263 lines
43 KiB
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263 lines
43 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9922A28D501E30E78AE6717861DF19D8">Skeletal reconstruction of fossil vertebrates as a process of hypothesis testing and a source of anatomical and palaeobiological inferences</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F731641A17CD1C78419AD707BC65F639">Sullivan, Corwin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="DE27CE9438203000E39700D0DE95A04C">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T 6 G 2 E 9 (Canada) and Philip J. Currie Dinosaur Museum, 9301 112 Avenue, Wembley, AB, T 0 H 3 S 0 (Canada) corwin 1 @ ualberta. ca (corresponding author)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7E5C029587055BE7FF690C93FB8D0673">Sissons, Robin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AC23CEB1F6EE50101C8A6EFA40A72BE9">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T 6 G 2 E 9 (Canada)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="EC874CA78C9B6746346F87A5B9AD6466" type="email">robin.sissons@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="CCDE3D5183008F6FE4391E6676E05D55">Sharpe, Henry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C340E476B8545AB8B61F9E5012726889">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T 6 G 2 E 9 (Canada)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="8C08151B308187A03C7C415F3F41B084" type="email">hssharpe@ualberta.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6344FBA2878615F45BBC4960D328BFFC">Nguyen, Khoi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="17A56C1B2051E88428EBB0111D6737A5">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T 6 G 2 E 9 (Canada)</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="974F35C72BDD8EE8D9E42C04DEDDC80E" type="email">khoi2@ualberta.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="02BF704908E8BA220197E1A26DE2EA67">Theurer, Brandon</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CBEA75FD690F4221046725051E45CEBA">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB, T 6 G 2 E 9 (Canada) robin. sissons @ gmail. com hssharpe @ ualberta. ca khoi 2 @ ualberta. ca btheurer @ ualberta. ca</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14205949" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14205949" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0D368D4EFF04FFC9FF3CF99AFB1A1188" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="80" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
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HINDLIMB OF AN INDETERMINATE
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<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF04FFC8FE4BF99AFD931028" authority="Marsh, 1888" box="[499,628,1593,1612]" family="Ceratopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">CERATOPSID</taxonomicName>
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DINOSAUR
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<paragraph id="85203C58FF04FFC8FF3CF9F0FD7E118F" blockId="12.[130,777,1555,2028]" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
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One of us (BT) created a reconstruction of UALVP 42, an indeterminate ceratopsid left partial hindlimb comprising almost all the crural and pedal elements, to explore and illustrate the articular configuration of the lower hindlimb in
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<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF04FFC8FDC2F911FCE210A8" box="[634,773,1714,1740]" family="Ceratopsidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Ceratopsidae</taxonomicName>
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for a future descriptive paper (Theurer
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF04FFC8FDACF970FDDA1088" box="[532,573,1746,1772]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">et al</emphasis>
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. work in progress). The reconstruction was informed by published descriptions of ceratopsid hindlimbs (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF04FFC8FE00F8B0FDDA1148" author="BROWN B." box="[440,573,1810,1837]" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" pagination="281 - 306" refId="ref9126" refString="BROWN B. 1917. - A complete skeleton of the horned dinosaur Monoclonius, and description of a second skeleton showing skin impressions. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History 37 (10): 281 - 306. http: // hdl. handle. net / 2246 / 1336" type="journal article" year="1917">Brown 1917</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF04FFC8FDF3F8B1FD531148" author="LULL R. S." box="[587,692,1810,1836]" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref10512" refString="LULL R. S. 1933. - A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 3: 1 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5716" type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF04FFC8FD79F8B1FF1D1128" author="CURRIE P. J. & HOLMES R. B. & RYAN M. J. & COY C." pageId="12" pageNumber="79" refId="ref9388" refString="CURRIE P. J., HOLMES R. B., RYAN M. J. & COY C. 2016. - A juvenile chasmosaurine ceratopsid (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (2): e 1048348. https: // doi. org / 10.10 80 / 02724634.2015.1048348" type="journal volume" year="2016">
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Currie
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF04FFC8FF3CF890FF5F1128" box="[132,184,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 15) and a ceratopsid footprint (
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<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF04FFC8FDC7F891FEEC1108" author="GIERLINSKI G. D. & SABATH K." pageId="12" pageNumber="79" pagination="29 - 46" refId="ref10063" refString="GIERLINSKI G. D. & SABATH K. 2008. - Stegosaurian footprints from the Morrison Formation of Utah and their implications for interpreting other ornithischian tracks. Oryctos 8: 29 - 46." type="journal article" year="2008">Gierlinski & Sabath 2008</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 10F), and to a lesser extent by descriptions of hindlimbs of other ornithischians (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF04FFC8FD95F8D1FD5611E8" author="FORSTER C. A." box="[557,689,1906,1932]" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" pagination="273 - 294" refId="ref9932" refString="FORSTER C. A. 1990. - The postcranial skeleton of the ornithopod Tenontosaurus tilletti. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 10 (3): 273 - 294. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.1990.10011815" type="journal article" year="1990">Forster 1990</bibRefCitation>
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||
: fig. 21;
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<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF04FFC8FF3AF831FEB411C8" author="SALGADO L. & CORIA R. A. & HEREDIA S. E." box="[130,339,1938,1964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" pagination="933 - 940" refId="ref11138" refString="SALGADO L., CORIA R. A. & HEREDIA S. E. 1997. - New materials of Gasparinisaura cincosaltensis (Ornithischia, Ornithopoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Journal of Paleontology 71 (5): 933 - 940. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0022336000035861" type="journal article" year="1997">
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Salgado
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF04FFC8FF67F830FEF311C8" box="[223,276,1938,1964]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">et al.</emphasis>
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1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 5). A model segmented from a CT scan of the juvenile
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<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF04FFC8FEE9F811FD4F11A8" authority="Lambe, 1902" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1902" box="[337,680,1970,1996]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Chasmosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="belli">
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF04FFC8FEE9F811FDF211A8" box="[337,533,1970,1996]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Chasmosaurus belli</emphasis>
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Lambe, 1902
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</taxonomicName>
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skeleton UALVP 52613 was also available for comparison.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="85203C58FF04FFC8FCFBFA97FB98118F" blockId="12.[811,1458,1332,2027]" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">
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UALVP 42 was collected by George F. Sternberg in 1920, from exposures of the Belly River Group (Campanian) on Sand Creek in southern
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<collectingRegion id="475BF2BAFF04FFC8FBFDFAD7FB7C13EA" box="[1093,1179,1396,1422]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Alberta</collectingRegion>
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. Sternberg subsequently created a mount of the specimen that was displayed from 1935 to the late 1950s, reconstructing the distal hindlimb skeleton in a physical sense. As well as positioning the bones, Sternberg restored some of them extensively with plaster to conceal damage (
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF04FFC8FBB6F9B0FBA81049" box="[1038,1103,1555,1581]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1148,1165]" captionTargetBox="[133,1420,218,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-594@12.[698,1267,193,747]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Left tibia,fibula,and calcaneum of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42) as restored and articulated by George Sternberg for display of the distal part of the left hindlimb as a mount. The mount was dismantled in the late 1950s, but the bones shown here remain as positioned by Sternberg because the tibia and fibula are bolted together, and the calcaneum is firmly affixed to the fibula. Some areas have been retouched with plaster mixed with paint, which can be difficult to distinguish from the remaining original bone: A, elements in anterior (left) and posterior (right) views; B, elements in close-up anteromedial view, showing the gap (red arrow) introduced by Sternberg between the tibia medially and the calcaneum and distal part of the fibula laterally. Abbreviations: c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: 10 cm." pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
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). The proximal and distal ends of the tibia, in particular, were heavily retouched. Having been mixed with brown paint, the plaster is difficult to distinguish from the original fossil bone. Therefore, the bones were CT scanned using a Siemens Somatom Definition Flash scanner at the University of
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<collectingRegion id="475BF2BAFF04FFC8FB4DF911FAA010A8" box="[1269,1351,1714,1740]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="12" pageNumber="79">Alberta</collectingRegion>
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Hospital (voltage: 120 kV; current: 300 mA; voxel size:
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<quantity id="426791BDFF04FFC8FAFBF971FA451089" box="[1347,1442,1746,1773]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="79" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
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), and the genuine bone was segmented out using Dragonfly ORS. A defined range of intensities was used to create an initial “point and click” segmentation, which was then refined manually a few slices at a time. The scanned bones were imported into Autodesk Maya, an animation program that can be utilised to position digital models in 3D space and produce 2D orthographic and perspective renderings of them from arbitrary angles.
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</paragraph>
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1. — Ratio of the length of phalanx I-1 to the length of metatarsal I in several ceratopsids. Length measurements were made from images with metatarsal I and phalanx I-1 in the same focal plane, using ImageJ (
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<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF05FFC9FDE1FF51FCED1767" author="SCHNEIDER C. A. & RASBAND W. S. & ELICEIRI K. W." box="[601,778,242,259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="671 - 675" refId="ref11334" refString="SCHNEIDER C. A., RASBAND W. S. & ELICEIRI K. W. 2012. - NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods 9: 671 - 675. https: // doi. org / 10.1038 / nmeth. 2089" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Schneider
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FD0BFF51FD3B1767" box="[691,732,242,259]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The median ratio was used to determine that the expected length of phalanx I-1 for UALVP 42 was approximately 88.45% the length of phalanx I-1 in UALVP 16248. The digital model was scaled accordingly for the reconstruction.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FF3EFEF7FA931446" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
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<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FF3EFEF7FF0C170C" bold="true" box="[134,235,340,360]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Specimen</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFDA6FEF7FB04170C" box="[542,1251,340,360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FDA6FEF7FDBB170C" bold="true" box="[542,604,340,360]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Taxon</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFA87FEF7FA92170C" box="[1343,1397,340,360]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FA87FEF7FA92170C" bold="true" box="[1343,1397,340,360]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Ratio</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3BAF3E1AFF05003BFF3EFEDBFA9217E8" box="[134,1397,376,396]" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFF3EFEDBFE7717E8" box="[134,400,376,396]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">AMNH 5351 cast (right foot)</th>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFDA6FEDBFB0417E8" box="[542,1251,376,396]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF05FFC9FDA6FEDBFC9F17E8" authority="(Lambe, 1905)" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[542,888,376,396]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apertus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FDA6FEDBFD0D17E8" box="[542,746,376,396]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Centrosaurus apertus</emphasis>
|
||
(Lambe, 1905)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFA87FEDBFA9217E8" box="[1343,1397,376,396]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">1.021</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3BAF3E1AFF05003BFF3EFE33FA9217C0" box="[134,1397,400,420]" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFF3EFE33FE7717C0" box="[134,400,400,420]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">CMN 8547</th>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFDA6FE33FB0417C0" box="[542,1251,400,420]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Indeterminate chasmosaurine</td>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFA87FE33FA9217C0" box="[1343,1397,400,420]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">0.986</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3BAF3E1AFF05003BFF3EFE0BFA9217D8" box="[134,1397,424,444]" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFF3EFE0BFE7717D8" box="[134,400,424,444]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">TMP 2002.076.0001</th>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFDA6FE0BFB0417D8" box="[542,1251,424,444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Indeterminate pachyrinosaurin</td>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFA87FE0BFA9217D8" box="[1343,1397,424,444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">0.893</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3BAF3E1AFF05003BFF3EFE63FA9217B0" box="[134,1397,448,468]" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFF3EFE63FE7717B0" box="[134,400,448,468]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">CMN 41357</th>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFDA6FE63FB0417B0" box="[542,1251,448,468]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF05FFC9FDA6FE63FB0417B0" authority="(Holmes Holmes, Forster, Ryan & Shepherd, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Holmes Holmes, Forster, Ryan & Shepherd" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[542,1251,448,468]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Vagaceratops" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="irvinensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FDA6FE63FD1A17B0" box="[542,765,448,468]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Vagaceratops irvinensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Holmes Holmes, Forster, Ryan & Shepherd, 2001)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFA87FE63FA9217B0" box="[1343,1397,448,468]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">0.885</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3BAF3E1AFF05003BFF3EFE7BFA921788" box="[134,1397,472,492]" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFF3EFE7BFE771788" box="[134,400,472,492]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">TMP 1989.097.0001</th>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFDA6FE7BFB041788" box="[542,1251,472,492]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF05FFC9FDA6FE7BFC731788" authority="Lambe, 1913" authorityName="Lambe" authorityYear="1913" box="[542,916,472,492]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albertensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FDA6FE7BFCF61788" box="[542,785,472,492]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Styracosaurus albertensis</emphasis>
|
||
Lambe, 1913
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFA87FE7BFA921788" box="[1343,1397,472,492]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">0.883</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3BAF3E1AFF05003BFF3EFE53FA921460" box="[134,1397,496,516]" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFF3EFE53FE771460" box="[134,400,496,516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">AMNH 5351 cast (left foot)</th>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFDA6FE53FB041460" box="[542,1251,496,516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF05FFC9FDA6FE53FD0D1460" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[542,746,496,516]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apertus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FDA6FE53FD0D1460" box="[542,746,496,516]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Centrosaurus apertus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFA87FE53FA921460" box="[1343,1397,496,516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">0.859</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3BAF3E1AFF05003BFF3EFDADFA921446" box="[134,1397,526,546]" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
<th id="787E5766FF05003BFF3EFDADFE771446" box="[134,400,526,546]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Median</th>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFDA6FDADFB041446" box="[542,1251,526,546]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">–</td>
|
||
<td id="787E5766FF05003BFA87FDADFA921446" box="[1343,1397,526,546]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">0.889</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FF23FDF5FDEF134A" blockId="13.[130,777,598,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
The only distal hindlimb bone missing from UALVP 42 is the proximal phalanx of digit I. The Sternberg mount included another bone in place of this element, but comparison with the left metacarpal IV of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF05FFC9FE2BFD15FD3114B4" authority="CMN" authorityName="CMN" box="[403,726,694,720]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Styracosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albertensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FE2BFD15FD6B14B4" box="[403,652,694,720]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Styracosaurus albertensis</emphasis>
|
||
CMN
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
344 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF05FFC9FF35FD75FEAA1495" author="HOLMES R. B. & RYAN M. J. & MURRAY A. M." box="[141,333,726,753]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="4 - 75" refId="ref10164" refString="HOLMES R. B., RYAN M. J. & MURRAY A. M. 2005. - Photographic atlas of the postcranial skeleton of the type specimen of Styracosaurus albertensis with additional isolated cranial elements from Alberta. Syllogeus 75: 4 - 75." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Holmes
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FF5BFD74FEF41494" box="[227,275,726,752]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 30G-J), in particular, indicates that this substitute is actually a ceratopsid metacarpal. Sternberg may have borrowed the metacarpal, which has not been retouched with plaster in the same manner as the genuine hindlimb elements of UALVP 42, from another specimen, but this possibility is unsupported by any documentation.To complete our reconstruction of UALVP 42, a 3D model of phalanx I-1 from an associated skeleton of the ceratopsid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="429F47DBFF05FFC9FD88FC15FCE015AB" baseAuthorityName="Lambe" baseAuthorityYear="1905" box="[560,775,950,976]" family="Ceratopsidae" genus="Centrosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apertus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B7EBE04AFF05FFC9FD88FC15FCE015AB" box="[560,775,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Centrosaurus apertus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(UALVP 16248) was created using photogrammetry and the program Agisoft Metashape, and a small piece missing from the anteromedial corner of the proximal end was reconstructed in Pixologic ZBrush. The resulting model was imported into Maya and scaled to an appropriate size for UALVP 42, based on the median ratio of phalanx I-1 length to metatarsal I length (0.889) in several other ceratopsid specimens in which both elements are preserved (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C81D09E3FF05FFC9FE3FFB17FE3F12AA" box="[391,472,1204,1230]" captionStart="TABLE" captionStartId="13.[132,143,219,236]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="TABLE 1. — Ratio of the length of phalanx I-1 to the length of metatarsal I in several ceratopsids. Length measurements were made from images with metatarsal I and phalanx I-1 in the same focal plane, using ImageJ (Schneider et al. 2012). The median ratio was used to determine that the expected length of phalanx I-1 for UALVP 42 was approximately 88.45% the length of phalanx I-1 in UALVP 16248. The digital model was scaled accordingly for the reconstruction." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" tableUuid="D1E06CD0FF05FFC9FF3CFF78FAB9177D">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). This procedure involved a tacit assumption, amenable to testing in future comparative studies, that the morphology of phalanx I-1 was unlikely to vary much across ceratopsid species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FF23FA97FDB8118F" blockId="13.[130,777,598,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Maya was used to reconstruct the articulation of the bones of UALVP 42, plus the rescaled phalanx I-1, and generate an image of the reconstructed configuration (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FD8EFAD7FD6213EA" box="[566,645,1396,1422]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sternberg’s restoration of the shape of each individual bone was provisionally accepted as a well-educated guess, with the obvious exception of phalanx I-1, but the digital reconstruction distinguished visually between bone and plaster based on the segmented models. One advantage of this method of reconstruction was that internal consistency among the resulting 2D images was guaranteed, given that they all depicted the same 3D model. Therefore, successive versions of the reconstruction always passed the test of internal consistency provided no two elements overlapped in 3D space. Furthermore, “versions” of the underlying 3D model could be quickly generated by rotating and translating individual bones to experiment with different possible configurations, and quickly evaluated by viewing the model from different angles. Accordingly, the iterative process outlined above, in which visual hypotheses are tested, rejected and refined over successive rounds, gave way to a more freeflowing approach in which generation, testing, rejection and refinement of “micro-hypotheses” pertaining to parts of the model took place more or less continuously.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FCFBFDF5FA861049" blockId="13.[810,1458,598,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Subjecting the proximal tarsal elements to this
|
||
<typeStatus id="5A2482FAFF05FFC9FAD8FDF4FA771415" box="[1376,1424,599,625]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of manipulation led to an unexpected arrangement of the astragalus relative to the calcaneum and to the outer condyle of the distal end of the tibia, which in ceratopsids combines with the two proximal tarsal elements to form the articular surface for the distal tarsals and the proximal ends of the metatarsals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF05FFC9FC0CFCB5FB2D1554" author="BROWN B. & SCHLAIKJER E. M." box="[948,1226,790,816]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="133 - 266" refId="ref9178" refString="BROWN B. & SCHLAIKJER E. M. 1940. - The structure and relationships of Protoceratops. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 40 (3): 133 - 266." type="journal article" year="1940">Brown & Schlaikjer 1940</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sternberg’s original mount placed the calcaneum lateral to the outer condyle of the tibia and only slightly anteriorly displaced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FAE6FCF6FA78150B" box="[1374,1439,853,879]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="12.[132,143,1148,1165]" captionTargetBox="[133,1420,218,1106]" captionTargetId="figure-594@12.[698,1267,193,747]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIG. 6. — Left tibia,fibula,and calcaneum of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42) as restored and articulated by George Sternberg for display of the distal part of the left hindlimb as a mount. The mount was dismantled in the late 1950s, but the bones shown here remain as positioned by Sternberg because the tibia and fibula are bolted together, and the calcaneum is firmly affixed to the fibula. Some areas have been retouched with plaster mixed with paint, which can be difficult to distinguish from the remaining original bone: A, elements in anterior (left) and posterior (right) views; B, elements in close-up anteromedial view, showing the gap (red arrow) introduced by Sternberg between the tibia medially and the calcaneum and distal part of the fibula laterally. Abbreviations: c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). This initially led us to likewise place the astragalus medial and slightly anterior to the outer condyle of the tibia in our digital reconstruction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FB9BFC16FB9315B4" box="[1059,1140,949,976]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, it quickly became apparent that positioning the astragalus in this way, without creating an impossible geometry by impinging on the tibia, introduced a large gap between the lateral articular surface of the astragalus and the outer tibial condyle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FAFFFB96FA46122B" box="[1351,1441,1077,1103]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Such a large gap seemed unrealistic, so the hypothesis of a near-linear arrangement of the astragalus, calcaneum and outer condyle was rejected and alternatives were investigated. Angling the astragalus so that the medial side was positioned more anteriorly than the lateral side eliminated the gap (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FC8EFB57FC41136B" box="[822,934,1268,1295]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
) and left the anterior part of the proximal surface of the astragalus resting against a relatively flat area on the anteromedial portion of the distal end of the tibia, and the lateral articular surface of the astragalus against the outer tibial condyle. The anterior margin of the distal articular surface formed by the astragalus, outer tibial condyle and calcaneum is then distinctly concave. It should be noted that acceptance of Sternberg’s restoration of the missing portions of the tibia influences the exact position, but not the overall orientation, that appears optimal for the astragalus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="85203C58FF05FFC9FCFBF990FB1A1188" blockId="13.[810,1458,598,2028]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
|
||
Sternberg’s placement of the calcaneum almost directly lateral to the outer condyle of the tibia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FB21F9F0FAEC1009" box="[1177,1291,1619,1645]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7B, C</figureCitation>
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) was evaluated by comparison to UALVP 52613 and published descriptions of ceratopsid hindlimbs (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="E10E41A9FF05FFC9FBC0F930FB0210C9" author="LULL R. S." box="[1144,1253,1683,1709]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="1 - 175" refId="ref10512" refString="LULL R. S. 1933. - A revision of the Ceratopsia or horned dinosaurs. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 3: 1 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 5716" type="journal article" year="1933">Lull 1933</bibRefCitation>
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), which indicated that the calcaneum should instead lie anterior to the outer tibial condyle. Repositioning of the calcaneum in accordance with this evidence further accentuated the anterior concavity of the articular surface for the distal tarsals and metatarsals (
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<figureCitation id="1DA420DDFF05FFC9FC8EF891FC6B1129" box="[822,908,1842,1869]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="14.[133,143,987,1004]" captionTargetBox="[132,1455,215,942]" captionTargetId="figure-624@14.[698,1267,213,761]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIG. 7. — Reconstructed articular configuration of distal part of left hindlimb of an indeterminate ceratopsid dinosaur (UALVP 42): A, perspective view of entire reconstructed crus and pes standing on scaled ceratopsid footprint. Opaque areas represent original bone material, while transparent ones represent plaster. Phalanx I-1 from UALVP 16248, an associated Centrosaurus apertus (Lambe, 1905) skeleton from Dinosaur Provincial Park, with missing anteromedial corner of proximal end restored in Pixologic ZBrush but shown as transparent. Footprint adapted from Gierlinski & Sabath (2008: fig. 10F). B-E, two postulated articular configurations of the crus and proximal tarsals in distal (B, D) and anterior (C, E) orthographic views; B, C, astragalus,outer tibial condyle, and calcaneum aligned roughly along a mediolateral line; white arrow points to large gap between astragalus and outer tibial condyle; D, E, astragalus angled in order to eliminate the gap, with the medial side farther anterior than the lateral side, and the calcaneum placed anteriorly. Abbreviations: as, astragalus; c, calcaneum; fib, fibula; otc, outer tibial condyle; tib, tibia. Scale bars: A, 20 cm; B-E, 10 cm." pageId="13" pageNumber="80">Fig. 7D</figureCitation>
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). The articular relationship between the astragalus and tibia in UALVP 42, and the resulting concavity of the anterior margin of the distal articular surface formed by these elements and the calcaneum, are discoveries arising from the process of reconstruction and supported by comparison with published descriptions and UALVP 52613.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |