595 lines
68 KiB
XML
595 lines
68 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="06A223EA54B4F41BA4429D276014D0EE">Description and biological notes of the larva of Cionus olivieri Rosenschoeld, 1838 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), with a comparison with other species of the tribe Cionini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="867917F1C7A0857598750DA25014B8FC">Jiang, Chunyan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="17A69BA85FFAB36569511BCD6F73D148">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="FA5114D4255FEEDB32BE61B638B3AE39">Caldara, Roberto</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CE509772250A295619A2AD6D17614AF6">Center of Alpine Entomology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="08C4CEDFDDD776F96D0A806252A2EDC4">Skuhrovec, Jiri</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BADDA2EC482762FC96182A7B010F9D81">Group Function of Invertebrate and Plant Biodiversity in Agro-Ecosystems, Crop Research Institute, Drnovska 507, CZ- 161 06 Praha 6 - Ruzyne, Czech Republic</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="843FD449977BBADFEF2EA6C1CBB7450A">Zhang, Runzhi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4DE8D687455EA638687000B5A2205AF7">Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="DCEC25D26B3B31C0A22E11B520AA0663">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="75931690F3E29BF8551027E6C702B6BE">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A1C15153D88736DAAB35E9BBC8CC77AA">976</mods:number>
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<treatment id="FF429B5502FC52DC8FBBA8C9F246892B" ID-GBIF-Taxon="168504560" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF429B5502FC52DC8FBBA8C9F246892B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF429B5502FC52DC8FBBA8C9F246892B" lastPageNumber="131" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" scope_family="Curculionidae" scope_order="Coleoptera">
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<subSubSection id="D5634BA14D928C1092D086C37FC19C54" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0C3B2CDB56B8243748E404033DAC50CA" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<taxonomicName id="CD94E0330A77429672A1BE75708CFE9F" ID-CoL="VFK2" LSID="FF429B55-02FC-52DC-8FBB-A8C9F246892B" authority="Rosenschoeld, 1838" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">Cionus olivieri Rosenschoeld, 1838</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0F48BA1E7BA6BC755CB821D7FD709A9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D964826EA34CB7B5152477188AA2B12B" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<taxonomicName id="69BF7498D2D0A5054DB4B1B8EB79F5AC" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">Cionus olivieri</taxonomicName>
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Rosenschoeld, 1838: 725.
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<bibRefCitation id="93E38127C86B647A58A269A8CEB7B7C9" author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" refId="B10" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209-1839." title="Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209 - 1839." year="1958">Hoffmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
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: 1222.
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<bibRefCitation id="E41B0C3B02BC1C3A00E90E4028642469" author="Smreczynski, S" journalOrPublisher="Polski Towarzystwo Entomologiczen, Warszawa" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" refId="B27" refString="Smreczynski, S, 1976. Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski. Czcsc XIX. Chrzaszcze- Coleoptera. Zeszyt 98f. Ryjkowce-Curculionidae. Podrodzina-Curculioninae. Plemiona: Nanophyini, Mecinini, Cionini, Anoplini, Rhynchaenini. Polski Towarzystwo Entomologiczen, Warszawa" title="Klucze do oznaczania owadow Polski. Czcsc XIX. Chrzaszcze- Coleoptera. Zeszyt 98 f. Ryjkowce-Curculionidae. Podrodzina-Curculioninae. Plemiona: Nanophyini, Mecinini, Cionini, Anoplini, Rhynchaenini." year="1976">
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<normalizedToken id="17D66D7D017F8C0F51374CBF3CE7F3E0" originalValue="Smreczyński">Smreczynski</normalizedToken>
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||
1976
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 58.
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<bibRefCitation id="A1167D217FE2133E6E364E754D569225" DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4631.1.1" author="Kostal, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="1 - 144" refId="B12" refString="Kostal, M, Caldara, R, 2019. Revision of Palaearctic species of the genus Cionus Clairville (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cionini). Zootaxa 4631 (1): 1 - 144, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4631.1.1" title="Revision of Palaearctic species of the genus Cionus Clairville (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cionini)." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4631.1.1" volume="4631" year="2019">
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<normalizedToken id="CAA5EE8F083A77DCB77EA4EBE9C54363" originalValue="Košťál">Kostal</normalizedToken>
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and Caldara 2019
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 68.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7FDE9E4EE390AE404348AAEB497EC090" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9590D69BE55E92BC5EB178291B2227CB" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Description of mature larva.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C4A82D5315D7CE8AB005144AF3A50E60" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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Figures
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<figureCitation id="A41D86FEC24B1F6961170F6D7C1CC022" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</figureCitation>
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-
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<figureCitation id="DB9D9581ECC6ADAF7931A78CCEAADC84" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12. Cionus olivieri mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae: dms dorsal malar s., ligs ligular s., mbs basoventral s., mxps maxillary palps s., pfs palpiferal s., pms postmental s., prms premental s., stps stipital s., vms ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">12</figureCitation>
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||
.
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||
<emphasis id="4F650441DEBCE5D1336AAA973AD14F13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Measurements</emphasis>
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(in mm). Body length: 9.00-9.75 (
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<emphasis id="7D91FF5F56443C767C878BF3B8456914" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">N</emphasis>
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= 18). Body width: 2.50-3.00 (
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<emphasis id="1DE25337AF0B913C701A3CCB20EFBF63" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">N</emphasis>
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= 18, abdominal segment III-V). Head width (in front view): 0.68-0.74 (
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<emphasis id="6C4307C3B147947B37B420C4E816E416" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">N</emphasis>
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= 10); length: 0.70-0.78 (
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<emphasis id="859B897FE24B0C92626D4B0109F9CF93" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">N</emphasis>
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= 10).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E5C127F74B98179CA619099C5C3FD0FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="647EF01CAE878E8EFED9A7E73D062A49" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">General.</emphasis>
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Body subcylindrical, C-shaped, weakly curved, extremely soft, declivous and attenuate posteriorly (Figs
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<figureCitation id="070CAF0103DA7F264CFD3A29DB8A103A" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="9A7D37ADF7E04A29E44E37ADFA94A338" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="52E8DD0FCCF353CAFB37A2491A3399B8" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
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<emphasis id="9A5C6F4EAF795C518B787CBA6B78C18D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Coloration.</emphasis>
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Head dark brown, very strongly sclerotized (Figs
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<figureCitation id="D1E3F2050FBD874E01435B87CE31317E" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="062BAF180736CFE408F7EE365DD500E3" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</figureCitation>
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). All thoracic and abdominal segments yellow, pronotum partly pigmented and sclerotized (Figs
|
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<figureCitation id="808C40362818290FE6DA7906C0259F33" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</figureCitation>
|
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,
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<figureCitation id="AC83A7465752D0E6078659887D3471B4" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="00E794377A426E39E2EDDAC325D431C0" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="7B668502D2C8680ADF1ACFAFF2A5A258" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Vestiture.</emphasis>
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Thoracic and abdominal segments with some minute and relatively long setae, cuticle minutely spiculate, pleural lobes distinct.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="3DE2DDD26790576EEDF0DF7F99FDF97E" doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figures 1–4" startId="F1">
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<paragraph id="C40C82DCDD8D86CE9B23A548D33697E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
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<emphasis id="20FB6E5D5965F86AEFBF3EBB0F1956E1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figures 1-4.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="0DAC539171AD77D0D904F250185C6806" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
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<emphasis id="395C92A867AEF1AB98961DC7391FEB30" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, mature larva:
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<emphasis id="0A70ED3F82702D706BE430E80B0470CB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1</emphasis>
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habitus, lateral view
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<emphasis id="36A41447D2C9F755D4E9F78C021EF5AE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">2</emphasis>
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thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view
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<emphasis id="F63EE8A4268F398342BD2CF4AEB8F3D2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">3</emphasis>
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pedal area, ventral view
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||
<emphasis id="BDD62C0D9B74154A30B5858853B3CA67" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">4</emphasis>
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||
anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae:
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<emphasis id="700306F968E85B71727E675DF93E6342" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ds</emphasis>
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dorsal s.,
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||
<emphasis id="1C225996D43DB725B86709F8834DFE1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps</emphasis>
|
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epipleural s.,
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<emphasis id="2C3231CF5ABA5EF470F1F90E1718A70D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eus</emphasis>
|
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eusternal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="650028D8AF1F274E15A722EFA89856D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds</emphasis>
|
||
postdorsal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="7B417907B9192A05044E4D70EE50575B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">prns</emphasis>
|
||
pronotal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="075B32FC3E8D56A640DC8682C6BF6BD8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
pleural s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="50DF175C3FCF27C2DFF5E7CC5051672D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ss</emphasis>
|
||
spiracular s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="C20F409B591E696D64B4CEFA91B45083" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">sts</emphasis>
|
||
sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="D2E9F69AAD07759310107E8E95D7F178" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">1, 2</emphasis>
|
||
), 1 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="E28FBC21F4808AEBFB25F56A4C07ADF2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">3, 4</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C50BE46E52D6EB9BD92BAD6951EBD1CE" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="C2C2C55A74CF40E468E2DBA80A5014D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Head capsule</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="6619E8E553925965F0C4BF680902F189" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 5. Cionus olivieri, mature larva, head, frontal view (at antenna, st stemmata, cs cranial suture, ecl ecdysial line, fsu frontal suture. Setae: des dorsal epicranial, fs frontal epicranial, les lateral epicranial, pes posterio-epicranial). Scale bar: 0.5 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464927" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="BB187718AD33B7C69C4086A7E931902A" captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head suboval and slightly rounded laterally, cranial suture undivided, wide, half-length of head. Frontal suture distinct, not extending to mandibular membrane. Endocarinal line present, reaching to half of frons. Anterior and posterior stemmata (st) present, projecting, anterior one located below stripe at side, externally close to antenna, posterior one located laterally. Setae on head piliform, varying in length, from very long to minute. Dorsal epicranium with three
|
||
<emphasis id="941C6F89E6008FDB33CA51D6191C7274" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="FDD030068EDAC09E7491EA3E02EAC235" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="4C1234213E52117B4014D116400B2002" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des4</emphasis>
|
||
reduced to a basal sensillum;
|
||
<emphasis id="1072EF9FC33E79D9F6F76747317D1427" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des2</emphasis>
|
||
approximately as long as one-third length of
|
||
<emphasis id="DA652419F90181DA95C9105A6CC0CFFD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des3</emphasis>
|
||
; very long
|
||
<emphasis id="D87B183EAEC9DBBC95A25D2BEA6FC20E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des3</emphasis>
|
||
located anteriorly on epicranium close to frontal suture;
|
||
<emphasis id="510DA58B24702D5C25BF7D3AC8B39BC7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des5</emphasis>
|
||
located anterolaterally, as long as two-thirds length of
|
||
<emphasis id="7043276498C5A1AC0E8C6FCFC114CBA8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des3</emphasis>
|
||
. Frons only with one
|
||
<emphasis id="1871F4EF466C424071C9B038265A1B13" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="39123510F5A2492FA6A262E55C761348" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs1</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="AFF88A6AFA7D93E5A4015B2041BA0926" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs2</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="DF6A4B4710931FBBC664ABA1EDC833B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs3,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="F34AB7C7060A015941FED64E8006FD9E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs5</emphasis>
|
||
reduced to basal sensilla; long
|
||
<emphasis id="4683E6BC917F98443CF619D07479D612" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs4</emphasis>
|
||
located near epistoma. Epicranium with only one
|
||
<emphasis id="794AF00FFF52D8246101CDDE1B5921BE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">les</emphasis>
|
||
as long as
|
||
<emphasis id="9002319A9C3C618BAEAD395B5CCB90D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des1</emphasis>
|
||
. Ventral epicranium with two, minute
|
||
<emphasis id="E1C469C8E438CC63801ACFB6E77A0B38" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ves.</emphasis>
|
||
Posterior epicranium with four, minute
|
||
<emphasis id="B4DEC976862DF63AF4024D20460F9893" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pes1</emphasis>
|
||
-
|
||
<emphasis id="26CA0CD83DE45F1D6D38BB7C1CBF257D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">4</emphasis>
|
||
and one sensillum. Postoccipital condyles distinct, hypopharyngeal bracon distinct. Tentorial bridge narrow, membranous in middle and half base of sides, strongly sclerotized at sides, with two pairs of acute auricular anterior projections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="46CADD07AE3BCBE2DA36556CD5FB529A" doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464927" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figure 5" startId="F2">
|
||
<paragraph id="647521635F2B9FB96E0A043CFD68CC2D" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="1EE2D128CAC224D295534AB4FA27E495" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BF7C62A0E6C59D0E483FD682E8BFD1DE" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC56522F0422D6A986DA7D122E87AC8A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mature larva, head, frontal view (at antenna, st stemmata, cs cranial suture, ecl ecdysial line, fsu frontal suture. Setae:
|
||
<emphasis id="D5B1A792CECC7D3F5A4487EAEA345A37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">des</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal epicranial,
|
||
<emphasis id="21311787F781569141D944D0A67EF004" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fs</emphasis>
|
||
frontal epicranial,
|
||
<emphasis id="353D683CDC937FA1895C69D699E980FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">les</emphasis>
|
||
lateral epicranial,
|
||
<emphasis id="46913B36E505FFE59FCF1BF44AA943B6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pes</emphasis>
|
||
posterio-epicranial). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="814C4E8F2A50BAC83F634FA26EACF0FA" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="1115DECAEEFE249860D6F28C569DB708" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Antenna</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="037E2491753A2C2972D90491797FD824" captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">7</figureCitation>
|
||
) located at the end of the frontal suture on each side, with one segment; sensory appendage (sensorium) three times as long as wide, circular in cross section, contiguous with frontal suture, with four conical sensillae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="96FFB3C619BB6F900264FBC5B0AFDDF1" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="C80DEFC808A38A76F41EE14FF9AF4756" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Clypeus</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D51BBED83B24CCDA8A54AF454015DAC6" captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">10</figureCitation>
|
||
) transverse-shaped, strongly sclerotized, with one sensillum and two
|
||
<emphasis id="018324E2AE0EF15EB61499E9C768533D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">cls</emphasis>
|
||
of the same length, all in one line.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="021E50F80C19358ED3C1B7A1C6569DD3" doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figures 6–11" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph id="16B47438EA9C7A639D6518EE49E3F246" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="75B2DA1D663605837D36ED12449B94C2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figures 6-11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="E7F182626A37EE3AB2AB41FFEF4F2531" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="9FF2E984D13679F177E17FB58D63715E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva.
|
||
<emphasis id="CA4175C82CE066C54FFB7A79599E4A6A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">6</emphasis>
|
||
head, ventral view
|
||
<emphasis id="3DE21F5D48FEF9DDC432D886C7AEBDFF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">7</emphasis>
|
||
antenna
|
||
<emphasis id="54D8DE9BF1C061764B65C8AE1D6F0A0E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">8</emphasis>
|
||
spiracle
|
||
<emphasis id="6DF6908A6BACDC62A696164224AF21FC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">9</emphasis>
|
||
mandible
|
||
<emphasis id="FC01DC75B29D044128EB500439AA0784" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">10</emphasis>
|
||
labrum and clypeus
|
||
<emphasis id="1128A24245E87A98C74855ECE7ACFB84" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">11</emphasis>
|
||
epipharynx (
|
||
<emphasis id="5B33CC039227FAA975AFAFF3A908066F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">hp</emphasis>
|
||
hypopharyngeal bracon,
|
||
<emphasis id="FD4750D87B6062D201BB19F360E1864C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">fsu</emphasis>
|
||
frontal suture,
|
||
<emphasis id="C32635554BB710A15CEF5317BA7D7C81" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">tb</emphasis>
|
||
tentorial bridge). Seta(e):
|
||
<emphasis id="E161DBF3F4027AC934B6E95E9719A9C8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">als</emphasis>
|
||
anterolateral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="D4DA064E1CD34CAEC9496C3218802319" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ams</emphasis>
|
||
anteromedial s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB847E2FFFD267412FE42B1AA3D9EE63" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">cls</emphasis>
|
||
clypeal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="2F547BAD628F134A8FE868046D64625A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms</emphasis>
|
||
labral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="03B683D9550F617075E6AEA9BB2878BF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">les</emphasis>
|
||
lateral epicranial s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="4511A9C387C02C8E0AADD51211C4FED3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mds</emphasis>
|
||
mandible dorsal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="011ED1D625AB7329D7CF033AEBE293FA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ves</emphasis>
|
||
ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="AE26D5C720F8C51CC644024F7204B2A0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">6</emphasis>
|
||
), 0.25 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="FE632DA7C91F52C72F15FE1FE5A793F4" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">10, 11</emphasis>
|
||
), 0.1 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="8C1D10CD5368C3532935D5A017ED9B14" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">8, 9</emphasis>
|
||
), 0.025 mm (
|
||
<emphasis id="D23ED79CB78B57E4BAFD11AB515B189E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">7</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D47BC56DE38A09C138E49B538550A3E9" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="7141481CD32C41CDE67355768939FB43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Mouthparts</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="970928FA889E7FDDE187CF6E4CC558F1" captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">9</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation id="7DCF211F3D28C8BE7B5C60FDBD7A6EE2" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12. Cionus olivieri mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae: dms dorsal malar s., ligs ligular s., mbs basoventral s., mxps maxillary palps s., pfs palpiferal s., pms postmental s., prms premental s., stps stipital s., vms ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">12</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labrum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="94BEC1706204FA02660C21E41582C749" captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">10</figureCitation>
|
||
) transverse-shaped, strongly sclerotized, deeply concave in the middle at apex, with three
|
||
<emphasis id="0B4EA4C432AF32DE885759AFD2921C83" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms</emphasis>
|
||
, very short
|
||
<emphasis id="BC7170FDAB6159B2DCFB36B677395715" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms1</emphasis>
|
||
as long as
|
||
<emphasis id="C987420CAF6966067DF3D55985FE4492" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms3</emphasis>
|
||
, and as long as half-length of short
|
||
<emphasis id="622FB82A0CA07F18DF46E2EDDB19C6BD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">lms2</emphasis>
|
||
, all localized centrally. Epipharynx (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="0D3B08BCD2412F42485F71F4A6AC2E3E" captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">11</figureCitation>
|
||
) with two small, stout, apically rounded
|
||
<emphasis id="464E1FB322BEE4D3CE0BE77FCED6B0AF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ams</emphasis>
|
||
; two relatively long, stout, apically rounded
|
||
<emphasis id="6AF21560417CB9216A8743E16DEE6DE1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">als</emphasis>
|
||
; two epipharyngeal sensilla;
|
||
<emphasis id="C130FAFB1E73FEFE54536B1676CF44A2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mes</emphasis>
|
||
and labral rods absent. Mandibles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="D8F446720B2D69C05FA57B7B4608CB60" captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">9</figureCitation>
|
||
) symmetrical, incisor section with two apical teeth and moderately rounded flange posterior to dorsal tooth, with many small teeth on inner side of anterior tooth, with one acute projection at base; molar section with two
|
||
<emphasis id="A8BDF42595A6B68909B8B3BB0C431D65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mds</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="8D7DCBAABEF3A19CC84BE3188B50D1A0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mds2</emphasis>
|
||
moderately long,
|
||
<emphasis id="C48E12D2E4C099C45B0FE16594975C26" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mds1</emphasis>
|
||
minute. Maxillae (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="0E276069BE11142D27DF166814E24FEB" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12. Cionus olivieri mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae: dms dorsal malar s., ligs ligular s., mbs basoventral s., mxps maxillary palps s., pfs palpiferal s., pms postmental s., prms premental s., stps stipital s., vms ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">12</figureCitation>
|
||
) with maxillary palpi (mxp) two-segmented, basal segment with one tiny
|
||
<emphasis id="E5CC2E85BCC79B3D1DF6AA6C3EBB7249" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mxps</emphasis>
|
||
, two clavate accessory appendages and one sensillum; distal segment sclerotized, with one sensillum, apex flattened with dense short irregular spiculate setae. Mala with four dorsal robust
|
||
<emphasis id="257F4251FEDCB33C3787943C91E5566C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">dms</emphasis>
|
||
, gradually reducing in length; with three short, more acute
|
||
<emphasis id="F7C8FDA8BB5877DD74605ADF139442B8" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">vms.</emphasis>
|
||
Stipes with one
|
||
<emphasis id="B3D634F9C0746603138E0BAF086D76A4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">stps</emphasis>
|
||
, two
|
||
<emphasis id="9E413235296A1D46E51597C2E68783C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
, one
|
||
<emphasis id="904223CFEBDD0512C83F85B002E350E4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
and one sensillum, very long
|
||
<emphasis id="365E55073DF0A978CE1DA72AB3138A7B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">stps</emphasis>
|
||
located submedially on venter of base,
|
||
<emphasis id="EED733121F6153F103294BF7390FB7CE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
minute, long
|
||
<emphasis id="4F6550C98148DCBB962D3E43D479E88F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pfs1</emphasis>
|
||
three times longer than
|
||
<emphasis id="010E50FAA14EF18EEDE4AE58C1AEF2D7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pfs2</emphasis>
|
||
. Labium (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F018DD8C2E7E16CA41F81632C48585B9" captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 12. Cionus olivieri mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae: dms dorsal malar s., ligs ligular s., mbs basoventral s., mxps maxillary palps s., pfs palpiferal s., pms postmental s., prms premental s., stps stipital s., vms ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">12</figureCitation>
|
||
) membranous excepting the premental sclerite; labial palpi with one segment, longer than wide, slightly globular at base, apex of palpi flattened with short, dense, irregular, spiculate setae, and one sensillum. Prelabium (prm) with sclerite distinctly dilated posteriorly and laterally, without posterior extension, cup-like, with one sensillum and one short
|
||
<emphasis id="C56697FEB702786A7743077B199AE8D3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">prms</emphasis>
|
||
; ligula with one tiny
|
||
<emphasis id="3DD03E04AF6938475285C8E64E611DA2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
. Postlabium (
|
||
<emphasis id="3B3413411D51478D8FF9A1FC8D903B79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plb</emphasis>
|
||
) with M-shaped sclerotization, with three
|
||
<emphasis id="5A4EFF64909101681169B6C5627D4B54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plbs</emphasis>
|
||
on sclerotized area, all setae separated from each other by about the same distance; short
|
||
<emphasis id="6FABB6239F38AD3B1FB85EEBD3819CFB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plbs1</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="8D32ACE089F9C6F9B001F63DF88F8B26" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plbs3</emphasis>
|
||
as long as one-third length of
|
||
<emphasis id="191697F107EC6C70B7BD3EAEE079E892" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">plbs2</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B545C4C4ED35D61C47D72D50481CC71C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464929" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figure 12" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph id="0E37A7D479AB9692DE988E3CACA4DC38" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="051A958C6D27231AC0877C8E0447EA67" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="943113B6169C128A6246491888B8E9CE" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="603134760F26EF2A5AD9B328B2B4E8B4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mature larva, maxillolabial complex, ventral view (lbp labial palpus, pm postmentum, prm prementum. Setae:
|
||
<emphasis id="622CF39C581E0C53C3035E2EA3A1CE68" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">dms</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal malar s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="5C08030265DCF4E25EB9E4A76881BD6E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ligs</emphasis>
|
||
ligular s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="8A82A66EDE8EDAEBE182A9230878B79E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mbs</emphasis>
|
||
basoventral s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="17E15231B033B4BE45E72BABC00E03AE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">mxps</emphasis>
|
||
maxillary palps s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="EAD8EBD18526A33D12B006F20772C466" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pfs</emphasis>
|
||
palpiferal s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="A244D54526E4C5D14FA4D1A294D1C0CD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pms</emphasis>
|
||
postmental s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="76902C2513537CFFD65F274CBF4A7EB7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">prms</emphasis>
|
||
premental s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="D66224AA3E1BBE4563603AD4FBBCA97E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">stps</emphasis>
|
||
stipital s.,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB46DE6BD0DE1C0266B8EE7559E282C1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">vms</emphasis>
|
||
ventral malar s.). Scale bar 0.25 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C2710F2F7E88EC8557110FD47D782775" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="CCDD663CA6EC8B9134DE00A98C65C7A1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="494198F9196609E2FEF8C6F7F0278B85" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Prothorax with pronotal shield partly sclerotized on dark brown smooth plate; with nine
|
||
<emphasis id="D1C59FE4BE4DBE95150439EA95F2C51E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">prns</emphasis>
|
||
: two short ones on sclerotized area, two long and two short ones placed anteriorly, and three placed more medially; bicameral spiracle intersegmental between pro- and mesothorax, air-tube subequal to diameter of circular peritreme; pleural lobe with two
|
||
<emphasis id="766AC90CD0541673E74DC2B98E433935" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; pedal area without setae; eusternum with one
|
||
<emphasis id="6470EBA8982BAD7BDEFDF33789E1BF69" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eus.</emphasis>
|
||
Mesonotum with two folds, prodorsum without seta, postdorsum with two transversally aligned
|
||
<emphasis id="9A4B367DCE0B373F1CE505F7B78634EC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds</emphasis>
|
||
of the same length; epipleurum with one long
|
||
<emphasis id="BEF8C921DDFAFADC88353617F29FC1E2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps</emphasis>
|
||
; pleurum with one long
|
||
<emphasis id="82A2864B4CE0AFAAA9CFBF2008F2BD90" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; setae of pedal area and eusternum identical to that of prothorax. Chaetotaxy of metathorax identical to that of mesothorax.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E60353CB65D257EEFC2A3F9A1A1211DA" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="64EC4AD5281E4F25AADD2B39B8E2DAAF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Abdomen</emphasis>
|
||
(Figs
|
||
<figureCitation id="47D531AF280821B7384FF3B584A02266" captionStart="Figures 1–4" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figures 1 - 4. Cionus olivieri, mature larva: 1 habitus, lateral view 2 thoracic segments, abdominal segment I, and abdominal segments VIII-X, lateral view 3 pedal area, ventral view 4 anus (ThI-III, numbers of thoracic segments; AbdI-X, numbers of abdominal segment. Setae: ds dorsal s., eps epipleural s., eus eusternal s., pds postdorsal s., prns pronotal s., ps pleural s., ss spiracular s., sts sternal s.). Scale bars: 2 mm (1, 2), 1 mm (3, 4)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures1-4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464926" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">2-4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Abdominal segments I-VII of almost equal lengths, remaining abdominal segments gradually decreasing in width posteriad. Tergites on abdominal segments I-VII with three folds, prodorsum wide and flat, mesodorsum narrow, with soft protuberance, postdorsum with soft protuberance; tergite on abdominal segment VIII with two folds, and on abdominal segment IX with no folds. Abdominal segment X reduced to four anal lobes of unequal size. Anus located subterminally. Spiracles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4F6EF5FDB532EC25232691CE64360832" captionStart="Figures 6–11" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figures 6 - 11. Cionus olivieri mature larva. 6 head, ventral view 7 antenna 8 spiracle 9 mandible 10 labrum and clypeus 11 epipharynx (hp hypopharyngeal bracon, fsu frontal suture, tb tentorial bridge). Seta (e): als anterolateral s., ams anteromedial s., cls clypeal s., lms labral s., les lateral epicranial s., mds mandible dorsal s., ves ventral epicranial s.). Scales bars: 0.5 mm (6), 0.25 mm (10, 11), 0.1 mm (8, 9), 0.025 mm (7)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures6-11" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464928" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">8</figureCitation>
|
||
) bicameral, the eight abdominal spiracles located more ventrally up to ventral side of epipleurum, close to the anterior margin of abdominal segments I-VIII, size similar, each with two annulated air-tubes, pointing posteriad, air-tube subequal to diameter of circular peritreme. Abdominal segments I-VIII with three
|
||
<emphasis id="8490C533232BF003706A21FE6BC05229" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds</emphasis>
|
||
, located in one line, long
|
||
<emphasis id="35F7CEE681AAC556F27F5AC9B9906888" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds1</emphasis>
|
||
, two times longer than
|
||
<emphasis id="14B6B30B6B4E0F1C4063BCD6451FFC2A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds2</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="EF511C5AD30FE21D93DF7F22AFA72661" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds2</emphasis>
|
||
as long as
|
||
<emphasis id="C2D30D59E1A31D4D308663F3A362A4AB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">pds3</emphasis>
|
||
; with two
|
||
<emphasis id="B86EF4D90588CB5788C0D57E33ABEEE5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ss</emphasis>
|
||
, long
|
||
<emphasis id="2D61B4E051734521113BE346FD714B04" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ss1</emphasis>
|
||
, short
|
||
<emphasis id="12426541265C355C9670FBAF7CC0AD71" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ss2</emphasis>
|
||
, located in small indefinitely folds; with two
|
||
<emphasis id="C5DDC16AEF62CD6CF3318756295B2985" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps</emphasis>
|
||
, transversally aligned, long
|
||
<emphasis id="0F52DF23673E74493A55DE17718DF1DA" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps1</emphasis>
|
||
, short
|
||
<emphasis id="021302497808F814C10067EB97D06C56" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps2</emphasis>
|
||
as long as one-third length of
|
||
<emphasis id="65FA1FB94775D38DFA261DEACCDBAA32" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eps1</emphasis>
|
||
; with one long
|
||
<emphasis id="B499E8016AE568A0BF370A2F9D2DA861" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
; and with one
|
||
<emphasis id="DC6600818FD529B7751AD761EE4B1912" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">eus.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segment IX with one short
|
||
<emphasis id="C18668141E9F8B8977E8FB26551A1B3C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ds</emphasis>
|
||
, one slight long
|
||
<emphasis id="E33DE2777E89418E5B0888C284253166" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">ps</emphasis>
|
||
and one, minute
|
||
<emphasis id="A456ABEFAB9BB756D6A14394EDBDFD1B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">sts.</emphasis>
|
||
Abdominal segment X without setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="7C019C04E9E8006F79DDD63C67846DC0" doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figures 13–20" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph id="7401A4FCBFB7F168AE7E1B577B2EC0C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="882359590FF1F9C6F6C74F46E19F1130" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figures 13-20.</emphasis>
|
||
Biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BDCE23EDA583043546ED0B46AA2AEB96" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="925197FBFF7DF8C17EE5598D1682C577" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kyrgyzstan
|
||
<emphasis id="EA44DBA43DA6AA66260ACFF201C7CFD2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</emphasis>
|
||
larva on flower
|
||
<emphasis id="42A13AFCE9EE35D46A39D8EBFD5E15AE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">14</emphasis>
|
||
habitat
|
||
<emphasis id="F8123CB7A07FD06E7E1EFCA56EB3129D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">15</emphasis>
|
||
seeds of host plant
|
||
<emphasis id="B4982D03FD18AAF8A65F90F94412C1AC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">16</emphasis>
|
||
flowering host plant
|
||
<emphasis id="19E718E0ADF280B364DA304F0FE1CAD3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">17</emphasis>
|
||
larva on feeding
|
||
<emphasis id="E7361225B098ADB06D06889B5B8B6885" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">18</emphasis>
|
||
feeding holes
|
||
<emphasis id="B340C11BD0A84CC67FC2E94B75314C71" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">19</emphasis>
|
||
damage on host plant by larva
|
||
<emphasis id="D5964300638DA33C301901970AE9D892" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">20</emphasis>
|
||
copulating adults.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="B1823AE5C592108B5E024AC9C36EB61E" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" type="biological notes">
|
||
<paragraph id="D40468B78DE770BB2732AC5E498BCFE9" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Biological notes</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3DB7106BC86F602D297A0233ECB8FA3D" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
The biology of this species was studied on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="9175D5E438ACA9E0FA448FF912859407" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum sinuatum" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sinuatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="C0ABF994C57817F035464F040EA01E5B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Verbascum sinuatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southern France by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5FEACC218C5128E4EC931E6A0AF1E8C3" author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" refId="B10" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209-1839." title="Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209 - 1839." year="1958">Hoffmann (1958)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, where it has two generations, in June and August. The ectophagous larva digs a deep groove on the underside surface of a leaf. When mature, it builds a cocoon, where pupation takes place, on the same plant. The adults of the second generation hibernate in the soil. The same behavior was reported in other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2476B305080B31A0BAC0CEA6BADAFBCB" authorityName="Clairville & Schellenberg" authorityYear="1798" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="A4BC8FD0E0F1E33D819F03D6DCFCDC40" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding either on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A884121CF936565C11764991079A2F92" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F177B942C0D9865D2CCF47E14F422497" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Verbascum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8C4625C75CF5BD04DD584B4C758DF34F" author="Grandi, G" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="246 - 254" refId="B8" refString="Grandi, G, 1929. Nota sul Cionus hortulanus Geoffr. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna 2: 246 - 254" title="Nota sul Cionus hortulanus Geoffr." volume="2" year="1929">Grandi 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BCD2EF4D4A734661ECDA890E59A2EE21" author="Ruffo, S" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino dell'Istituto reale di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="167 - 177" refId="B21" refString="Ruffo, S, 1937. Osservazioni sull'etologia di un Curculionide a larva "pseudominatrice" (Cionus olens F.). Bollettino dell'Istituto reale di Entomologia dell'Universita di Bologna 10: 167 - 177" title="Osservazioni sull'etologia di un Curculionide a larva " pseudominatrice " (Cionus olens F.)." volume="10" year="1937">Ruffo 1937</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="80AB04802E140DBA6FBD4879BC53CC86" author="Hoffmann, A" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia di Bologna" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" refId="B10" refString="Hoffmann, A, 1958. Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209-1839." title="Faune de France 62 Coleopteres curculionides (Troisieme partie). Lechevalier, Paris, 1209 - 1839." year="1958">Hoffmann 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="845A803953B89C0FEEC02B6E4EB8961E" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Scrophularia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Scrophularia" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="3CF7AC461472D292D3243062D572A104" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Scrophularia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="994E90BA037B2323BB23E9DE4F83451F" author="Read, RWJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Gazette" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="183 - 203" refId="B19" refString="Read, RWJ, 1977. Notes on the biology of Cionus scrophulariae (L.), together with preliminary observations on C. tuberculosus (Scopoli) and C. alauda (Herbst) (Col., Curculionidae). Entomologist's Gazette 28: 183 - 203" title="Notes on the biology of Cionus scrophulariae (L.), together with preliminary observations on C. tuberculosus (Scopoli) and C. alauda (Herbst) (Col., Curculionidae)." volume="28" year="1977">Read 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BB20E2A24FC12E2EF82EC062A69B4973" author="Raether, M" journalOrPublisher="Bonner Zoologische Beitraege" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="109 - 121" refId="B18" refString="Raether, M, 1989. Notes on four weevils in the tribe Cionini (Coleoptera: Curculionoide) associated with Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariae) Part I: Biology and ecology of the weevils. Bonner Zoologische Beitraege 40 (2): 109 - 121" title="Notes on four weevils in the tribe Cionini (Coleoptera: Curculionoide) associated with Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariae) Part I: Biology and ecology of the weevils." volume="40" year="1989">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="679BCB8A366386A7EC42573ACBEC33C2" originalValue="Räther">Raether</normalizedToken>
|
||
1989
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2799B444DA3D7E40DAE0992332AF3EED" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
We collected larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D556EF4F0F4F0F49783A6FF24A28F588" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="086D483142AA39E9929543ACE6E382B2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9C0984F3F95E0431DB7F99DD07EB9DD3" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">13</figureCitation>
|
||
) from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C1B2D515452369E91F0DF75297B691B0" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Scrophulariaceae" genus="Verbascum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Verbascum songaricum" order="Lamiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="songaricum">
|
||
<emphasis id="89FC7D4E89052A577BA3E5AB1918BBC5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Verbascum songaricum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Schrenk in early July in mountain slopes at 1546 m altitude (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="0757DB13AE38DD7C313827A6E143706B" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">14</figureCitation>
|
||
) in Kyrgyzstan. This plant, widely distributed in the temperate zone of Eurasia including the Caucasus, central Asia, and Tacheng, Xinjiang, China, was never previously reported as host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C0605C4C11AE67509A6DE7C33DD2CFA2" authorityName="Clairville & Schellenberg" authorityYear="1798" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6147DA3E76254F33B78E44895F82F45B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Two-thirds of the host plants had already produced seeds (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="2DE494067C440585C0320606F8E6A049" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">15</figureCitation>
|
||
), while the remaining parts were still blooming (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="84AE7BB9F8D30FD7A8E0E532A45FED0D" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">16</figureCitation>
|
||
). Larvae were eating on the flower buds, with head, thorax, and part of the abdomen burrowed into the ovary and leaving red excrement, with a layer of clear mucus on the surface of the body (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="364D5509A422419A8006C8C8D2111EE4" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">17</figureCitation>
|
||
). The feeding holes were regular circles (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="A7F31DEDB22D6EB8B0BBAF40F4487724" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">18</figureCitation>
|
||
). The most serious damage by the larvae reached 90% of one branch (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="9114CF623EE406698C5BFF5985C70721" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">19</figureCitation>
|
||
), and most of the damaged buds could not bloom. We also observed many adults, more than 50% of which were mating (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="F1EDC992A72A101543F1A4C73D765ABD" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">20</figureCitation>
|
||
) and most of them were in the middle part of the host plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E87256BDAB6E77084B1292EEB55BB39" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
Later, we collected larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A6CE89F173C60FE0942E147BC06F4B59" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="58310DF988E158EF782B8DCBA85F6A82" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="4B9DA6EF42A38DEE8FF86F0DB9987B6B" captionStart="Figures 21–22" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 21 - 22. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kazakhstan. 21 larva on bud 22 habitat." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures21-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464931" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">21</figureCitation>
|
||
) from the same host plant species in mid-August in mountain slopes at 1577 m altitude (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="8403D8D1832A12F12C0B35755C677AA9" captionStart="Figures 21–22" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figures 21 - 22. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kazakhstan. 21 larva on bud 22 habitat." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures21-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464931" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">22</figureCitation>
|
||
) in Kazakhstan. Damage of the larvae were similar to those in Kyrgyzstan. However, we did not find adults mating. Bearing in mind
|
||
<normalizedToken id="4798D2AFAAA1684C1565828A6198E361" originalValue="Hoffmann’s">Hoffmann's</normalizedToken>
|
||
observations, we can assume that we probably collected the first generation in Kyrgyzstan and the second generation in Kazakhstan. However, in both situations, we did not find any cocoons on the plants (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation id="E6D33D9438610FEB106388A0A02D077B" captionStart="Figures 13–20" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figures 13 - 20. Biology of Cionus olivieri from Kyrgyzstan 13 larva on flower 14 habitat 15 seeds of host plant 16 flowering host plant 17 larva on feeding 18 feeding holes 19 damage on host plant by larva 20 copulating adults." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures13-20" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464930" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">15</figureCitation>
|
||
). This fact might be explained in two ways: both our observations were made before pupation or pupation happened in the soil. This second is unusual in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3CE5C49466552C09DC9E0621C0D182B7" authorityName="Clairville & Schellenberg" authorityYear="1798" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0361E66294E02AFD670002B88AA96CF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but has been observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="60494C99C0CCEDCF5B9F86ADF6C7093B" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus alauda" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alauda">
|
||
<emphasis id="D7AA0AED635CDA0159348C3F94C43ED5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus alauda</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Herbst, 1784) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="734E80048CED9755DE7D66C56D7CC0AA" author="Read, RWJ" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Gazette" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="183 - 203" refId="B19" refString="Read, RWJ, 1977. Notes on the biology of Cionus scrophulariae (L.), together with preliminary observations on C. tuberculosus (Scopoli) and C. alauda (Herbst) (Col., Curculionidae). Entomologist's Gazette 28: 183 - 203" title="Notes on the biology of Cionus scrophulariae (L.), together with preliminary observations on C. tuberculosus (Scopoli) and C. alauda (Herbst) (Col., Curculionidae)." volume="28" year="1977">Read (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1648979A352E9715E844622C73C5020C" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cleopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cleopus pulchellus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6CF8272860915F0FFA680A28C2744C79" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cleopus pulchellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Herbst, 1795) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="4F33130195C3485F5B54252817A7D353" author="Raether, M" journalOrPublisher="Bonner Zoologische Beitraege" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" pagination="109 - 121" refId="B18" refString="Raether, M, 1989. Notes on four weevils in the tribe Cionini (Coleoptera: Curculionoide) associated with Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariae) Part I: Biology and ecology of the weevils. Bonner Zoologische Beitraege 40 (2): 109 - 121" title="Notes on four weevils in the tribe Cionini (Coleoptera: Curculionoide) associated with Scrophularia nodosa L. (Scrophulariae) Part I: Biology and ecology of the weevils." volume="40" year="1989">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="FAB22F829111436C56F45EE0AF9BBCE3" originalValue="Räther">Raether</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1989)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A62067D5C629EDBDF604A92F613A34E0" doi="10.3897/zookeys.976.53930.figures21-22" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/464931" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" start="Figures 21–22" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph id="2022969EE43CDCD04BDCF7482B398153" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">
|
||
<emphasis id="8EEE09A5AB1B7707F8452715AFB85D32" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Figures 21-22.</emphasis>
|
||
Biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7AE8479C30C3D0E2225098C0A3116F59" authorityName="Rosenschoeld" authorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Cionus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cionus olivieri" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="131" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="olivieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="2839512CCAAB846FCDEBF8C40439056C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">Cionus olivieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Kazakhstan.
|
||
<emphasis id="55A8631242D289C2B35952F8DB9FD16C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">21</emphasis>
|
||
larva on bud
|
||
<emphasis id="BC67E67C1AE2C8AD0A38866A67043832" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="131">22</emphasis>
|
||
habitat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |