E2" bold="true" box="[151,284,1632,1655]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
. Final instar caterpillars of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6AD21BFDB6F9F3FCAEF9E1" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[590,871,1632,1654]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mathias" subSpecies="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6AD21BFDB6F9F3FCAEF9E1" box="[590,871,1632,1654]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pelopidas mathias mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsolateral view. 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6AD21BFBBAF9F3FB87F9E2" bold="true" box="[1090,1102,1632,1653]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">1</emphasis>
, collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6AD21BFECAF9ECFD7EF902" authority="Mazoe Dam" authorityName="Mazoe Dam" box="[306,695,1663,1685]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6AD21BFECAF9ECFDD5F902" box="[306,540,1663,1685]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
, Mazoe Dam
</taxonomicName>
, near Harare, Zimbabwe, 25.iii.1988; moulted to final instar 28.iii; photographed 13.iv.; pupated 22.iv.; ref. 99/26; 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6AD21BFD81F90DFD4CF924" bold="true" box="[633,645,1694,1715]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">2</emphasis>
, collected on maize, Kakamega, photographed 22.iv.1988 (H. van den Berg).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6AD21BFF6FF896FF1BF88B" blockId="14.[151,1437,1797,2036]" box="[151,210,1797,1820]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6AD21BFF6FF896FF1BF88B" box="[151,210,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Pupa</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6AD21BFF6FF8BBFC20F863" blockId="14.[151,1437,1797,2036]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
The pupa (
<figureCitation id="1339E0FB7B6AD21BFEF7F8BBFEB5F8D7" box="[271,380,1832,1856]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="15.[151,250,620,643]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,155,598]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[151,1436,155,599]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 11. Pupa of Pelopidas mathias mathias, dorsal view; collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on Megathyrsus maximus, Mazoe Dam, near Harare, Zimbabwe, 25. iii. 1988; pupated 22. iv.; photographed 22. iv., 25 mm; adult 4. v.; ref. 99 / 26." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246342/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Figure 11</figureCitation>
) is typical of the group. Female pupa 88/67 measured 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6AD21BFC13F8BBFBF4F8D7" box="[1003,1085,1832,1856]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
, of which the frontal spike was 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6AD21BFF6FF8DFFF1AF8F3" box="[151,211,1868,1892]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="2.0">2mm</quantity>
; bright green ground colour; diffuse white subdorsal line; sharply defined yellowish white dorsolateral line. The male pupa from 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6AD21BFE69F8E3FDC0F81F" box="[401,521,1904,1928]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
(88/26) was similar; also measured 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6AD21BFC4FF8E3FBC3F81F" box="[951,1034,1904,1928]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
with the frontal spike, which was slightly downturned at the apex, 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6AD21BFDF2F807FDADF83B" box="[522,612,1940,1964]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
; the dorsolateral line was white. As the adult developed, the male brand was the first feature to be visible against a white background of the developing wing. Pupation takes about 15 days at Nairobi, but as little as eight days at the coast (Sevastopulo unpublished).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7DACF67B6BD21AFF6FFDFFFA50FD36" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/246342/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" targetBox="[151,1436,155,598]" targetPageId="15">
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF6FFDFFFA50FD36" blockId="15.[151,1436,620,673]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFF6FFDFFFED2FD15" bold="true" box="[151,283,620,643]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">FIGURE 11</emphasis>
. Pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFE77FDFEFD6EFD14" ID-CoL="76CKX" box="[399,679,621,643]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="mathias" subSpecies="mathias">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFE77FDFEFD6EFD14" box="[399,679,621,643]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Pelopidas mathias mathias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, dorsal view; collected as penultimate instar caterpillar on 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFAE1FDFEFEB4FD36" authority="Mazoe Dam" authorityName="Mazoe Dam" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Megathyrsus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="maximus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFAE1FDFEFF38FD36" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Megathyrsus maximus</emphasis>
, Mazoe Dam
</taxonomicName>
, near Harare, Zimbabwe, 25.iii.1988; pupated 22.iv.; photographed 22.iv., 25 mm; adult 4.v.; ref. 99/26.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF6FFD61FE86FC9D" blockId="15.[151,1436,754,958]" box="[151,335,754,778]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFF6FFD61FE86FC9D" box="[151,335,754,778]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Natural enemies</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B6BD21AFF6FFC85FCD8FC29" blockId="15.[151,1436,754,958]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
There are many parasitoids recorded from Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFD46FC85FC8FFCB9" author="CABI" box="[702,838,790,814]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="CABI (2011) Crop Pest Compendium. http: // www. cabi. org / cpc / (Last accessed 11 Nov 2011)." type="journal article" year="2011">CABI 2011</bibRefCitation>
), but the only record from Africa is 
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B6BD21AFB1BFC85FF28FCC5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" refString="Carnegie, A. J. M., Dick, J. &amp; Harris, R. H. G. (1974) Insects and nematodes of South African sugarcane. Entomology Memoir, Department of Agriculture and Technical Services, Republic of South Africa, 39, [2 +] 19 pp." type="book">
Carnegie 
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFAA8FC84FA4AFCB9" box="[1360,1411,790,814]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
.’s (1974)
</bibRefCitation>
statement that the caterpillars are parasitized by an unidentified braconid in 
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B6BD21AFBB7FCA9FB2DFCC5" box="[1103,1252,826,850]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. A 
<quantity id="4CFA519B7B6BD21AFAEFFCA9FA97FCC5" box="[1303,1374,826,850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="27.0">27mm</quantity>
fully grown caterpillar collected on maize near Kisumu (89/39) produced 20 small puparia from which emerged 
<specimenCount id="9D0437F77B6BD21AFA78FCCDFF13FC0D" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="adult">17 adults</specimenCount>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFEFCFC11FEBCFC0D" box="[260,373,898,922]" class="Insecta" family="Tachinidae" genus="Ceranthia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFEFCFC11FEBCFC0D" box="[260,373,898,922]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Ceranthia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., a gregarious tachinid fly also reared from 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFC60FC11FB29FC0D" ID-CoL="5XZKN" authority="Heron" authorityName="Heron" box="[920,1248,898,922]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chondrolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leggei">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFC60FC11FBB7FC0D" box="[920,1150,898,922]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Chondrolepis leggei</emphasis>
(Heron)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B6BD21AFAE3FC11FDE9FC29" ID-CoL="7GGQ6" authority="(Trimen) (Hesperiinae)" authorityName="Trimen" baseAuthorityName="Trimen" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zophopetes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dysmephila">
<emphasis id="B976206C7B6BD21AFAE3FC11FEDEFC29" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Zophopetes dysmephila</emphasis>
(Trimen) (Hesperiinae)
</taxonomicName>
in Kakamega Forest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>