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<document id="3EFACB8916D05F774F966F2CF30D9FEC" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.184841" ID-GBIF-Dataset="b6597b07-cf3e-4a0b-8d13-21af4d96a9de" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="184841" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460027289306" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Benson, Roger B. J." docDate="2008" docId="F12787F25761FFFE5A82EFAEFE2A67FC" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01931p067.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1931" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Duriavenator hesperis Waldman 1974, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="64" masterDocId="0D1EFF8A5763FFF95A15EE29FFF06456" masterDocTitle="A redescription of ' Megalosaurus ' hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="57" pageNumber="59" updateTime="1698233964678" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="78D81206BC676C0A6F0E97C8363DA216">A redescription of ' Megalosaurus ' hesperis (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Inferior Oolite (Bajocian, Middle Jurassic) of Dorset, United Kingdom</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="B697D5B195B6CA0E79FF09F2B5D618CD">2008</mods:date>
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<treatment id="F12787F25761FFFE5A82EFAEFE2A67FC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6230551" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127711355" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6230551" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:F12787F25761FFFE5A82EFAEFE2A67FC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F12787F25761FFFE5A82EFAEFE2A67FC" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<subSubSection id="3194656F5761FFFB5A82EFAEFC676687" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5A82EFAEFD7265F7" blockId="2.[151,642,391,452]" box="[151,642,391,417]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<heading id="227981885761FFFB5A82EFAEFD7265F7" bold="true" box="[151,642,391,417]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5A82EFAEFD7265F7" authority="Waldman, 1974" authorityName="Waldman" authorityYear="1974" box="[151,642,391,417]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5A82EFAEFD7265F7" bold="true" box="[151,642,391,417]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5A82EFAEFE5465F7" bold="true" box="[151,420,391,417]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Duriavenator hesperis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5BA6EFAEFD8A65F7" author="Waldman" box="[435,634,391,417]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Waldman, M. (1974) Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology, 17, 325 - 340." type="journal article" year="1974">Waldman, 1974</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5A82EF83FF0D6592" blockId="2.[151,642,391,452]" box="[151,253,426,452]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615761FFFB5A82EF83FF0D6592" box="[151,253,426,452]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox-0="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,194,1629]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1632]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Cranial bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) showing parts of NHM R 332 during (A) and prior to (O) preparation reported by Waldman (1976), and after preparation by S. Moore-Fay in 2008 (I – J), and fragmentary elements in unknown (B – E), left lateral (F), ventral (G), dorsal (H), lateral (K – L), medial (M – N) views. A, I – J, block originally containing right maxilla, posterior portion of right premaxilla and unidentified bone fragment (B – E) during preparation by Waldman (1974); F – H, posterior portion of vomer; K – N, right surangular; O, NHM R 334, cast of block containing right dentary, fragmentary right surangular, and anterior portion of right premaxilla prior to preparation. In line drawings (D – E, L, N) dark grey shading indicates broken bone. Abbreviations: cor, articular facet for the coronoid; frag, unidentified bone fragment; imp, tooth impression. Scale bars equal 50 mm (B – H, K – N) and 100 mm (A, I – J, O)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/184843/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5A82EFD3FC1F6647" blockId="2.[151,1007,506,529]" box="[151,1007,506,529]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5A82EFD3FE9A6647" author="Owen" box="[151,362,506,529]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Owen, R. (1883) On the skull of Megalosaurus. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 39, 334 - 347." type="journal article" year="1883">Owen (1883:pl. 11)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5B60EFD3FD686647" author="Waldman" box="[373,664,506,529]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Waldman, M. (1974) Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology, 17, 325 - 340." type="journal article" year="1974">Waldman (1974:pl. 42–43)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB58B6EFD3FC856647" author="Molnar" box="[675,885,506,529]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Molnar, R. E., Seriozha, M. K. &amp; Dong, Z. - M. (1990) Carnosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. &amp; Osmlska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 169 - 209." type="book chapter" year="1990">
Molnar
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB58EDEFD3FCDD6647" box="[760,813,506,529]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
(1990
</bibRefCitation>
:fig. 6.29A)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5A82EC13FD926627" blockId="2.[151,919,570,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
1883
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5AE0EC13FE0D6607" box="[245,509,570,593]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bucklandi">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AE0EC13FE0D6607" box="[245,509,570,593]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Megalosaurus bucklandi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
von Meyer; Owen, p. 334. 1964
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5AE0EC73FE7D6627" box="[245,397,602,625]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AE0EC73FE7D6627" box="[245,397,602,625]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.; Walker, p. 115.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5A82EC53FD0A66E7" blockId="2.[151,919,570,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
1974
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5AE0EC53FE1D66C7" box="[245,493,634,657]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AE0EC53FE1D66C7" box="[245,493,634,657]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Megalosaurus hesperis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="50C9578D5761FFFB5BE1EC53FDB966C7" box="[500,585,634,657]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
; Waldman, p. 326. 1988
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5AE0ECB3FE7D66E7" box="[245,397,666,689]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AE0ECB3FE7D66E7" box="[245,397,666,689]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5BB5ECB3FD9866E7" authority="Waldman" authorityName="Waldman" box="[416,616,666,689]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5BB5ECB3FE0966E7" box="[416,505,666,689]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">hesperis</emphasis>
Waldman
</taxonomicName>
; Paul, p. 294.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5A82EC93FC676687" blockId="2.[151,919,570,721]" box="[151,919,698,721]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
2004 Unnamed taxon (='
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5BD7EC93FD306687" box="[450,704,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
Megalosaurus'
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5872EC93FD306687" box="[615,704,698,721]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis">hesperis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
); Holtz
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB590DEC93FCBE6687" box="[792,846,698,721]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
, p. 99.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3194656F5761FFFB5A82ED2BFD266082" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5A82ED2BFD9F6712" blockId="2.[151,1437,770,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5A82ED2BFEE0674A" bold="true" box="[151,272,770,796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<typeStatus id="A63588465761FFFB5A82ED2BFEFB674A" box="[151,267,770,796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
NHM R332. Premaxillae, right maxilla, vomer, paired dentaries, right surangular, fragmentary unidentified elements, and associated teeth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5AD0ED7BFA9867C2" blockId="2.[151,1437,770,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AD0ED7BFEA1673A" bold="true" box="[197,337,850,876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Hypodigm.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="A63588465761FFFB5B9AED7BFE05673A" box="[399,501,850,876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and casts of the
<typeStatus id="A63588465761FFFB58ABED7BFCD9673A" box="[702,809,850,876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
: NHM R333, cast of the maxilla/premaxilla block as figured by
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5B02ED53FE0E67C2" author="Owen" box="[279,510,890,916]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Owen, R. (1883) On the skull of Megalosaurus. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 39, 334 - 347." type="journal article" year="1883">Owen (1883:pl. 39)</bibRefCitation>
prior to preparation; NHM R334–335, casts of the right and left dentaries.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5AD0ED8BFD55605A" blockId="2.[151,1437,770,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AD0ED8BFE2267EA" bold="true" box="[197,466,930,956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Locality and horizon.</emphasis>
Greenhill, Sherborne, Dorset. The material was collected from the Upper Inferior Oolite,
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5AFBEDE3FDF367B5" box="[238,515,970,995]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Parkinsonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="parkinsoni">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AFBEDE3FDF367B5" box="[238,515,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Parkinsonia parkinsoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
ammonite Zone,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB58C4EDE3FC1367B5" box="[721,995,970,995]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Garantiana garantiana</emphasis>
Subzone (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5E4BEDE3FAE567B2" author="Waldman" box="[1118,1301,970,996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Waldman, M. (1974) Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology, 17, 325 - 340." type="journal article" year="1974">Waldman 1974</bibRefCitation>
), late Bajocian (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5AC2EDDBFE61605A" author="Callomon" box="[215,401,1010,1036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Callomon, J. H. (2003) The Middle Jurassic of western and northern Europe: its subdivisions, geochronology and correlations. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin, 1, 61 - 73." type="journal article" year="2003">Callomon 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5B8BEDDBFD69605A" author="Gradstein" box="[414,665,1010,1036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G. &amp; Smith, A. G. (2004) A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 610 pp." type="book" year="2004">
Gradstein
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5802EDDBFDA1605D" box="[535,593,1010,1035]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5AD0EA33FBAA600A" blockId="2.[151,1437,770,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AD0EA33FE486062" bold="true" box="[197,440,1050,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Previous diagnosis.</emphasis>
&quot;A large megalosaurid, fifteen to eighteen maxillary teeth, seventeen or eighteen dentary teeth; only apical part of dentary teeth recurved&quot; (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5929EA6BFBBD600A" author="Waldman" box="[828,1101,1090,1116]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Waldman, M. (1974) Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology, 17, 325 - 340." type="journal article" year="1974" yearSuffix="p">Waldman 1974, p. 326</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5AD0EA43FD266082" blockId="2.[151,1437,770,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AD0EA43FE4060D2" bold="true" box="[197,432,1130,1156]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Revised diagnosis.</emphasis>
Megalosaurid theropod with the following autapomorphies of the maxilla: deep groove on dorsal surface of jugal process containing numerous pneumatic foramina; array of small foramina in ventral part of articular surface for premaxilla.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3194656F5761FFFE5AD0EACBFE2A67FC" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" type="description">
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFB5AD0EACBFE826352" blockId="2.[151,1437,770,1996]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AD0EACBFEAD60AA" bold="true" box="[197,349,1250,1276]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Description.</emphasis>
The anterior part of the left premaxilla (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615761FFFB5950EACBFC7760AA" box="[837,903,1250,1276]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A–D) and the posterior part of the right premaxilla (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615761FFFB5B15EB23FEB16172" box="[256,321,1290,1316]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E–I) are preserved. The left premaxilla preserves only the first two alveoli and the base of the nasal process and the right element preserves only the posterodorsal part of the bone. Walker (in
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5F39EB1BFF236122" author="Waldman" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Waldman, M. (1974) Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology, 17, 325 - 340." type="journal article" year="1974">Waldman 1974</bibRefCitation>
) commented that five alveoli may have been present in the premaxilla and
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5E4BEB73FAD46122" author="Waldman" box="[1118,1316,1370,1396]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Waldman, M. (1974) Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology, 17, 325 - 340." type="journal article" year="1974">Waldman (1974)</bibRefCitation>
noted the presence of four premaxillary teeth, two preserved as crowns, one preserved as a cross-section of its original position, and one as an imprint of a juvenile tooth. This observation is confirmed by Owen's (1883:pl. 11, fig. 1) figure. Unfortunately, only the two adult teeth are evident in the casts of the specimen prior to Waldman's preparation (NHM R333) and photographs taken during preparation (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615761FFFB59C4EBD3FBE86242" box="[977,1048,1530,1556]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1632]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cranial bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) showing parts of NHM R 332 during (A) and prior to (O) preparation reported by Waldman (1976), and after preparation by S. Moore-Fay in 2008 (I – J), and fragmentary elements in unknown (B – E), left lateral (F), ventral (G), dorsal (H), lateral (K – L), medial (M – N) views. A, I – J, block originally containing right maxilla, posterior portion of right premaxilla and unidentified bone fragment (B – E) during preparation by Waldman (1974); F – H, posterior portion of vomer; K – N, right surangular; O, NHM R 334, cast of block containing right dentary, fragmentary right surangular, and anterior portion of right premaxilla prior to preparation. In line drawings (D – E, L, N) dark grey shading indicates broken bone. Abbreviations: cor, articular facet for the coronoid; frag, unidentified bone fragment; imp, tooth impression. Scale bars equal 50 mm (B – H, K – N) and 100 mm (A, I – J, O)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184843/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A), so the specimen as it existed when these comments on premaxillary tooth count were made cannot be examined directly. If
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5EE9E80AFA6B626A" box="[1276,1435,1571,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5EE9E80AFA6B626A" box="[1276,1435,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possessed five premaxillary teeth then it was unique among spinosauroids:
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5E36E862FA6C6232" authority="Allain 2002" authorityName="Allain" authorityYear="2002" box="[1059,1436,1610,1636]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5E36E862FB016232" box="[1059,1265,1611,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
(Allain 2002)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5ADFE85AFD5862DA" authority="Sadleir et al. 2008" authorityName="Sadleir et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[202,680,1650,1676]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5ADFE85AFE4062DA" box="[202,432,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5BD4E85BFD5062DA" author="Sadleir" box="[449,672,1650,1676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Sadleir, R. W., Barrett, P. M. &amp; Powell, H. P. (2008) The anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Oxfordshire, England. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, 160 (627), 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2008">
Sadleir
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB580AE85AFDA462DA" box="[543,596,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
possess four; spinosaurids such as
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5E45E85AFF2B62E2" authority="Charig &amp; Milner 1997" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1997" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5E45E85AFB3162DA" box="[1104,1217,1651,1676]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Baryonyx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5EC4E85BFF2362E2" author="Charig" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series, 53, 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig &amp; Milner 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5B01E8B2FD6662E2" authority="Sereno et al. 1998" authorityName="Sereno et al." authorityYear="1998" box="[276,662,1690,1716]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5B01E8B2FE5862E2" box="[276,424,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Suchomimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5BA2E8B3FD7E62E2" author="Sereno" box="[439,654,1690,1716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Sereno, P. C., Beck, A. I, Dutheil, D. B., Gado, B., Larsson, H. C. E., Lyon, G. H., Marcot, J. D., Rauhut, O. W. M., Saleir, R. W., Sidor, C. A., Varicchio, D. D., Wilson, G. P. &amp; Wilson, J. A. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosauroids. Science, 282, 1298 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sereno
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5804E8B2FDBB62E2" box="[529,587,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
possess six or seven; and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB59DDE8B2FBA662E2" box="[968,1110,1691,1716]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB59DDE8B2FBA662E2" box="[968,1110,1691,1716]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses three, although a small fourth alveolus is present posteriorly and filled with rugose bone that may reflect pathological loss (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5F70E8EBFE966352" author="Britt" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Britt, B. B. (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 37, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991; BYU 4882</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45761FFFC5AD3E93BFBA1648C" blockId="2.[151,1437,770,1996]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
The anterior surface of the premaxilla is inclined posterodorsally at an angle of around 50 degrees relative to the ventral margin. This angle is comparable to that in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5925E912FBA56302" authority="Britt 1991" authorityName="Britt" authorityYear="1991" box="[816,1109,1850,1876]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5925E912FC4E6302" box="[816,958,1851,1876]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB59C5E913FBBC6302" author="Britt" box="[976,1100,1850,1876]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Britt, B. B. (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 37, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, but is higher than the angle in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5AA0E94AFE72632A" box="[181,386,1891,1916]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5AA0E94AFE72632A" box="[181,386,1891,1916]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(around 45 degrees; Allain 2002) and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675761FFFB5958E94AFBC3632A" box="[845,1075,1891,1916]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5958E94AFBC3632A" box="[845,1075,1891,1916]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(around 40 degrees; OUMNH J.13558;
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5B17E9A2FEBE63F2" box="[258,334,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">contra</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155761FFFB5B43E9A3FDC363F2" author="Sadleir" box="[342,563,1930,1956]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" refString="Sadleir, R. W., Barrett, P. M. &amp; Powell, H. P. (2008) The anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Oxfordshire, England. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, 160 (627), 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2008">
Sadleir
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65761FFFB5BA4E9A2FE1B63F2" box="[433,491,1931,1956]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
). Although the lateral surface of the bone is poorly preserved, a number of randomly distributed nutrient foramina are visible anteriorly. The medial bone surface is flat anteriorly and scored by posterodorsally oriented striations where it articulated with the opposing premaxilla. A foramen is present on the medial surface immediately ventral to the anterior end of the naris.
</paragraph>
<caption id="2DF1666C5760FFFA5A82E8C8FAD063BD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="793136E45760FFFA5A82E8C8FAD063BD" blockId="3.[151,1436,1761,2027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5A82E8C8FEE862AF" bold="true" box="[151,280,1761,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Tooth-bearing bones of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675760FFFA5809E8CBFCFC62AF" box="[540,780,1762,1785]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5809E8CBFCFC62AF" box="[540,780,1762,1785]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Duriavenator hesperis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM R332) in lateral (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5E01E8C8FBD762AF" bold="true" box="[1044,1063,1761,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5E21E8C8FBB162AF" bold="true" box="[1076,1089,1761,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">J</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5E5BE8C8FB8D62AF" bold="true" box="[1102,1149,1761,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">F–G</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5E9FE8C8FB5362AF" bold="true" box="[1162,1187,1761,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5EBAE8C8FB1262AF" bold="true" box="[1199,1250,1761,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">P–Q</emphasis>
), anterior (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5F4CE8C8FA9B62AF" bold="true" box="[1369,1387,1761,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">B</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5F6DE8C8FA7C62AF" bold="true" box="[1400,1420,1761,1785]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">K</emphasis>
), medial (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5AFBE92DFEF1634A" bold="true" box="[238,257,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">C</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5B1BE92DFED3634A" bold="true" box="[270,291,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">H</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5B25E92DFEB2634A" bold="true" box="[304,322,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">L</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5B5BE92DFE93634A" bold="true" box="[334,355,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">O</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5B7AE92DFE52634A" bold="true" box="[367,418,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">T–U</emphasis>
), posterior (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5830E92DFDA7634A" bold="true" box="[549,599,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">D–E</emphasis>
), and dorsal (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA58FFE92DFD04634A" bold="true" box="[746,756,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">I</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5914E92DFCE4634A" bold="true" box="[769,788,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">N</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5934E92DFCA0634A" bold="true" box="[801,848,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">R–S</emphasis>
) views.
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA59BFE92DFC2E634A" bold="true" box="[938,990,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">A–D</emphasis>
, left premaxilla;
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5E86E92DFB4D634A" bold="true" box="[1171,1213,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">E–I</emphasis>
, right premaxilla;
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5F94E92DFF596369" bold="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">J– L</emphasis>
, right maxilla with magnified (x2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5EFEE90EFB086369" bold="true" box="[1259,1272,1831,1855]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">J</emphasis>
) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA58E4E960FCF36337" bold="true" box="[753,771,1865,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">L</emphasis>
);
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA590EE960FCA66337" bold="true" box="[795,854,1865,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">M–O</emphasis>
, left dentary;
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA59FBE960FBEF6337" bold="true" box="[1006,1055,1865,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">P–U</emphasis>
, right dentary. In line drawings (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5F91E960FA666337" bold="true" box="[1412,1430,1865,1889]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">G</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5A82E945FF5C63D2" bold="true" box="[151,172,1900,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Q</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5AAEE945FF3A63D2" bold="true" box="[187,202,1900,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">S</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65760FFFA5ACCE945FF1C63D2" bold="true" box="[217,236,1900,1924]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">U</emphasis>
) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2DF1666C5767FFFD5A82E851FA6663D4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184843/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[151,1436,194,1629]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="793136E45767FFFD5A82E851FA6663D4" blockId="4.[151,1436,1656,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5A82E851FEE962C6" bold="true" box="[151,281,1656,1680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Cranial bones of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675767FFFD5BCDE851FD3962D9" box="[472,713,1656,1679]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hesperis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5BCDE851FD3962D9" box="[472,713,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Duriavenator hesperis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM R332) showing parts of NHM R332 during (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5EE9E851FAFF62C6" bold="true" box="[1276,1295,1656,1680]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
) and prior to (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5AB5E8B3FF4562E4" bold="true" box="[160,181,1690,1714]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</emphasis>
) preparation reported by Waldman (1976), and after preparation by S. Moore-Fay in 2008 (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5E96E8B3FB5862E4" bold="true" box="[1155,1192,1690,1714]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">I–J</emphasis>
), and fragmentary elements in unknown (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5B7FE894FE6B6283" bold="true" box="[362,411,1725,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">B–E</emphasis>
), left lateral (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD583EE894FDCB6283" bold="true" box="[555,571,1725,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">F</emphasis>
), ventral (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD58BFE894FD4F6283" bold="true" box="[682,703,1725,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">G</emphasis>
), dorsal (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5931E894FCC96283" bold="true" box="[804,825,1725,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">H</emphasis>
), lateral (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD59B5E894FC246283" bold="true" box="[928,980,1725,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">K–L</emphasis>
), medial (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5E54E894FB8B6283" bold="true" box="[1089,1147,1725,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">M–N</emphasis>
) views.
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5EC0E894FAE96283" bold="true" box="[1237,1305,1725,1749]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">A, I–J</emphasis>
, block originally containing right maxilla, posterior portion of right premaxilla and unidentified bone fragment (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5F04E8C9FAB262AE" bold="true" box="[1297,1346,1760,1784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">B–E</emphasis>
) during preparation by Waldman (1974);
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5BE9E92BFDDF634C" bold="true" box="[508,559,1794,1818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">F–H</emphasis>
, posterior portion of vomer;
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5972E92BFC6C634C" bold="true" box="[871,924,1794,1818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">K–N</emphasis>
, right surangular;
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5E76E92BFB88634C" bold="true" box="[1123,1144,1794,1818]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</emphasis>
, NHM R334, cast of block containing right dentary, fragmentary right surangular, and anterior portion of right premaxilla prior to preparation. In line drawings (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5B22E961FE996336" bold="true" box="[311,361,1864,1888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">D–E</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5B62E961FE5A6336" bold="true" box="[375,426,1864,1888]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">L, N</emphasis>
) dark grey shading indicates broken bone. Abbreviations: cor, articular facet for the coronoid; frag, unidentified bone fragment; imp, tooth impression. Scale bars equal 50 mm (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5E11E943FBC863D4" bold="true" box="[1028,1080,1898,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">B–H</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5E50E943FB8B63D4" bold="true" box="[1093,1147,1898,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">K–N</emphasis>
) and 100 mm (
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5F0AE943FAC263D4" bold="true" box="[1311,1330,1898,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">A</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5F2AE943FA9463D4" bold="true" box="[1343,1380,1898,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">I–J</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65767FFFD5F67E943FA7763D4" bold="true" box="[1394,1415,1898,1922]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">O</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="793136E45766FFFC5AD3EEC1FBAD6764" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
Three prominent processes extend posteriorly from the dorsal part of the premaxillary body. The most ventrally positioned is the palatal process. It originates on the medial bone surface and is triangular (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615766FFFC5F22EF39FA88657C" box="[1335,1400,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
F– H). This process is prominent in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5801EF11FD446507" box="[532,692,312,337]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5801EF11FD446507" box="[532,692,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relative to other basal tetanurans (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5E57EF11FB156504" author="Madsen" box="[1090,1253,312,338]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Madsen, J. H. Jr. (1976) Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, Bulletin, 109, 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
; Currie &amp; Zhao 1993) and neoceratosaurs (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5BC7EF49FD1C652C" author="Madsen" box="[466,748,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Madsen, J. H. Jr. &amp; Welles, S. P. (2000) Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publications of the Utah Geological Survey, 2, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2000">Madsen &amp; Welles 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC58EDEF49FBD9652C" author="Sampson" box="[760,1065,352,378]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Sampson, S. D. &amp; Witmer, L. M. (2007) Craniofacial anatomy of Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoirs, 8, 32 - 102." type="journal article" year="2007">Sampson &amp; Witmer 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Some other theropods such as
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5A82EFA1FE0D65F4" authority="Peyer 2006" authorityName="Peyer" authorityYear="2006" box="[151,509,392,418]" class="Reptilia" family="Compsognathidae" genus="Compsognathus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5A82EFA1FEA465F7" box="[151,340,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Compsognathus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5B72EFA1FE0465F4" author="Peyer" box="[359,500,392,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Peyer, K. (2006) A reconsideration of Compsognathus from the Upper Tithonian of Canjeurs, Southeastern France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26, 879 - 896." type="journal article" year="2006">Peyer 2006</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC582AEFA1FC9D65F7" box="[575,877,392,417]" class="Reptilia" family="Coelophysidae" genus="Coelophysis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC582AEFA1FC9D65F7" box="[575,877,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Coelophysis rhodesiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
('ventral process' of
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5E66EFA1FAE365F4" author="Rauhut" box="[1139,1299,392,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 69, 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
: p. 45) are known to possess large palatal processes. However, the corresponding region of the premaxilla is not preserved in any spinosauroid other than the spinosaurids
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC593BEFF1FB3A65A4" authority="Charig &amp; Milner 1997" authorityName="Charig &amp; Milner" authorityYear="1997" box="[814,1226,472,498]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC593BEFF1FC6E65A7" box="[814,926,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Baryonyx</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC59A5EFF1FB3265A4" author="Charig" box="[944,1218,472,498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series, 53, 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig &amp; Milner 1997</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5F1DEFF1FE74664C" authority="Sereno et al. 1998" authorityName="Sereno et al." authorityYear="1998" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Suchomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5F1DEFF1FA6C65A7" box="[1288,1436,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Suchomimus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5A8AEC29FE8A664C" author="Sereno" box="[159,378,512,538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Sereno, P. C., Beck, A. I, Dutheil, D. B., Gado, B., Larsson, H. C. E., Lyon, G. H., Marcot, J. D., Rauhut, O. W. M., Saleir, R. W., Sidor, C. A., Varicchio, D. D., Wilson, G. P. &amp; Wilson, J. A. (1998) A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosauroids. Science, 282, 1298 - 1302." type="journal article" year="1998">
Sereno
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5AEFEC29FEC5664F" box="[250,309,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
1998
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, in which this region is heavily modified. The two more dorsal posterior processes of the
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5A82EC01FEC76617" box="[151,311,552,577]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5A82EC01FEC76617" box="[151,311,552,577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
premaxilla form a biramous subnarial process (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615766FFFC596BEC01FC336614" box="[894,963,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
H–I). The medial ramus is shorter and thicker than the lateral ramus. A foramen, visible in lateral view, opens posteriorly between the palatal and subnarial processes, and a second foramen opens posterolaterally from the lateral surface of the bone immediately adjacent to this. It is probable that one of these foramina opened into a canal for the same nerve or blood vessel as the dorsally located foramen on the maxillary articular surface for the premaxilla (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615766FFFC5EFAECE1FAC466B4" box="[1263,1332,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
K). This foramen on the maxilla is also present in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5863ECD9FCEE675F" box="[630,798,752,777]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5863ECD9FCEE675F" box="[630,798,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(RBJB, unpublished data) and other theropods including
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5AD1ED31FE356767" box="[196,453,792,817]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5AD1ED31FE356767" box="[196,453,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 1), but is absent in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5924ED31FC526767" box="[817,930,792,817]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5924ED31FC526767" box="[817,930,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Baryonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM R9951).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45766FFFC5AD3ED69FDEE601C" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
The maxillary articular surface for the premaxilla is slightly concave transversely. Eleven foramina approximately two millimetres in diameter, and a number of additional smaller foramina, are present ventrally on this surface (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615766FFFC5B4EEDB9FE5067FC" box="[347,416,912,938]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
K). These foramina are absent in most basal tetanurans, including the spinosauroids
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5A82ED91FEF76787" box="[151,263,952,977]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5A82ED91FEF76787" box="[151,263,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Baryonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NHM R9951) and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5BE8ED91FD546787" box="[509,676,952,977]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5BE8ED91FD546787" box="[509,676,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(RBJB, unpublished data), and the carcharodontosaurid
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5F5BED91FF1567AF" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Mapusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5F5BED91FF1567AF" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Mapusaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MCF-PVPH-108.169), but are present in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC58E5EDC9FC0167AF" box="[752,1009,992,1017]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Carcharodontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC58E5EDC9FC0167AF" box="[752,1009,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Carcharodontosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(SGM-Din 1), in which the region covered by the foramina extends further dorsally than in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5924EA21FC3F6077" box="[817,975,1032,1057]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5924EA21FC3F6077" box="[817,975,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The condition in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5EB3EA21FAB66077" box="[1190,1350,1032,1057]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5EB3EA21FAB66077" box="[1190,1350,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is considered here as an autapomorphy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45766FFFC5AD3EA71FAF3627C" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
The anterior process of the maxilla is approximately as long anteroposteriorly as it is high dorsoventrally. This is long compared to some theropods such as non-tetanurans, carcharodontosaurines and sinraptorids which either lack an anterior process or have an anteroposteriorly short process (e.g. Currie &amp; Zhao 1993;
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5A82EAF9FE5E60BC" author="Madsen" box="[151,430,1232,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Madsen, J. H. Jr. &amp; Welles, S. P. (2000) Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda) a revised osteology. Miscellaneous Publications of the Utah Geological Survey, 2, 1 - 80." type="journal article" year="2000">Madsen &amp; Welles 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5BAEEAF9FD4560BC" author="Coria" box="[443,693,1232,1258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Coria, R. A. &amp; Currie, P. J. (2006) A new carcharodontosaurid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Argentina. Geodiversitas, 28, 71 - 118." type="journal article" year="2006">Coria &amp; Currie 2006</bibRefCitation>
). An elongate anterior process was recovered as a spinosauroid synapomorphy by
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5B67EAD1FDAF6144" box="[370,607,1272,1298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Sereno, P. C., Dutheil, D. B., Iarochene, M., Larsson, H. C. E., Lyon, G. H., Magwene, P. M., Sidor, C. A., Varrichio, D. J. &amp; Wilson, J. A. (1996) Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science, 272, 986 - 991." type="journal article">
Sereno
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5BDEEAD1FDF66147" box="[459,518,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
(1996)
</bibRefCitation>
. However, it is also seen in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC59BCEAD1FB156144" authority="Madsen 1976" authorityName="Madsen" authorityYear="1976" box="[937,1253,1272,1298]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC59BCEAD1FBD86147" box="[937,1064,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5E22EAD1FB2C6144" author="Madsen" box="[1079,1244,1272,1298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Madsen, J. H. Jr. (1976) Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, Bulletin, 109, 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5EE4EAD1FED0616C" authority="Xu et al. 2006" authorityName="Xu et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Reptilia" family="Tyrannosauridae" genus="Guanlong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5EE4EAD1FA966147" box="[1265,1382,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Guanlong</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5F63EAD1FEE8616C" author="Xu" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Xu, X., Clark, J. M., Forster, C. A., Norell, M. A., Erickson, G. M, Eberth, D. A., Jia, C. &amp; Zhao, Q. (2006) A basal tyrannosauroid dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China. Nature, 439, 715 - 718." type="journal article" year="2006">
Xu
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5A82EB09FF22616F" box="[151,210,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5B39EB09FDF1616F" box="[300,513,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Monolophosaurus</emphasis>
(Zhao &amp; Currie 1993) and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5951EB09FC3D616F" box="[836,973,1312,1337]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5951EB09FC3D616F" box="[836,973,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Neovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MIWG 6348; Brusatte
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5EFBEB09FAD2616F" box="[1262,1314,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
. in press). A tab-like flange of bone projects anteriorly from the lateral margin of the anterior process. This tab must have overlapped the lateral surface of the premaxilla, and it is possibly homologous with the 'anterior peg' described by
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5B21EBB1FDBF61E4" author="Charig" box="[308,591,1432,1458]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Charig, A. J. &amp; Milner, A. C. (1997) Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series, 53, 11 - 70." type="journal article" year="1997">Charig &amp; Milner (1997)</bibRefCitation>
in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5863EBB1FD1661E7" box="[630,742,1432,1457]" class="Reptilia" family="Spinosauridae" genus="Baryonyx" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5863EBB1FD1661E7" box="[630,742,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Baryonyx</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A similar structure is present in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5E65EBB1FAF261E7" box="[1136,1282,1432,1457]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Torvosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5E65EBB1FAF261E7" box="[1136,1282,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Torvosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(BYU 9122;
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5A82EBE9FEE0618C" author="Britt" box="[151,272,1472,1498]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Britt, B. B. (1991) Theropods of Dry Mesa Quarry (Morrison Formation, Late Jurassic), Colorado, with emphasis on the osteology of Torvosaurus tanneri. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 37, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1991">Britt 1991</bibRefCitation>
) and absent in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5BD6EBE9FD61618F" box="[451,657,1472,1497]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5BD6EBE9FD61618F" box="[451,657,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MNHN 1993-18), but preservation of the maxillae of other megalosaurids, including
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5B83EBC1FDD26257" box="[406,546,1512,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Afrovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5B83EBC1FDD26257" box="[406,546,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Afrovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<collectingCountry id="019976745766FFFC5821EBC1FDAE6254" box="[564,606,1512,1538]" name="Australia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">UC</collectingCountry>
OBA 1),
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC58C2EBC1FC4D6257" box="[727,957,1512,1537]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC58C2EBC1FC4D6257" box="[727,957,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUMNH J.13558;
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC5EA3EBC1FA646254" author="Sadleir" box="[1206,1428,1512,1538]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Sadleir, R. W., Barrett, P. M. &amp; Powell, H. P. (2008) The anatomy and systematics of Eustreptospondylus oxoniensis, a theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Oxfordshire, England. Palaeontographical Society Monograph, 160 (627), 1 - 82." type="journal article" year="2008">
Sadleir
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5F07EBC1FABE6257" box="[1298,1358,1512,1537]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
2008
</bibRefCitation>
) and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5ADDE839FE80627F" box="[200,368,1552,1577]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5ADDE839FE80627F" box="[200,368,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(RBJB unpublished data), is not sufficient to confirm its presence or absence.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45766FFFF5AD3E811FE30648C" blockId="5.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
The lateral surface of the maxilla adheres to the counterpart slab. Consequently, it is not possible to observe texture or foramina on this surface. Similarly, the exact position of the ventral margin of the antorbital fossa cannot be determined, but it seems to have been in the ventral half of the lateral surface of the jugal process. The lateral bone surface in the anteroventral corner of the antorbital fossa is broken, exposing two pneumatic chambers (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615766FFFC5B4AE8F1FE5262A4" box="[351,418,1752,1778]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
J). The anterior of these is the maxillary 'fenestra'. Its lateral opening has been exposed in the bony fragment from this region that remains in the counterslab and it is closed medially to form a fossa rather than a true fenestra. The posterior chamber is the anterior extension of a pneumatic excavation on the dorsal surface of the jugal process that is only visible in dorsal and medial views (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615766FFFC5E78E979FB40633C" box="[1133,1200,1872,1898]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
L). This excavation takes the form of a longitudinal groove containing numerous foramina. Although a pneumatic excavation is present in this position in other basal tetanurans such as
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC593CE989FB3263EC" authority="Bonaparte 1986" authorityName="Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[809,1218,1952,1978]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Piatnitzkysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC593CE989FC1C63EF" box="[809,1004,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Piatnitzkysaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155766FFFC59E9E989FB4963EC" author="Bonaparte" box="[1020,1209,1952,1978]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" refString="Bonaparte, J. F. (1986) Les dinosaures (Carnosaures, Allosaurides, Sauropodes, Cetiosaurides) du Jurassique moyen de Cerro Condor (Chubut, Argentine). Annales de Paleontologie (Vertbres - Invertebres), 72, 247 - 289." type="journal article" year="1986">Bonaparte 1986</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and spinosauroids such as
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC5AE2E9E1FE2D63B7" box="[247,477,1992,2017]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC5AE2E9E1FE2D63B7" box="[247,477,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(OUMNH J.13558) and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675766FFFC591EE9E1FC4363B7" box="[779,947,1992,2017]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65766FFFC591EE9E1FC4363B7" box="[779,947,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(RBJB unpublished data), these take the form of two semioval excavations that do not extend far posteriorly. The morphology in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5EC8EEB1FA8D64E7" box="[1245,1405,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5EC8EEB1FA8D64E7" box="[1245,1405,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore autapomorphic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45765FFFF5AD3EEC1FAE66504" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
The medial surface of the maxilla is smooth. An anteroventrally curving anteromedial process extends from this surface.
<collectingCountry id="019976745765FFFF5B79EF39FE7C657C" box="[364,396,272,298]" name="American Samoa" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">As</collectingCountry>
in most theropods it bears two distinct longitudinal grooves on its medial surface. Posteriorly it merges with the medial surface of the maxilla and does not extend further as a lingual bar.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45765FFFF5AD3EF49FDBB670C" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
Emerging or fully-erupted teeth are present in all eleven alveoli of the maxilla.
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155765FFFF5E6DEF49FAD3652C" author="Walker" box="[1144,1315,352,378]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" refString="Walker, A. D. (1964) Triassic reptiles from the Elgin area: Ornithosuchus and the origin of carnosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 244, 53 - 134." type="journal article" year="1964">Walker (1964)</bibRefCitation>
estimated that 15–18 alveoli were present when the element was complete. Among spinosauroids the maxilla of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5A82EF99FE95659F" box="[151,357,432,457]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5A82EF99FE95659F" box="[151,357,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5851EF99FD14659F" box="[580,740,432,457]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Duriavenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5851EF99FD14659F" box="[580,740,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Duriavenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in overall shape (Allain 2002). Based on comparison with
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5A82EFF1FE9565A7" box="[151,357,472,497]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5A82EFF1FE9565A7" box="[151,357,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 14–16 teeth may have been present. Fewer than 14 alveoli are present in an estimate based on the relative proportions of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5BECEC29FD51664F" box="[505,673,512,537]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5BECEC29FD51664F" box="[505,673,512,537]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Replacement teeth at varying stages of development are visible between the interdental plates medial to these teeth. The teeth are recurved and serrated, as are the majority of theropod teeth. Weak enamel wrinkles are present and have a band-like morphology, extending between the mesial and distal carinae across the labial and lingual tooth surfaces. Short interdenticular sulci (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155765FFFF5F12EC51FA6466C4" author="Smith" box="[1287,1428,632,658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" refString="Smith, J. B. (2007) Dental morphology and variation in Majungasaurus crenatissimus (Theropoda: Abelisauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoirs, 8, 103 - 126." type="journal article" year="2007">Smith 2007</bibRefCitation>
) are also present. The posterior carina continues to the base of the crown and the anterior carina extends approximately half way to the base of the crown. The interdental plates are sub-pentagonal and unfused. They extend to the ventral level of the lateral wall of the maxilla. The tallest plate is that between the second and third alveoli, and the plates diminish in height anterior and posterior to this. The medial surfaces of the plates are lightly pitted and weakly striated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45765FFFF5AD3ED41FF4D67FC" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
The anterior portion of the vomer is preserved. It is similar in morphology to that of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5EBDED41FAD767D7" box="[1192,1319,872,897]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5EBDED41FAD767D7" box="[1192,1319,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615765FFFF5F22ED41FA8C67D4" box="[1335,1404,872,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1632]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cranial bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) showing parts of NHM R 332 during (A) and prior to (O) preparation reported by Waldman (1976), and after preparation by S. Moore-Fay in 2008 (I – J), and fragmentary elements in unknown (B – E), left lateral (F), ventral (G), dorsal (H), lateral (K – L), medial (M – N) views. A, I – J, block originally containing right maxilla, posterior portion of right premaxilla and unidentified bone fragment (B – E) during preparation by Waldman (1974); F – H, posterior portion of vomer; K – N, right surangular; O, NHM R 334, cast of block containing right dentary, fragmentary right surangular, and anterior portion of right premaxilla prior to preparation. In line drawings (D – E, L, N) dark grey shading indicates broken bone. Abbreviations: cor, articular facet for the coronoid; frag, unidentified bone fragment; imp, tooth impression. Scale bars equal 50 mm (B – H, K – N) and 100 mm (A, I – J, O)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184843/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
F– H).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45765FFFF5AD0ED91FE04633C" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
Parts of both dentaries are preserved. The right dentary is missing most of the delicate portion posterior to the opening of the Meckelian fossa and retains parts of the first thirteen alveoli only. Although
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155765FFFF5F39EDC9FF146074" author="Waldman" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" refString="Waldman, M. (1974) Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology, 17, 325 - 340." type="journal article" year="1974">Waldman (1974)</bibRefCitation>
estimated a total of seventeen or eighteen alveoli in the dentary, comparison with the dentary of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5F74EA21FF15601F" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5F74EA21FF15601F" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Allosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
suggests that only one or two further alveoli were present, thereby totalling fourteen or fifteen. This lower estimate is comparable to the new lower estimate for the number of maxillary alveoli. In the right dentary, emerging teeth are present in the second, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth alveoli. Replacement teeth are visible between the interdental plates medial to the fourth, fifth, sixth and eighth alveoli. The left element is less complete and preserves parts of the second to the ninth alveoli. The bases of emerging teeth are present in the third, fourth, fifth and ninth alveoli and replacement teeth are visible adjacent to the third, fifth, seventh, and ninth alveoli. The first three alveoli are subcircular and the third is the largest of all the alveoli. Alveoli posterior to the third are subrectangular and decrease in size posteriorly. The dentary expands laterally at the level of the third alveolus to accommodate the enlarged alveolus as in
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF59C6EB59FB8461DF" box="[979,1140,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Magnosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155765FFFF5E91EB59FAEE61DC" author="Rauhut" box="[1156,1310,1392,1418]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 69, 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
) and megalosaurids other than
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5B84EBB1FCC061E4" authority="Benson et al. 2008" authorityName="Benson et al." authorityYear="2008" box="[401,816,1432,1458]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Megalosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5B84EBB1FDC961E7" box="[401,569,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Megalosaurus</emphasis>
(Benson
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF58BDEBB1FD1261E7" box="[680,738,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
2008)
</taxonomicName>
. The tooth in the second alveolus of the right dentary is the only well-preserved adult mesial dentary tooth preserved in any non-spinosaurid spinosauroid. It is longer than more distal teeth and has a circular cross-section, consistent with the circular outline of the alveolus. It is also inclined anterodorsally. The anterior carina only extends a short distance basally from the tip, whereas in more distal crowns it extends just over a third of the crown height basally. The most mesial dentary teeth have a similar morphology in coelophysoids (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155765FFFF58EEE849FBFE622C" author="Tykoski" box="[763,1038,1632,1658]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" refString="Tykoski, R. S. &amp; Rowe, T. (2004) Ceratosauria. In: Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. &amp; Osmlska, H. (Eds.), The Dinosauria, 2 nd Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 47 - 70." type="book chapter" year="2004">Tykoski &amp; Rowe 2004</bibRefCitation>
) and may also be cylindrical and slightly anterodorsally inclined in other theropods with enlarged, subcircular anterior alveoli such as other spinosauroids,
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5B3EE899FE29629F" box="[299,473,1712,1737]" class="Reptilia" family="Troodontidae" genus="Dilophosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5B3EE899FE29629F" box="[299,473,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Dilophosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UCMP 37303), and the allosauroids
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF59D4E899FB67629F" box="[961,1175,1712,1737]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Acrocanthosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF59D4E899FB67629F" box="[961,1175,1712,1737]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Acrocanthosaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(NCSM 14345) and
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF5A82E8F1FED062A7" box="[151,288,1752,1777]" class="Reptilia" family="Carcharodontosauridae" genus="Neovenator" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5A82E8F1FED062A7" box="[151,288,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Neovenator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Brusatte
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5B8CE8F1FE3C62A7" box="[409,460,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">et al</emphasis>
., in press); however, none of the specimens representing these taxa preserve mesial dentary teeth. An extreme development of this condition is seen in
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675765FFFF59A4E929FB94634F" box="[945,1124,1792,1817]" class="Reptilia" family="Noasauridae" genus="Masiakasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF59A4E929FB94634F" box="[945,1124,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Masiakasaurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which a larger number of mesial dentary teeth are longer and more strongly inclined in such a way that they can be described as procumbent (
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155765FFFF5AEBE979FE17633C" author="Carrano" box="[254,487,1872,1898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" refString="Carrano, M. T., Sampson, S. D. &amp; Forster, C. A. (2002) The osteology of Masiakasaurus knopfleri, a small abelisauroid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22, 510 - 534." type="journal article" year="2002">
Carrano
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65765FFFF5B70E979FE50633F" box="[357,416,1872,1897]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">et al.</emphasis>
2002
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45765FFFE5AD0E951FED3664C" blockId="6.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,938]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
Tall, subpentagonal interdental plates are present medial to the tooth row. The medial surfaces of these plates have a weakly pitted texture. The plates are separated from the medial wall of the dentary by the paradental groove. The groove is wide anteriorly, defining a space between the interdental plates and the medial wall of the dentary, but narrow posterior to the fourth alveolus, where the medial wall of the dentary contacts the interdental plates. The symphyseal region at the anterior end of the dentary is poorly preserved, but appears to have been much less distinct than that of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675764FFFE5927EEC1FB806554" authority="Madsen 1976" authorityName="Madsen" authorityYear="1976" box="[818,1136,232,258]" class="Reptilia" family="Allosauridae" genus="Allosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65764FFFE5927EEC1FC416557" box="[818,945,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Allosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155764FFFE59D4EEC1FB976554" author="Madsen" box="[961,1127,232,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Madsen, J. H. Jr. (1976) Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey, Bulletin, 109, 3 - 163." type="journal article" year="1976">Madsen 1976</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. A series of three anterodorsally curving ridges oriented parallel to the anteroventral surface of the dentary is present. This is similar to the arrangement in
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65764FFFE5B9EEF11FDDC6507" box="[395,556,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Magnosaurus</emphasis>
(OUMNH J.12143) and other spinosauroids. The Meckelian groove is inclined anteroventrally and is wide and shallow. The ventral margin of the groove is better defined than the dorsal margin, especially in the region anterior to the Meckelian fossa where it forms a sharp, dorsally-convex lip (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615764FFFE5AD3EF99FEF8659C" box="[198,264,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,255,1761,1785]" captionTargetBox="[195,1398,197,1729]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[195,1400,197,1730]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Tooth-bearing bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) in lateral (A, J, F – G, M, P – Q), anterior (B, K), medial (C, H, L, O, T – U), posterior (D – E), and dorsal (I, N, R – S) views. A – D, left premaxilla; E – I, right premaxilla; J – L, right maxilla with magnified (x 2) sections showing the anteroventral region of the antorbital fossa (J) and the pneumatic region on the dorsal surface of the jugal process (L); M – O, left dentary; P – U, right dentary. In line drawings (G, Q, S, U) light grey tone indicates tooth, mid grey tone indicates restored surface, and dark grey tone indicates broken bone surface. Abbreviations: 3 rd, third dentary alveolus; amp, anteromedial process; idp, interdental plate; for, foramen; mef, Meckelian fossa; meg, Meckelian groove; mfr, Meckelian foramen; mxf, maxillary fenestra (imperforate); pal, palatal process; pdg, paradental groove; pnu, pneumatic fossa; snp, subnarial process. Scale bar equals 100 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184842/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
<collectingCountry id="019976745764FFFE5B1CEF99FED3659C" box="[265,291,432,458]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">O</collectingCountry>
, T–U). Two Meckelian foramina are present close to the anterior termination of the groove. Both have anteroposteriorly oriented, suboval outlines. They are arranged so that one is anterior and slightly dorsal to the other.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45764FFFE5AD0EC01FF13675C" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
The lateral surface of the dentary is smooth. Approximately fourteen randomly-arranged neurovascular foramina are located anteriorly in the right dentary. More posteriorly, a longitudinal row of anteroposteriorlyoriented, slit-like foramina are situated in a groove just dorsal to mid-height. They are positioned ventrally in the groove and open dorsolaterally such that they are not visible in lateral view. The groove is deep, but not so sharply-incised as that of
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675764FFFE5BCBECE1FC9266B4" authority="Allain 2002" authorityName="Allain" authorityYear="2002" box="[478,866,712,738]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Dubreuillosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65764FFFE5BCBECE1FD5C66B7" box="[478,684,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Dubreuillosaurus</emphasis>
(Allain 2002)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="BE8E4D675764FFFE5961ECE1FBAA66B7" box="[884,1114,712,737]" class="Reptilia" family="Megalosauridae" genus="Eustreptospondylus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65764FFFE5961ECE1FBAA66B7" box="[884,1114,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Eustreptospondylus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<emphasis id="4BFAEAF65764FFFE5E9BECE1FADF66B7" box="[1166,1327,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Magnosaurus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155764FFFE5F50ECE1FF27675C" author="Rauhut" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M. (2003) The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 69, 1 - 213." type="journal article" year="2003">Rauhut 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="793136E45764FFFE5AD0ED31FE2A67FC" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,938]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
The anterior portion of the right surangular is a plate-like bone fragment with a convex anteroventral margin. It bears a slot-like longitudinal groove dorsally on the medial surface for the coronoid (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615764FFFE5ED5ED69FAF5670C" box="[1216,1285,832,858]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1632]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cranial bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) showing parts of NHM R 332 during (A) and prior to (O) preparation reported by Waldman (1976), and after preparation by S. Moore-Fay in 2008 (I – J), and fragmentary elements in unknown (B – E), left lateral (F), ventral (G), dorsal (H), lateral (K – L), medial (M – N) views. A, I – J, block originally containing right maxilla, posterior portion of right premaxilla and unidentified bone fragment (B – E) during preparation by Waldman (1974); F – H, posterior portion of vomer; K – N, right surangular; O, NHM R 334, cast of block containing right dentary, fragmentary right surangular, and anterior portion of right premaxilla prior to preparation. In line drawings (D – E, L, N) dark grey shading indicates broken bone. Abbreviations: cor, articular facet for the coronoid; frag, unidentified bone fragment; imp, tooth impression. Scale bars equal 50 mm (B – H, K – N) and 100 mm (A, I – J, O)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184843/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
Fig.
<date id="0D3010245764FFFE5EE3ED69FAF5670C" box="[1270,1285,832,858]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">2</date>
</figureCitation>
I–J). A small bone fragment was recovered by
<bibRefCitation id="1D1F4B155764FFFE5835ED41FD1667D4" author="Waldman" box="[544,742,872,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64" refString="Waldman, M. (1974) Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset. Palaeontology, 17, 325 - 340." type="journal article" year="1974">Waldman (1974)</bibRefCitation>
from matrix within the antorbital fossa (
<figureCitation id="E1B52A615764FFFE5EDDED41FAFD67D4" box="[1224,1293,872,898]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1656,1680]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,194,1629]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,194,1632]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Cranial bones of Duriavenator hesperis (NHM R 332) showing parts of NHM R 332 during (A) and prior to (O) preparation reported by Waldman (1976), and after preparation by S. Moore-Fay in 2008 (I – J), and fragmentary elements in unknown (B – E), left lateral (F), ventral (G), dorsal (H), lateral (K – L), medial (M – N) views. A, I – J, block originally containing right maxilla, posterior portion of right premaxilla and unidentified bone fragment (B – E) during preparation by Waldman (1974); F – H, posterior portion of vomer; K – N, right surangular; O, NHM R 334, cast of block containing right dentary, fragmentary right surangular, and anterior portion of right premaxilla prior to preparation. In line drawings (D – E, L, N) dark grey shading indicates broken bone. Abbreviations: cor, articular facet for the coronoid; frag, unidentified bone fragment; imp, tooth impression. Scale bars equal 50 mm (B – H, K – N) and 100 mm (A, I – J, O)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/184843/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
A–E, I), but this has not been identified.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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