289 lines
32 KiB
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289 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="2697" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239" ID-GBIF-Dataset="94a6aebd-0719-4984-85ed-e344f6575ad7" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2625-8498-71-577" ID-Pensoft-UUID="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" ID-ZooBank="58FD15FCCC21446A98EB060F3996B29B" ModsDocID="2625-8498-71-577" checkinTime="1641857298323" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mallik, Ashok Kumar, Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam, Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan, Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy, Campbell, Patrick D., Malhotra, Anita & Shanker, Kartik" docDate="2021" docId="EF98683B480253E28C0E4130018B2668" docLanguage="en" docName="VertZool 71: 577-619" docOrigin="Vertebrate Zoology 71" docPubDate="2021-10-06" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.71.e66239" docTitle="Craspedocephalus travancoricus Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" lastPageNumber="577" masterDocId="797724D32BE75E1E98139FD917A5FB86" masterDocTitle="Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity" masterLastPageNumber="619" masterPageNumber="577" pageNumber="577" updateTime="1732749902597" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="73F286F4D7745863F54C8B5460782FF5">Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics - A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1CB5BC0C6059AC4135113B3E0A31EA5B">Mallik, Ashok Kumar</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C0D8D66E0A0720047E02C987E2E0F624">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="48977AB1EE20878E9908CE0BCCBEA5FC" type="email">ashokgene@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A7532E3740D035FAD394413D4FF70D71">Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E19B5A8C29AFBDAC6C6B004B133014CC">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="99F87965BAED72BD7D529F60D525CA24">Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="278F17DF1368FC6087995B9870BE9753">Chennai Snake Park, Raj Bhavan post, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600022, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="F1A119DD715209EB0CC84F644B903427">Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="06EBF85EED2386F933A7BF35FB1C014E">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="4C1D845DBA26076D272FEA50790B9F38">Campbell, Patrick D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="9049E4A6B699FC3BCCBAE14DEA3B9DE9">Darwin Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Rd, South Kensington, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="9CB767168DC7816BD6DB8D4A5F4AC1D2">Malhotra, Anita</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A255929D3D86DC442C8C5D92313F4F4E">Shanker, Kartik</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="465ECA2AA843F981BF367C9A697F4B38">Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="26A574D07E3731A859D606A29BCE0D37">Vertebrate Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="24EE9A932FB8461123113F36D6C228DB">2021</mods:date>
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<treatment id="EF98683B480253E28C0E4130018B2668" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191979744" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:65D10C52-E0F5-4E50-B635-5BF7977EF576" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF98683B480253E28C0E4130018B2668" lastPageNumber="577" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" scope_family="Viperidae" scope_subFamily="Crotalinae">
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<paragraph id="32FE377D3FFA50D65C17688E868AC23E" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<taxonomicName id="ABE19D3CBB133FE26B4BABA20A9BDDC1" ID-CoL="8SK9H" LSID="http://zoobank.org/65D10C52-E0F5-4E50-B635-5BF7977EF576" authority="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker, 2021" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus travancoricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="travancoricus" status="sp. nov.">Craspedocephalus travancoricus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="860FFF6A6B413677CEB790BF651E43B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="5CC090639641120D6C2D9BE1270011F3" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
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<paragraph id="6D1D88D7886B4580F1903C94030C7FEC" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<figureCitation id="38FFECCE35BD6BDCF30A363EE3401339" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="F16" captionText="Figure 16. Craspedocephalus travancoricus sp. nov. in life, showing: (A) brown morph entire front view, (B) green / brown morph entire dorsal view, (C) orange morph front view, (D) green morph lateral view, (E) green morph dorsal view, (F) brown morph lateral view, (G) grey / black morph dorsolateral view; from Ponmudi hills, Kerala." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596191" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figures 16</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="8A4593B6AD8E478BCD2DBE1A50A72019" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 17. Craspedocephalus travancoricus sp. nov. holotype (BNHS 3594), in preservation, showing: (A) head lateral left view, (B) head lateral right view, (C) head dorsal view, (D) head ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596193" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 17</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="69F6DA2C6C2CAABE7D9F68BE8CEC25B0" captionStart="Figure 18" captionStartId="F18" captionText="Figure 18. Craspedocephalus travancoricus sp. nov. holotype (BNHS 3594), in preservation, showing: (A) entire dorsal view, (B) entire ventral view." figureDoi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596194" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">, 18</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F8D7D846A2D4E7C275134503E3F2DE52" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="43C64E253DEAE48AE93CE5C0ACA3207F" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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||
<taxonomicName id="A3C465419997910C99BA5A731F0ED65F" authority="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker, 2021" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus anamallensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anamallensis" status="sp. nov.">Trimeresurus anamallensis</taxonomicName>
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(not of
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||
<normalizedToken id="611C15D155F91DCDCF238CA38DD67034" originalValue="Günther">Guenther</normalizedToken>
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||
, 1864) - Ferguson, 1895
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A771327902CCE94FB32C31B841B0E490" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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||
<taxonomicName id="64AE00F06D459161C8813AC7A84BE93E" authority="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker, 2021" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Trimeresurus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimeresurus malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="malabaricus" status="sp. nov.">Trimeresurus malabaricus</taxonomicName>
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(not of Jerdon, 1854) -
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||
<bibRefCitation id="E1E006F22AACA34138284751A5A19CF5" author="Inger, RF" journalOrPublisher="The journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="551 - 570" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/157420/summary" refId="B25" refString="Inger, RF, Shaffer, HB, Koshy, M, Bakde, R, 1984. A report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the Ponmudi, Kerala, South India. The journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 81 (3): 551 - 570, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/157420/summary" title="A report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the Ponmudi, Kerala, South India." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/157420/summary" volume="81" year="1984">Inger et al., 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="AA2836DA898AB6D02E582EF0AA2D7C9F" author="Ishwar, NM" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="413 - 418" publicationUrl="https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_03_0413_0418_0.pdf" refId="B27" refString="Ishwar, NM, Chellam, R, Kumar, A, 2001. Distribution of forest floor reptiles in the rainforests of Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, South India. Current Science 80 (3): 413 - 418, https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_03_0413_0418_0.pdf" title="Distribution of forest floor reptiles in the rainforests of Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, South India." url="https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_03_0413_0418_0.pdf" volume="80" year="2001">Ishwar et al., 2001</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="1C1D209C8976B6FC305DCC01C805DE5E" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="880F9DB4294EEF58307CAE85BE81B431" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Materials examined</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="721C8BF3E4BE2B8236AEE53D9FB7EA39" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
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<emphasis id="8C0E194ADB0D1898AEFCAE4D77C422A6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<typeStatus id="2536352AC6C83670513DE5E675758BAB">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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||
: BNHS 3595 (CESS074) from Bonnakard, Peppara, Kerala by Saunak Pal and S. P. Vijayakumar in 2010; BNHS 2607 from Thiruvananthapuram, collector and year unknown. -
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||
<emphasis id="92D19BFD093C14D00FC9CDCC638D5965" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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<typeStatus id="DBA4416027EF55F25A4E22032ECBF7FD">Paratype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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: BNHS 3594 (CESS257) from Devarmalai, Tamil Nadu by Saunak Pal and Mrugank Prabhu in 2011.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C1028AFCCD209B9FD83A5841CC40B560" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="type locality">
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||
<paragraph id="6F5F205C403CFD57021AD91429F81120" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Type Locality.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B35AE3E3A8C594745F9DF65C5595120" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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Peppara (
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<geoCoordinate id="B80666F10A2F0E9F21F2FE5315AA9CC9" degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="39.7167" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.661945">8°39.7167'N</geoCoordinate>
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||
;
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<geoCoordinate id="BBB3E0CEF8444108A07D458B0413C6C0" degrees="77" direction="east" minutes="10.7167" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="77.17861">77°10.7167'E</geoCoordinate>
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), Kerala, a part of the Agasthyamalai Hill complex of the Southern Western Ghats.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="20C554DB60ED4932F1FBBCA3F9315683" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="6D20D5CB187FD93A5D51D5B6C4E4BCD4" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="ACBC89ED02311A0DCC94188AF96677F8" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
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Toponym, named after its distribution in the far south of the Western Ghats, in the southern parts of the
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<normalizedToken id="2FFB0083D1B71C29A2E9E5D360F5B1A2" originalValue="‘Travancore’">'Travancore'</normalizedToken>
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hill ranges.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="27CA8EEB20CC243137A8A911A61CF32C" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="remarks">
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||
<paragraph id="B1E58C650F29AC1D5A2B62EE23D84A4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2C1BCDE1161698E8F26522AF3032C218" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
As previously elaborated and clarified (see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DD0BB148F540A87EAF6E91BC59FF3A80" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="824ED24857EE7F09FCB75976829438A6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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account), historical collections and typifications (both prevailing and previously synonymized treatments) did not involve the population circumscribed here as a distinct lineage. Therefore, this innominate population, previously cited (see
|
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<bibRefCitation id="1F762B79ACD7449F30D93DF4B2B13EA2" author="Inger, RF" journalOrPublisher="The journal of the Bombay Natural History Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="551 - 570" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/157420/summary" refId="B25" refString="Inger, RF, Shaffer, HB, Koshy, M, Bakde, R, 1984. A report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the Ponmudi, Kerala, South India. The journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 81 (3): 551 - 570, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/157420/summary" title="A report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles from the Ponmudi, Kerala, South India." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/157420/summary" volume="81" year="1984">Inger et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="29C83EE2CF45AE13065064FDDD82EE7F" author="Ishwar, NM" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" pagination="413 - 418" publicationUrl="https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_03_0413_0418_0.pdf" refId="B27" refString="Ishwar, NM, Chellam, R, Kumar, A, 2001. Distribution of forest floor reptiles in the rainforests of Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, South India. Current Science 80 (3): 413 - 418, https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_03_0413_0418_0.pdf" title="Distribution of forest floor reptiles in the rainforests of Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, South India." url="https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_080_03_0413_0418_0.pdf" volume="80" year="2001">Ishwar et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) under the chresonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="944D8B0FBF4638660F6EBE7CCA3F968D" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="562168093EB8316B7AC44B77EAFA55D5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="8269E9950180059707852BD030932005" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">s. lat.</emphasis>
|
||
is here named anew.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="10B328BDEE09ECB03A7B8C31B905CA09" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="lineage diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="C2A10245FF3B536DDC396BDE83917413" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Lineage diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EC1BD7E25F8063A57B68E0FADB7D225E" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
A cryptic lineage belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F1C973C1DDAB6CDE1FEEF5C62CB3AD0F" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="50F830B5D45481529F3A738C3010F6A4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex, this lineage (L4) is genetically divergent from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="413F4F9C2860711667C61BDCC2F47751" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8C2960D326504E45754BF552F1E8D81C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L5) by 9% & 2.2% and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2D47DC5EF532883350319D0CF6083247" lsidName="C. anamallensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="anamallensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="6CE14F3F86AA78AC482D450C71004B3A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. anamallensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L3) by 7.1 & 1.5% at cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="D752E12E7787122C60CAB40F81201D1D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">b</emphasis>
|
||
and 16S respectively. This lineage is also allopatric with its related taxa
|
||
<taxonomicName id="87A5FD035238A4FA8DC21C3ACB6A1E9E" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="549FD2E58C1B82D070353449987A8362" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring north of the Palghat Gap and is immediately allopatric with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="451BACFAC449CB5AF55B1F27AE7F2E80" lsidName="C. anamallensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="anamallensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DF9A2A1FFF1DCF601757303FB5DC773C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. anamallensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distributed just north of its distribution range, north of the Shencottah Gap.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="E62E854E685D473ECA4A43B95882CDCB" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="25CC866F530A8778604B4BD1CF9E46EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="2A1E6E0F7FAFCA16133B3CF22111B308" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Holotype in good condition, dissected, with a slender, cylindrical body of snout to vent length (SVL) 345 mm and a prehensile tail of length (TL) 61 mm; dorsal scales keeled with anterior dorsal scale rows (DSR) 21, mid body scale rows (MSR) 23 and posterior scale rows (PSR) 14-15; head prominent, of length 20.28 mm, clearly distinguished from the neck with small, juxtaposed dorsal scales on the head; rostral scale sub triangular with the upper side roughly half the size of the lower side with the tip visible from above supraoculars of length 3.64 mm and width 1.0 mm, separated by seven scales, between the posterior edge of the supraocular scales; canthus rostralis distinct with four canthal scales on the ridge; three preoculars, two postoculars and a thin elongated crescent shaped subocular, in contact with a small scale, encompassed by the third and fourth supralabial scale; eye with a distinct elliptical pupil, vertical diameter of the eye 2.6 mm and horizontal diameter 3.4 mm.; temporal scales mildly keeled; aperture of the nostril completely covered by the nasal scale, undivided and subrectangular; nasal scale bordering the first supralabial; loreal pit present in contact with the second supralabial with two scales between the nasal and the second supralabial: nine supralabials and 11 infralabials, with nine scales between the last supralabial, including the last supralabial till the start of the ventral scales; 1st, 2nd and 3rd infralabial scale in contact with the first pair of genials; a gap of three scales including the posterior genials followed by 147 ventrals, laterally separated from the dorsal scale rows by a slightly broader row of dorsal scales; anal scale undivided, followed by 55 to 56 divided subcaudals scales; terminal scale on the tail larger than the previous scale, blunt at the tip.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2D6080D51696B1EEE2A7EE0C87041E5C" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="variation">
|
||
<paragraph id="A2F8EB493D3EECBC5C942F00B4364791" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="ACF2DD7E1F8EA487DB25DDF533E7BE6A" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">The paratypes have SVL upto 282 mm and TL 65 mm, and differ from the holotype with respect to pholidosis by having 20 to 21 DSR, 21 MSR, 14 to 15 PSR, 157 ventrals and 55 subcaudals; three to four canthal scales on the canthus rostralis, and seven to nine cephalic scales from above; 10 to 12 infralabials on both sides.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="729B5611592CC039682D0C0B8A993603" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in life">
|
||
<paragraph id="32BDA534C5871EFDFFE7C456ADC21D28" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in life.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F34A46BD36781A39273AC23F35FA73D3" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Head dorsum almost covered with dark brown to purplish brown colour with scales bordered with light yellowish green; postocular and preocular stripe almost indistinguishable from the head dorsum colour, separated with a faded yellowish green stripe; dark brown postocular stripe about 3 scales wide, a preocular/ temporal stripe that continues to the loreal pit and ends at the supralabials below; black border markings on the labials below the suboculars and anterior supralabials; body in light faded green and brown marbled scales with 28 brown saddle shaped markings, the markings centered with faded brown marbled markings; the row dorsal of scales that meet the ventrals alternate between the dorsal marked with faded yellow and dark brown with a gap of two to three scales in between them; ventrals plain light creamish yellow; subcaudals in black with yellow blotches; tail with 13 yellowish green bands on dark brown to black; eyes silverish with a tinge of yellow, rufous red blotches throughout the eye, concentrated towards the middle, perpendicular to the pupil, almost forming a cross.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5F83D091F28F82312D3026B4E46200F0" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="colour in preservative">
|
||
<paragraph id="BCDE58DF2565F9ABFA9105BBB12E7FD8" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Colour in preservative.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="DE3CE5EA9D990D1905C678589E99194D" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Similar to colouration in life with brighter colours faded dull and yellows throughout the body bleached to a creamish white colour; pupils bluish white, dilated.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A4332F704D36A231DC6CB8E5F8BD7FC6" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph id="E87C37E702C564EBB74EB2327FFC535C" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A9C80A13BA39A74DB89B5425390B05B9" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
Similar to other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0C8D7C844D2E6051782CEE031F1786C2" lsidName="C. malabaricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="malabaricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EC8C35BDB676C18BC799F2A542BA52B9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. malabaricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, an arboreal species, commonly found on bushes and in the undergrowth in forests and near streams in moist evergreen forests to deciduous and lowland riparian forests, from 100-1800 m asl.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5B34A569AAB1D6BF4B14FA26358D1D4C" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="73FF1FB67BBBBB85CDFA69B49201E375" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="BC8FE16E74CF1C3DDBD099D8709CF396" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
Recorded mostly from Agasthyamalai with a single isolated record from Devarmalai hills, across the Shencottah gap. This species may occur sympatrically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0D5B099D129A671AAFADF83DD332A6C5" lsidName="C. peltopelor" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" rank="species" species="peltopelor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B70B812A4014E1B585C1F1AB7AC26521" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C. peltopelor</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="26B0C1974196C003C81505A5C2F7B9E1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
in the highest elevations of Agasthyamalai.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="182DD70B57D14095C82975A81CB63397" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure16" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596191" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 16" startId="F16">
|
||
<paragraph id="9D94CA05741D08CA130B75E50BF99DBE" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="AFC584A1BFC5E91769A06F5A9932D9FA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 16.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAA5943279B1A96F26BD1D87CDA3993" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus travancoricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="travancoricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="79AEA0046ED99DB1CBD396DC3A9E0783" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus travancoricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="44ABF2EBC91753D063FA1C57E032A73B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
in life, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis id="7D62D5F7B1C3E1B4890EAFAF4CF4235C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) brown morph entire front view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="5CEF7A6F8610E796E6FA05AB8AF584BF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) green/brown morph entire dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="43C431A76C3D7331DDF18DE8B1F65452" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
|
||
) orange morph front view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="EDAEF56D6703FE6377667BBCDCB41355" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
|
||
) green morph lateral view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="6D5054C2126DF898ABA2A0005001BFDC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">E</emphasis>
|
||
) green morph dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="F2437BDD568094FCBC1DFA881FA238AA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">F</emphasis>
|
||
) brown morph lateral view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="52FC5CCA98D099A4E253DAA0119CAB93" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">G</emphasis>
|
||
) grey/black morph dorsolateral view; from Ponmudi hills, Kerala.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="5A98534088748EC8A0AC8187EDD35A74" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596193" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 17" startId="F17">
|
||
<paragraph id="AAA6A4133F659BF31DF630341DE8ADE4" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="6615912DD3DEC75630C0D39B2B7CD55E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 17.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8CF5A29048B2DE1C9AB68A4D958EC877" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus travancoricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="travancoricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="6E757E787C80A5A4DF6CB5AA472FE189" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus travancoricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B97C3E2532D47A299CBA58C39899FB33" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (BNHS 3594), in preservation, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis id="19FA2A826DA7AB25B30C88DB9D986CCA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) head lateral left view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="0668A3E5B529166352E06F9D4D686126" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) head lateral right view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="804F9D218AB6497A3B60068AF0F1E400" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">C</emphasis>
|
||
) head dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="534BE728E7D7A92A4B7A3002A86E8FEF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">D</emphasis>
|
||
) head ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="0E35475D6D43FC8F47FF4880AC91B596" doi="10.3897/vz.71.e66239.figure18" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/596194" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" start="Figure 18" startId="F18">
|
||
<paragraph id="F09C8336D6E4D08FE2DFCAD8016A6677" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">
|
||
<emphasis id="0726608E23159B2BE378BF14F2E08DCF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Figure 18.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBD18267098566A8EDC21A4A2C120DAA" authorityName="Mallik & Srikanthan & Ganesh & Vijayakumar & Campbell & Malhotra & Shanker" authorityYear="2021" class="Squamata" family="Viperidae" genus="Craspedocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Craspedocephalus travancoricus" pageId="0" pageNumber="577" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="travancoricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="2A52DB42656F7EED0493B2783EE6F7E5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">Craspedocephalus travancoricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="3C806E1D55BE1E5C837E33CF17D59B7A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
holotype (BNHS 3594), in preservation, showing: (
|
||
<emphasis id="B22B96045ABA651C4D211024FB7E52CF" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">A</emphasis>
|
||
) entire dorsal view, (
|
||
<emphasis id="1017E72248DC106A91BF6D1A4CE95501" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="577">B</emphasis>
|
||
) entire ventral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |