284 lines
29 KiB
XML
284 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="21E2FE5D28FA7BB7BEC76971D0556B32" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.246331" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bc74a10-7de0-4e39-8fc6-142a14d01b07" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="246331" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460513276238" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cock, Matthew J. W. & Congdon, Colin E." docDate="2012" docId="03AB4D687B61D210FF6FFF04FDC1FB00" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03438p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3438" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Baorini Doherty 1886" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FF9235107B64D215FFF8FF93FFC9FF97" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698313706351" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="7CE43CA51BD02844DFDD11EF02DE7672">
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<mods:title id="F32C66F2E3A10D7BC9520016585EEB29">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 4. Hesperiinae: Aeromachini and Baorini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D04485B4535C64B38BACC405B0E9201D">Cock, Matthew J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="27C32160541A2ADE4F37F2E897A77233">Congdon, Colin E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="021B7E7D2787D20B6C9D64FFDF41C978">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B182E9BFA6E4BD7E8855E82371AB7E62">
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<mods:date id="D29300A3AC9A0C27B26FA99EE1A4765F">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="51D07BC20880B338A975446BB5FF2F40" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A85BF46B328486A741659AF65F37ECA9">3438</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="C18505B052F66E29A458C5652E7E7B77" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.246331</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="F3EF379D526A91BDEA55F2445FCDD717" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AB4D687B61D210FF6FFF04FDC1FB00" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5680654" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119523680" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5680654" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AB4D687B61D210FF6FFF04FDC1FB00" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AB4D687B61D210FF6FFF04FDC1FB00" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C318AFF57B61D210FF6FFF04FDC1FB00" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF6FFF04FE05FF26" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[151,460,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="D0F54B127B61D210FF6FFF04FE05FF26" bold="true" box="[151,460,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF6FFF04FE05FF26" box="[151,460,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FF6FFF04FE05FF26" bold="true" box="[151,460,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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BAORINI
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B61D210FEE7FF04FE05FF26" author="Doherty" box="[287,460,151,177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Doherty, W. (1886) A list of butterflies taken in Kumaon. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 55 (Part II) (2), 103 - 140." type="journal article" year="1886">Doherty, 1886</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF6FFF28FB36FE64" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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In a list of the butterflies of Kumaon (in the Indian Himalayas adjacent to
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<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B61D210FBFBFF29FB83FF45" box="[1027,1098,186,210]" name="Nepal" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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),
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B61D210FB99FF29FAD8FF45" author="Doherty" box="[1121,1297,186,210]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Doherty, W. (1886) A list of butterflies taken in Kumaon. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, 55 (Part II) (2), 103 - 140." type="journal article" year="1886">Doherty (1886)</bibRefCitation>
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divided the
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF6FFF4DFED4FF61" box="[151,285,222,246]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
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into four subfamilies based on the morphology of the ova (or as he put it, their ovation). One of these was Baorinae, containing the
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FE11FE90FDAFFE8C" box="[489,614,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cyclopides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FE11FE90FDAFFE8C" box="[489,614,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyclopides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FD66FE97FD20FE8C" box="[670,745,260,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Baoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FD66FE97FD20FE8C" box="[670,745,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Baoris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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groups, the former containing
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FBB3FE90FAB2FE8D" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[1099,1403,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ochus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subvittatus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FBB3FE90FADDFE8C" box="[1099,1300,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Ochus subvittatus</emphasis>
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(Moore)
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF6FFEB5FE5FFEA9" box="[151,406,294,318]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Cyclopides" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subvittatus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FF6FFEB5FE5FFEA9" box="[151,406,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Cyclopides subvittatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) (Aeromachini) and three species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FCBFFEB5FC3FFEA9" box="[839,1014,294,318]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FCBFFEB5FC3FFEA9" box="[839,1014,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Celaenorrhinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Pyrginae,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FB86FEB5FAFAFEA9" box="[1150,1331,294,318]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Celaenorrhinini">Celaenorrhinini</taxonomicName>
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), and the latter containing five species currently placed in
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FD0DFED9FC85FEF5" box="[757,844,330,354]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FC98FED8FACCFEF5" authority="De Niceville" authorityName="De Niceville" box="[864,1285,330,355]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assamensis">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FC98FED8FB94FEF4" box="[864,1117,331,355]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pelopidas assamensis</emphasis>
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De Nicéville
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FAC5FEDFFEDCFE11" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="assamensis">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FAC5FEDFFEDCFE11" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parnara assamensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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),
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FECBFEE3FE63FE10" box="[307,426,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. m a t h i a s</emphasis>
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(Fabricius) (=
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FD94FEFDFCEEFE11" box="[620,807,366,390]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chapra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mathias">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FD94FEFDFCEEFE11" box="[620,807,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chapra mathias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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),
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FCBEFEE3FC74FE10" box="[838,957,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">P. s i n e n s i s</emphasis>
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Mabille (=
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FBA3FEFDFA59FE11" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[1115,1424,366,390]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chapra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prominens">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FBA3FEFDFAFDFE11" box="[1115,1332,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chapra prominens</emphasis>
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Moore
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</taxonomicName>
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),
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF6FFE07FE58FE3D" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[151,401,403,427]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bada">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FF6FFE07FEF1FE3C" box="[151,312,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parnara bada</emphasis>
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Moore
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FE67FE00FCE9FE3D" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[415,800,402,427]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nostradamus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FE67FE00FD52FE3C" box="[415,667,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gegenes nostradamus</emphasis>
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(Fabricius)
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</taxonomicName>
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(=
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FCB6FE00FBABFE3D" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[846,1122,402,427]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chapra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="karsana">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FCB6FE00FBC1FE3C" box="[846,1032,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chapra karsana</emphasis>
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Moore
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</taxonomicName>
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), six other
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FB10FE01FAA7FE3D" box="[1256,1390,402,426]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
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not belonging to
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FED4FE25FE49FE59" box="[300,384,438,462]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
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as currently constituted, and another species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FC5CFE25FB9AFE59" box="[932,1107,438,462]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FC5CFE25FB9AFE59" box="[932,1107,438,462]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Celaenorrhinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. It is not clear why Doherty referred to the second group as the
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FDD9FE4FFDA5FE64" box="[545,620,476,499]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Baoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FDD9FE4FFDA5FE64" box="[545,620,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Baoris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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group, since he does not refer to any species in that genus.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFE6DFD42FDC9" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B61D210FF3FFE6DFE85FD81" author="Bell" box="[199,332,510,534]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bell, T. R. (1920) The common butterflies of the plains of India (including those met with in the hill stations of the Bombay presidency). Part XXVI. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 27, 211 - 227, plate M." type="journal article" year="1920">Bell (1920)</bibRefCitation>
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reintroduced the subfamily Baorinae, to include the genera
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FBEFFE6CFB72FD81" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[1047,1211,511,534]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Baoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FBEFFE6CFBABFD81" box="[1047,1122,511,534]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Baoris</emphasis>
|
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Moore
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FB33FE6DFA51FD81" authority="Swinhoe" authorityName="Swinhoe" box="[1227,1432,510,534]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caltoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FB33FE6DFAEEFD81" box="[1227,1319,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caltoris</emphasis>
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Swinhoe
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</taxonomicName>
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,
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF6FFDB0FEF7FDAD" authority="Moore" authorityName="Moore" box="[151,318,547,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Chapra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FF6FFDB0FF24FDAC" box="[151,237,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Chapra</emphasis>
|
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Moore
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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(i.e.
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FE83FDB0FE22FDAC" box="[379,491,547,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FE83FDB0FE22FDAC" box="[379,491,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pelopidas</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FDDBFDB0FDA0FDAC" box="[547,617,547,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FDDBFDB0FDA0FDAC" box="[547,617,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Borbo</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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in current usage),
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FCC6FDB7FC54FDAC" box="[830,925,548,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FCC6FDB7FC54FDAC" box="[830,925,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parnara</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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,
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FC54FDB0FBC5FDAD" box="[940,1036,547,570]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FC54FDB0FBC5FDAD" box="[940,1036,547,570]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gegenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FBBDFDB7FABCFDAD" authority="De Niceville. Further" authorityName="De Niceville. Further" box="[1093,1397,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Iton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FBBDFDB7FBBBFDAC" box="[1093,1138,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Iton</emphasis>
|
||
De Nicéville. Further
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, he characterises Baorinae based on the biology:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFDF8FAA6FD17" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[199,1391,618,640]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">“Eggs quite smooth. Naked-looking, whitish larvae feeding upon bamboos, grasses or palms. Pupa naked, with a</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFD1AFAB9FD08" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[199,1392,649,671]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">long beak between the eyes, light green with a slight powdering of waxy excretion; no spiracular expansions; a long,</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFD3BFAB9FD29" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[199,1392,680,702]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">spatulate cremastral segment. It is formed on the underside of a leaf or blade with tail-pad and body-string, quite</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFD55FAB9FD4B" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[199,1392,710,732]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">unprotected, except that the edges of the blade are drawn towards each other slightly by a few silks—they are never</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFD76FAB9FD6C" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[199,1392,741,763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
brought together completely. There is a single exception in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FCB8FD75FC1BFD6C" box="[832,978,741,763]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bada">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FCB8FD75FC1BFD6C" box="[832,978,741,763]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parnara bada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the pupa is of the erynnine
|
||
<typeStatus id="54B942DC7B61D210FABCFD75FAB9FD6C" box="[1348,1392,742,763]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFC90FAB9FC8E" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[199,1392,771,794]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
[Bell’s Erynninae comprises
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FE0FFC96FD8FFC8D" box="[503,582,773,794]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Erynnis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FE0FFC96FD8FFC8D" box="[503,582,773,794]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Erynnis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and ten other genera, none of which occur in Africa] and the cell is tightly
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFCB1FAB9FCAF" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[199,1392,802,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
closed. Indeed, this insect should be included in that subfamily preferably.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FBF8FCB0FB0EFCAF" box="[1024,1223,803,824]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canaraica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FBF8FCB0FB0EFCAF" box="[1024,1223,803,824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parnara canaraica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[now placed in
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFCD2FAB9FCC0" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" box="[199,1392,833,855]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF3FFCD2FED3FCC0" box="[199,282,833,855]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Caltoris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FF3FFCD2FED3FCC0" box="[199,282,833,855]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Caltoris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] has its pupa and cell and larva normal for Baorinae. The insects all rest as in Erynninae and bask similarly.”
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFCCCFED4FC28" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Nearly 100 years later, based on our review of the African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FC95FCCCFC0DFCE0" box="[877,964,863,887]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we find that there is little we can add to Bell’s characterisation, except we have an alternative interpretation of the placement of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FB7AFC16FB28FC0B" box="[1154,1249,901,924]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FB7AFC16FB28FC0B" box="[1154,1249,901,924]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parnara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see concluding discussion).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBDFC7E7B61D210FF3FFC5FFDC1FB00" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,1177]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FECCFC5FFE42FC73" box="[308,395,972,996]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as accepted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B61D210FDBAFC5EFCD7FC73" author="Warren" box="[578,798,972,996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2008) Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies and circumscription of tribes in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea). Cladistics, 24, 1 - 35." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Warren
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FD63FC5EFD02FC73" box="[667,715,972,996]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B61D210FCD2FC5FFCADFC73" author="Warren" box="[810,868,972,996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Warren, A. D., Ogawa, J. R. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Revised classification of the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) based on combined molecular and morphological data. Systematic Entomology, 34, 467 - 523." type="journal article" year="2009">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is very close to the group defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF93818F7B61D210FAECFC5FFA51FC73" author="Bell" box="[1300,1432,972,996]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" refString="Bell, T. R. (1920) The common butterflies of the plains of India (including those met with in the hill stations of the Bombay presidency). Part XXVI. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 27, 211 - 227, plate M." type="journal article" year="1920">Bell (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF6FFC7CFF22FB90" box="[151,235,1007,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
matches Evans’ (1937a) African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FD82FC63FD13FB90" box="[634,730,1008,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FD82FC63FD13FB90" box="[634,730,1008,1031]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gegenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group (less the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FC0DFC62FB5FFB9F" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[1013,1174,1009,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Fresna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FC0DFC62FB8AFB9F" box="[1013,1091,1009,1032]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fresna</emphasis>
|
||
Evans
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FB5EFC63FAAAFB9F" authority="Evans" authorityName="Evans" box="[1190,1379,1008,1032]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Melphina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FB5EFC63FADBFB9F" box="[1190,1298,1008,1032]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Melphina</emphasis>
|
||
Evans
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF6FFB87FEEAFBBB" box="[151,291,1044,1068]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Platylesches" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FF6FFB87FEEAFBBB" box="[151,291,1044,1068]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Platylesches</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F315BCEE7B61D210FEC8FB87FE44FBBB" box="[304,397,1044,1068]" name="Netherlands" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Holland</collectingCountry>
|
||
, which are dicotyledon feeders and currently placed incertae sedis) and Evans’ (1949) Eurasia-Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FE8BFBABFE1AFBD8" box="[371,467,1080,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FE8BFBABFE1AFBD8" box="[371,467,1080,1103]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gegenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FD87FBA4FD1AFBD8" box="[639,723,1079,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Baorini">Baorini</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes the following genera which occur in Africa:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FAAAFBAAFA5CFBC7" box="[1362,1429,1081,1104]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Brusa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FAAAFBAAFA5CFBC7" box="[1362,1429,1081,1104]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FF6FFBCEFF3AFBE3" box="[151,243,1117,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Zenonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FF6FFBCEFF3AFBE3" box="[151,243,1117,1140]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Zenonia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FEFBFBCEFEAAFBE3" box="[259,355,1117,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Gegenes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FEFBFBCEFEAAFBE3" box="[259,355,1117,1140]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gegenes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FE8BFBCEFE1BFBE3" box="[371,466,1117,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Parnara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FE8BFBCEFE1BFBE3" box="[371,466,1117,1140]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Parnara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FE1AFBCFFDE1FBE3" box="[482,552,1116,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Borbo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FE1AFBCFFDE1FBE3" box="[482,552,1116,1140]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Borbo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0287FD7B61D210FD9BFBCFFD1AFBE3" box="[611,723,1116,1140]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pelopidas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B976206C7B61D210FD9BFBCFFD1AFBE3" box="[611,723,1116,1140]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pelopidas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Of these, the last four also occur in Asia, together with five other genera not found in Africa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |