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<mods:title id="E528B0BAC2CDE0CD16D693844C0B5FA5">Waminoa brickneri n. sp. (Acoela: Acoelomorpha) associated with corals in the Red Sea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F79554DB9DEF83B96AD0E1A66172472">Ogunlana, Maxina V.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="DDCE0B1721528F1AF5F50E1048BADCFC">Department of Biological sciences, The University of Maine, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 - 5751, USA., e-mail: Maxina. Ogunlana @ umit. maine. edu, hooge @ umit. maine. edu, styler @ maine. edu Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel., e-mail: oritbar @ post. tau. ac. il Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Upsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden., e-Mail: yonas. tekle @ ebc. uu. se Author of correspondence</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="037105F0521CF8A4FC750A86E3DF86D4">Hooge, Matthew D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="2BD9C70EF29E3244E9DA8A04E85D7E3B">Department of Biological sciences, The University of Maine, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 - 5751, USA., e-mail: Maxina. Ogunlana @ umit. maine. edu, hooge @ umit. maine. edu, styler @ maine. edu Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel., e-mail: oritbar @ post. tau. ac. il Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Upsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden., e-Mail: yonas. tekle @ ebc. uu. se Author of correspondence</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="5E54525361BA284A1DF89826B014B5A9">Tekle, Yonas I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="201FA0ECC33838D668F3E9E5C79EFDE6">Department of Biological sciences, The University of Maine, 5751 Murray Hall, Orono, ME 04469 - 5751, USA., e-mail: Maxina. Ogunlana @ umit. maine. edu, hooge @ umit. maine. edu, styler @ maine. edu Department of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel., e-mail: oritbar @ post. tau. ac. il Department of Systematic Zoology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Upsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, SE- 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden., e-Mail: yonas. tekle @ ebc. uu. se Author of correspondence</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="F37B87C6FF91E40D2676FBBFEBF2E1A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5048828" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5048828" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F37B87C6FF91E40D2676FBBFEBF2E1A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F37B87C6FF91E40D2676FBBFEBF2E1A0" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<subSubSection id="33C8655BFF91E40C2676FBBFED95E71E" box="[264,659,1118,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7B6D36D0FF91E40C2676FBBFED95E71E" blockId="8.[264,659,1084,1144]" box="[264,659,1118,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<heading id="202581BCFF91E40C2676FBBFED95E71E" bold="true" box="[264,659,1118,1144]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2676FBBFED95E71E" bold="true" box="[264,659,1118,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C2676FBBFED23E71E" ID-CoL="7Q6H8" authority="Winsor, 1990" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1990" box="[264,549,1118,1144]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Waminoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2676FBBFEE7DE71E" bold="true" box="[264,379,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Waminoa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1F434B21FF91E40C26FDFBBFED23E71E" author="Winsor, L." box="[387,549,1118,1144]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="785 - 800" refId="ref4443" refString="Winsor, L. (1990) Marine Turbellaria (Acoela) from North Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 28, 785 - 800." type="journal article" year="1990">Winsor, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(emend)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="33C8655BFF91E40C2676FB48ECDDE6D5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="7B6D36D0FF91E40C2676FB48ECDDE6D5" blockId="8.[264,1324,1193,1899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2676FB48EE8EE7A5" bold="true" box="[264,392,1193,1219]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C26ECFB48ED36E7A5" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1905" box="[402,560,1193,1219]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="family">Convolutidae</taxonomicName>
discoid to obcordate in shape; color results from pigments and symbiotic algae; often with two coexisting species of algal symbionts; brain insunk; mouth ventral and in posterior third of body; rhabdoids present; ovaries and testes paired; with sub­terminal male genital pore. Male copulatory organ composed of muscular seminal vesicle filled with sperm. Female gonopore present or absent. Seminal bursa with 2 or more (28) bursal nozzles. Statocyst and eyes absent in mature forms, but present in immature specimens. Frontal organ absent. Epizoic on corals.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7B6D36D0FF91E40C2646FA20EC28E6BD" blockId="8.[264,1324,1193,1899]" box="[312,814,1473,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2646FA20EED4E6BD" bold="true" box="[312,466,1473,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<typeStatus id="A4698872FF91E40C2646FA20EE71E6BD" box="[312,375,1473,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C269CFA20EC28E6BD" ID-CoL="7FTRD" authority="Winsor, 1990" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1990" box="[482,814,1473,1499]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Waminoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="litus">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C269CFA20ED8FE6BC" box="[482,649,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Waminoa litus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1F434B21FF91E40C25EEFA20EC28E6BD" author="Winsor, L." box="[656,814,1473,1499]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="785 - 800" refId="ref4443" refString="Winsor, L. (1990) Marine Turbellaria (Acoela) from North Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 28, 785 - 800." type="journal article" year="1990">Winsor, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="7B6D36D0FF91E40C2646FA08EC7FE5C5" blockId="8.[264,1324,1193,1899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2646FA08EEB7E565" bold="true" box="[312,433,1513,1539]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Remarks.</emphasis>
Whether either of the two
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C2587FA08ECC2E565" box="[761,964,1513,1539]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Waminoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2587FA08EC61E564" box="[761,871,1513,1538]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Waminoa</emphasis>
species
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are synonymous with species of
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<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2655F9F0EEBBE54C" box="[299,445,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haplodiscus</emphasis>
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remains a possibility. Most of these
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<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2402F9F0EB08E54C" box="[892,1038,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haplodiscus</emphasis>
species
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were described from only a paucity of specimens collected in plankton tows and, except for
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C23EAF9D8EBF3E534" authorityName="Weldon" authorityYear="1888" box="[1172,1269,1593,1618]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Haplodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="piger">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C23EAF9D8EBF3E534" box="[1172,1269,1593,1618]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">H. piger</emphasis>
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, not observed alive (
<bibRefCitation id="1F434B21FF91E40C26BFF980ED5EE51D" author="Dorjes, J." box="[449,600,1633,1659]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="255 - 266" refId="ref3982" refString="Dorjes, J. (1970) Haplodiscus bocki spec. nov., eine neue pelagische Turbellarie der Ordnung Acoela von der Molukken-See mit einer Diskussion der Gattung. Arkiv fur Zoologi, 23, 255 - 266." type="journal article" year="1970">Dörjes 1970</bibRefCitation>
). Clarifying the relationship between
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C236DF980EBA0E51C" authorityName="Weldon" authorityYear="1888" box="[1043,1190,1633,1658]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Haplodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C236DF980EBA0E51C" box="[1043,1190,1633,1658]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Haplodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C23A1F980EE32E5C4" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1990" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Waminoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C23A1F980EE32E5C4" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Waminoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
awaits finding more live material of both genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6D36D0FF91E40C2646F950EEC2E40D" blockId="8.[264,1324,1193,1899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The two algal symbionts in
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C25F2F950EC69E5AC" authorityName="Ogunlana &amp; Hooge &amp; Tekle &amp; Benayahu &amp; Barneah &amp; Tyler" authorityYear="2005" box="[652,879,1713,1738]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Waminoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="brickneri">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C25F2F950EC69E5AC" box="[652,879,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Waminoa brickneri</emphasis>
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are species of
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C2357F950EBD6E5AC" box="[1065,1232,1713,1738]" class="Dinophyceae" family="Symbiodiniaceae" genus="Symbiodinium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Suessiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Myzozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2357F950EBD6E5AC" box="[1065,1232,1713,1738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Symbiodinium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and an
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C2676F938EEA9E594" box="[264,431,1753,1778]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Amphidinium­</emphasis>
like dinoflagellate and reside intracellularly within parenchymal cells. Like other convolutids,
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF91E40C269CF8E0ED76E47C" authorityName="Ogunlana &amp; Hooge &amp; Tekle &amp; Benayahu &amp; Barneah &amp; Tyler" authorityYear="2005" box="[482,624,1793,1818]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Waminoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="brickneri">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF91E40C269CF8E0ED76E47C" box="[482,624,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">W.brickneri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
probably does not rely solely on its symbionts for nutrition. It does not appear to consume coral tissue, however, in that no nematocysts occur in its digestive tissue.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7B6D36D0FF90E40D2646FEFDEBF2E1A0" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
Coral­infesting acoels like
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF90E40D2505FEFDEC5BE253" authorityName="Ogunlana &amp; Hooge &amp; Tekle &amp; Benayahu &amp; Barneah &amp; Tyler" authorityYear="2005" box="[635,861,284,309]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Waminoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="brickneri">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF90E40D2505FEFDEC5BE253" box="[635,861,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Waminoa brickneri</emphasis>
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are likely to be widespread, occurring wherever there are shallow tropical reefs. Besides the published reports of occurrence in the Coral Sea, the Red Sea, and
<collectingCountry id="03C57640FF90E40D25FDFE8DEC0CE2E0" box="[643,778,364,390]" name="Micronesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
, anecdotal reports on reef­animal Web sites as well as some unpublished reports of it in waters off
<collectingCountry id="03C57640FF90E40D24C4FE75EB00E2C8" box="[954,1030,404,430]" name="Kenya" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="03C57640FF90E40D232EFE75EBBFE2C8" box="[1104,1209,404,430]" name="Tanzania" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
(Yehuda Benayahu
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF90E40D26FAFE5DED3EE2B3" box="[388,568,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">personal comm</emphasis>
.) and
<collectingCountry id="03C57640FF90E40D25FCFE5DEDF2E2B0" box="[642,756,444,470]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(Gustav Paulay
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF90E40D24C8FE5DEB6CE2B3" box="[950,1130,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">personal comm</emphasis>
.) show distribution in the Indo­Pacific region. As
<bibRefCitation id="1F434B21FF90E40D25CCFE05ECDAE298" author="Trench, R. K. &amp; Winsor, L." box="[690,988,484,510]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 22" refId="ref4339" refString="Trench, R. K. &amp; Winsor, L. (1987) Symbiosis with dinoflagellates in two pelagic flatworms, Amphiscolops sp. and Haplodiscus sp. Symbiosis, 3, 1 - 22." type="journal article" year="1987">Trench &amp; Winsor (1987)</bibRefCitation>
suggested for
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF90E40D23EEFE05EBFBE29B" authorityName="Winsor" authorityYear="1990" box="[1168,1277,484,509]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Waminoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF90E40D23EEFE05EBFBE29B" box="[1168,1277,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Waminoa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, its coral­infesting form may be a benthic phase in a life cycle involving also pelagic individuals, which would be identified as species of
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF90E40D2471FDD5ECA7E12B" authorityName="Weldon" authorityYear="1888" box="[783,929,564,589]" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Haplodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF90E40D2471FDD5ECA7E12B" box="[783,929,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Haplodiscus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Occurrence of
<taxonomicName id="BCD24D53FF90E40D2321FDD5EE30E110" class="Acoelomorpha" family="Convolutidae" genus="Haplodiscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Acoela" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Xenacoelomorpha" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF90E40D2321FDD5EBF7E12B" box="[1119,1265,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Haplodiscus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="03C57640FF90E40D2622FDBDEEF1E110" box="[348,503,604,630]" name="Bahamas" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">the Bahamas</collectingCountry>
, the Gulf Stream, the Sargasso, the North Equatorial Current, and the Gulf of Naples (see distribution records and literature in
<bibRefCitation id="1F434B21FF90E40D24CFFD65EB7FE1F8" author="Tyler, S. &amp; Schilling, S. &amp; Hooge, M. &amp; Bush, L. F." box="[945,1145,644,670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" refId="ref4376" refString="Tyler, S., Schilling, S., Hooge, M. &amp; Bush, L. F. (comp.) (2005) Turbellarian taxonomic database. Version 1. 4. Bio New Media Laboratory. Available from http: // devbio. umesci. maine. edu / styler / turbellaria / (Accessed 15 February, 2005)." type="url" year="2005">
Tyler
<emphasis id="49A6EAC2FF90E40D2486FD65EB2BE1FB" box="[1016,1069,644,669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
) hint at occurrence of coral­associated acoels in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea as well.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>