394 lines
57 KiB
XML
394 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="4FF828B419BE71AD7F31CC5F7D8B617F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157563" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a24591c0-c791-4e88-924b-104fddbe76b9" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157563" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461011037845" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="López-Fernández, Hernán & Taphorn, Donald C." docDate="2004" docId="039EFA2CFFFEFFE7FEB7E92DFB0086D8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00439.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 439" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Geophagus abalios López-Fernández & Taphorn, 2004, n. sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="FFA78254FFFBFFEDFFBFE831FFC58436" masterDocTitle="Geophagus abalios, G. dicrozoster and G. winemilleri (Perciformes: Cichlidae), three new species from Venezuela" masterLastPageNumber="27" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="6" updateTime="1698567285836" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="B7D62FE017FC7FE319BFE082F66A68DC" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A714DF5A7ABDC946635A4C4C032F996F">
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<mods:title id="38950424DCB7A8E2AA326AC06BED7455">Geophagus abalios, G. dicrozoster and G. winemilleri (Perciformes: Cichlidae), three new species from Venezuela</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="25EAC328161966B388559E0177587716" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="F9F848BF6A39DE0440159D56E1DCF879">
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<mods:roleTerm id="E93157D1625F2440223FDC56E429FECF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="9FEFD9B58E0676515DE896B5B0221927">López-Fernández, Hernán</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="AD633E1E320F296884D881D5258BEE06" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="7D41D0E90E8E94488559846FE5B2BDD3">
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<mods:roleTerm id="AD9605D5A13C18CA29883A2E33F70D3B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B78452705A6CE8BF96BB62BE2D783D00">Taphorn, Donald C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="661C6071A26DC74097ADDCD83DD87BA9">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="71E527F0149F72E2CEFC8C80D0CE3543" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="CC5585CB9B07B6A6AA8E8539FDBC3293">
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<mods:title id="0848D4BDBC9426A7A90E17C721AD8875">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="D4A0BAB29244BECC96379C3CB2B63CD0">
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<mods:date id="8C78C0B2113A3CB1A362C98C97663382">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="F46A165FE6BCFFAD6E977F3568098E6A" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="49A3851604B2E3AF53E39D218E194541">439</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="2FE82889E47981AA94FAB561159244D2" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="F30CE24D5E5D77CA15BB93F2016E5A56">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="46005DD206114047EC6AA1336DBDCA1C">27</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="005CBAB20753365D43A6B44A5E49D06A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="D2AE9A1CAA32202E5F3D6B2EA3514690" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.157563</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BEBFB01605D70BFC7C43B985D26BF8F0" type="GBIF-Dataset">a24591c0-c791-4e88-924b-104fddbe76b9</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0CE504C5DA0F50CC96E939B52FF3B71B" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7635BF3265F6CB480A288E32A41F4309" type="Zenodo-Dep">157563</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="039EFA2CFFFEFFE7FEB7E92DFB0086D8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5685155" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5685155" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039EFA2CFFFEFFE7FEB7E92DFB0086D8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039EFA2CFFFEFFE7FEB7E92DFB0086D8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C32D18B1FFFEFFE8FEB7E92DFE17856F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFEFFE8FEB7E92DFDFD8503" blockId="5.[264,568,283,345]" box="[264,568,283,310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="D0C0FC56FFFEFFE8FEB7E92DFDFD8503" bold="true" box="[264,568,283,310]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="1">
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||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FEB7E92DFDFD8503" bold="true" box="[264,568,283,310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FEB7E92DFE2B8500" ID-CoL="6KC26" box="[264,494,284,310]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FEB7E92DFE2B8500" bold="true" box="[264,494,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Geophagus abalios</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2702A53FFFEFFE8FE49E92AFDFD8503" box="[502,568,283,309]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFEFFE8FEB7E90EFE17856F" blockId="5.[264,568,283,345]" box="[264,466,319,345]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
(
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||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFFEFFE8FEAEE90EFEA7856F" box="[273,354,319,345]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[306,1279,315,1671]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[268,1319,311,1686]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of preopercular markings and lateral bars distinguishing Geophagus species within the G. surinamensis complex. a, G. dicrozoster, n. sp.; b, G. abalios n. sp.; c, G. winemilleri n. sp.; d, G. brokopondo; e, G. brachybranchus; f, G. s u r i n a m e n s i s; g, G. proximus; h, G. megasema; i, G. camopiensis, and j, G. altifrons. Preopercular markings are visible in both live and preserved individuals; lateral bar patterns are generally visible only in preserved specimens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168881/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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b, 3–5, 9)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C32D18B1FFFEFFE8FEB7E9BFFB3A8067" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFEFFE8FEB7E9BFFC1885CF" blockId="5.[264,1323,398,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FEB7E9BFFEBF859E" bold="true" box="[264,378,398,424]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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||
<typeStatus id="548CF598FFFEFFE8FEB7E9BFFEBF859E" box="[264,378,398,424]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
.
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<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FE36E9BEFE24859F" box="[393,481,399,425]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MCNG</collectionCode>
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47600, 163.0 mm SL;
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<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FD49E9BEFCB6859F" box="[758,883,399,425]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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: Apure: Río Cinaruco: Laguna Larga (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FEAFE986FE4685E7" box="[272,387,439,465]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="6.5339">6.5339 N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FE32E986FDDD85E7" box="[397,536,439,465]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-67.415">67.4150 W</geoCoordinate>
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); K. Winemiller, H. LópezFernández, D.A. Arrington, L. Kelso Winemiller, H. LópezChirico and J. Arrington,
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<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FC81E9EEFC1D85CF" box="[830,984,479,505]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1999-01-01" valueMax="1999-01-03" valueMin="1999-01-01">13 Jan 1999</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFEFFE8FE87EA37FB3A8067" blockId="5.[264,1323,398,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FE87EA37FE708616" bold="true" box="[312,437,518,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<typeStatus id="548CF598FFFEFFE8FE87EA37FE708616" box="[312,437,518,544]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
.
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<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FE72EA36FDE08617" box="[461,549,519,545]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MCNG</collectionCode>
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30939, 3, 86.0–115.0 mm SL;
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<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FC70EA36FB898617" box="[975,1100,519,545]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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: Anzoátegui: Río Orinoco: Laguna Tineo (
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<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FD80EA1EFD77867F" box="[575,690,559,585]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="8.1903">8.1903°N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FD7EEA1EFC88867F" box="[705,845,559,585]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-63.4722">63.4722°W</geoCoordinate>
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); M.A. Rodríguez, 0
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<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FBEDEA1EFB3F867F" box="[1106,1274,559,585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1987-04-04">4 April 1987</date>
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. —
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<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FEB7EA66FEA58647" box="[264,352,599,625]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MCNG</collectionCode>
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33723, 3, 54.3–132.0;
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<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FD26EA66FCD38647" box="[665,790,599,625]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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||
: Bolívar: Río Orinoco: Laguna Bartolico (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FEAFEA4EFE4686AF" box="[272,387,639,665]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="7.6417">7.6417°N</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FE34EA4EFDD386AF" box="[395,534,639,665]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-66.1167">66.1167°W</geoCoordinate>
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||
); M.A. Rodríguez,
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<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FD45EA4EFC4886AF" box="[762,909,639,665]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1987-01-13">13 Jan 1987</date>
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||
. —
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||
<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FC08EA4EFBCA86AF" box="[951,1039,639,665]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MCNG</collectionCode>
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||
35035, 1, 74.4 mm SL;
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<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FEB7EA96FE4086F7" box="[264,389,679,705]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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||
: Amazonas: Río Casiquiare: Playa Macanilla (
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FC74EA96FBFB86F7" box="[971,1086,679,705]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="2.4331">2.4331 N</geoCoordinate>
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FBF3EA96FB1386F7" box="[1100,1238,679,705]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-66.4547">66.4547 W</geoCoordinate>
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||
); K.
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FAB1EA96FAE386F7" box="[1294,1318,679,705]" name="Iceland" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">O</collectingCountry>
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||
. Winemiller and D. Jepsen,
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<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FDEDEAFEFD2C86DF" box="[594,745,719,745]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1997-01-31">31 Jan 1997</date>
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. —
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<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FCAAEAFEFCA886DF" box="[789,877,719,745]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MCNG</collectionCode>
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40878, 1, 112.1 mm SL;
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<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FB15EAFEFAE286DF" box="[1194,1319,719,745]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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: Apure: Río Cinaruco: Laguna Guayaba; D.A. Arrington and J. Arrington,
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<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FBC3EAC6FAE38727" box="[1148,1318,759,785]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1999-04-12">12 April 1999</date>
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. —
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<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FE99EB2EFEBB870F" box="[294,382,799,825]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MCNG</collectionCode>
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41124, 2, 45.5–55.5 mm SL;
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<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FD5CEB2EFCA5870F" box="[739,864,799,825]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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||
: Apure: Río Cinaruco; D.A. Arrington and J. Arrington
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<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FE68EB76FD418757" box="[471,644,839,865]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1999-04-14">14 April 1999</date>
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||
. —
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<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FD0FEB76FCCC8757" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[688,777,839,865]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH</collectionCode>
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||
233634 (exMCNG 44865), 1, 96.3 mm SL;
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FEB7EB5EFE4087BF" box="[264,389,879,905]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Apure: Río Cinaruco (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FD01EB5EFCF787BF" box="[702,818,879,905]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="6.5333">6.5333 N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FCFBEB5EFC0A87BF" box="[836,975,879,905]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-67.4164">67.4164 W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); D.A. Arrington and J.A. Arrington,
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||
<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FE35EBA6FD848787" box="[394,577,919,945]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1999-03-16">16 March 1999</date>
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||
. —
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||
<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FDD5EBA6FD078787" box="[618,706,919,945]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MCNG</collectionCode>
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||
47602 (exMCNG 6278), 1, 151.0 mm SL;
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FB75EBA6FEEB87EF" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
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||
: Apure: Rio Cinaruco: Hato Las Delicias (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FC87EB8EFC6987EF" box="[824,940,959,985]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="6.575">6.5750°N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE032DFDFFFEFFE8FC09EB8EFB8787EF" box="[950,1090,959,985]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" precision="5" value="-67.2361">67.2361°W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
); D.C. Taphorn, C. Lilyestrom and B. Stergios,
|
||
<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FDE0EBD6FD338037" box="[607,758,999,1025]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1982-01-11">11 Jan 1982</date>
|
||
. —
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FC9DEBD6FCBF8037" box="[802,890,999,1025]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/tyz9-grz8" name="Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la UNELLEZ en Guanare" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">MCNG</collectionCode>
|
||
47601, 2, 96.3–160.0 mm SL; collected with
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CF598FFFEFFE8FE29EC3EFDC5801F" box="[406,512,1039,1065]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. —
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED26D3FFFFFEFFE8FD8AEC3EFD4A801F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" box="[565,655,1039,1065]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
93052, 2, 132.9–150.0 mm SL;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFFEFFE8FBA3EC3EFB5C801F" box="[1052,1177,1039,1065]" name="Venezuela" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Amazonas: Río Mavaca: small tributary on left bank; C.J. Ferraris and R. Royero,
|
||
<date id="FF896DFAFFFEFFE8FBFBEC06FB3E8067" box="[1092,1275,1079,1105]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" value="1989-03-10">10 March 1989</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D18B1FFFEFFE8FE87EC6FFB8E823F" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFEFFE8FE87EC6FFB8E823F" blockId="5.[264,1323,398,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FE87EC6FFE75804E" bold="true" box="[312,432,1118,1144]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. The lack of head markings distinguishes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FC1CEC6EFBDD804E" box="[931,1048,1119,1144]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FC1CEC6EFBDD804E" box="[931,1048,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2702A53FFFEFFE8FB9FEC6EFB9B804F" box="[1056,1118,1119,1145]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FB1AEC6EFCD68096" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FB1AEC6EFE078096" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="grammepareius">Geophagus grammepareius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FE71ECB6FD578096" box="[462,658,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniopareius">G. taeniopareius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FD20ECB6FCD68096" box="[671,787,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="harreri">G. harreri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FCEFECB6FBCC8096" box="[848,1033,1159,1184]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argyrostictus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FCEFECB6FBCC8096" box="[848,1033,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. argyrostictus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have a complete infraorbital stripe, and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FDE8EC9EFD3F80FE" box="[599,762,1199,1224]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dicrozoster" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FDE8EC9EFD3F80FE" box="[599,762,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. dicrozoster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2702A53FFFEFFE8FCBDEC9EFC8780FF" box="[770,834,1199,1225]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FCEFEC9EFC3080FE" box="[848,1013,1199,1224]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="winemilleri" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FCEFEC9EFC3080FE" box="[848,1013,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. winemilleri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2702A53FFFEFFE8FC42EC9EFBFB80FF" box="[1021,1086,1199,1225]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FBF3EC9EFAEF80FE" box="[1100,1322,1199,1224]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brachybranchus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FBF3EC9EFAEF80FE" box="[1100,1322,1199,1224]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. brachybranchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FEFFECE6FE1480C6" box="[320,465,1239,1264]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="proximus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FEFFECE6FE1480C6" box="[320,465,1239,1264]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. proximus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have a black preopercular marking. Preserved specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FEB7ECCEFE28812E" box="[264,493,1279,1304]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FEB7ECCEFE28812E" box="[264,493,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Geophagus abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FC1CECCEFBED812E" box="[931,1064,1279,1304]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FC1CECCEFBED812E" box="[931,1064,1279,1304]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Geophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species without head markings except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FE6FED16FDB88176" box="[464,637,1319,1344]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brokopondo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FE6FED16FDB88176" box="[464,637,1319,1344]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. brokopondo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the possession of six vertical, parallel bars on the flank (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFFEFFE8FEADED7EFE94815F" box="[274,337,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[300,1296,762,1424]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[275,1332,756,1444]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagrammatic representation of scale nomenclature, head markings and lateral bar patterns of Geophagus as used in this paper. Abbreviations are as follows: E 1, first epaxial longitudinal series of scales, used to count number of longitudinal scales; E 6, last epaxial longitudinal series of scales; H 1 – H 5, hypaxial longitudinal series of scales; IOS, infraorbital stripe; MLS, midlateral spot; POM, preopercular mark; ULL, upper lateral line; LLL, lower lateral line; 1 – 7, lateral bars. Scale nomenclature after Kullander (1992, 1996). Infraorbital, preopercular and midlateral black markings are observable both in live and preserved specimens; lateral bar patterns are gener" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157564/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig.1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFFEFFE8FEE2ED7EFEAB815F" box="[349,366,1359,1385]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[306,1279,315,1671]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[268,1319,311,1686]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of preopercular markings and lateral bars distinguishing Geophagus species within the G. surinamensis complex. a, G. dicrozoster, n. sp.; b, G. abalios n. sp.; c, G. winemilleri n. sp.; d, G. brokopondo; e, G. brachybranchus; f, G. s u r i n a m e n s i s; g, G. proximus; h, G. megasema; i, G. camopiensis, and j, G. altifrons. Preopercular markings are visible in both live and preserved individuals; lateral bar patterns are generally visible only in preserved specimens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168881/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">2</figureCitation>
|
||
); it can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FD6DED7EFCBB815E" box="[722,894,1359,1384]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brokopondo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FD6DED7EFCBB815E" box="[722,894,1359,1384]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. brokopondo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the anterior three bars, which are medially bisected by a clearer area, giving the impression of two thinner bars, whereas in the latter species all bars are solid; additionally, the sixth bar in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FC45EDAEFBB4818E" box="[1018,1137,1439,1464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FC45EDAEFBB4818E" box="[1018,1137,1439,1464]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is elongate and restricted to the dorsal half of the caudal peduncle, above the lower lateral line, and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFEFFE8FAADEDF6FE51823E" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brokopondo">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FAADEDF6FE51823E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">G. brokopondo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the line covers the entire caudal peduncle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFFEFFE8FC2FEDDEFC11823F" box="[912,980,1519,1545]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[306,1279,315,1671]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[268,1319,311,1686]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of preopercular markings and lateral bars distinguishing Geophagus species within the G. surinamensis complex. a, G. dicrozoster, n. sp.; b, G. abalios n. sp.; c, G. winemilleri n. sp.; d, G. brokopondo; e, G. brachybranchus; f, G. s u r i n a m e n s i s; g, G. proximus; h, G. megasema; i, G. camopiensis, and j, G. altifrons. Preopercular markings are visible in both live and preserved individuals; lateral bar patterns are generally visible only in preserved specimens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168881/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
b and 2d).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D18B1FFFEFFE4FE87EE27FEFF82EF" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFEFFE8FE87EE27FC8482B7" blockId="5.[264,1323,398,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFEFFE8FE87EE27FE0C8206" bold="true" box="[312,457,1558,1584]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. Based on
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CF598FFFEFFE8FDEDEE26FD7D8207" box="[594,696,1559,1585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(163.0 mm SL) and 16
|
||
<typeStatus id="548CF598FFFEFFE8FC6FEE26FB858207" box="[976,1088,1559,1585]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
45.5–192.0 mm SL with notes on variation among smaller specimens. Measurements and counts are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6B57E81FFFEFFE8FED7EE56FE0582B7" box="[360,448,1639,1665]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="11.[264,352,843,867]" captionTargetBox="[267,1318,937,1587]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="TABLE 1. Morphometrics of Geophagus winemilleri, G. abalios, and G. dicrozoster. Numbers in bold highlight morphometric differences among the species." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF481BB2FFF0FFE6FEB7EB7AFC4C87B3" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF481BB2FFF0FFE6FEB7EB7AFC4C87B3">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. Sexes appear to be isomorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFEFFEBFE87EEBEFD758640" blockId="5.[264,1323,398,1905]" lastBlockId="6.[264,1325,284,1886]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Shape. Moderately elongate; dorsal outline more convex than ventral outline; head slightly broader ventrally than dorsally, chest flat; specimens 45.0 mm SL and smaller more elongate, with rounder nape; interorbital area moderately concave. Dorsal head profile straight, slightly concave in front of orbit, straight or slightly convex in specimens smaller than 112.0 mm SL, then sloping to dorsalfin origin; dorsalfin base descending, slightly convex to last ray, dorsal caudal peduncle forming a moderately concave curve to caudalfin base. Ventral head profile straight, slightly descending to pelvicfin insertion; chest slightly convex in one specimen 192.0 mm SL; straight, horizontal from pelvicfin insertion to origin of anal fin; analfin base straight, ascending; ventral caudal peduncle straight to slightly concave, slightly ascending or horizontal in specimens 45.0 mm SL and smaller; ventral caudal peduncle 1.5–1.6 times in dorsal. Lips moderately wide, lower without caudally expanded fold (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA636CBFFFDFFEBFD7DE9D5FC0F85C8" author="Kullander" box="[706,970,484,510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="26" refString="Kullander, S. O., Royero, R. & Taphorn, D. (1992) Two new species of Geophagus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Rio Orinoco drainage in Venezuela. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 3, 359 - 375." type="journal article" year="1992">Kullander et al., 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFFDFFEBFC66E9D5FBE485C8" box="[985,1057,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[264,367,841,865]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,329,829]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[268,1318,329,832]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geophagus abalios. Holotype, MCNG 47600, 163.0 mm SL; Venezuela: Apure: Río Cinaruco: Laguna Larga (6.5339 N 67.4150 W)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168882/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Maxilla reaching at most one third of the distance between nostril and orbit; ascending premaxillary process reaching slightly above midline of orbit. Opercule, preopercule, cleithrum, postcleithrum, and posttemporal lacking serration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFDFFEBFE87EAB5FADA87B8" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Scales. E1 33(4), 34(10), 35(3); scales between upper lateral line and dorsal fin 5.5– 7.5 anteriorly, 2.5 posteriorly. Scales between lateral lines 2. Scales on upper lateral line 21(1), 22(4), 23(9), 24(1) and lower lateral line 13(1), 14(3), 15(6), 16(5). Anterior 1/3–1/ 2 of cheek naked, remainder with ctenoid scales; cheek scale rows 8–9. Opercule and subopercule covered with ctenoid scales. Interopercule with ctenoid scales caudally, otherwise naked. Single postorbital column of cycloid scales. Occipital and flank scales ctenoid. Circumpeduncular scale rows 7 above upper, 9 below lower lateral lines, ctenoid.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFDFFEBFE87EBADFD128128" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Fin scales. Pectoral and pelvic fins naked. Dorsal fin with double or triple columns of ctenoid scales along interradial membranes to one third to one half of fin height. Scaly pad at base of dorsal fin formed by irregularly arranged small, ctenoid scales extending from first spine to fifth to seventh soft ray; specimens 55.5 mm SL or smaller, pad scales are cycloid or moderately ctenoid. Anal fin scaled on anterior section of soft portion, scales ctenoid, arranged in a single column along interradial membranes to one quarter to one third of fin height; anal fin naked in specimens 55.5 mm SL or less. Scaly pad on base of anal fin, scales small, ctenoid. Caudal fin entirely scaled except the tip of rays, and membranes between D3 and
|
||
<date id="FF896DFAFFFDFFEBFD9AECEDFD8E80C0" box="[549,587,1244,1270]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V3</date>
|
||
, scales ctenoid. Accessory caudal fin extension of lateral line between
|
||
<date id="FF896DFAFFFDFFEBFECEED35FE0F8128" box="[369,458,1284,1310]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V4–V5</date>
|
||
, absent on dorsal lobe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFDFFEBFE87ED1DFB308368" blockId="6.[264,1325,284,1886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Fins. Dorsal XVII11(1), XVII12(1), XVIII10(2), XVIII11(6), XVIII12(5), XIX 11(2); anal
|
||
<date id="FF896DFAFFFDFFEBFE30ED65FE0C8158" box="[399,457,1364,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">III8</date>
|
||
(14),
|
||
<date id="FF896DFAFFFDFFEBFDBAED65FD858158" box="[517,576,1364,1390]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">III9</date>
|
||
(3). Dorsal spines increasing in length from first to sixth, equal length to ninth, then slightly shorter; lose membranes behind spine tips (lappets) acutely pointed, up to 1/3 the length of spines. Soft portion moderately expanded and pointed, reaching about 1/3 of caudalfin length, rays 3–6 longest but not produced into filaments; specimens 56.0 mm SL and smaller with rounded soft portion, not quite reaching caudalfin base. Anal fin pointed, with 2nd and 3rd soft rays slightly produced, not reaching caudal fin or barely beyond its base in specimens 90.6 and 192.0 mm SL. Caudal fin emarginate with lobes of approximately the same length and without filaments; one specimen 112.1 mm SL with slightly produced rays D8 and
|
||
<date id="FF896DFAFFFDFFEBFCE4EEADFC428280" box="[859,903,1692,1718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">V8.</date>
|
||
Pectoral fin elongate, more or less triangular, longest at 4th ray, reaching 1st or 2nd analfin soft rays, then progressively shorter ventrally. Pelvic fin triangular, first ray produced into a filament reaching 5th analfin soft ray; in one specimen 112.1 mm SL reaching over 1/2 of caudalfin length; specimens 45.5 mm SL or less with rays only slightly produced, reaching at most 1st spine of anal fin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF481BB2FFFCFFEAFEB7EB78FCD187B5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168882/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[268,1318,329,829]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFCFFEAFEB7EB78FCD187B5" blockId="7.[264,1323,841,899]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFCFFEAFEB7EB78FE4F8757" bold="true" box="[264,394,841,865]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFCFFEAFE26EB7BFDA28757" box="[409,615,842,865]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFCFFEAFE26EB7BFDA28757" box="[409,615,842,865]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Geophagus abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Holotype, MCNG 47600, 163.0 mm SL; Venezuela: Apure: Río Cinaruco: Laguna Larga (6.5339 N 67.4150 W).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF481BB2FFFCFFEAFEB7ED97FE3F8235" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168883/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[264,1322,942,1438]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFCFFEAFEB7ED97FE3F8235" blockId="7.[264,1324,1446,1539]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFCFFEAFEB7ED97FE498188" bold="true" box="[264,396,1446,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFFCFFEAFE21ED96FDAA8188" box="[414,623,1447,1470]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFFCFFEAFE21ED96FDAA8188" box="[414,623,1447,1470]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Geophagus abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Uncatalogued specimen, adult in breeding coloration immediately after capture at the type locality: Laguna Larga, Río Cinaruco, Apure State, Venezuela. 6.3335 N, 67.2471 W.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFFCFFE5FE87EE6EFE7C8568" blockId="7.[264,1323,1631,1897]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1323,284,750]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Teeth. Outer row of upper jaw with 10–28, blunt, slightly recurved unicuspid teeth; much larger than in inner rows, extending along most of premaxillary length. 2–3 inner rows, separated by a clear gap from outer row; teeth very thin, pointed, straight or slightly recurved unicuspids. Inner rows parallel to outer over its length, not forming a tight pad. Outer row of lower jaw with 6–25 unicuspid, blunt, slightly recurved unicuspids; medial 4–5 teeth larger than rest on outer row, cylindrical, slightly recurved, blunt and more labially positioned than rest of row. Inner rows 3–4, only on medial third of dentary, separated from outer row by distinct gap; teeth long, thin, straight or slightly recurved, much smaller than outer row.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF3FFE5FE87E95DFB4C85E0" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Gills. External rakers on first gill arch; 9(5), 10(3) on epibranchial lobe,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFE6DFFFF3FFE5FB37E95DFB7185B0" box="[1160,1204,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
|
||
angle and 12(7), 13(2) on ceratobranchial, none on hypobranchial. Microbranchiospines on the outer face of second to fourth arches. Gill filaments with narrow basal skin cover.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF3FFE5FE87E9D5FD0786D8" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Tooth plates. Lower pharyngeal tooth plate elongate; width of bone 80% of length; dentigerous area 80% of width; 30 teeth in posterior row,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFE6DFFFF3FFE5FC13EA3DFC2D8610" box="[940,1000,524,550]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="in" value="10.0">10 in</quantity>
|
||
median row. Anteriormost teeth subconical or subcylindrical, erect; most teeth laterally compressed and with small, low ridge rostrally, cusps on caudal half of teeth; lateral marginal teeth on anterior half like anteriormost, on caudal half smaller and thinner; posteromedial teeth much larger, nearly round in circumference, posterior cusps, almost blunt (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFF3FFE5FC28EA9DFC2486F0" box="[919,993,684,710]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1244,1268]" captionTargetBox="[621,978,800,1224]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[617,979,790,1224]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Geophagus abalios. Lower pharyngeal toothplate on occlusal view; from MCNG 40636, 70.5 mm SL; scale bar 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ceratobranchial 4 with 4 toothplates with 11, 28, 6 and 4 teeth.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF481BB2FFF3FFE5FEB7ECEDFD518120" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157568/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[621,978,800,1224]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF3FFE5FEB7ECEDFD518120" blockId="8.[264,1322,1244,1302]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF3FFE5FEB7ECEDFE4B80C2" bold="true" box="[264,398,1244,1268]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFF3FFE5FE1EECEDFDB180C5" box="[417,628,1244,1267]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF3FFE5FE1EECEDFDB180C5" box="[417,628,1244,1267]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Geophagus abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Lower pharyngeal toothplate on occlusal view; from MCNG 40636, 70.5 mm SL; scale bar 1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF3FFE5FE87ED7BFD6D81BA" blockId="8.[264,1324,1354,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Vertebrae. 14+18=32(1), 14+19=33(1), 15+18=33(3), 15+19=34(5), 15+20=35(1), 16+18=34(4); 11–13 epihemal ribs.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF3FFE5FE87EDA8FAE98347" blockId="8.[264,1324,1354,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF3FFE5FE87EDA8FDAF8185" bold="true" box="[312,618,1433,1459]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Color pattern in alcohol</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFF3FFE5FDC4EDABFD018182" box="[635,708,1434,1460]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[264,367,841,865]" captionTargetBox="[268,1318,329,829]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[268,1318,329,832]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Geophagus abalios. Holotype, MCNG 47600, 163.0 mm SL; Venezuela: Apure: Río Cinaruco: Laguna Larga (6.5339 N 67.4150 W)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168882/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Base color grayish yellow; nape, snout and upper lip darker gray, fading caudally to base color towards cheek; lower lip yellowish white. No markings on the head, preopercule immaculate. Opercule darker on dorsal third; lower half of opercule and subopercule dusky yellow; silvery white in some specimens, probably depending on preservation. Ventrally, gill cover yellowish white; white in some specimens; branchiostegal membrane grayish. Chest white laterally and ventrally; in best preserved specimens white extends ventrally to base of caudal fin and to scale row H3 on caudal peduncle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFF3FFE5FE6AEE83FDDC82FA" box="[469,537,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[300,1296,762,1424]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[275,1332,756,1444]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagrammatic representation of scale nomenclature, head markings and lateral bar patterns of Geophagus as used in this paper. Abbreviations are as follows: E 1, first epaxial longitudinal series of scales, used to count number of longitudinal scales; E 6, last epaxial longitudinal series of scales; H 1 – H 5, hypaxial longitudinal series of scales; IOS, infraorbital stripe; MLS, midlateral spot; POM, preopercular mark; ULL, upper lateral line; LLL, lower lateral line; 1 – 7, lateral bars. Scale nomenclature after Kullander (1992, 1996). Infraorbital, preopercular and midlateral black markings are observable both in live and preserved specimens; lateral bar patterns are gener" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157564/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Flanks with 6, dorsoventrally directed, yellowishgray bars fading or disappearing ventrally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFF3FFE5FDD6EEECFD7582C1" box="[617,688,1757,1783]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[306,1279,315,1671]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[268,1319,311,1686]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of preopercular markings and lateral bars distinguishing Geophagus species within the G. surinamensis complex. a, G. dicrozoster, n. sp.; b, G. abalios n. sp.; c, G. winemilleri n. sp.; d, G. brokopondo; e, G. brachybranchus; f, G. s u r i n a m e n s i s; g, G. proximus; h, G. megasema; i, G. camopiensis, and j, G. altifrons. Preopercular markings are visible in both live and preserved individuals; lateral bar patterns are generally visible only in preserved specimens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168881/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
b). Bar 1 expands from the 4th or 5th predorsal scale to the base of the 4th dorsalfin spine; its anterior edge delimited by the extrascapular and its posterior edge descending vertically and disappearing ventrally at the pectoralfin insertion. Bar 2 extends between the 6th and 8th dorsalfin spines, and runs vertically to H7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF2FFE4FEB7E92EFCE2872F" blockId="9.[264,1325,284,1873]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Bar 3 extends between the 10th and 13th dorsalfin spines, and runs parallel to bar 2, fading ventrally at H6–H7. Bars 1–3 are generally bisected dorsoventrally by a lighter column about 1 scale wide, giving the appearance of being two narrow bars in some specimens; this feature may be lost on poorly preserved specimens. A diffuse, blackish medial spot coincides with bar 3, extending rostrocaudally between scales
|
||
<date id="FF896DFAFFF2FFE4FC58E98EFB7485EF" box="[999,1201,447,473]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1915-11-12" valueMax="1915-11-14" valueMin="1915-11-12">11–12 and 14–15</date>
|
||
of E3 and dorsoventrally between E3 and E1, such that the upper lateral line traverses the uppermost row of scales of the spot. Bar 4 extends between the bases of dorsalfin spines 13–14 to 16–18, descends vertically and fades at H4–H5. Bar 5 extends between the first soft ray and ray 4–5 of dorsal fin, it descends vertically and disappears at H3–H4; in other specimens the bar is located between the last dorsalfin spine and ray 3. Bar 6 extends from the base of the 6–7 (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFE6DFFFF2FFE4FE77EA9EFDD686FF" box="[456,531,687,713]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" metricValueMax="1.27" metricValueMin="1.016" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4–5 in</quantity>
|
||
some specimens) dorsalfin rays and extends to the base of the caudal fin; bar is restricted to dorsal portion of caudal peduncle, above lower lateral line, and is longer horizontally than vertically (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFF2FFE4FD7DEACEFCCC872F" box="[706,777,767,793]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[264,367,1695,1719]" captionTargetBox="[306,1279,315,1671]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[268,1319,311,1686]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Diagrammatic representation of preopercular markings and lateral bars distinguishing Geophagus species within the G. surinamensis complex. a, G. dicrozoster, n. sp.; b, G. abalios n. sp.; c, G. winemilleri n. sp.; d, G. brokopondo; e, G. brachybranchus; f, G. s u r i n a m e n s i s; g, G. proximus; h, G. megasema; i, G. camopiensis, and j, G. altifrons. Preopercular markings are visible in both live and preserved individuals; lateral bar patterns are generally visible only in preserved specimens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168881/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF2FFE4FE87EB16FEB780E7" blockId="9.[264,1325,284,1873]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
Dorsal fin dusky, lappets dark gray or blackish, forming a dark edge along fin; soft and posterior third of spinous portion whitespotted on interradial membranes; four distinguishable longitudinal, parallel, grayish stripes alternate with light stripes along most of fin, turning almost hyaline rostrally; number of stripes increases with size to
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFE6DFFFF2FFE4FB23EBAEFB0F878F" box="[1180,1226,927,953]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
|
||
a 192.0 mm SL specimen. Anal fin hyaline to slightly dusky; 4 longitudinal, parallel gray stripes along soft portion of fin (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCFE6DFFFF2FFE4FD81EBDEFDAB803F" box="[574,622,1007,1033]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||
largest specimen). Caudal fin dusky, with round, whitish spots increasing in size towards dorsal edge; spots develop into horizontal stripes in larger specimens and a 192.0 mm SL specimen shows virtually no spots; specimens 55.5 mm SL and smaller with 4 dark, vertical bars. Pectoral fin immaculate. Pelvic fin whitish gray, dusky distally; dusky in largest specimen (192.0 mm SL), spine and first ray whitish gray to dusky.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF2FFE4FE87ECEFFEFF82EF" blockId="9.[264,1325,284,1873]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF2FFE4FE87ECEFFE0D80CE" bold="true" box="[312,456,1246,1272]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Live colors</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFF2FFE4FE62ECEEFDE980CF" box="[477,556,1247,1273]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[264,367,1446,1470]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,942,1438]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[228,1360,942,1441]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Geophagus abalios. Uncatalogued specimen, adult in breeding coloration immediately after capture at the type locality: Laguna Larga, Río Cinaruco, Apure State, Venezuela. 6.3335 N, 67.2471 W." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168883/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Background color greenish gray, breeding specimens more metallic gray. Head without markings except for iridescent blue on the upper lip, continued as a stripe extending to the corner of the preopercule, and a slight marking of the same color on the ventral edge of orbit. A variable number of iridescent blue spots on the preopercule apparently limited to breeding specimens. Six yellow stripes extend between the base of dorsal and H4–5; in adult, breeding specimens, dorsalmost stripes appear as brownishorange vermiculations and spots. Ventrum distinctly white; breeding adults with bright orange or red chest. Dorsal and anal fins reddish with faint iridescent blue horizontal banding that turns brighter during breeding; caudal brownish red with iridescent blue spots and bands in no clear pattern; pelvic reddish orange with iridescent blue banding, first ray white or very light blue. An aquarium photograph in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA636CBFFF2FFE4FC5BEE5EFAE882BF" author="Weidner" box="[996,1325,1647,1673]" pageId="9" pageNumber="26" refString="Weidner, T. (2000) South American Eartheaters. Cichlid Press, El Paso, 366 pp." type="book" year="2000">
|
||
Weidner (2000: 148,
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFF2FFE4FB61EE5EFAE482BF" box="[1246,1313,1647,1673]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[264,367,1453,1477]" captionTargetBox="[300,1296,762,1424]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[275,1332,756,1444]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Diagrammatic representation of scale nomenclature, head markings and lateral bar patterns of Geophagus as used in this paper. Abbreviations are as follows: E 1, first epaxial longitudinal series of scales, used to count number of longitudinal scales; E 6, last epaxial longitudinal series of scales; H 1 – H 5, hypaxial longitudinal series of scales; IOS, infraorbital stripe; MLS, midlateral spot; POM, preopercular mark; ULL, upper lateral line; LLL, lower lateral line; 1 – 7, lateral bars. Scale nomenclature after Kullander (1992, 1996). Infraorbital, preopercular and midlateral black markings are observable both in live and preserved specimens; lateral bar patterns are gener" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157564/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
of an unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFF2FFE4FE5EEEA6FDA28286" box="[481,615,1687,1712]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF2FFE4FE5EEEA6FDA28286" box="[481,615,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Geophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFF2FFE4FD10EEA6FCE28287" box="[687,807,1687,1713]" name="Venezuela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
is undoubtedly of a mature adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFF2FFE4FB6BEEA6FEF782EE" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF2FFE4FB6BEEA6FEF782EE" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">G. abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D18B1FFF2FFE7FE87EED6FB0286A8" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF2FFE7FE87EED6FB0286A8" blockId="9.[264,1325,284,1873]" lastBlockId="10.[264,1323,284,750]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF2FFE4FE87EED6FDAE8337" bold="true" box="[312,619,1767,1793]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Distribution and habitat</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130C57BFFFF2FFE4FD32EED6FD118337" box="[653,724,1767,1793]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[264,367,1844,1868]" captionTargetBox="[294,1292,1051,1817]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[287,1299,1049,1824]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Known distribution area of Geophagus abalios n. sp. (), G. dicrozoster n. sp. (), and G. brachybranchus () in Venezuela. One dot may represent more than one collection locality." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157572/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFF2FFE4FD50EED6FC168336" box="[751,979,1767,1792]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF2FFE4FD50EED6FC168336" box="[751,979,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Geophagus abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is commonly found in black or clear water rivers in the llanos, and is known from the Apure, CinarucoCapanaparo, and AguaroGuariquito drainages. Its current northernmost collection locality is “Las Majaguas” dam in the Río Cojedes, where it was probably introduced by recommendation of the Venezuelan ichthyologist A. FernándezYépez. According to his account (FernándezYépez and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA636CBFFF1FFE7FE7EE95DFD9F85B0" author="Anton" box="[449,602,364,390]" pageId="10" pageNumber="25" refString="Fernandez Yepez, A. & Anton, J. R. (1966) Estudio (analisis) ictiologico " Las Majaguas ", Hoyas de los rios Cojedes-Sarare, edo. Portuguesa. Ministerio de Obras Publicas, Direccion de Obras Hidraulicas, Sistema de Riego " Las Majaguas ", 93 pp." type="book" year="1966">Anton, 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFF1FFE7FDCFE95DFD3385B3" box="[624,758,364,389]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF1FFE7FDCFE95DFD3385B3" box="[624,758,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Geophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were not naturally present in the reservoir, and he recommended the introduction of "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFF1FFE7FC8FE9A5FB92859B" box="[816,1111,404,429]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="surinamensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF1FFE7FC8FE9A5FB92859B" box="[816,1111,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Geophagus surinamensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" along with some other species, presumably for sport fishing purposes.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFF1FFE7FC3CE98DFC3C85E3" box="[899,1017,444,469]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abalios">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF1FFE7FC3CE98DFC3C85E3" box="[899,1017,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">G. abalios</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reaches the Andean piedmont to the west, and is the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C3730B9FFF1FFE7FD05E9D5FC8585CB" box="[698,832,484,509]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Geophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF1FFE7FD05E9D5FC8585CB" box="[698,832,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Geophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found in clear to white water seasonal lagoons along the mainstem of the Orinoco to the east (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA636CBFFF1FFE7FC09EA3DFAE08610" author="Rodriguez" box="[950,1317,524,550]" pageId="10" pageNumber="26" refString="Rodriguez, M. & Lewis Jr, W. M. (1990) Diversity and species composition of fish communities of Orinoco floodplain lakes. National Geographic Research, 6, 319 - 328." type="journal article" year="1990">Rodríguez and Lewis Jr. 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA636CBFFF1FFE7FEB7EA05FE828678" author="Jr" box="[264,327,564,590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="26" refString="Rodriguez, M. & Lewis Jr, W. M. (1994) Regulation and stability in fish assmblages of neotropical floodplain lakes. Oecologia, 99, 166 - 180." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species appears restricted to the Caura drainage on the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3200BAAFFF1FFE7FB94EA05FB438678" box="[1067,1158,564,590]" name="Guyana" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
Shield, but it extends into the tributaries of the middle and upper Orinoco, including the Ventuari, Mavaca, and along the Río Casiquiare, nearly to the headwaters of the Río Negro.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C32D18B1FFF1FFE7FE87EA9DFB0086D8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B884B3AFFF1FFE7FE87EA9DFB0086D8" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF1FFE7FE87EA9DFE0186F0" bold="true" box="[312,452,684,710]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
From the Greek
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF1FFE7FD2AEA9DFD6186F3" box="[661,676,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">a</emphasis>
|
||
, not or without and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9439728FFF1FFE7FC2DEA9DFC1F86F3" box="[914,986,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">balios</emphasis>
|
||
, spotted. In reference to the lack of preopercular markings. To be regarded as an adjective in masculine form.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |