488 lines
67 KiB
XML
488 lines
67 KiB
XML
<document id="8F728989785B9FBD83A5C333A3C31F9B" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4052.1.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9e2ce823-9766-4704-a091-47671e246559" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="240684" ID-ZooBank="7E3FFACE-F9E7-440A-B762-6C22A6A89548" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461349888308" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Courtney, Gregory W." docDate="2015" docId="039B0C2FFFABFFAAFF36AD40FADBAAFF" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04052p116.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4052 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Aphromyia stuckenbergi Courtney, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="115" masterDocId="FFA27457FFA8FFA2FFA1A812FFEFA80F" masterDocTitle="A new genus and species of net-winged midge from Madagascar (Diptera: Blephariceridae: Blepharicerinae)" masterLastPageNumber="116" masterPageNumber="107" pageNumber="110" updateTime="1698621464810" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="F53BDC83C2B7B79E53CDE8AE0B089EC4" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A93DD8C7BC25B7D0A15CAF578BA9CEFA">
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<mods:title id="63612A4AE231D07BEEE6C96A8610CEA0">A new genus and species of net-winged midge from Madagascar (Diptera: Blephariceridae: Blepharicerinae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="7E625D010D158FACD84B45972D651DDC" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="9DFEA68B7C8B38D5ACFA78F405E213E8">
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<mods:roleTerm id="17FB751FFC08F49618BD5D30D4E080DC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5442255A62B2990F895E7BE20FAFB5DD">Courtney, Gregory W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1F812709B181F4A3594FCF4D79504ADC">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="CC2D35B47751B120DBF1BFE920443B28">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="171CCC5C7C2948A827E9EE78AEDA9BF3">
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<mods:date id="1CAFBEA427D8002029EBD4746FA9439A">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="9B6704007CBE664983D935FFC25E096B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="88A6704F65D601D1CEAE7AABC4A1F447">4052</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="A854136B657E63A2C40B60C5D0A3D8FA" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="8003562DB5045C78EB5029985BBE60FC">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5BEE9E80AAD58CAE24B41C5802A91819">107</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="7DE34074749E3A02173F8EDDBA2E3CCF">116</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="B628FC9A92834E6B4DA7F04B60FEE4E6">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7C0B40C49141423BE020FA3EA9BFA804" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4052.1.5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BBCA56E6A21181F6B6F541E6343BFBA5" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3D8A0CF8D0ED28332C69D7AE4D4A778B" type="Zenodo-Dep">240684</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="039B0C2FFFABFFAAFF36AD40FADBAAFF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6115678" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119645831" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6115678" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039B0C2FFFABFFAAFF36AD40FADBAAFF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039B0C2FFFABFFAAFF36AD40FADBAAFF" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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<subSubSection id="C328EEB2FFABFFA1FF36AD40FD34AD63" box="[151,731,1362,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFABFFA1FF36AD40FD34AD63" blockId="3.[151,731,1362,1388]" box="[151,731,1362,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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<heading id="D0C50A55FFABFFA1FF36AD40FD34AD63" bold="true" box="[151,731,1362,1388]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFABFFA1FF36AD40FD34AD63" bold="true" box="[151,731,1362,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFABFFA1FF36AD40FDD1AD63" ID-CoL="8B2SM" authority="Courtney" authorityName="Courtney" box="[151,574,1362,1388]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Aphromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFABFFA1FF36AD40FE2FAD63" bold="true" box="[151,448,1362,1388]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Aphromyia stuckenbergi</emphasis>
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Courtney
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A275DC50FFABFFA1FDEAAD40FD34AD63" box="[587,731,1362,1388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C328EEB2FFABFFA1FF36AD8BFE51AEA1" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFABFFA1FF36AD8BFE51AEA1" blockId="3.[151,1437,1433,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFABFFA1FF36AD8BFE07ADBD" bold="true" box="[151,488,1433,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Diagnosis. Larva (instar IV)</emphasis>
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: as given for genus.
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFABFFA1FD75AD8BFCFDADBD" bold="true" box="[724,786,1433,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Pupa</emphasis>
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: as given for genus.
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFABFFA1FC5FAD8BFB6BADBD" bold="true" box="[1022,1156,1433,1458]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Adult male</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1309A1BCFFABFFA1FB32AD8BFAF1ADBD" box="[1171,1310,1433,1458]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[179,1428,195,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,193,1912]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 15. Adults of Aphromyia stuckenbergi. 11, Male head, frontal view. 12, Male wing. 13, Male terminalia, dorsal view. 14, Male terminalia, transparent dorsal view. 15, Male terminalia (phallic structures), dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Fig. 11), 0.5 mm (Fig. 12), 0.1 mm (Figs. 13 – 15)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240687/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Figs. 13–15</figureCitation>
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): Tergite X produced posteriorly as bilobed cerci, each broadly rectangular, intercercal area comprised of wide U-shaped notch. Inner gonocoxal lobe S-shaped, glabrous. Gonostylus simple. Dorsal paramere with bilobed posteroventral margin; posterior lobe sinuous, ribbon-like, arching dorsally, then anteriorly to broadly triangular, sclerotized apex.
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFABFFA1FF36AE3BFEDBAE4D" bold="true" box="[151,308,1577,1602]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Adult female</emphasis>
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: Sternite VIII bilobate, medial depression U-shaped. Sternite IX (genital fork) broadly Y-shaped. Hypogynial valves elongate, parallel, slightly rounded apically. Spermathecae three in number, lateral corpora ovoid, slightly longer than wide, medial corpora pyriform, larger than others, all with short necks; ducts short, tenuous and unpigmented.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C328EEB2FFABFFA4FF66AEABFAA2ACFC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="113" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFABFFA1FF66AEABFCCEAEF9" blockId="3.[151,1437,1433,2034]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFABFFA1FF66AEABFE47AEDD" bold="true" box="[199,424,1721,1746]" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Description. Larva</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1309A1BCFFABFFA1FE16AEABFDCEAEDE" box="[439,545,1721,1746]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1867,1890]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,885,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[150,1436,885,1846]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Light micrographs of larval and pupal Aphromyia stuckenbergi. 1, Larval habitus, dorsal view. 2, Larval habitus, ventral view. 3, Larval habitus, lateral view. 4, Female pupa, frontal view. 5, Female pupa, dorsal view. 6, Female pupa, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240685/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">Figs. 1–3</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1309A1BCFFABFFA1FD8FAEABFDB3AEDE" box="[558,604,1721,1745]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1170,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1132]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,215,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 10. Scanning electron micrographs of larval and pupal Aphromyia stuckenbergi. 7, Larval prolegs on abdominal segment IV and V, dorsal view on right side. 8, Larval proleg on abdominal segments V, ventral view. 9, Larval proleg (VII) on anal division, dorsal view on right side. 10, Microsculpture, pupal abdominal tergite III. Scale bars = 200 µm (Fig. 7), 100 µm (Figs. 8, 9), 20 µm (Fig. 10)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240686/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">7–9</figureCitation>
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). Measurements, instar IV (N=4): total length
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<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFABFFA1FBC3AEABFB2AAEDE" box="[1122,1221,1721,1746]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" unit="mm" value="4.25">4.25 mm</quantity>
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(3.65–4.80), width
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<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFABFFA1FF36AECCFF14AEFA" box="[151,251,1758,1782]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.42" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" unit="mm" value="2.42">2.42 mm</quantity>
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(1.95–2.85), cranial width
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<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFABFFA1FD8DAECCFD7FAEFA" box="[556,656,1758,1782]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" unit="mm" value="0.82">0.82 mm</quantity>
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(0.80–0.85).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFABFFA6FF66AF13FA8DA9A2" blockId="3.[151,1437,1433,2034]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,933]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="3" pageNumber="110">
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Overall shape onisciform, markedly compressed dorsoventrally, abdominal divisions at least as wide as cephalic division, intercalary segments poorly developed, anal division broadly semicircular. Cranial sclerites rugose, dark brown medially, contrasting light to dark brown laterally; ecdysial sutures with short stem line (<
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||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFABFFA1FAC8AF5BFF28AF89" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="110" unit="mm" value="0.05">0.05 mm</quantity>
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), posterior margin of frontoclypeal apotome extending nearly to posterior cranial margin. Clypeal shield well developed. Post-cranial part of cephalic division, trunk segments, anal division uniformly brown; prolegs light brown dorsally. Cephalic division (i.e., abdominal tergite I), abdominal tergites II–VI each with two, darkened, slightly raised ridges extending across midline, length approximately ¼ width of division; abdominal tergites II–V and anal division each with dark, thickened ridge along anterior margin. Prolegs simple, unpaired. Anal division broadly semicircular, with scattered rugosity posteromedially; posterior margin flattened, rimlike, with few short setiform sensilla along margin. Chaetotaxy: Cephalic division posterolaterally with fanshaped or obovoid setae; substernal sensilla not apparent; primary- and secondary trunk sensilla reduced; abdominal segments, anal division medially mostly glabrous, laterally with fan-shaped or obovoid setae, setae opaque in color. Prolegs with scattered setiform sensilla, increasing in length distally, apex with cluster of approximately 6–10 setiform sensilla, glabrous ventrally; posterior prolegs (VIIth) on anal division each minute, with one prominent setiform sensilla apically, 2– 3 smaller setiform sensilla marginally. Gill with five filaments, posterior two much longer than anterior three.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFACFFA6FF66A9A5FE36AA17" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFACFFA6FF66A9A5FEE9A9DF" bold="true" box="[199,262,439,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Pupa</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="1309A1BCFFACFFA6FEB5A9A5FE90A9DF" box="[276,383,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 6" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1867,1890]" captionTargetBox="[150,1436,885,1845]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[150,1436,885,1846]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 6. Light micrographs of larval and pupal Aphromyia stuckenbergi. 1, Larval habitus, dorsal view. 2, Larval habitus, ventral view. 3, Larval habitus, lateral view. 4, Female pupa, frontal view. 5, Female pupa, dorsal view. 6, Female pupa, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240685/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Figs. 4–6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="1309A1BCFFACFFA6FE2BA9AAFE46A9DF" box="[394,425,440,464]" captionStart="FIGURES 7 – 10" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1170,1193]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,215,1132]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,215,1133]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 7 – 10. Scanning electron micrographs of larval and pupal Aphromyia stuckenbergi. 7, Larval prolegs on abdominal segment IV and V, dorsal view on right side. 8, Larval proleg on abdominal segments V, ventral view. 9, Larval proleg (VII) on anal division, dorsal view on right side. 10, Microsculpture, pupal abdominal tergite III. Scale bars = 200 µm (Fig. 7), 100 µm (Figs. 8, 9), 20 µm (Fig. 10)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240686/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">10</figureCitation>
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). Measurements: ♂ (N = 2): length
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<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FC97A9AAFC75A9C0" box="[822,922,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.15" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="4.15">4.15 mm</quantity>
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(4.10–4.20), width
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<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FBD6A9AAFB23A9C0" box="[1143,1228,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="2.8">2.8 mm</quantity>
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(2.75–2.85); ♀ (N = 4): length
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<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FE8BA9CEFE7EA9FB" box="[298,401,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="4.55">4.55 mm</quantity>
|
||
(4.50–4.60), width
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||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FDD8A9CEFD0EA9FB" box="[633,737,476,501]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.96" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="2.96">2.96 mm</quantity>
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||
(2.90–3.05); respiratory organ length (anterior lamella, both sexes)
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<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FF45AA12FEA7AA18" box="[228,328,512,536]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.14" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="1.14">1.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
(1.10–1.15).
|
||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFACFFA6FF66AA36FB25AB53" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Overall shape broad, oval. Cephalic sclerite broadly triangular. Respiratory organ with four lamellae, closely bunched at anterior edge of pupa; lamellae prominent, erect, elongate, tapering to acute point apically, converging medially; outer lamellae heavily sclerotized, dark brown, inner lamellae lightly sclerotized, pale. Proboscis theca short, not extending beyond base of foreleg sheath. Integument: Cephalic sclerite glabrous; branchial sclerite set with numerous papillae laterally and anterior to respiratory organ; alar sclerite dorsally with abundant papillae; mesotergite dorsally with papillae posterior to respiratory organ, laterally glabrous; metatergite and abdominal tergites uniformly set with broad, flattened, dorsal papillae; papillae dark brown, set with numerous minute spicules; abdominal tergites laterally with numerous grooves, oriented obliquely parallel to tergite margin; anal tergite glabrous posteriorly. Ventrolateral adhesive discs on each of abdominal segments IV–VI.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFACFFA6FF66AB75FEBCABAA" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,933]" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
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<emphasis id="B946612BFFACFFA6FF66AB75FEE2AB8F" bold="true" box="[199,269,871,896]" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Male:</emphasis>
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Measurements (N=3): Total length
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<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FD01AB7AFCEBAB70" box="[672,772,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.03" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="3.03">3.03 mm</quantity>
|
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(3.00–3.10), wing length
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||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FB89AB7AFB62AB70" box="[1064,1165,872,896]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="4.83">4.83 mm</quantity>
|
||
(4.75–4.90), width
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||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FACAAB7AFF2CABAB" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.77" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="1.77">1.77 mm</quantity>
|
||
(1.75–1.80).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFACFFA6FF01ABF7FB4CACD4" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<table id="F9324F99FFAC005DFF01ABF6FACFACD4" box="[160,1312,996,1243]" gridcols="4" gridrows="8" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" rowsContinueIn="6.[162,1310,672,919]">
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||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAC005DFF01ABF6FACFABF5" box="[160,1312,996,1018]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFF01ABF6FE96ABF5" box="[160,377,996,1018]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Leg segment lengths:</th>
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||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFDA6ABF6FD5FABF5" box="[519,688,996,1018]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">foreleg</th>
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<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFC9FABF6FC08ABF5" box="[830,999,996,1018]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">midleg</th>
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||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFBD6ABF6FACFABF5" box="[1143,1312,996,1018]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">hind leg</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAC005DFF01AC1FFACFAC2C" box="[160,1312,1037,1059]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFF01AC1FFE96AC2C" box="[160,377,1037,1059]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">femur</th>
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<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFDA6AC1FFD5FAC2C" box="[519,688,1037,1059]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">1.70 (1.60–1.80)</td>
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||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFC9FAC1FFC08AC2C" box="[830,999,1037,1059]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">2.08 (1.95–2.25)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFBD6AC1FFACFAC2C" box="[1143,1312,1037,1059]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">3.23 (3.05–3.35)</td>
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||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAC005DFF01AC3EFACFAC4D" box="[160,1312,1068,1090]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFF01AC3EFE96AC4D" box="[160,377,1068,1090]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">tibia</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFDA6AC3EFD5FAC4D" box="[519,688,1068,1090]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">2.13 (2.05–2.25)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFC9FAC3EFC08AC4D" box="[830,999,1068,1090]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">1.92 (1.85–2.05)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFBD6AC3EFACFAC4D" box="[1143,1312,1068,1090]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">3.05 (2.95–3.20)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAC005DFF01AC58FACFAC6F" box="[160,1312,1098,1120]" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFF01AC58FE96AC6F" box="[160,377,1098,1120]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">tarsus 1</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFDA6AC58FD5FAC6F" box="[519,688,1098,1120]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">1.10 (1.05–1.15)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFC9FAC58FC08AC6F" box="[830,999,1098,1120]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.82 (0.80–0.85)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFBD6AC58FACFAC6F" box="[1143,1312,1098,1120]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">1.32 (1.25–1.40)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAC005DFF01AC7BFACFAC70" box="[160,1312,1129,1151]" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFF01AC7BFE96AC70" box="[160,377,1129,1151]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">2</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFDA6AC7BFD5FAC70" box="[519,688,1129,1151]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.50</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFC9FAC7BFC08AC70" box="[830,999,1129,1151]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.45</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFBD6AC7BFACFAC70" box="[1143,1312,1129,1151]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.48 (0.45–0.50)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAC005DFF01AC9AFACFAC91" box="[160,1312,1160,1182]" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFF01AC9AFE96AC91" box="[160,377,1160,1182]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">3</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFDA6AC9AFD5FAC91" box="[519,688,1160,1182]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.30</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFC9FAC9AFC08AC91" box="[830,999,1160,1182]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.28 (0.25–0.30)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFBD6AC9AFACFAC91" box="[1143,1312,1160,1182]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.30</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAC005DFF01ACB4FACFACB3" box="[160,1312,1190,1212]" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFF01ACB4FE96ACB3" box="[160,377,1190,1212]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">4</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFDA6ACB4FD5FACB3" box="[519,688,1190,1212]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.20</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFC9FACB4FC08ACB3" box="[830,999,1190,1212]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.27 (0.20–0.30)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFBD6ACB4FACFACB3" box="[1143,1312,1190,1212]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.17 (0.15–0.20)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAC005DFF01ACD7FACFACD4" box="[160,1312,1221,1243]" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAC005DFF01ACD7FE96ACD4" box="[160,377,1221,1243]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">5</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFDA6ACD7FD5FACD4" box="[519,688,1221,1243]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.18 (0.15–0.20)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFC9FACD7FC08ACD4" box="[830,999,1221,1243]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.27 (0.20–0.30)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAC005DFBD6ACD7FACFACD4" box="[1143,1312,1221,1243]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">0.20</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFACFFA6FF66AD30FF5AAE54" blockId="4.[151,1437,1314,1990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFACFFA6FF66AD30FEEBAD34" box="[199,260,1314,1339]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Head</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1309A1BCFFACFFA6FEB5AD30FE86AD34" box="[276,361,1314,1339]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[179,1428,195,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,193,1912]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 15. Adults of Aphromyia stuckenbergi. 11, Male head, frontal view. 12, Male wing. 13, Male terminalia, dorsal view. 14, Male terminalia, transparent dorsal view. 15, Male terminalia (phallic structures), dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Fig. 11), 0.5 mm (Fig. 12), 0.1 mm (Figs. 13 – 15)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
): Structure: Eyes dichoptic, broadly separated dorsally, interocular distance approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FAD8AD30FF29AD51" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; 35–40 rows of ommatidia, along mid-meridian; ommotrichia, short. Clypeus length/width = 1.0. Proboscis short (
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FF7CAD79FED7AD8C" box="[221,312,1387,1411]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), free portion approximately 0.3 X head width; mandibles absent; galea short, length less than that of maxillary palpus; maxillary palpus with two segments, proportions 1:3. Antenna with 12 flagellomeres; flagellomeres light brown, cylindrical in shape, ultimate flagellomere 1.4 x length of penultimate flagellomere; scape with prominent setiform sensilla apically, pedicel with prominent setiform sensilla medially and apically, both otherwise mostly glabrous; flagellomeres with numerous, small, uniformly distributed sensilla. Facial chaetotaxy: Setiform sensilla groups as follows (number per side): clypeals (10–12), parietals (6–9), occipitals (4– 6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFACFFA6FF66AE74FE09AF55" blockId="4.[151,1437,1314,1990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFACFFA6FF66AE74FE0EAE70" box="[199,481,1638,1663]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Thorax and Appendages</emphasis>
|
||
: Wing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1309A1BCFFACFFA6FDE4AE74FD72AE70" box="[581,669,1638,1663]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[179,1428,195,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,193,1912]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 15. Adults of Aphromyia stuckenbergi. 11, Male head, frontal view. 12, Male wing. 13, Male terminalia, dorsal view. 14, Male terminalia, transparent dorsal view. 15, Male terminalia (phallic structures), dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Fig. 11), 0.5 mm (Fig. 12), 0.1 mm (Figs. 13 – 15)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240687/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
): costal vein terminating in radial sector; reduced subcostal vein; radial sector with three veins, R4+5 forked; medial sector with single vein, M1; anal lobe prominent but lacking anal vein. Legs: Tibial spurs 0–0–1, spur length
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFACFFA6FD70AEA0FCAEAEC6" box="[721,833,1714,1738]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="111" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
(0.21–0.24). Leg-segment proportions: foreleg— 28:35:18:8:5:3:3, midleg—34:32:22:7:5:4:4, hind leg—37:35:15:5:3:2:2. Tarsal claws without hooks. Chaetotaxy: Thorax glabrous except for diffuse row of 3–6 setiform sensilla on posterior margin of anepisternum; scutellum with numerous setiform sensilla laterally grouped at posterolateral corner (N≈10) and along margin; coxae with 4– 6 prominent setiform sensilla.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFACFFA6FF66AF77FCEDAFC9" blockId="4.[151,1437,1314,1990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFACFFA6FF66AF77FEADAF71" box="[199,322,1893,1918]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="111">Coloration</emphasis>
|
||
: Frons, face and clypeus dark brown. Thorax pruinose. Mesoscutum and scutellum dark brown; pleuron silvery brown dorsally, dark brown ventrally. Legs light brown. Halter light brown stem base, otherwise dark brown. Abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF4DEDB1FFADFFA7FF36AF9EFD78AFEF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240687/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" targetBox="[179,1428,195,1898]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFADFFA7FF36AF9EFD78AFEF" blockId="5.[151,1436,1932,2016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFADFFA7FF36AF9EFEBCAFAD" bold="true" box="[151,339,1932,1955]" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">FIGURES 11–15.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFADFFA7FE1EAF9FFD59AFAC" box="[447,694,1933,1955]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Aphromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFADFFA7FE1EAF9FFD59AFAC" box="[447,694,1933,1955]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="112">Aphromyia stuckenbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 11, Male head, frontal view. 12, Male wing. 13, Male terminalia, dorsal view. 14, Male terminalia, transparent dorsal view. 15, Male terminalia (phallic structures), dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Fig. 11), 0.5 mm (Fig. 12), 0.1 mm (Figs. 13–15).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA4FF66A885FED7AA17" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FF66A885FEAEA8BF" box="[199,321,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="1309A1BCFFAEFFA4FEF4A885FE0BA8BF" box="[341,484,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURES 11 – 15" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1932,1955]" captionTargetBox="[179,1428,195,1898]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[150,1436,193,1912]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 11 – 15. Adults of Aphromyia stuckenbergi. 11, Male head, frontal view. 12, Male wing. 13, Male terminalia, dorsal view. 14, Male terminalia, transparent dorsal view. 15, Male terminalia (phallic structures), dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (Fig. 11), 0.5 mm (Fig. 12), 0.1 mm (Figs. 13 – 15)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/240687/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Figs. 13–15</figureCitation>
|
||
): Epandrium (tergite IX) moderately sclerotized, subquadrate, simple, emarginate posteromedially; setiform sensilla more numerous along posterior, lateral margins. Tergite X produced posteriorly as bilobed cerci, each with broadly rectangular apex; intercercal area consisting of a wide U-shaped notch; setiform sensilla restricted to posterior margin. Gonocoxites subrectangular, broadly fused with hypandrium (sternite IX) ventrolaterally, with few setiform sensilla laterally; inner gonocoxal lobes heavily sclerotized, dark brown, lobe Sshaped, glabrous, expanded to spoon-shaped apex. Gonostylus simple, expanding slightly toward apex, truncated apically, set with numerous setiform sensilla on dorsal and inner margins. Dorsal paramere with sinuous, ribbonlike sclerite laterally, curving dorsally to broadly triangular, sclerotized apex with bilobed posteroventral margin; posterior lobe sinuous, ribbon-like, arching dorsally, then anteriorly to broadly triangular, sclerotized apex. Ventral paramere slightly longer than aedeagal rods, lightly sclerotized, elongate, tapered to blunt point apically, encircling aedeagal rods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA4FF66AA36FDE8AA50" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FF66AA36FEC8AA32" bold="true" box="[199,295,548,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Female:</emphasis>
|
||
Similar to male. Measurements (N=2 [but both specimens incomplete]): Total length 5.00 mm, wing length
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFAEFFA4FF45AA55FEA5AA50" box="[228,330,583,608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" unit="mm" value="5.5">5.50 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width 2.00 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA4FF03AAB3FB4DAB98" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<table id="F9324F99FFAE005DFF03AAB2FAF1AB98" box="[162,1310,672,919]" gridcols="4" gridrows="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" rowsContinueFrom="4.[160,1312,996,1243]">
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAE005DFF03AAB2FAF1AAB9" box="[162,1310,672,694]" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFF03AAB2FE94AAB9" box="[162,379,672,694]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Leg segment lengths:</th>
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFDA9AAB2FD5EAAB9" box="[520,689,672,694]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">foreleg</th>
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFC9FAAB2FC08AAB9" box="[830,999,672,694]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">midleg</th>
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFBD7AAB2FAF1AAB9" box="[1142,1310,672,694]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">hind leg</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAE005DFF03AADBFAF1AAD0" box="[162,1310,713,735]" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFF03AADBFE94AAD0" box="[162,379,713,735]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">femur</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFDA9AADBFD5EAAD0" box="[520,689,713,735]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">1.55 (1.50–1.60)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFC9FAADBFC08AAD0" box="[830,999,713,735]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">2.18 (2.10–2.25)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFBD7AADBFAF1AAD0" box="[1142,1310,713,735]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">3.45 (3.40–3.50)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAE005DFF03AAFAFAF1AAF1" box="[162,1310,744,766]" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFF03AAFAFE94AAF1" box="[162,379,744,766]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">tibia</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFDA9AAFAFD5EAAF1" box="[520,689,744,766]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">2.20 (2.15–2.25)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFC9FAAFAFC08AAF1" box="[830,999,744,766]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">2.00</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFBD7AAFAFAF1AAF1" box="[1142,1310,744,766]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">3.10</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAE005DFF03AB14FAF1AB13" box="[162,1310,774,796]" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFF03AB14FE94AB13" box="[162,379,774,796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">tarsus 1</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFDA9AB14FD5EAB13" box="[520,689,774,796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.85 (0.80–0.90)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFC9FAB14FC08AB13" box="[830,999,774,796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.75</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFBD7AB14FAF1AB13" box="[1142,1310,774,796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">1.87 (1.75–2.00)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAE005DFF03AB37FAF1AB34" box="[162,1310,805,827]" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFF03AB37FE94AB34" box="[162,379,805,827]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">2</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFDA9AB37FD5EAB34" box="[520,689,805,827]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.37 (0.35–0.40)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFC9FAB37FC08AB34" box="[830,999,805,827]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.28 (0.25–0.30)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFBD7AB37FAF1AB34" box="[1142,1310,805,827]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.50</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAE005DFF03AB56FAF1AB55" box="[162,1310,836,858]" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFF03AB56FE94AB55" box="[162,379,836,858]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">3</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFDA9AB56FD5EAB55" box="[520,689,836,858]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.28 (0.25–0.30)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFC9FAB56FC08AB55" box="[830,999,836,858]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.22 (0.20–0.25)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFBD7AB56FAF1AB55" box="[1142,1310,836,858]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.30</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAE005DFF03AB70FAF1AB77" box="[162,1310,866,888]" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFF03AB70FE94AB77" box="[162,379,866,888]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">4</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFDA9AB70FD5EAB77" box="[520,689,866,888]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.20</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFC9FAB70FC08AB77" box="[830,999,866,888]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.20</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFBD7AB70FAF1AB77" box="[1142,1310,866,888]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.22 (0.20–0.25)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="3502BF7BFFAE005DFF03AB93FAF1AB98" box="[162,1310,897,919]" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<th id="76D3D607FFAE005DFF03AB93FE94AB98" box="[162,379,897,919]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">5</th>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFDA9AB93FD5EAB98" box="[520,689,897,919]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.22 (0.20–0.25)</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFC9FAB93FC08AB98" box="[830,999,897,919]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.35</td>
|
||
<td id="76D3D607FFAE005DFBD7AB93FAF1AB98" box="[1142,1310,897,919]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">0.30</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA4FF66ABCCFC24AC14" blockId="6.[151,1437,990,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FF66ABCCFE35ABF8" box="[199,474,990,1015]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Thorax and Appendages</emphasis>
|
||
: Legs: Tibial spurs 0–0–1, spur length
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFAEFFA4FC35ABCDFC14ABF9" box="[916,1019,991,1015]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" unit="mm" value="0.22">0.22 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Leg-segment proportions: foreleg— 27:39:15:6:5:4:4, midleg—36:33:12:5:4:3:6, hind leg—35:32:19:5:3:2:3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA4FF66AC34FAA2ACFC" blockId="6.[151,1437,990,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FF66AC34FEAEAC30" box="[199,321,1062,1087]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Terminalia</emphasis>
|
||
: Sternite VIII bilobate, medial depression U-shaped. Sternite IX (genital fork) broadly Y-shaped, base of Y thickened, branches markedly tapered, curved laterad toward apex. Hypogynial broad basally, narrowed slightly to base of apical valves; valves elongate, parallel, somewhat concave medially, slightly rounded apically. With three spermathecae; lateral corpora ovoid, slightly longer than wide, medial corpora pear-shaped, all with short necks; ducts short, thin, unpigmented. Chaetotaxy: Sternite VIII with 2–3 setiform sensilla laterally; sternite VII, hypogynial plate with abundant microtrichia; epiproct with 15–20 prominent setiform sensilla apically.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C328EEB2FFAEFFA4FF66ACECFD31AD34" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA4FF66ACECFD31AD34" blockId="6.[151,1437,990,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FF66ACECFEA1AD18" bold="true" box="[199,334,1278,1303]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Named in honor of the late Dr. Brian Stuckenberg, collector of most
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAEFFA4FBF4ACEDFB6AAD18" box="[1109,1157,1279,1303]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material, avid student of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAEFFA4FF36AD30FEA4AD34" box="[151,331,1314,1339]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Blephariceridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and generous colleague and friend.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C328EEB2FFAEFFA4FF66AD54FC41AE71" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA4FF66AD54FC41AE71" blockId="6.[151,1437,990,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FF66AD54FE99AD50" bold="true" box="[199,374,1350,1375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAEFFA4FF66AD54FEEDAD50" box="[199,258,1350,1375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAEFFA4FEDFAD54FE09AD50" box="[382,486,1350,1375]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
[♂]: “
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325FDA9FFAEFFA4FD91AD55FD11AD50" box="[560,766,1351,1375]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
|
||
: [Fianarantsoa Province], Ambalavao District, Antanifotsy, [Andringitra National Park], east slopes of Ambaravarandanitra Mountain, Kimoro River, [approx.
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE06DBFEFFAEFFA4FA80AD78FA73AD8C" box="[1313,1436,1386,1411]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" precision="9" value="-22.143667">22°08.62'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE06DBFEFFAEFFA4FF36AD9CFEF9ADA8" box="[151,278,1422,1447]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" precision="9" value="46.890667">46°53.44'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFAEFFA4FE83AD9CFE9AADA8" box="[290,373,1422,1447]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.68" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" unit="m" value="1680.0">1680m</quantity>
|
||
],
|
||
<date id="FF8C9BF9FFAEFFA4FE26AD9CFE1CADA8" box="[391,499,1422,1447]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" value="1958-01-19">19.i.1958</date>
|
||
, coll. B.R. Stuckenberg.” Specimen pinned from EtOH with head and terminalia in glycerin microvials. Allotype [♀]: same data as
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAEFFA4FD6FADA1FCDCADC4" box="[718,819,1459,1483]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
; dissected, but mouthparts, 1 wing and
|
||
<date id="FF8C9BF9FFAEFFA4FAABADA1FAADADC5" box="[1290,1346,1459,1483]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">1 set</date>
|
||
of legs missing, in EtOH.
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAEFFA4FEC6ADC5FE37ADE0" box="[359,472,1495,1519]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: same data as
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAEFFA4FDD6ADC4FD36ADE0" box="[631,729,1494,1519]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
[
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3476B0FFAEFFA4FD46ADC4FCCFADE1" box="[743,800,1494,1519]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="generic">15 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
(9 pinned, 1 dissected with head and terminalia on slide;
|
||
<quantity id="4CCA10DCFFAEFFA4FF36ADE8FF2BAE1C" box="[151,196,1530,1555]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.524" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" unit="in" value="6.0">6 in</quantity>
|
||
EtOH, 4 dissected with head and/or terminalia on slides), 1 ♀ (EtOH, dissected, head on slide, in glycerin jelly);
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3476B0FFAEFFA4FF41AE0DFEE5AE39" box="[224,266,1567,1591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="generic">3 ♂</specimenCount>
|
||
pupae (EtOH, 1 dissected with respiratory organ on slide), 4 ♀ pupae (EtOH)]; ”[Fianarantsoa Province, Ambalavao District, Andringitra National Park], Mt Andringitra, Ampatsikahitra, J.M. [coll. J. Millot]” [4 instar IV larvae, in EtOH]. All
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAEFFA4FE0FAE75FE31AE70" box="[430,478,1639,1663]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">type</typeStatus>
|
||
material deposited in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325FDA9FFAEFFA4FCA1AE74FCD2AE70" box="[768,829,1638,1663]" name="South Africa" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Natal</collectingCountry>
|
||
Museum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C328EEB2FFAEFFA5FF66AE98FDBFA912" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA4FF66AE98FB4EAF00" blockId="6.[151,1437,990,2023]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FF66AE98FE8FAEAC" bold="true" box="[199,352,1674,1699]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAEFFA4FECBAE98FD92AEAC" box="[362,637,1674,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Aphromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FECBAE98FD92AEAC" box="[362,637,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Aphromyia stuckenbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is currently known only from the Andringitra Massif in southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325FDA9FFAEFFA4FF36AEBCFECEAEC8" box="[151,289,1710,1735]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Andringitra, the second highest mountain in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325FDA9FFAEFFA4FC8DAEBCFC5AAEC8" box="[812,949,1710,1735]" name="Madagascar" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, is a massive granitic batholith exposed as part of the main southeastern escarpment, where it receives monsoon clouds constantly during the day, afternoon thunderstorms, and heavy evening mists (B.R. Stuckenberg 2001, personal communication).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAEFFA5FF66AF08FDBFA912" blockId="6.[151,1437,990,2023]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="114" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FF66AF08FEA5AF3C" bold="true" box="[199,330,1818,1843]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">Bionomics.</emphasis>
|
||
Given the limited material available for study, it is difficult to generalize about the life history or ecology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAEFFA4FEB6AF2DFE26AF58" box="[279,457,1854,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Aphromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="113" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FEB6AF2DFEC7AF59" box="[279,296,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAEFFA4FE96AF2CFE26AF58" box="[311,457,1854,1879]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">stuckenbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At the time of Stuckenberg’s collections, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAEFFA4FC72AF2DFBECAF58" box="[979,1027,1855,1879]" pageId="6" pageNumber="113">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality apparently was in excellent condition, “a fine waterfall” with “pristine rainforest that covered the eastern slopes of the mountain” (B.R. Stuckenberg, 2006, personal communication). Unfortunately, despite the fact that the waterfall resides within the boundary of Andringritra National Park, the site apparently has changed dramatically since the Stuckenberg collections. Based on a 2007 visit by former students, the riparian zone and surrounding hillsides now consist entirely of grasslands and a few small parcels of secondary forest, with cattle grazing permitted throughout (R.B. Sam & M.J. Petersen, 2007, personal communication). Collection efforts in 2007 failed to record additional specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAFFFA5FE90A8F2FE30A8F7" box="[305,479,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Aphromyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="stuckenbergi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FE90A8F2FEADA8F8" box="[305,322,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FEF0A8CDFE30A8F7" box="[337,479,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">stuckenbergi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As of 2007, the area above the falls apparently was intact; therefore, additional sites may exist upstream of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="5489039BFFAFFFA5FE1EA917FE00A912" box="[447,495,261,285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C328EEB2FFAFFFAAFF66A935FADBAAFF" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="115" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAFFFA5FF66A935FE9BA9A2" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FF66A935FEA3A94F" bold="true" box="[199,332,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
Ever since larval material was first described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FCDAA935FBCCA94F" author="Paulian" box="[891,1059,295,320]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Paulian, R. (1953) Faune des eaux douces de Madagascar. II. Larves de Blepharoceridae [Dipt.]. Memoires de L'institut Scientifuque de Madagascar. Serie E, 4, 431 - 440." type="journal article" year="1953">Paulian (1953)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the phylogenetic position of this blepharicerid has been an enigma. As the only non-edwardsinine from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325FDA9FFAFFFA5FC0DA95EFBDAA96A" box="[940,1077,332,357]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and characterized by one of the most aberrant larval stages in the entire family, this blepharicerid has been of considerable interest to students of net-winged midges.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAFFFA5FF66A9A5FDABAD02" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">
|
||
Previous attempts to place this species in a phylogenetic framework have been problematic, which at least partly explains why this fly had not yet been described and named (Stuckenberg, 2006, personal communication). Although Paulian and others (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FDBFAA12FD28AA17" author="Courtney" box="[542,711,512,536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Courtney, G. W. (2003) Blephariceridae, Net-Winged Midges. In: Goodman, S. M. & Benstead, J. P. (Eds.), The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 702 - 708." type="book chapter" year="2003">Courtney 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) considered the immature stages to support possible inclusion in the Apistomyiini, some of the character evidence (e.g., well developed clypeal shield in larvae) may actually define a larger clade including also the paltostomatines.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FD5FAA55FEB6AA8A" author="Stuckenberg" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Stuckenberg, B. R. (2004) Labial morphology in Blephariceridae (Diptera: Nematocera): a new interpretation with phylogenetic implications, and a note on colocephaly. African Invertebrates, 45, 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="2004">Stuckenberg (2004, and in various subsequent personal communications)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested the possibility that this unusual
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325FDA9FFAFFFA5FC9CAA7EFC45AA8A" box="[829,938,620,645]" name="Madagascar" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Malagasy</collectingCountry>
|
||
blepharicerine was instead a member of the Paltostomatini, but acknowledged that colocephaly and mouthpart reduction in both sexes has obscured phylogenetically important characters. Determining the phylogenetic relationships of
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FBF7AAA6FB3DAAC2" box="[1110,1234,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
remains indelibly linked with uncertainty regarding relationships among major subgroups across the Blepharicerinae, especially in the widespread Palearctic / Oriental / Australasian Apistomyiini and the largely Neotropical “Paltostomatini.”
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FF36AB0DFEDFAB37" author="Zwick" box="[151,304,799,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Zwick, P. (1981) Blephariceridae. In: Keast, A. (Ed.), Ecological Biogeography of Australia. Junk, The Hague, pp. 1185 - 1193." type="book chapter" year="1981">Zwick (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested a sister-group relationship between the Paltostomatini + Apistomyiini and the exclusively northern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAFFFA5FEA0AB56FE4BAB52" box="[257,420,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Blepharicerini">Blepharicerini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with the former defined by reduced wing venation, structure of the pupal respiratory organs, and modifications of the larval clypeus.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FD62AB75FCB0AB8F" author="Zwick" box="[707,863,871,896]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Zwick, P. (1977) Australian Blephariceridae (Diptera). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplement, 46, 1 - 121. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / AJZS 046" type="journal article" year="1977">Zwick (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
defined the Apistomyiini by the presence of four pairs of adhesive discs in pupae, while monophyly of a more derived clade within Apistomyiini (i.e., beyond his “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAFFFA5FF02ABBDFECCABC7" box="[163,291,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Peritheates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FF02ABBDFECCABC7" box="[163,291,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Peritheates</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAFFFA5FEEEABA3FE31ABC7" box="[335,478,945,968]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Neocurupira" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FEEEABA3FE31ABC7" box="[335,478,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Neocurupira</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” clade) was based partly on reduction of the seventh larval pseudopod. Other investigations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FEE5ABC6FE3DABE3" author="Zwick" box="[324,466,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Zwick, P. (1981) Blephariceridae. In: Keast, A. (Ed.), Ecological Biogeography of Australia. Junk, The Hague, pp. 1185 - 1193." type="book chapter" year="1981">Zwick 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FE40ABC6FDF3ABE3" author="Zwick" box="[481,540,980,1004]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Zwick, P. (1998) Australian net-winged midges of the tribe Apistomyiini (Diptera: Blephariceridae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 37, 298 - 311." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FD8AABC6FD14ABE3" author="Stuckenberg" box="[555,763,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Stuckenberg, B. R. (2004) Labial morphology in Blephariceridae (Diptera: Nematocera): a new interpretation with phylogenetic implications, and a note on colocephaly. African Invertebrates, 45, 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="2004">Stuckenberg 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FCABABC6FBDDABE3" author="Gibson" box="[778,1074,980,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Gibson, J. F. & Courtney, G. W. (2007) Revision of the net-winged midge genus Horaia Tonnoir and its phylogenetic relationship to other genera within the tribe Apistomyiini (Diptera: Blephariceridae). Systematic Entomology, 32, 276 - 304. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2006.00360. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Gibson & Courtney 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) provide additional support for monophyly of the Apistomyiini, with most characters pertaining to structure of the adult labium: labellum enlarged, elongate, and bearing distinct pseudotracheae. Superficially similar (i.e., elongate) labia occur in paltostomatines but, according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FDBAAC2DFD12AC57" author="Stuckenberg" box="[539,765,1087,1112]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Stuckenberg, B. R. (2004) Labial morphology in Blephariceridae (Diptera: Nematocera): a new interpretation with phylogenetic implications, and a note on colocephaly. African Invertebrates, 45, 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="2004">Stuckenberg (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, their structure is quite different (base of labium elongate, while the labellum remains short). A comparable arrangement occurs in a few, relatively derived apistomyines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FF3FAC95FE82ACAF" author="Stuckenberg" box="[158,365,1159,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Stuckenberg, B. R. (1970) Ergebnisse der Osterreichischen Neukaledonien-Expedition: The Blepharoceridae (Diptera) of New Caledonia. Annals of the Natal Museum, 20, 217 - 256." type="journal article" year="1970">Stuckenberg 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FED8AC9AFE5AACAF" author="Stuckenberg" box="[377,437,1160,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Stuckenberg, B. R. (2004) Labial morphology in Blephariceridae (Diptera: Nematocera): a new interpretation with phylogenetic implications, and a note on colocephaly. African Invertebrates, 45, 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FE60AC95FDA4ACAF" author="Zwick" box="[449,587,1159,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Zwick, P. (1998) Australian net-winged midges of the tribe Apistomyiini (Diptera: Blephariceridae). Australian Journal of Entomology, 37, 298 - 311." type="journal article" year="1998">Zwick 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FDF9AC95FC97ACAF" author="Gibson" box="[600,888,1159,1184]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Gibson, J. F. & Courtney, G. W. (2007) Revision of the net-winged midge genus Horaia Tonnoir and its phylogenetic relationship to other genera within the tribe Apistomyiini (Diptera: Blephariceridae). Systematic Entomology, 32, 276 - 304. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2006.00360. x" type="journal article" year="2007">Gibson & Courtney 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but in these taxa the pupa retains a long, empty labial theca (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FE8AACBEFE11ACCB" author="Stuckenberg" box="[299,510,1196,1221]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Stuckenberg, B. R. (2004) Labial morphology in Blephariceridae (Diptera: Nematocera): a new interpretation with phylogenetic implications, and a note on colocephaly. African Invertebrates, 45, 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="2004">Stuckenberg 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast, the labial theca of pupal
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FC1CACBEFBD7ACCA" box="[957,1080,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
is markedly short. Despite the hypothesis presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFAFFFA5FE08ACDDFD67ACE7" author="Stuckenberg" box="[425,648,1231,1256]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" refString="Stuckenberg, B. R. (2004) Labial morphology in Blephariceridae (Diptera: Nematocera): a new interpretation with phylogenetic implications, and a note on colocephaly. African Invertebrates, 45, 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="2004">Stuckenberg (2004)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it is possible that paltastomatines comprise a paraphyletic assemblage from which the Apistomyiini evolved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAFFFA5FF66AD05FC71AE07" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">
|
||
There is little doubt that
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FE4AAD05FD88AD3F" box="[491,615,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
belongs to a clade comprised of all paltostomatines and apistomyines. Larvae provide one of the most compelling characters (presence of clypeal shield) to support such a hypothesis. The body shape (onisciform or chiton-shaped) and/or marginal chaetotaxy (rows of fanshaped or obovoid sensilla) bear resemblance to some apistomyiines (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAFFFA5FD0EAD96FCD1AD92" box="[687,830,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Nothohoraia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FD0EAD96FCD1AD92" box="[687,830,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Nothohoraia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAFFFA5FCEFAD96FC19AD92" box="[846,1014,1412,1437]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Theischingeria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FCEFAD96FC19AD92" box="[846,1014,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Theischingeria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAFFFA5FBEBAD97FB74AD93" box="[1098,1179,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Horaia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FBEBAD97FB74AD93" box="[1098,1179,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Horaia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as does reduction of the seventh larval pseudopod. However, one or more of these features are also known in certain paltostomatines (unpublished data), suggesting the possibility of convergence. In other characteristics it is difficult to find any phylogenetically informative characters in the highly aberrant larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFAFFFA5FF66AE06FEDCAFD2" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FF66AE06FEACAE22" box="[199,323,1556,1581]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
pupae are in most respects typical of many paltostomatines and apistomyiines, so pupal characters provide few insights into phylogenetic affinities. Each respiratory organ is comprised of four erect lamellae closely bunched at the anterior end of the pupa, with the outer lamellae being heavily sclerotized, elongate, and tapering to a point, and inner lamellae lightly sclerotized, as long as the outer lamellae but not pointed. The latter condition and the general orientation of the outer lamellae (converging medially) are reminiscent of many apistomyines. However, unlike apistomyiines with reduced adult mouthparts, the labellar theca of
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FBC7AED5FB0DAEEF" box="[1126,1250,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
is short. In this feature
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FF4CAEFEFE86AF0A" box="[237,361,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
is similar to pupae of certain paltastomatines (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFAFFFA5FC1CAEFEFBAEAF0A" box="[957,1089,1772,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Aposonalco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="114" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FC1CAEFEFBAEAF0A" box="[957,1089,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Aposonalco</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). One of the most compelling pupal features pertains to the number of ventrolateral adhesive discs. Despite past uncertainty about this character, most available specimens clearly possess three pairs (on abdominal segments IV–VI). Specimens previously thought to have a 4th pair (i.e., on abdominal segment III) are immature and somewhat damaged, making details of abdominal segment III difficult to see. The presence of only three pairs of adhesive discs is significant, as this represents the blepharicerid groundplan and distinguishes
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFAFFFA5FCC0AFB2FC32AFB6" box="[865,989,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="114">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
from many paltostomatines and all Apistomyiini.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFA0FFAAFF66A885FAFCA9A2" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
The reduced wing venation clearly places
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFD01A885FCF3A8BF" box="[672,796,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
in a clade comprising paltostomatines and apistomyines. The relatively elongate hind legs provide another possible synapomorphy, as does reduction of maxillary palpal segments. Unfortunately, many other potentially informative adult characters pertain to the labellum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFA0FFAAFAAEA8CDFF3CA913" author="Stuckenberg" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" refString="Stuckenberg, B. R. (2004) Labial morphology in Blephariceridae (Diptera: Nematocera): a new interpretation with phylogenetic implications, and a note on colocephaly. African Invertebrates, 45, 223 - 236." type="journal article" year="2004">Stuckenberg 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which is obscured by
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFE40A916FDB3A912" box="[481,604,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
’s colocephalous condition and the general reduction of mouthparts. Like other taxa with comparably modified mouthparts (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFA0FFAAFCA9A935FC36A930" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" box="[776,985,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Hapalothrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFCA9A935FC7EA94F" box="[776,913,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Hapalothrix</emphasis>
|
||
Loew
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFA0FFAAFBB0A935FAE3A94F" authority="Brodsky" authorityName="Brodsky" box="[1041,1292,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Blephariceridae" genus="Tianshanella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFBB0A935FB4DA94F" box="[1041,1186,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Tianshanella</emphasis>
|
||
Brodsky
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFA81A935FA74A94F" box="[1312,1435,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
remains difficult to place in a definitive phylogenetic position. Given its aberrant morphological characters, it is possible that placement of
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFE7BA97DFDB9A987" box="[474,598,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
will depend on future collection of fresh material and analyses using molecular markers. This in turn may depend on the discovery of additional populations of this rare fly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8DBD39FFA0FFAAFF66A9A5FADBAAFF" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,752]" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F325FDA9FFA0FFAAFF66A9A5FEA1A9DF" box="[199,334,439,464]" name="Madagascar" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
||
is remarkable for the level of endemism (e.g., plants: 89%; mammals: 93%; birds: 58%; reptiles: 96%; amphibians: 99%) and for biotic diversity virtually unmatched by any other biotic region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFA0FFAAFB58A9CEFEAEAA17" author="Goodman" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" refString="Goodman, S. M. & Benstead, J. P. (Eds.) (2003) The Natural History of Madagascar. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1709 pp." type="book" year="2003">Goodman and Benstead 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In terms of both endemism and diversity, aquatic arthropods appear to parallel trends seen in other faunal groups (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA3C0C8FFA0FFAAFEE9AA36FD9DAA33" author="Elouard" box="[328,626,548,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" refString="Elouard, J. M. & Gibon, F. M. (2003) Ecology of aquatic invertebrates. In: Goodman, S. M. & Benstead, J. P. (Eds.), The Natural History of Madagascar. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. pp. 511 - 517." type="book chapter" year="2003">Elouard and Gibon 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Indeed, Madagacar’s blepharicerid fauna exhibits 100% endemism! Unfortunately, it is likely that many of these endemics, including perhaps
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFC59AA55FB9CAA6F" box="[1016,1139,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
, could already be extinct because of deforestation in recent decades and concomitant degradation of water quality. The only known locality for
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFF6AAA9DFEA8AAA7" box="[203,327,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
, Andringitra National Park, harbors other remarkable endemics (e.g., coleopteran genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C32C6BAFFA0FFAAFF36AAA7FE94AAC3" authority="Legros" authorityName="Legros" box="[151,379,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Gyrinidae" genus="Heterogyrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFF36AAA7FECDAAC3" box="[151,290,693,716]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Heterogyrus</emphasis>
|
||
Legros
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and appears to be particularly at risk. It is hoped that description of
|
||
<emphasis id="B946612BFFA0FFAAFB08AAA6FACAAAC2" box="[1193,1317,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="115">Aphromyia</emphasis>
|
||
will draw more attention to the unique biota of this region and prompt greater protection of the streams that remain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |