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<mods:title id="AFBD4728328599A2DD1133BA012A0148">A new dung beetle genus with two new species from Chile (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FCE12FB801C364F9BB8C9143563B83B3">Vaz-De-Mello, Fernando Z.</mods:namePart>
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<heading id="D0D081AEBE14FFD3FEB8F958FD27D523" bold="true" box="[264,665,1777,1803]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE14FFD3FEB8F958FD27D523" bold="true" box="[264,665,1777,1803]" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
Biogeography of
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE14FFD3FE6DF958FD27D523" ID-CoL="646XL" authorityName="Vaz-De-Mello &amp; Halffter" authorityYear="2006" box="[477,665,1777,1803]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Tesserodoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE14FFD3FE6DF958FD27D523" bold="true" box="[477,665,1777,1803]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Tesserodoniella</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8B9836C2BE14FFDCFEB8F895FDC0D376" blockId="7.[264,1322,1852,1878]" lastBlockId="8.[264,1323,284,1430]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
The discovery of
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE14FFD3FE65F895FD32D57D" authorityName="Vaz-De-Mello &amp; Halffter" authorityYear="2006" box="[469,652,1852,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Tesserodoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE14FFD3FE65F895FD32D57D" box="[469,652,1852,1877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="66">Tesserodoniella</emphasis>
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in South America and its hypothesized close relationship with the Australian genera
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFDFCFEB5FD71D31D" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1837" box="[588,719,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Tesserodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFDFCFEB5FD71D31D" box="[588,719,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Tesserodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFCBCFEB5FC03D31D" authorityName="Matthews. These" authorityYear="1974" box="[780,957,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Aptenocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFCBCFEB5FC03D31D" box="[780,957,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Aptenocanthon</emphasis>
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leads to a series of interesting biogeographical considerations:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9836C2BE1BFFDCFE88FEC5FB9AD05E" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,1430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">
1. As pointed out before, the other two canthonine species occurring in
<collectingCountry id="F3307652BE1BFFDCFBC7FEC5FB08D3AE" box="[1143,1206,364,390]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Chile</collectingCountry>
belong to predominantly Neotropical genera.
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFD0EFE3DFCD1D385" authorityName="Martinez" authorityYear="1953" box="[702,879,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scybalophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFD0EFE3DFCD1D385" box="[702,879,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Scybalophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has four species distributed in the Patagonian biogeographical subregion (as defined by
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFC00FE15FBDDD3FE" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[944,1123,444,470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refId="ref3852" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2001) Biogeografia de America Latina y el Caribe. Manueales y Thesis SEA, volume 3. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, Zaragoza, 148 pp." type="book" year="2001">Morrone 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFBC8FE15FB09D3FE" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[1144,1207,444,470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="467 - 494" refId="ref3886" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 467 - 494." type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
). A fifth species, occurring in
<collectingCountry id="F3307652BE1BFFDCFDBDFE4DFDF1D3D6" box="[525,591,484,510]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Chile</collectingCountry>
, occurs in what
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFCADFE4DFC62D3D6" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[797,988,484,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="467 - 494" refId="ref3886" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2006) Biogeographic areas and transition zones of Latin America and the Caribbean islands based on panbiogeographic and cladistic analyses of the entomofauna. Annual Review of Entomology, 51, 467 - 494." type="journal article" year="2006">Morrone (2006)</bibRefCitation>
called the South American Transition Zone.
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFE63FDA5FDE7D00D" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1822" box="[467,601,524,549]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Megathopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFE63FDA5FDE7D00D" box="[467,601,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Megathopa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(with two species) is occurs from Regions IV to IX in
<collectingCountry id="F3307652BE1BFFDCFB54FDA5FA98D00E" box="[1252,1318,524,550]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Chile</collectingCountry>
, from
<collectingRegion id="49E3F820BE1BFFDCFEE1FD9DFE08D066" box="[337,438,564,590]" country="Argentina" name="Cordoba" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Córdoba</collectingRegion>
to
<collectingRegion id="49E3F820BE1BFFDCFE5EFD9DFDFAD066" box="[494,580,564,590]" country="Argentina" name="Chubut" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Chubut</collectingRegion>
in
<collectingCountry id="F3307652BE1BFFDCFDCCFD9DFD4AD066" box="[636,756,564,590]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Argentina</collectingCountry>
, and in
<collectingCountry id="F3307652BE1BFFDCFCDBFD9DFC6AD066" box="[875,980,564,590]" name="Uruguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
. Neither
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFBE0FD9DFABFD065" authorityName="Martinez" authorityYear="1953" box="[1104,1281,564,589]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scybalophagus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFBE0FD9DFABFD065" box="[1104,1281,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Scybalophagus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFEB8FDF5FE33D05D" authorityName="Eschscholtz" authorityYear="1822" box="[264,397,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Megathopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFEB8FDF5FE33D05D" box="[264,397,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Megathopa</emphasis>
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are closely related to or sympatric with
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFCD5FDF5FBA2D05D" authorityName="Vaz-De-Mello &amp; Halffter" authorityYear="2006" box="[869,1052,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Tesserodoniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFCD5FDF5FBA2D05D" box="[869,1052,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Tesserodoniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9836C2BE1BFFDCFE88FD2DFC38D67E" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,1430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">
2. The presence of
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<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFDA4FD2DFD75D0B5" box="[532,715,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Tesserodoniella</emphasis>
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in the
<collectingRegion id="49E3F820BE1BFFDCFCAAFD2DFC3FD0B6" box="[794,897,644,670]" country="Chile" name="Region Metropolitana" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Santiago</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="49E3F820BE1BFFDCFC08FD2DFBBDD0B6" box="[952,1027,644,670]" country="Chile" name="Maule" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Maule</collectingRegion>
biogeographic provinces supports
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFECDFD05FDEED0EE" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[381,592,684,710]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refId="ref3852" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2001) Biogeografia de America Latina y el Caribe. Manueales y Thesis SEA, volume 3. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, Zaragoza, 148 pp." type="book" year="2001">Morrones (2001</bibRefCitation>
,
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) proposals on the composition and biogeographic affinities of those areas.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFD82FD7DFD54D0C6" author="Morrone, J. J." box="[562,746,724,750]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" refId="ref3852" refString="Morrone, J. J. (2001) Biogeografia de America Latina y el Caribe. Manueales y Thesis SEA, volume 3. Sociedad Entomologica Aragonesa, Zaragoza, 148 pp." type="book" year="2001">Morrone (2001</bibRefCitation>
,
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) divided South America into two regions (Neotropical and Andean) with a transition zone that roughly corresponds with the Andes. The Andean Region is included in the Austral kingdom, originating from Western Gondwana, which also includes the Antarctic, Cape (or Afrotemperate), Neoguinean, Temperate Australian, and Neozealandic regions. The Andean Region was divided by Morrone into subregions and provinces.
<collectingRegion id="49E3F820BE1BFFDCFCB2FC35FC60D19E" box="[770,990,924,950]" country="Chile" name="Region Metropolitana" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Santiago Province</collectingRegion>
is included in the Central Chilean subregion, and
<collectingRegion id="49E3F820BE1BFFDCFD9FFC6DFD51D1F6" box="[559,751,964,990]" country="Chile" name="Maule" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Maule Province</collectingRegion>
in the Subantarctic subregion. However, both provinces are strongly related, as
<collectingRegion id="49E3F820BE1BFFDCFD24FC45FD61D62E" box="[660,735,1004,1030]" country="Chile" name="Maule" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Maule</collectingRegion>
is the southern limit of many distributional areas. Interestingly, the
<collectingRegion id="49E3F820BE1BFFDCFE64FBBDFD14D606" box="[468,682,1044,1070]" country="Chile" name="Region Metropolitana" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Santiago Province</collectingRegion>
contains the highest number of endemic species in the southern part of South America (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFD39FB95FCC7D67E" author="Morrone, J. J. &amp; Katinas, L. &amp; Crisci, J. V." box="[649,889,1084,1110]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="25 - 42" refId="ref3928" refString="Morrone, J. J., Katinas, L. &amp; Crisci, J. V. (1997) A cladistic biogeographic analysis of Central Chile. Journal of Comparative Biology, 2 (1), 25 - 42." type="journal article" year="1997">
Morrone
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFD48FB95FC8DD67D" box="[760,819,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">et al.</emphasis>
1997
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).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9836C2BE1BFFDCFE88FBCDFEEAD7BE" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,1430]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">
3. Of the closely related Australian genera,
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFCC1FBCDFC4AD655" authorityName="Hope" authorityYear="1837" box="[881,1012,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Tesserodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFCC1FBCDFC4AD655" box="[881,1012,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Tesserodon</emphasis>
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is widely distributed in northern and western Australia, with two species in New
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; while
<taxonomicName id="4C274D41BE1BFFDCFBEDFB25FAB0D68D" authorityName="Matthews. These" authorityYear="1974" box="[1117,1294,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Aptenocanthon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFBEDFB25FAB0D68D" box="[1117,1294,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Aptenocanthon</emphasis>
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is distributed in eastern and northern
<collectingCountry id="F3307652BE1BFFDCFD16FB1DFCAFD6E6" box="[678,785,1204,1230]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFC92FB1DFC63D6E6" author="Matthews, E. G." box="[802,989,1204,1230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="1 - 211" refId="ref3815" refString="Matthews, E. G. (1974) A revision of the scarabaeinae dung beetles of Australia II. Tribe Scarabaeini. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series, 24, 1 - 211." type="journal article" year="1974">Matthews 1974</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFC5AFB1DFBC5D6E6" author="Storey, R." box="[1002,1147,1204,1230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="387 - 390" refId="ref4130" refString="Storey, R. (1984) A new species of Aptenocanthon Matthews from north Queensland. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 21 (2), 387 - 390." type="journal article" year="1984">Storey 1984</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFB39FB1DFA98D6E6" author="Paulian, R." box="[1161,1318,1204,1230]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="219 - 238" refId="ref4021" refString="Paulian, R. (1985) Les coleopteres Scarabaeidae canthonines de Nouvelle-Guinee. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 21 (2), 219 - 238." type="journal article" year="1985">Paulian 1985</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFEB8FB75FE25D6DE" author="Storey, R." box="[264,411,1244,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="577 - 588" refId="ref4170" refString="Storey, R. (1991) New species and new records of Tesserodon Hope (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from northern Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 30 (3), 577 - 588." type="journal article" year="1991">Storey 1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFE19FB75FD6BD6DE" author="Storey, R. &amp; Monteith, G. B." box="[425,725,1244,1270]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="349 - 358" refId="ref4209" refString="Storey, R. &amp; Monteith, G. B. (2000) Five new species of Aptenocanthon Matthews (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) from tropical Australia, with notes on distribution. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 46 (1), 349 - 358." type="journal article" year="2000">Storey &amp; Monteith 2000</bibRefCitation>
). The biogeographical affinities between southern South America,
<collectingCountry id="F3307652BE1BFFDCFE51FAADFDEED736" box="[481,592,1284,1310]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">Australia</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="F3307652BE1BFFDCFD16FAADFCECD736" box="[678,850,1284,1310]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
, known as the southern Gondwana distributional pattern (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFDA0FA85FCD6D76E" author="Sanmartin, I &amp; Ronquist, F." box="[528,872,1324,1350]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="216 - 243" refId="ref4052" refString="Sanmartin, I &amp; Ronquist, F. (2004) Southern hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology, 53 (2), 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartín &amp; Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
), have been illustrated by many plant and insect examples (
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Crisci
<emphasis id="B953EAD0BE1BFFDCFDEBFAFDFD2ED745" box="[603,656,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="67">et al</emphasis>
. 1991
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFD5CFAFDFBAFD746" author="Sequeira, A. S. &amp; Farrell, B. D." box="[748,1041,1364,1390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="459 - 474" refId="ref4088" refString="Sequeira, A. S. &amp; Farrell, B. D. (2001) Evolutionary origin of Gondwana interactions: how old are Araucaria beetle herbivores? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 74, 459 - 474." type="journal article" year="2001">Sequeira &amp; Farrell 2001</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFB64B33BE1BFFDCFBAFFAFDFEF9D7BE" author="Sanmartin, I &amp; Ronquist, F." pageId="8" pageNumber="67" pagination="216 - 243" refId="ref4052" refString="Sanmartin, I &amp; Ronquist, F. (2004) Southern hemisphere biogeography inferred by event-based models: plant versus animal patterns. Systematic Biology, 53 (2), 216 - 243." type="journal article" year="2004">Sanmartín &amp; Ronquist 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>