treatments-xml/data/8A/47/1C/8A471C56CA9659719ACD5A68F66390D0.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975" ID-GBIF-Taxon="182225241" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-97-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="BD026E15CD67FF99E01FF605FFF6FFEF" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1239255" ModsDocID="1314-2003-97-1" checkinTime="1524638383340" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Johnson, David M. &amp; Murray, Nancy A." docDate="2018" docId="8A471C56CA9659719ACD5A68F66390D0" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 97: 1-252" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 97" docPubDate="2018-04-24" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975" docTitle="Xylopia staudtii Engler &amp; Diels, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 298. 1899." docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="BD026E15CD67FF99E01FF605FFF6FFEF" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" masterDocId="BD026E15CD67FF99E01FF605FFF6FFEF" masterDocTitle="A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Tropical Africa" masterLastPageNumber="252" masterPageNumber="1" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1643467003316" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Tropical Africa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Johnson, David M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany-Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Murray, Nancy A.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany-Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">namurray@owu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2018-04-24</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>97</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>252</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-97-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">BD026E15CD67FF99E01FF605FFF6FFEF</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1239255</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182225241" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A471C56CA9659719ACD5A68F66390D0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A471C56CA9659719ACD5A68F66390D0" lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
4. 
<taxonomicName LSID="8A471C56-CA96-5971-9ACD-5A68F66390D0" authority="Engler &amp; Diels, Notizbl. Koenigl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 298. 1899." authorityName="Engler &amp; Diels, Notizbl. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 298. 1899." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="staudtii">
Xylopia staudtii Engler &amp; Diels, Notizbl. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Königl">Koenigl</normalizedToken>
. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 298. 1899.
</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Fruits and seeds of representative Xylopia species. A Xylopia staudtii from Democratic Republic of the Congo B Xylopia aethiopica from Republic of the Congo C Xylopia quintasii from Cameroon D Xylopia tenuipetala from Mozambique E Xylopia collina from Mozambique F Xylopia gracilipes from Mozambique G Xylopia hypolampra from Gabon H Xylopia tanganyikensis from Tanzania. A by Quentin Luke B by David Harris C, G by Thomas L. P. Couvreur D by Jonathan Timberlake E, F by Mervyn Loetter H by Noriko Itoh. C reproduced with permission of Thomas L. P. Couvreur and of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists D reproduced with the permission of Jonathan Timberlake and of the Board of Trustees, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/199089" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Xylopia staudtii. A Outer petal, adaxial view B Inner petal, adaxial view C Stamen, abaxial view D Carpel E Habit F Fruit G Seed, view of micropylar end H Seed, lateral view I Close-up of inflorescence. A-D from Le Testu 8630 (BM) E, I from Evrard 5212 (BR) F from Reitsma 1071 (WAG) G, H from Reitsma &amp; Reitsma 1168 (BISH)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/199098" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">, 13</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kuntze" authorityYear="1903" baseAuthorityName="Engl. &amp; Diels" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Xylopicrum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopicrum staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="staudtii">Xylopicrum staudtii</taxonomicName>
(Engler) Kuntze, Deutsch. Bot. Monatsschr. 21:173-174. 1903. Type. CAMEROON. Southwest Province, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Johann-Albrechtshöhe">Johann-Albrechtshoehe</normalizedToken>
, 1896, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">A. Staudt 530</emphasis>
(holotype: B!; isotypes: K! [000105614], P! [00169112, 00169113]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<taxonomicName authorityName="De Wildeman" authorityYear="1914" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Annonaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia mayombensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mayombensis">Xylopia mayombensis</taxonomicName>
De Wildeman, Bull. Jard. Bot. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="État">Etat</normalizedToken>
4: 386. 1914. Type. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO [&quot;Belgian Congo&quot;]. Kongo Central Province, Ganda-Sundi, 1913, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Comte J. de Briey 219</emphasis>
(holotype: BR!; isotypes: BR! [8825421, 8825438, 8825445, 8825506]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Tree</emphasis>
up to 35 (-50) m tall, d.b.h. up to 80 cm, bole straight, slender, with branching stilt roots and small buttresses extending from the base, secondary branches horizontal, forming a conical to rounded crown; bark whitish to orangish gray or gray brown, rough, somewhat scaly. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Twigs</emphasis>
brown to gray, eventually light gray to light brown, appressed-pubescent, the hairs 0.3-0.4 mm long, soon glabrate; nodes frequently with two axillary branches. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Leaf</emphasis>
with larger blades 5.1-11.8 cm long, 2.0-5.6 cm wide, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, discolorous, often paler abaxially, oblanceolate to obovate, occasionally elliptic, apex blunt-acuminate, acumen 2-3 mm long, or acute, base cuneate and decurrent on petiole, glabrous adaxially, sparsely sericeous abaxially; midrib impressed to plane adaxially, raised abaxially, secondary veins brochidodromous, 7-11 per side, diverging at 45-70° from the midrib, plane or raised adaxially, strongly raised abaxially, higher-order veins forming a conspicuous reticulum that is slightly raised adaxially and strongly raised abaxially; petiole 2.5-9 mm long, canaliculate, sparsely appressed-pubescent or glabrate. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Inflorescences</emphasis>
axillary, 1-2 (-3)-flowered, sparsely pubescent to glabrate; peduncle 1 per axil, ca. 0.5-2.4 mm long; pedicels 2 per peduncle, 2.5-7 (-8) mm long, 0.8-1.3 mm thick; bracts 2-4, evenly spaced on pedicel, 1.1-2 mm long, semicircular, occasionally tearing down the center as the inflorescence enlarges, apex rounded, occasionally with a tiny apiculum; buds ovoid, apex obtuse. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Sepals</emphasis>
spreading at anthesis, 1/4-1/2-connate, 1.6-2.7 mm long, 2.6-3.5 mm wide, coriaceous, broadly ovate to semicircular, apex obtuse to acute, appressed-pubescent. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Petals</emphasis>
yellow to yellow-orange 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">in vivo</emphasis>
, outer petals slightly spreading at anthesis, 5.8-9.6 mm long, 4-5.2 mm wide toward base, 3.5-4.3 mm wide at midpoint, fleshy, ovate, apex acute, appressed-pubescent but with a glabrous patch at base adaxially, velutinous or appressed-pubescent abaxially; inner petals erect to slightly spreading at anthesis, 4.1-8.4 mm long, 2.0-3.2 mm wide toward base, 1.7-2.5 mm wide at midpoint, chartaceous, rhombic to broadly lanceolate, apex acute, base with undifferentiated margin, slightly keeled abaxially, pubescent adaxially, pubescent on apical half and glabrous and verrucose on basal half abaxially. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Stamens</emphasis>
ca. 100-120; fertile stamens 1.6-2.1 mm long, clavate, apex of connective 0.3-0.5 mm long, shieldlike but center formed into a conical point, overhanging anther thecae, pubescent, anthers 6-7-locellate, filament 0.3-0.5 mm long; outer staminodes 1.4-1.7 mm long, oblong to broadly clavate, apex obtuse to obliquely truncate; inner staminodes 1.7-2.6 mm long, clavate, apex rounded; staminal cone 1.3-2.1 mm in diameter, 0.4-0.9 mm high, concealing only the bases of the ovaries, rim laciniate. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Carpels</emphasis>
3-11; ovaries 1.3-2.4 mm long, narrowly oblong, tomentose, stigmas free or loosely connivent with tips spreading, 2.6-4.6 mm long, linear, studded with round tubercles on the side and pubescent toward base. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Torus</emphasis>
flat, 2.2-3 mm in diameter. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Fruit</emphasis>
of up to 5 glabrate or sparsely appressed-pubescent monocarps borne on a pedicel 7-13 mm long, 3-8 mm thick, sparsely pubescent to glabrate; torus 6-16 mm in diameter, 4.3-5 mm high, depressed-globose. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Monocarps</emphasis>
with green exterior and scarlet endocarp 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">in vivo</emphasis>
, 3.7-9.8 cm long, 1.2-2.1 cm wide, 1.0-1.7 cm thick, oblong and somewhat falcate, occasionally weakly torulose, apex rounded or with a curved beak or mucro 1.3-3 mm long, base contracted into a stipe 7-15 mm long, 2.5-6 mm thick, finely wrinkled, strongly verrucose; pericarp 0.7-2.5 mm thick. 
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Seeds</emphasis>
1-5 per monocarp, in a single row, lying parallel to long axis, 14-19 mm long, 9-12.9 mm wide, 9-11 mm thick, oblong-ellipsoid, oblong-elliptic in cross section, truncate at micropylar end, rounded at chalazal end, brown to black, smooth, shiny, raphe/antiraphe forming a raised ridge encircling the seed, micropylar scar 1.5-3.5 mm long, 1.5-2.0 mm wide, elliptic to circular; sarcotesta absent; aril bright yellow or orange, rarely pink or violet 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">in vivo</emphasis>
, amber-colored when dried, brushlike, 10-14 mm in diameter, 4.8-8 mm high, fleshy, granular.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
Specimens with flowers and with fruits have been gathered in all months of the year and with fruits from all months except March. In Sierra Leone, &quot;flowers appear during the rains from July to August and fruits are ripe by October&quot; (
<bibRefCitation author="Savill, PS" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="B149" refString="Savill, PS, Fox, JED, 1967. Trees of Sierra Leone. 316 pp. [published by the authors]" title="Trees of Sierra Leone. 316 pp. [published by the authors]" year="1967">Savill and Fox 1967</bibRefCitation>
); in Ghana, the flowering season is given as June to October, and the fruiting season as January to March (
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, JB" journalOrPublisher="Dr W Junk, Publishers, The Hague" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" refId="B65" refString="Hall, JB, Swaine, MD, 1981. Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest: Forest vegetation in Ghana. Geobotany 1. Dr W Junk, Publishers, The Hague" title="Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest: Forest vegetation in Ghana. Geobotany 1." year="1981">Hall and Swaine 1981</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 10" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figure 10. Distributions of Xylopia africana, X. globosa, and X. staudtii. Bolder lines represent country borders, fainter lines lakes and major rivers." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975.figure10" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/199095" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">10</figureCitation>
). Occurs from Sierra Leone to Ghana, and then again from eastern Nigeria east to southwestern Uganda and south to the Cabinda Province of Angola and east-central Democratic Republic of the Congo; high forest and occasionally freshwater swamp forest, at elevations from sea level up to 1350 m. In Sierra Leone, the trees have a preference for moist valleys, and can be weedy in timber regeneration plots (
<bibRefCitation author="Savill, PS" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="B149" refString="Savill, PS, Fox, JED, 1967. Trees of Sierra Leone. 316 pp. [published by the authors]" title="Trees of Sierra Leone. 316 pp. [published by the authors]" year="1967">Savill and Fox 1967</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="local names">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<pageBreakToken pageId="45" pageNumber="46" start="start">Local</pageBreakToken>
names.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
Diroma (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Gossweiler 7992</emphasis>
), drehn (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cooper 60</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">234</emphasis>
), duanan (Ghana, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Vigne 982</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Hall, JB" journalOrPublisher="Dr W Junk, Publishers, The Hague" pageId="186" pageNumber="187" refId="B65" refString="Hall, JB, Swaine, MD, 1981. Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest: Forest vegetation in Ghana. Geobotany 1. Dr W Junk, Publishers, The Hague" title="Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest: Forest vegetation in Ghana. Geobotany 1." year="1981">Hall and Swaine 1981</bibRefCitation>
), fofois (Gola, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Voorhoeve 19</emphasis>
), 
<normalizedToken originalValue="fondé">fonde</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aubréville">Aubreville</normalizedToken>
38
</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">66</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">1941</emphasis>
), niumbi (Kitetela, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Germain 7631</emphasis>
), nkala (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Hauzer 29</emphasis>
; Bulu, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">de Wilde 7941</emphasis>
), ntom (Ntoumou, 
<bibRefCitation author="Focho, DA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Medicinal Plants Research" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="2148 - 2158" refId="B56" refString="Focho, DA, Egbe, EG, Chuyong, GB, Fongod, AGN, Fonge, BA, Ndam, WT, Youssoufa, BM, 2010. An ethnobotanical investigation of the Annonaceae on Mount Cameroon. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4 (20): 2148 - 2158" title="An ethnobotanical investigation of the Annonaceae on Mount Cameroon." volume="4" year="2010">Focho et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
), odjobi (Ntomou, 
<bibRefCitation author="Focho, DA" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Medicinal Plants Research" pageId="185" pageNumber="186" pagination="2148 - 2158" refId="B56" refString="Focho, DA, Egbe, EG, Chuyong, GB, Fongod, AGN, Fonge, BA, Ndam, WT, Youssoufa, BM, 2010. An ethnobotanical investigation of the Annonaceae on Mount Cameroon. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4 (20): 2148 - 2158" title="An ethnobotanical investigation of the Annonaceae on Mount Cameroon." volume="4" year="2010">Focho et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Letouzey 8178</emphasis>
), takon-blu-chu (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cooper 139</emphasis>
), yengetomei (Sierra Leone, 
<bibRefCitation author="Savill, PS" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="B149" refString="Savill, PS, Fox, JED, 1967. Trees of Sierra Leone. 316 pp. [published by the authors]" title="Trees of Sierra Leone. 316 pp. [published by the authors]" year="1967">Savill and Fox 1967</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1239291" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.97.20975.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/199098" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Figure 13.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="staudtii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Xylopia staudtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A</emphasis>
Outer petal, adaxial view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">B</emphasis>
Inner petal, adaxial view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">C</emphasis>
Stamen, abaxial view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">D</emphasis>
Carpel 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">E</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">F</emphasis>
Fruit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">G</emphasis>
Seed, view of micropylar end 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">H</emphasis>
Seed, lateral view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">I</emphasis>
Close-up of inflorescence. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">A-D</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Le Testu 8630</emphasis>
(BM) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">E, I</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Evrard 5212</emphasis>
(BR) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">F</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Reitsma 1071</emphasis>
(WAG) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">G, H</emphasis>
from 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Reitsma &amp; Reitsma 1168</emphasis>
(BISH).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Additional specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry name="Sierra Leone">SIERRA LEONE</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Yengetumeh M., Kambin Hangha, 
<date value="1918-08-21">21 Aug 1918</date>
(buds), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Aylmer 239</emphasis>
(K); Neaboi Valley, Kambui Forest Reserve, 
<date value="1955-04-01">1 Apr 1955</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Jordan 2024</emphasis>
(K); Gola Forest, Bagbe Line, 
<date value="1952-05-21">21 May 1952</date>
(buds), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Small 724</emphasis>
(B, K, MO, P). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry name="Liberia">LIBERIA</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Saniquellie, Kitoma, 
<date value="1959-03-21">21 Mar 1959</date>
(st), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Adam 16813</emphasis>
(MO), 
<date value="1969-12-17">17 Dec 1969</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Adam 25287</emphasis>
(MO); 
<date value="1971-10-20">20 Oct 1971</date>
(st), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Adam 26378</emphasis>
(MO); Kakata, Blazie, 
<date value="1959-03-07">7 Mar 1959</date>
(st), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Adam 16733</emphasis>
(MO, WAG); Ganta, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
S Ganta, 
<date value="1975-10-15">15 Oct 1975</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Adam 29894</emphasis>
(MO); from vicinity of Firestone Plantations along Dukwia [&quot;Dukwai&quot;] R., Monrovia, 
<date value="1928-10-03">3 Oct 1928</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cooper 60</emphasis>
(BM, F, GH, K, NY, US, YF), 
<date value="1928-11-17">17 Nov 1928</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cooper 139</emphasis>
(BM, F, GH, K, NY, PH, US, YF), 
<date value="1929-02-23">23 Feb 1929</date>
(st), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Cooper 234</emphasis>
(BM, F, K-2 sheets, NY, PH, US, YF); Firestone Plantation #3, 
<date value="1926-08-02">2 Aug 1926</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Linder 66</emphasis>
(A, K-2 sheets); near Blohni, Blohni River drainage, 
<date value="1948-04-28">28 Apr 1948</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Mayer 97</emphasis>
(US); 
<collectingRegion country="Liberia" name="Bong">Bong</collectingRegion>
Range, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="m" value="200.0">200 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1960-07-19">19 Jul 1960</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Voorhoeve 19</emphasis>
(WAG). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry name="Ivory Coast">IVORY COAST</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion country="Ivory Coast" name="Abidjan">Abidjan</collectingRegion>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aubréville">Aubreville</normalizedToken>
38
</emphasis>
(B, K, P), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">66</emphasis>
(K, P, US); Banco, undated (fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Aubréville">Aubreville</normalizedToken>
1941
</emphasis>
(A, P); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="forêt">foret</normalizedToken>
du 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Téké">Teke</normalizedToken>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Adzopé-Abidjan">Adzope-Abidjan</normalizedToken>
km 73, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="5.55">5°33'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="4" direction="west" minutes="03" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-4.05">4°03'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date value="1969-02-11">11 Feb 1969</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Bamps 2044</emphasis>
(BR); 
<collectingRegion country="Ivory Coast" name="Abidjan">Abidjan</collectingRegion>
, Banco Forest Reserve, part N of Route du Rail, 
<date value="1976-04-29">29 Apr 1976</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">de Koning 6833</emphasis>
(WAG-3 sheets). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry name="Ghana">GHANA</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Tarkwa, Subiri F. R. (Benso), 
<date value="1951-09">Sept 1951</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Andoh A30/51 (FH 5561)</emphasis>
(B, K, NY, P); Neung Forest Reserve (W), Dompim, 
<date value="1974-05-16">16 May 1974</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Enti FE-1315</emphasis>
(K, MO, WAG); Neung Forest Reserve, nr. Bonsa River, Tarkwa Dist., 
<date value="1981-09-03">3 Sept 1981</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Enti FE-2095</emphasis>
(MO); Atewa F. R., 1800', 
<date value="1971-02-25">25 Feb 1971</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Hall GC 43251</emphasis>
(MO); Western Province, Elubo, approx. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="km" value="22.0">22 km</quantity>
ESE towards Takoradi, along Elubo-Taboradi road, then N 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
on road to Ankasa Forest Reserve, N of Ankasa River, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="05" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="5.2833333">05°17'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="02" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-2.75">02°45'W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" unit="m" value="80.0">80 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1995-07-14">14 Jul 1995</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Harder et al. 3406</emphasis>
(MO); Abosso, 
<date value="1926-08">Aug 1926</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Vigne 982</emphasis>
(K, P). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry name="Nigeria">NIGERIA</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Southern Nigeria, Central Province, 1931 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Rosevear C.21</emphasis>
(K). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
<collectingCountry name="Cameroon">CAMEROON</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
East Province, Department Haut-Nyong, Dja Reserve, Bouamir Research Area, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="km" value="90.0">90 km</quantity>
SE of Akonolinga, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="03" direction="north" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="3.2">03°12'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="east" minutes="49" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="12.816667">12°49'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="6.4" unit="m" value="670.0" valueMax="700.0" valueMin="640.0">640-700 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1994-08-24">24 Aug 1994</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Fogiel 864</emphasis>
(MO-2 sheets); 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" unit="km" value="22.0">22 km</quantity>
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Ouest">l'Ouest</normalizedToken>
de Masea (village 
<normalizedToken originalValue="situé">situe</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
au SSW de Yokadouma, 
<date value="1963-07-04">4 Jul 1963</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Letouzey 5404</emphasis>
(P); Mebemonko, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
<collectingRegion country="Cameroon" name="North">NO</collectingRegion>
<normalizedToken originalValue="d’Oveng">d'Oveng</normalizedToken>
, 
<date value="1966-10-24">24 Oct 1966</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Letouzey 8178</emphasis>
(K, P); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="près">pres</normalizedToken>
Nteigne, Pk 108, Route Mintom-Mbalam, near Djoum, 
<date value="1973-01">Jan 1973</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Letouzey 11854</emphasis>
(K); colline a 
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’ENE">l'ENE</normalizedToken>
de Mbalam 
<quantity metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="km" value="140.0">140 km</quantity>
ESE de Djoum 
<normalizedToken originalValue="près">pres</normalizedToken>
Souanke-Congo, 
<date value="1973-01-20">20 Jan 1973</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Letouzey 11865</emphasis>
(BR, K-2 sheets, P); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Übergangs-">Uebergangs-</normalizedToken>
und Kampfgebiet gegen die Savanne an der Nord-grenze der Hylaea 
<normalizedToken originalValue="südlich">suedlich</normalizedToken>
des Sanaga zwischen Jaunde und Dengdeng unweit der Vereinigung von Lom (Sanaga) und Djerem, etwa 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.8" unit="km" value="88.0">88 km</quantity>
<collectingRegion country="Cameroon" name="North">NO</collectingRegion>
Jaunde, 
<date value="1914-02">Feb 1914</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Mildbraed 8171</emphasis>
(K); Southwest Province, forested lower slopes of Mt. Cameroon above Batoke, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="4" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="4.0833335">4°05'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="east" minutes="05" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="9.083333">9°05'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="m" value="450.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="300.0">300-600 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1984-04-24">24 Apr 1984</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Thomas 3463</emphasis>
(B, K, MO); Prov. Southwest, Takamanda Forest Reserve, footpath 
<pageBreakToken pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">from</pageBreakToken>
Mbilishi to Kaluma, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="15" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="6.25">6°15'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="east" minutes="26" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="9.433333">9°26'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" unit="m" value="650.0">650 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1987-05-01">1 May 1987</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Thomas et al. 7401</emphasis>
(MO); Station du Cacaoyer de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="N’koemvone">N'koemvone</normalizedToken>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
on the road from Ebolowa to Ambam, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="2.8166666">2°49'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="east" minutes="08" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="11.133333">11°08'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date value="1975-01-31">31 Jan 1975</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">de Wilde 7941</emphasis>
(B, BR, K, MO, P); Station de Cacaoyer de 
<normalizedToken originalValue="N’Koemvone">N'Koemvone</normalizedToken>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" unit="km" value="14.0">14 km</quantity>
on the road from Ebolowa to Ambam-track crossing the Mvila river, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="2.8166666">2°49'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="east" minutes="06" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="11.1">11°06'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date value="1975-03-04">4 Mar 1975</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">de Wilde 8029</emphasis>
(B, K, MO); South Province, hill above Nlonacko near village Ebianemeyong, c. 
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="26" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="2.4333334">2°26'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="east" minutes="21" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="10.35">10°21'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="500.0">500 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1998-12-12">12 Dec 1998</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">de Wilde et al. 12161</emphasis>
(MO); Mimfia, 
<date value="1913-03">Mar 1913</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Zenker 246</emphasis>
(B, G, GH, M, MO, P, US, WAG); Bipinde, 1908 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Zenker 3653</emphasis>
(BM, F, G, K, L, M, MO, US, WU), Bipinde, Mimfia, 
<date value="1909-08">Aug 1909</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Zenker 3953</emphasis>
(BM, F, G, K, L, M, MO, P, WU); Bipinde, 1903 (fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Zenker 4862</emphasis>
(B, BM, G, K, L, M, MO, P, PR, US). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry name="Equatorial Guinea">EQUATORIAL GUINEA</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
Muni: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Près">Pres</normalizedToken>
de la 
<normalizedToken originalValue="frontière">frontiere</normalizedToken>
gabonaise, chantier forestier 
<normalizedToken originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’est">l'est</normalizedToken>
de Cogo, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="1" direction="north" minutes="05" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="1.0833334">1°05'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="east" minutes="00" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="10.0">10°00'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date value="1989-05-03">3 May 1989</date>
(bud), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">McPherson 14003</emphasis>
(MO); Bebai, Campo-gebiet, Weg u Tkum [locality is in NE corner of modern Equatorial Guinea (
<bibRefCitation author="Tessmann, G" journalOrPublisher="Fitoterapia" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" refId="B162" refString="Tessmann, G, 1913. Die Pangwe: Voelkerkundliche Monographie eines westafrikanischen Negerstammes. Ernst Wasmuth A.-G., Berlin, 275 [Vol. 1], 402 [Vol. 2]." title="Die Pangwe: Voelkerkundliche Monographie eines westafrikanischen Negerstammes. Ernst Wasmuth A. - G., Berlin, 275 [Vol. 1], 402 [Vol. 2]." year="1913">Tessmann 1913</bibRefCitation>
)], 
<date value="1908-11-18">18 Nov 1908</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Tessmann 644</emphasis>
(K). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry name="Gabon">GABON</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Estuaire">Estuaire</collectingRegion>
: S of 
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Estuaire">Estuaire</collectingRegion>
du Gabon along 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Remboué">Remboue</normalizedToken>
River, British Gas site, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="00" direction="south" minutes="12" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-0.2">00°12'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="east" minutes="01" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="10.016666">10°01'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1991-01-11">11 Jan 1991</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">McPherson 15113</emphasis>
(MO); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="côté">cote</normalizedToken>
plantation Sogacel 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
N de Ndouaniang, 
<date value="1984-08-12">12 Aug 1984</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Wilks WIL 991</emphasis>
(WAG-2 sheets).-
<normalizedToken originalValue="Haut-Ogooué">
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Haut-Ogooue">Haut-Ogooue</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
: Plateau 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Batéké">Bateke</normalizedToken>
National Parc, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="02" direction="south" minutes="06" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="59" value="-2.1163888">02°06'59&quot;S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="east" minutes="04" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="03" value="14.0675">14°04'03&quot;E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.21" unit="m" value="421.0">421 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="2003-02-26">26 Feb 2003</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Niangadouma &amp; Walters 144</emphasis>
(MO, WAG).-
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ngounié">
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Ngounie">Ngounie</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
: new rd from Mouila to Yeno, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
either side of Kembela village, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-1.7">1°42'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="11" direction="east" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="11.383333">11°23'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date value="1986-07-20">20 Jul 1986</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Thomas &amp; Wilks 6515</emphasis>
(K, MO, P).-
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Nyanga">Nyanga</collectingRegion>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="région">region</normalizedToken>
du 
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Nyanga">Nyanga</collectingRegion>
, Inganga, Mayombe Bayaka, 
<date value="1914-05-20">20 May 1914</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Le Testu 1748</emphasis>
(BM, MO, P, US); 
<normalizedToken originalValue="forêt">foret</normalizedToken>
du Mayombe Bayaka, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="près">pres</normalizedToken>
de Tchibanga, 
<date value="1914-12-10">10 Dec 1914</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Le Testu 1913</emphasis>
(BM, K-2 sheets, MO, P); chantier CEB, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" unit="km" value="35.0">35 km</quantity>
SW of Doussala, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="south" minutes="30" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-2.5">2°30'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="east" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="10.5">10°30'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date value="1985-05-19">19 May 1985</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Reitsma et al. 1071</emphasis>
(MO, NY, RSA, WAG); chantier CEB, ca. 
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="km" value="50.0">50 km</quantity>
SW of Doussala, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="south" minutes="36" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-2.6">2°36'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="10.583333">10°35'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date value="1985-06-14">14 Jun 1985</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Reitsma &amp; Reitsma 1168</emphasis>
(BISH, MO, NY, RSA).-
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ogooué-Maritime">
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Ogooue-Maritime">Ogooue-Maritime</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
: Toucan, ca. 
<geoCoordinate degrees="01" direction="south" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-1.7833333">01°47'S</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="09" direction="east" minutes="53" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="9.883333">09°53'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date value="2002-06-09">9 Jun 2002</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bourobou Bourobou et al. 707</emphasis>
(MO-3 sheets).-
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ogooué-Ivindo">
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Ogooue-Ivindo">Ogooue-Ivindo</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="M’Passa">M'Passa</normalizedToken>
Field Station, near Makokou on Riviere 
<normalizedToken originalValue="l’Ivindo">l'Ivindo</normalizedToken>
, 
<date value="1981-07-08">8 Jul 1981</date>
(fr) 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Gentry 33219</emphasis>
(MO); Ile Ipassa, Makokou, 
<date value="1972-06-17">17 Jun 1972</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Hladik 2334</emphasis>
(P); Monts Iboundji, 
<date value="1930-12-27">27 Dec 1930</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Le Testu 8630</emphasis>
(BM, BR, P).-
<collectingRegion country="Gabon" name="Woleu-Ntem">Woleu-Ntem</collectingRegion>
: Oyem, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="région">region</normalizedToken>
entre 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ogooué">Ogooue</normalizedToken>
et Cameroun, 
<date value="1933-09-09">9 Sep 1933</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Le Testu 9287</emphasis>
(BM, BR, K-2 sheets, P).-Province unknown: Billagone, 100', 
<date value="1938-05-22">22 May 1938</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Thomson 2</emphasis>
(K). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry name="Republic of the Congo">REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. Route du chantier de Boungolo (Pointe-Noire), 
<date value="1966-01-31">31 Jan 1966</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Farron 4892</emphasis>
(K, P). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry name="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Équateur">
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Equateur">Equateur</collectingRegion>
</normalizedToken>
: Entre Bokatola and Bikoro, 
<date value="1930-09">Sep 1930</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Lebrun 1425</emphasis>
(BM, K, MO, NY, RSA, US).- Ituri: Ituri District, Lodjo, SW of Lodjo village, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="2" direction="north" minutes="03.09" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="2.0515">2°03.09'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="east" minutes="59.51" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="29.991833">29°59.51'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08" unit="m" value="1080.0">1080 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="2011-01-26">26 Jan 2011</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Bytebier et al. B 3367</emphasis>
(K, MO).-
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Bas-Congo">Kongo Central</collectingRegion>
: Kisafu [Maduda], 
<date value="1951-10-10">10 Oct 1951</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Hauzer 29</emphasis>
(BR).-Sankuru: Katako-Kombe, Rubber Plantation, 
<date value="1952-06">Jun 1952</date>
(fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Germain 7631</emphasis>
(BR).-
<collectingRegion country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Sud-Kivu">Sud-Kivu</collectingRegion>
: Mukono, Terr. Mwenga, 
<date value="1959-07-08">8 Jul 1959</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Leonard 4877</emphasis>
(BR).-Tshopo: Tsangi Terr., Yangambi, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" unit="m" value="120.0">120 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1952-03-05">5 Mar 1952</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Toussaint 918</emphasis>
(K).-Tshuapa: Piste Yalikungu-riv. Tshuapa, Terr. Ikela, 
<date value="1958-11-25">25 Nov 1958</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">Evrard 5212</emphasis>
(BR, K). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="46" pageNumber="47">
<collectingCountry name="Angola">ANGOLA</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Mayumbe, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="M’bulu">M'bulu</normalizedToken>
hills, source of 
<pageBreakToken pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">
<normalizedToken originalValue="N’Zanga">N'Zanga</normalizedToken>
</pageBreakToken>
River, 
<date value="1919-04-11">11 Apr 1919</date>
(fl, fr), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Gossweiler 7992</emphasis>
(BM, BR, K-3 sheets). 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<collectingCountry name="Uganda">UGANDA</collectingCountry>
.
</emphasis>
Impenetrable Forest, Kigezi, 
<date value="1946-04">Apr 1946</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Butt 45</emphasis>
(ENT, not seen, photo at K); [U2], 
<collectingRegion country="Uganda" name="Rukungiri">Rukungiri District</collectingRegion>
, Kayonza, Bwindi forest, Ishasha Gorge, 0°53'-
<geoCoordinate degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="08" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-1.1333333">1°08'S</geoCoordinate>
, 30°25'-
<geoCoordinate degrees="30" direction="east" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="30.583334">30°35'E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" unit="m" value="1350.0">1350 m</quantity>
, 
<date value="1998-04">Apr 1998</date>
(fl), 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Hafashimana 0504</emphasis>
(K).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="staudtii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Xylopia staudtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the tallest of any 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Xylopia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, becoming a canopy tree of up to 
<specimenCount type="generic">
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
.
</specimenCount>
The elaborate stilt roots of this species, described in detail by 
<bibRefCitation author="Jenik, J" journalOrPublisher="Preslia" pageId="187" pageNumber="188" pagination="25 - 32" refId="B83" refString="Jenik, J, 1970. Root systems of tropical trees 4. The stilted peg-roots of Xylopia staudtii Engl. &amp; Diels. Preslia 42: 25 - 32" title="Root systems of tropical trees 4. The stilted peg-roots of Xylopia staudtii Engl. &amp; Diels." volume="42" year="1970">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jeník">Jenik</normalizedToken>
(1970)
</bibRefCitation>
, consist not only of adventitious stilt roots emerging from the trunk up to one meter above the ground, but also stilted pneumatophores (&quot;peg roots&quot;) that arise from lateral roots up to 
<quantity metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
distant from the tree trunk. These striking roots suggest adaptation to swamp forests, although the species is not restricted to such habitats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
With its broad flower buds, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="staudtii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Xylopia staudtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia africana" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Xylopia africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also sharing with that species the oblong thick-walled monocarps and large seeds with a brushlike aril. In fact, many collections of 
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="staudtii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">X. staudtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
made by Zenker in 
<collectingCountry name="Cameroon">Cameroon</collectingCountry>
were distributed as 
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. africana" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="africana">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">X. africana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The lone taxonomic synonym, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="De Wildeman" authorityYear="1914" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Ulmaceae" genus="Xylopia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Xylopia mayombensis" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mayombensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Xylopia mayombensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
De Wild., was based on a specimen with petals at the larger end of the range of petal size for 
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="staudtii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">X. staudtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but is not otherwise exceptional for the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00067-4" author="Sunderland, TCH" editor="Comiskey, JA" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="19 - 54" refId="B160" refString="Sunderland, TCH, Comiskey, JA, Besong, S, Mboh, H, Fonwebon, J, Dione, MA, 2003. Vegetation Assessment of Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. In: Comiskey, JA, Sunderland, TCH, Sunderland-Groves, JL, Eds., Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest, SI/MAB Series 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: 19 - 54, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00067-4" title="Vegetation Assessment of Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00067-4" volumeTitle="Takamanda: the Biodiversity of an African Rainforest, SI / MAB Series  8." year="2003">Sunderland et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="staudtii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">X. staudtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a dominant tree in lowland (
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" unit="m" value="400.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="300.0">300-500 m</quantity>
), mid-elevation (
<quantity metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" unit="m" value="650.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="500.0">500-800 m</quantity>
), and montane (
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.8" unit="m" value="1150.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="800.0">800-1500 m</quantity>
) forests of the Takamanda Reserve, having the second-highest relative density and the fourth-highest basal area of all tree species sampled in montane forest plots. The seeds of 
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="staudtii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">X. staudtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reported as a food item for two hornbill species (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467498000273" author="Whitney, KD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="351 - 371" refId="B182" refString="Whitney, KD, M, Fogiel MK, Lamperti, AM, Holbrook, KM, Stauffer, DJ, Hardesty, BD, Parker, VT, Smith, TB, 1998. Seed dispersal by Ceratogymna hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: 351 - 371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467498000273" title="Seed dispersal by Ceratogymna hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467498000273" volume="14" year="1998">Whitney et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
), four species of mangabeys and guenons (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4704" author="Sourd, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Animal Ecology" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="235 - 244" refId="B155" refString="Sourd, C, Gautier-Hion, A, 1986. Fruit selection by a forest guenon. Journal of Animal Ecology 55 (1): 235 - 244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4704" title="Fruit selection by a forest guenon." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4704" volume="55" year="1986">Sourd and Gautier-Hion 1986</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001602" author="Poulsen, JR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="787 - 808" refId="B139" refString="Poulsen, JR, Clark, CJ, Smith, TB, 2001. Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17: 787 - 808, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001602" title="Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001602" volume="17" year="2001">Poulsen et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
), and mandrills (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350110103" author="Lahm, SA" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="188" pageNumber="189" pagination="9 - 26" refId="B102" refString="Lahm, SA, 1986. Diet and habitat preference of Mandrillus sphinx in Gabon: Implications of foraging strategy. American Journal of Primatology 11 (1): 9 - 26, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350110103" title="Diet and habitat preference of Mandrillus sphinx in Gabon: Implications of foraging strategy." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350110103" volume="11" year="1986">Lahm 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The nutrient analysis of the arils of 
<taxonomicName family="Annonaceae" genus="X." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="X. staudtii" order="Magnoliales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="staudtii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">X. staudtii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4704" author="Sourd, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Animal Ecology" pageId="191" pageNumber="192" pagination="235 - 244" refId="B155" refString="Sourd, C, Gautier-Hion, A, 1986. Fruit selection by a forest guenon. Journal of Animal Ecology 55 (1): 235 - 244, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4704" title="Fruit selection by a forest guenon." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4704" volume="55" year="1986">Sourd and Gautier-Hion (1986)</bibRefCitation>
showed high levels of lipids and proteins, suggesting that the species provides a high-value food resource to these dispersers and perhaps others. Some seeds defecated by gray-cheeked mangabeys and by hornbills germinated (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467498000273" author="Whitney, KD" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="192" pageNumber="193" pagination="351 - 371" refId="B182" refString="Whitney, KD, M, Fogiel MK, Lamperti, AM, Holbrook, KM, Stauffer, DJ, Hardesty, BD, Parker, VT, Smith, TB, 1998. Seed dispersal by Ceratogymna hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14: 351 - 371, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467498000273" title="Seed dispersal by Ceratogymna hornbills in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467498000273" volume="14" year="1998">Whitney et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001602" author="Poulsen, JR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Tropical Ecology" pageId="190" pageNumber="191" pagination="787 - 808" refId="B139" refString="Poulsen, JR, Clark, CJ, Smith, TB, 2001. Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17: 787 - 808, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001602" title="Seed dispersal by a diurnal primate community in the Dja Reserve, Cameroon." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467401001602" volume="17" year="2001">Poulsen et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>