247 lines
31 KiB
XML
247 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="21253" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.54846" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a5c61646-70dc-471b-9bd8-0b407e1cedc4" ID-PMC="PMC7449986" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-961-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC" ID-PubMed="32904058" ID-ZooBank="C5E8BED7F08549A999C60C3AA8492D09" ModsDocID="1313-2970-961-1" checkinTime="1597940209253" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Breedy, Odalisca & Guzman, Hector M." docDate="2020" docId="FF157F0DD21C5A17B8217F232170016A" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 961: 1-30" docOrigin="ZooKeys 961" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.54846" docTitle="Psammogorgia teres Verrill 1868" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="634A9CDA65075FEE8D7C196F5E37F6FC" masterDocTitle="A revision of the genus Psammogorgia Verrill, 1868 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean" masterLastPageNumber="30" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1732748309243" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="BD6187D9DF4551BAC6F55E8C66C01AE9">A revision of the genus Psammogorgia Verrill, 1868 (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Octocorallia) in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C73FAC9E166D3D8C189F214601FFCC7A">Breedy, Odalisca</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4866610261370898F19E80E43455D2D6">Centro de Investigacion en Estructuras Microscopicas, Centro de Investigacion en Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica. P. O. Box 11501 - 2060, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P. O. Box 0843 - 03092, Panama, Republic of Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3A5FDAF4611C61A56B3B63EBE0078404" type="email">odaliscab@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="8DC3B1CCA5A7182C3B29F58A42A49A17">Guzman, Hector M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8A7D150638AFE862A402298477B35354">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P. O. Box 0843 - 03092, Panama, Republic of Panama</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:url id="BCB9409620F7FEB28D0C71CD282AEE0D">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.54846</mods:url>
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<mods:identifier id="B354A1889EA0488F82E804D6BCCD84AA" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.961.54846</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="FF157F0DD21C5A17B8217F232170016A" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167284433" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FF157F0DD21C5A17B8217F232170016A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FF157F0DD21C5A17B8217F232170016A" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" scope_class="Anthozoa" scope_family="Plexauridae" scope_order="Alcyonacea" scope_phylum="Cnidaria" scope_subClass="Octocorallia">
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<subSubSection id="E9B9A7BC9A0B2E39B6FE0DA520597659" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="DC5A796F88582476993DEFD0E841B17E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="0E99266BBC4C5D821BB9492AE8861EC3" ID-CoL="4NCNL" LSID="FF157F0D-D21C-5A17-B821-7F232170016A" authority="Verrill, 1868" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia teres" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="teres">Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation id="BBE2EA0362BE09305CCFE92221B2006C" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A colony B detail of branches C Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 15</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="D28AEA69B5C708D4F4B07349756971E2" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A spindles B Wart clubs C Radiates and crosses D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442689" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 16</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3F960F715A86C30DDA481500F164D3A2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="38543E484DE7994502CE94F83486C489" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="48C9C75CCE6EC7A71B93274CC89E6C2E" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia teres" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="teres">Psammogorgia teres</taxonomicName>
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Verrill, 1868b: 416-417;
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<bibRefCitation id="778D95514CAB8701BF7C812EF9E5CEF6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00541.x" author="Hickson, SJ" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="541 - 557" refId="B21" refString="Hickson, SJ, 1915. Some Alcyonaria and a Stylaster from the west coast of North America. Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London 37: 541 - 557, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00541.x" title="Some Alcyonaria and a Stylaster from the west coast of North America." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1915.00541.x" volume="37" year="1915">Hickson 1915</bibRefCitation>
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: 554;
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<bibRefCitation id="6579667DBD0FE51DE1D1D0A53F044459" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B22" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1919. Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutsche Tiefsee-Expeditionen "Valdivia" 1898-99, 13(2): 1-946." title="Gorgonaria. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der deutsche Tiefsee-Expeditionen " Valdivia " 1898 - 99, 13 (2): 1 - 946." year="1919">
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<normalizedToken id="02BBECCFF78D7F87C371B734DBC91970" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1919
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 237-238;
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<bibRefCitation id="B24F28F4BA70896F26BC2DFD8A98F10C" author="Kuekenthal, W" journalOrPublisher="Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin, und Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B23" refString="Kuekenthal, W, 1924. Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47. Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin, und Leipzig" title="Gorgonaria. Das Tierreich, Vol. 47." year="1924">
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<normalizedToken id="C795D407EBBCC4BEA60866A806A7C091" originalValue="Kükenthal">Kuekenthal</normalizedToken>
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1924
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 108;
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<bibRefCitation id="18DD475D7682AF4F87D7EABE6A9CFF60" author="Harden, DG" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B20" refString="Harden, DG, 1979. Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia). PhD thesis, Illinois, Illinois State University." title="Intuitive and Numerical Classification of East Pacific Gorgonacea (Octocorallia). PhD thesis, Illinois, Illinois State University." year="1979">Harden 1979</bibRefCitation>
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: 120.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F88D861BACD1541FC899F9FCCE34EB75" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type material">
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<paragraph id="56BAC699C1E697982BA724E06761BBC8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B8046A7A569CCFDBF949325EF34AC6D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="7EA4CC90597F2BCC1247BB8CFE1BDCE5" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Lectotype</emphasis>
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(designated herein). YPM 1556b, dry, Pearl Islands, Gulf of
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<normalizedToken id="629F0609D97A20E2BE47D054A534DAC4" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
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,
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<normalizedToken id="5F18B6A722195064DAAF48EFE3426818" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
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, F.H. Bradley, 1866-1867, no additional data.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B1E644B1C3CD303BE0A245F001C5B5C5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="029E565BD0D9F68BC3B717D18FC1ED35" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<emphasis id="5C100ADE20F02C9B5F49DD2F4E0073C4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paralectotype</emphasis>
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.
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</emphasis>
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YPM 1556a, c, same data as the lectotype.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7C0B622185E964B5BFE0E32CD2DEFDAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="type locality">
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<paragraph id="48B0493243BD5374F9A0E53D898A16D4" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Type locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9AF7A8654C1E7A5D36418C75161ADFD6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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Pearl Islands,
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<normalizedToken id="135C590455B761B14B84155A44C9C4C7" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D73403108FA848F099680450B5BB4C7A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="F0FFE9EE78C06C02EAC69DA89E2E2BF6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1DE1CA8B54668E28BFB115E1D402427C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colonies red or orange when preserved but brighter when alive. Colonies bushy and branch laterally and irregularly dichotomous. Stems vary from few millimetres up to 5 cm long, and 6 mm in diameter. Holdfasts encrusting with thin coenenchyme, often with polyps. Calyces flat, sparsely distributed all around the branches. Calyces with thorny, irregular spindles and wart-clubs around the calyx rim. Coenenchyme compact. Coenenchymal sclerites red, orange or colourless, mostly irregular warty spindles with acute or bifurcated ends and asymmetrical forms with prominent warty tubercles up to 0.20 mm long; wart-clubs with wide heads, up to 0.16 mm long; warty radiates and crosses. Anthocodial spindles pale yellow or colourless, flat or spiny, up to 0.26 mm long and in collaret and points arrangements. Coenenchymal sclerites red, orange and colourless, anthocodial rods pale yellow and colourless.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A89AD756E5A57F75AFF61D70AB3E62DD" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0CFFDD23A05895E6FC3026482A6CC64A" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C2ADDC4F10641B30EDDD57E5D43CD788" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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The lectotype is a red orange dry colony, which was brighter when alive (
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<bibRefCitation id="E31B24CCC2BCC7D623F7C3E3F0284611" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">Verrill 1868b</bibRefCitation>
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), with 25 cm long and 20 cm wide (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="25C685BA9DBA9EA8F0D79B6846D57CF6" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A colony B detail of branches C Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15A, B</figureCitation>
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). The colony is bushy and laterally branched with an irregularly dichotomous pattern which branches up to 12 times (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="8378DA5DF69EF72DE89432D86B17888C" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A colony B detail of branches C Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15A, B</figureCitation>
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). The stem is 5 mm long and is 6 mm in diameter, arising from an oval holdfast with around 3.1 cm in diameter that bifurcates in two main branches. These branches are 5-6 mm thick at the base diminishing toward the tips to branchlets of around 3 mm in diameter (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="2FFBDF98DA4A2886C13D168814DB0D28" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A colony B detail of branches C Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15A</figureCitation>
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). The branches emerge at angles of 45-90°, ascending mostly parallel to each other and bifurcating the same way. Branchlets are mostly perpendicular to the branch of origin and slightly curved. Terminal branchlets are 5 to 60 mm in length (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="7F9DC63BEF8E11C7B08E506CC756307F" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A colony B detail of branches C Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15A</figureCitation>
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). Calyces occur all around the branches, being flat and with a polyp rim 0.4-1.0 mm in diameter and, mostly separated between each other by 0.5-4.0 mm with an average of 3.5 mm (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="BC6C67C4118DAFE684FC4401F8393E61" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A colony B detail of branches C Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15B</figureCitation>
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). Calyces have concentration of thorny, irregular spindles and wart-clubs appearing usually around the calyx rim. The coenenchyme is compact with a finely granulated surface. The coenenchymal sclerites are very variable in size and form, being red, orange or colourless and mostly composed of irregular warty spindles with acute or bifurcated ends, and some asymmetrical forms with prominent warty tubercles (Figs
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<figureCitation id="E5075C6B411B0CB3D24E32E431D660F2" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A colony B detail of branches C Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CD677290D4151578AC0791D03668FB92" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A spindles B Wart clubs C Radiates and crosses D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442689" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">16A</figureCitation>
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). Spindles are 0.11-0.20 mm long and 0.07-0.12 mm wide. Wart-clubs have wide leafy heads and are 0.07-0.16 mm long and 0.045-0.10 mm wide (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="200530EFDA1353389266D307FEF31713" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A spindles B Wart clubs C Radiates and crosses D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442689" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">16B</figureCitation>
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). Warty radiates are 0.07-0.13 mm long and 0.06-0.09 mm wide (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="4C351E27860711A468B730558C68D4FA" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A spindles B Wart clubs C Radiates and crosses D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442689" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">16C</figureCitation>
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); and some crosses, 0.95-0.11 mm by 0.08-0.11 mm (Fig.
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<figureCitation id="84AF81790C843D4B86404C2BE60C0ED7" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A spindles B Wart clubs C Radiates and crosses D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442689" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">16C</figureCitation>
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). The anthocodial armature is well developed and composed of pale-yellow to colourless spiny spindles and flat warty sclerites arranged in collaret and points, measuring 0.13-0.24 mm in length and 0.02-0.04 mm in width (Figs
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<figureCitation id="8F8531CECEE52495350636904C3E1E02" captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A colony B detail of branches C Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">15C</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="4F0ED16EDB82527E3C2C7FD99B274746" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Psammogorgia teres Verrill, 1868. YPM 1556 b A spindles B Wart clubs C Radiates and crosses D anthocodial spindles." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442689" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">16D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="2B56D54987B25E5B49D82A044F937B84" doi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442688" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 15" startId="F15">
|
||
<paragraph id="998285F1C397ED4465B4886C14F56D41" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="3E84D20CE3B08C6E0C4F2C25CE2373C0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A56FFD63430AF882A91BFBBACFF86068" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia teres" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="teres">
|
||
<emphasis id="97572A42939C9B392228B2D7E28F2586" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia teres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1868. YPM1556b
|
||
<emphasis id="2E23D4968647C1770F20200602E93901" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
colony
|
||
<emphasis id="2ED21DCE2B5833DE12B4FE94F1042F5A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
detail of branches
|
||
<emphasis id="CD2615DFA2EF294B1BB7B40C7E9354D1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
Coenenchymal and anthocodial sclerites.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="39E5D261570CE12E7D5E92E9BF11F2BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph id="271BD5CEEA1881DE923BA8B1F6CDE46E" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks and comparison.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DC446A6CA07A2602BD064CAFCB19CAC5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
While the largest anthocodial sclerite measured in the lectotype was 0.24 mm long, Verrill (1886b) mentioned a slightly larger length of 0.26 mm. This is in accordance to the anthocodials of other specimens revised in this study. The syntype YPM1556b closely fits
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DCD09E14DE0F21C50803876110E55651" author="Verrill, AE" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition)" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="377 - 558" publicationUrl="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" refId="B41" refString="Verrill, AE, 1868b. Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, (Second Edition) 1 (2): 377 - 558, https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" title="Notes on Radiata in the Museum of Yale College, with descriptions of new genera and species. No. 6. Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America." url="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13465394" volume="1" year="1868 b">
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7844077063D475A07F4F4EE22F693BA9" originalValue="Verrill´s">Verrill's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1868b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of the colony and the sclerites. For this reason, we designate this as the lectotype to clearly establish the species identity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B10ECA2327EB3EDC05E255A62C5A4BD8" doi="10.3897/zookeys.961.54846.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/442689" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
|
||
<paragraph id="0634C7E153811F861A7C735E44D25898" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="8F187438E339142F3E7C3098DB92A827" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8541B0E9055D6A51AED8B22C99F93518" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia teres" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="teres">
|
||
<emphasis id="B5FF81211E3B4241EDC402075FA0ABEF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia teres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Verrill, 1868. YPM1556b
|
||
<emphasis id="70DBAE4C2D16D2F0EEDD5D29B7F143FE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
spindles
|
||
<emphasis id="C0D72540107C0EE974822418FF2423D1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
Wart clubs
|
||
<emphasis id="667AC1C8A4C3EF1E790BE58385C54328" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
Radiates and crosses
|
||
<emphasis id="C1165234DAB0F01F21B6BE17D19BB005" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
anthocodial spindles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="67F96213D3D759902F0B14E50FA5797C" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="182E1519DAF7608AC19B719531D16BDF" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1868" class="Anthozoa" family="Plexauridae" genus="Psammogorgia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Psammogorgia teres" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="teres">
|
||
<emphasis id="E8658BF37F788129B59EE54FBB09A29D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Psammogorgia teres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a colony morphology similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FD523BBAFAE5030C9966BBAC44388C7" lsidName="P. fucosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fucosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="A38508ADAEFC3955850C826128ECA42A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. fucosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="CD761E0D4A14CF057008263DE8102F7F" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Comparative features of Psammogorgia colonies from the tropical eastern Pacific, according to analyses of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN), and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870) and Bayer (1958). Diameter of the branches includes calyces. Measurements in millimetres." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82">1</tableCitation>
|
||
), but it has different sclerite sizes and colours in comparison with the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="5A25AFB9FE0C7F6E64C09FB00EEA65FD" originalValue="type’s">type's</normalizedToken>
|
||
sclerite slide (Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="FE641A1133A769C735EE5AAA14562262" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparative features of sclerites of Psammogorgia species in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean according to an analysis of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN) and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870), Bayer (1958), Breedy and Guzman (2014), and Breedy et al. (2020)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6577312DBC8838C287F806575C1166B7" lsidName="P. teres" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="teres">
|
||
<emphasis id="BA86EFDF15176312A225736E0BE6BDD9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. teres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, spindles and wart-clubs are shorter while anthocodials and radiates are larger than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="71F3ECF64EC22DE092F3080482439181" lsidName="P. fucosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fucosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="1ADD21482D116908C97D50EDCEBAFE3E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. fucosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation id="F5A84593E1E9351B92D47BB3010E4ED3" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparative features of sclerites of Psammogorgia species in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean according to an analysis of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN) and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870), Bayer (1958), Breedy and Guzman (2014), and Breedy et al. (2020)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F">2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Anthocodials of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="5954BA4875C36436544180BBC1D3061F" lsidName="P. fucosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="fucosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="CBFF927446E7752CCDA808826E77E8ED" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. fucosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are red but colourless in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="73178236C482D46D820FAD6D03003DD8" lsidName="P. teres" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="teres">
|
||
<emphasis id="99282286570EE4A7BFE7FADFF37AF019" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. teres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is a diagnostic feature of this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="543400F3F3609382A5051031391D6ED1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
In comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="68128D380AC680ADB46003E09A507514" lsidName="P. arbuscula" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arbuscula">
|
||
<emphasis id="A3A5B0C293054A041817A6293033B1B1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. arbuscula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BAA5E68CF48A017E8D941B16E2119826" lsidName="P. gracilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="55DFEBBBCD61A5BD8C02298B9CFED126" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. gracilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76F7C63D1C0C767918B9DD11E2B9BB58" lsidName="P. teres" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="teres">
|
||
<emphasis id="C4E2745F70465010E5476261C90FE8D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">P. teres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in the external morphology represented by colonies with thicker branches and flat calyces; and relative abundance and sizes of sclerites (Tables
|
||
<tableCitation id="FF8071B60D593C1B36C53DA997A229FC" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Comparative features of Psammogorgia colonies from the tropical eastern Pacific, according to analyses of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN), and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870) and Bayer (1958). Diameter of the branches includes calyces. Measurements in millimetres." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="B8D52D66E392F1F5E140A65F2133FE82">1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="C4D22908678675F063EB09CB30A07DC1" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Comparative features of sclerites of Psammogorgia species in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean according to an analysis of type material from museums (YPM, MCZ, MNHN) and taxonomic descriptions by Verrill (1868 b, 1870), Bayer (1958), Breedy and Guzman (2014), and Breedy et al. (2020)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="35FA6373B922CFFCE4727644BEB7890F">2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="574EA39B4CA7E9F227895637997F93E7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="3C5335B0C9732BEB0D6F589CF09F21E5" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D4CA6FE6E082A78A9169458427F33F20" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The species occurs in Pearl Islands,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="1D7E82C70BBE8FC62A1229F9CEB6F0B2" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
(type locality) and also in in the
|
||
<normalizedToken id="CF85679B55BD797214460187EE6D9660" originalValue="Chiriquí">Chiriqui</normalizedToken>
|
||
Gulf,
|
||
<normalizedToken id="41245B13A14C09A952F41CB54C17FC8F" originalValue="Panamá">Panama</normalizedToken>
|
||
. However, the species presents a wider regional distribution in the tropical eastern Pacific. It was sampled by us, along the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Ecuador, and encountered in collections from the Pacific coasts of
|
||
<normalizedToken id="7926B7004A0EA115E76B86FDDA9AAA03" originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Colombia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |