1441 lines
271 KiB
XML
1441 lines
271 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="FFE49C4F79A84B51F65DC08DD0AD0620">Fossils of the oldest diplodocoid dinosaur suggest India was a major centre for neosauropod radiation</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B6ADCA7F326D006FC6B8DC3ECC566383">Bajpai, Sunil</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="72B5C56494A0F13FFD07C065B883A4ED">Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="89A03968C879F8B344A1E718575AA293" type="email">sunil.bajpai@es.iitr.ac.in</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="852E558D010149E160ED3B1E17B96CE4">Datta, Debajit</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EAA12D58361493D7295F608DBD9118E4">Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="28AAF5923A7E4A8FA7199A2604DD06A7" type="email">debajitdatta.pd@es.iitr.ac.in & debajitdatta9@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="B011546C7BE2AFE61A78266E19D6E484">Pandey, Pragya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E8706F6DEF0FB537337948B6E880057E">Geological Survey of India, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="92F7C2601F32E083DBF6520F41B4ECF4">Ghosh, Triparna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="48D89D2BD8B50C553EF0474696AECBD5">Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India & Geological Survey of India, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EE7AD732A15FA0056710B64A525F6265">Kumar, Krishna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="94E9A7A00D35BF8D1D92A2E1641FC7C0">Geological Survey of India, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B261476B4E304CF12640A4D6CC439666">Bhattacharya, Debasish</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B021B3971F8CE86B1CD6CBC2918F606F">Central Head Quarters, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="B80723202348B4EB38D1A6562BD2AA1A">Scientific Reports</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="91D1B8317D4F8FB9D48636ACBAAD77C3">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="9D4DF092CE8EC09781A5D1FEA752ED9C">2023-08-04</mods:number>
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<treatment id="EF6AE41DFFA5FFDEFE54F8F96D379520" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268244" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8268244" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EF6AE41DFFA5FFDEFE54F8F96D379520" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF6AE41DFFA5FFDEFE54F8F96D379520" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA5FFD9FE54F8F96DA4941D" authority="Bajpai & Datta & Pandey & Ghosh & Kumar & Bhattacharya, 2023" authorityName="Bajpai & Datta & Pandey & Ghosh & Kumar & Bhattacharya" authorityYear="2023" box="[448,640,1792,1813]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Tharosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="indicus" status="gen. et sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="55B78919FFA5FFD9FE54F8F96DA4941D" box="[448,640,1792,1813]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tharosaurus indicus</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="4E843462FFA5FFD9FD11F8F86C36941E" box="[645,786,1793,1814]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species">gen. et sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="677C550BFFA5FFD9FE34F8B56B8694BB" blockId="0.[416,1479,1868,1971]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<docAuthorAffiliation id="7FDC9A68FFA5FFD9FE33F8B66A72946B" box="[423,1366,1871,1891]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.</docAuthorAffiliation>
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<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA5FFD9FACFF8B56A479451" author="Bandyopadhayay, S. & Gillette, D. D. & Ray, S. & Sengupta, D. P." box="[1371,1379,1868,1881]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="533 - 569" part="53" refId="ref8467" refString="2. Bandyopadhayay, S., Gillette, D. D., Ray, S. & Sengupta, D. P. Osteology of Barapasaurus tagorei (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of India. Palaeontology 53, 533 - 569 (2010)." title="Osteology of Barapasaurus tagorei (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Jurassic of India" type="journal article" year="2010">
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<superScript id="90B6F843FFA5FFD9FACFF8B56A479451" attach="right" box="[1371,1379,1868,1881]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</superScript>
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<docAuthorAffiliation id="7FDC9A68FFA5FFD9FAF6F8B66C809475" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Geological Survey of India, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India.</docAuthorAffiliation>
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<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA5FFD9FC39F89F6C91947B" author="Upchurch, P. & Barrett, P. M. & Dodson, P." box="[941,949,1894,1907]" editor="Weishampel, D. B. & Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H." journalOrPublisher="University of California Press" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="ref8518" refString="3. Upchurch, P., Barrett, P. M. & Dodson, P. Sauropoda. In hve Dinosauria, 2 nd ed. (eds Weishampel, D. B., Dodson, P. & Osmolska, H.) (University of California Press, 2004)." title="Sauropoda" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="hve Dinosauria, 2 nd ed." year="2004">
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<docAuthorAffiliation id="7FDC9A68FFA5FFD9FC21F8906EF19490" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Geological Survey of India, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302004, India.</docAuthorAffiliation>
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<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA5FFD9FE75F8786ECD9486" author="Janensch, W." box="[481,489,1921,1934]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontogr. Suppl." pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="37 - 133" part="7" refId="ref8574" refString="4. Janensch, W. Die wirbelsaule der gatttung dicraeosaurus. Palaeontogr. Suppl. 7, 37 - 133 (1929)." title="Die wirbelsaule der gatttung dicraeosaurus" type="journal article" year="1929">
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<superScript id="90B6F843FFA5FFD9FE75F8786ECD9486" attach="right" box="[481,489,1921,1934]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</superScript>
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</bibRefCitation>
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<docAuthorAffiliation id="7FDC9A68FFA5FFD9FE7DF87D6A509490" box="[489,1396,1924,1944]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Central Head Quarters, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India.</docAuthorAffiliation>
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<emphasis id="55B78919FFA5FFD9FAEFF8786AA89486" bold="true" box="[1403,1420,1921,1934]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<superScript id="90B6F843FFA5FFD9FAEFF8786AA89486" attach="right" box="[1403,1420,1921,1934]" fontSize="6" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">*</superScript>
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</emphasis>
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email:
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<docAuthorEmail id="38CC341CFFA5FFD9FE34F8666DA394BB" box="[416,647,1951,1971]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sunil.bajpai@es.iitr.ac.in</docAuthorEmail>
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;
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<docAuthorEmail id="38CC341CFFA5FFD9FD05F8666C8694BB" box="[657,930,1951,1971]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">debajitdatta.pd@es.iitr.ac.in</docAuthorEmail>
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;
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<docAuthorEmail id="38CC341CFFA5FFD9FC3DF8666B8694BB" box="[937,1186,1951,1971]" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">debajitdatta9@gmail.com</docAuthorEmail>
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</paragraph>
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</footnote>
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<caption id="33BC0583FFA4FFD8FE34FC406ED99717" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268350" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8268350" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268350/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" startId="1.[416,481,953,975]" targetBox="[199,1477,136,922]" targetPageId="1" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="677C550BFFA4FFD8FE34FC406ED99717" blockId="1.[416,1465,953,1055]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FE34FC406EDC90C6" bold="true" box="[416,504,953,975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figure 1.</emphasis>
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Geological map of Jaisalmer Basin showing (
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<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FC38FC436C9390C7" bold="true" box="[940,951,954,975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">a</emphasis>
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) the fossil locality; (
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<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FBE2FC436BA790C7" bold="true" box="[1142,1155,954,975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">b</emphasis>
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) stratigraphic column showing the position of the dinosaur fossil yielding horizon; (
|
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<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FC04FC2D6CBE90E1" bold="true" box="[912,922,980,1001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">c</emphasis>
|
||
) photograph of the fossil site. The map and stratigraphic column were drawn by K.K. using CorelDRAW 2019 (Version number: 21.0.0.593, URL link: http://www.corel. com/en/).
|
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="2FD90680FFA4FFD8FE34FBB76C199791" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="677C550BFFA4FFD8FE34FBB76C199791" blockId="1.[416,1478,1102,1177]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FE34FBB76D2D976B" box="[416,521,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
Generic name is a combination of
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FCFFFBB76C87976B" box="[875,931,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Tharo</emphasis>
|
||
, referring to the ‘Thar desert’ of western India where the type specimen was found, and
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FD5AFB936C289777" box="[718,780,1130,1151]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">saurus</emphasis>
|
||
, which is derived from the Greek word ‘sauros’ meaning lizard; specific name is for the country of origin i.e., India.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
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<subSubSection id="2FD90680FFA4FFD8FE34FB476A0B9602" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="677C550BFFA4FFD8FE34FB476A0B9602" blockId="1.[416,1478,1214,1290]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
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<materialsCitation id="D7AB5F56FFA4FFD8FE34FB476A0B9602" country="India" county="Jaisalmer" location="Jaisalmer" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" specimenCode="RWR-241(A-K)" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rajasthan" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FE34FB476EDF97DB" box="[416,507,1214,1235]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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<typeStatus id="B878EBA9FFA4FFD8FE34FB476ED397DB" box="[416,503,1214,1235]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="3765FD70FFA4FFD8FD86FB476D8A97DC" box="[530,686,1214,1236]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">RWR-241(A–K)</specimenCode>
|
||
; partial middle/posterior cervical vertebra; middle/posterior cervical anterior condyle and right prezygapophyses; partial anterior dorsal neural arch; middle/posterior neural spines; anterior dorsal rib; partial anterior and middle caudal vertebrae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA4FFD8FC2DFB0A6CDD9601" box="[953,1017,1267,1289]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
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,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA4FFD8FB97FB0D6B2B9601" box="[1027,1039,1268,1289]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA4FFD8FB8EFB0D6B029601" box="[1050,1062,1268,1289]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA4FFD8FBA4FB0A6B189601" box="[1072,1084,1267,1289]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">5</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary Table 1).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2FD90680FFA4FFD8FE34FAD66C779657" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA4FFD8FE34FAD66C779657" blockId="1.[416,1478,1326,1375]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FE34FAD66D41964B" box="[416,613,1326,1348]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Horizon and locality.</emphasis>
|
||
Fort Member of the Jaisalmer Formation (early–middle Bathonian), Jethwai village, District Jaisalmer, Rajasthan state, western India.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2FD90680FFA4FFD8FE34FA7D6A6194A6" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA4FFD8FE34FA7D6DA39457" blockId="1.[416,1478,1411,1967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FE34FA7D6DAA9690" box="[416,654,1411,1433]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis. Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
exhibits a unique combination of the following characters: middle/posterior cervical centroprezygapophyseal lamina divided into lateral and medial branches, the latter connecting with the intraprezygapophyseal lamina (shared with all dicraeosaurids); middle/posterior cervical centropostzygapophyseal fossa elliptical and bordered laterally by pillar-like centropostzygapophyseal lamina (shared with the dicraeosaurids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FE62FA176D40950B" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[502,612,1518,1539]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FE62FA176D40950B" box="[502,612,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FDFBFA176C3A950B" authorityName="Rauhut, Remes, Fechner, Cladera & Puerta" authorityYear="2005" box="[623,798,1518,1539]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Brachytrachelopan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FDFBFA176C3A950B" box="[623,798,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Brachytrachelopan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FCC6FA176C9D950B" box="[850,953,1518,1539]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FCC6FA176C9D950B" box="[850,953,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); deep bifurcation of cervical neural arch extending up to the dorsal margin of the neural canal (shared with the dicraeosaurids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FBC1F9F06BFB9516" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[1109,1247,1545,1566]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FBC1F9F06BFB9516" box="[1109,1247,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FA9AF9F06A519516" box="[1294,1397,1545,1566]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FA9AF9F06A519516" box="[1294,1397,1545,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); paired fossae on the ventral surface of the middle/posterior cervical centrum separated by a mid-line keel (shared with all dicraeosaurids, barring
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FD4DF9C76C41955B" authorityName="Whitlock & Wilson Mantilla" authorityYear="2020" box="[729,869,1598,1619]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Smitanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FD4DF9C76C41955B" box="[729,869,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Smitanosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FCE6F9C76CFA955B" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2012" box="[882,990,1598,1619]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Kaatedocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FCE6F9C76CFA955B" box="[882,990,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Kaatedocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FB85F9C76B52955B" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[1041,1142,1598,1619]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FB85F9C76B52955B" box="[1041,1142,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the diplodocids—
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FACFF9C66AE2955C" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[1371,1478,1599,1620]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Barosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FACFF9C66AE2955C" box="[1371,1478,1599,1620]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Barosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FE5FF9A06D789566" authorityName="Bonaparte & Mateus" authorityYear="1999" box="[459,604,1625,1646]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dinheirosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FE5FF9A06D789566" box="[459,604,1625,1646]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Dinheirosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); paired ventral fossae extending up to the posterior margin of centrum; anterior condyle of middle/posterior cervical more rugose compared to the rest of the centrum (shared with the dicraeosaurid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FE34F9776D2895AB" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2012" box="[416,524,1678,1699]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Kaatedocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA4FFD8FE34F9776D2895AB" box="[416,524,1678,1699]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Kaatedocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); bifid middle/posterior cervical neural spine (shared with Flagellicaudata); divided lateral fossa/ pleuroceol on cervical centra (shared with Flagellicaudata); lateral fossa divided into deep posterior and shallow anterior half by weak ridge on the ventral surface of the fossa; prominent lateroventral flanges on middle/posterior cervical centrum (shared with Flagellicaudata); middle/posterior cervical vertebrae with pre-epipophysis (shared with Flagellicaudata); cordiform cross-section of anterior caudal centra (shared with Flagellicaudata); middle/posterior dorsal transverse process laterally directed (shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA4FFD8FBF1F8EA6BCF9421" box="[1125,1259,1811,1833]" family="Diplodocidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Diplodocidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
); middle caudal centra articular surface with flat ventral margin (shared with Diplodocoidea); ventral surface of mid-caudal centrum with deep median fossa.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA4FFD8FE54F89A6A6194A6" blockId="1.[416,1478,1411,1967]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Autapomorphies: triangular ventrolateral projections lying below posterior cotyle of middle/posterior cervical centrum visible in posterior view; ventral mid-line keel on middle/posterior cervical centrum bifurcating posteriorly but not meeting the lateroventral flanges; lateral pleuroceol on anterior caudal centra.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="33BC0583FFA7FFDBFE34F96D6CFE9492" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" startId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" targetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA7FFDBFE34F96D6CFE9492" blockId="2.[416,1478,1684,1947]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFE34F96D6EDC95A2" bold="true" box="[416,504,1684,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFCB2F96C6CC595A2" box="[806,993,1685,1706]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Tharosaurus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA7FFDBFC0BF96C6CC595A2" authorityName="Bajpai & Datta & Pandey & Ghosh & Kumar & Bhattacharya" authorityYear="2023" box="[927,993,1685,1706]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Tharosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species" species="indicus">indicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFC61F96C6B2495A2" bold="true" box="[1013,1024,1685,1706]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">a</emphasis>
|
||
) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFE3CF9496EE995CD" bold="true" box="[424,461,1712,1733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b–k</emphasis>
|
||
) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFBD4F9496B6995CD" bold="true" box="[1088,1101,1712,1733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFBC6F9496B7895CD" bold="true" box="[1106,1116,1712,1733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">c</emphasis>
|
||
) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFB59F9336BFE95D7" bold="true" box="[1229,1242,1738,1759]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">d</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFB4BF9336BCD95D7" bold="true" box="[1247,1257,1738,1759]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">e</emphasis>
|
||
) lef lateral view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFE3CF91D6E9495F2" bold="true" box="[424,432,1764,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFE21F91C6EE595F2" bold="true" box="[437,449,1765,1786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">g</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFE3CF8F96E91941D" bold="true" box="[424,437,1792,1813]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">h</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFE2EF9066EE5941D" bold="true" box="[442,449,1791,1813]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">i</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFD34F8E36D839438" bold="true" box="[672,679,1818,1840]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">j</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFD39F8E36D9D9427" bold="true" box="[685,697,1818,1839]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">k</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFD8CF8A96D05946D" box="[536,545,1872,1893]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">c</emphasis>
|
||
centrum,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFD16F8B66D8C946C" box="[642,680,1871,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">cpof</emphasis>
|
||
centropostzygapophyseal fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFC4EF8B66CDB946C" box="[986,1023,1871,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">cpol</emphasis>
|
||
centropostzygapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFAD0F8B66A74946C" box="[1348,1360,1871,1892]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">lf</emphasis>
|
||
lateral fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFE4DF8936ED49477" box="[473,496,1898,1919]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">lvf</emphasis>
|
||
lateroventral flange,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFD22F8936DF09477" box="[694,724,1898,1919]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">mk</emphasis>
|
||
midline keel,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFCCCF8926C549488" box="[856,880,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">na</emphasis>
|
||
neural arch,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFC78F8926B269488" box="[1004,1026,1899,1920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">nc</emphasis>
|
||
neural canal,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFB11F8936B869477" box="[1157,1186,1898,1919]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">pvf</emphasis>
|
||
posteroventral fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA7FFDBFAFAF8936AB69477" box="[1390,1426,1898,1919]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">tpol</emphasis>
|
||
intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="33BC0583FFA6FFDAFE0BFBDF6AE297AF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" startId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" targetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA6FFDAFE0BFBDF6AE297AF" blockId="3.[415,1478,1062,1191]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFE0BFBDF6ED39733" bold="true" box="[415,503,1062,1084]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFC09FBDE6B7C9734" box="[925,1112,1063,1084]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Tharosaurus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFB82FBDE6B7C9734" authorityName="Bajpai & Datta & Pandey & Ghosh & Kumar & Bhattacharya" authorityYear="2023" box="[1046,1112,1063,1084]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Tharosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species" species="indicus">indicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFDD1FBB86D74975E" bold="true" box="[581,592,1089,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFDC2FBB86D47975E" bold="true" box="[598,611,1089,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFD7BFBB86DDD975E" bold="true" box="[751,761,1089,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFD6AFBB86C2F975E" bold="true" box="[766,779,1089,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">d</emphasis>
|
||
); medial view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFC30FBB86C8A975E" bold="true" box="[932,942,1089,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">e</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFC20FBB86C98975F" bold="true" box="[948,956,1089,1111]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">f</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFBCEFBB86B42975E" bold="true" box="[1114,1126,1089,1110]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">g</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFB11FBA56B8D9779" box="[1157,1193,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">cprf</emphasis>
|
||
centroprezygapophyseal fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFE4DFB8E6ED09784" box="[473,500,1143,1164]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">epi</emphasis>
|
||
pre-epipophysis,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFD0FFB8E6DE09784" box="[667,708,1143,1164]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">lcprl</emphasis>
|
||
lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFB0AFB8E6BF79784" box="[1182,1235,1143,1164]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">mcprl</emphasis>
|
||
medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFD42FB6B6DC897AF" box="[726,748,1170,1191]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">nc</emphasis>
|
||
neural canal,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFCFBFB686CB497AE" box="[879,912,1169,1190]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">tprl</emphasis>
|
||
intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2FD90680FFA6FFDEFE34FB2C6C4C9610" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA6FFDAFE34FB2C6BB096C9" blockId="3.[416,1478,1237,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFE34FB2C6D0897E5" bold="true" box="[416,556,1237,1261]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description.</emphasis>
|
||
The cervical vertebrae are represented by five partial specimens found in association (Supplementary Table 1), including the anterior condyle, posterior half of a vertebra and three right prezygapophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFE33FAF26ECD9628" box="[423,489,1291,1313]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFE62FAF26D269628" box="[502,514,1291,1312]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior condyle is U-shaped with an opisthocoelous condition as in other eusauropods
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFA30FAF16AE2961E" attach="left" box="[1444,1478,1288,1303]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFA30FAF16A97961E" author="Upchurch, P." box="[1444,1459,1288,1302]" journalOrPublisher="Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="365 - 390" part="349" refId="ref9407" refString="22. Upchurch, P. Le evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 349, 365 - 390 (1995)." title="Le evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1995">22</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFA23FAF16AE2961E" author="Mannion, P. D. & Upchurch, P. & Mateus, O. & Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E." box="[1463,1478,1288,1302]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="521 - 551" part="10" refId="ref9444" refString="23. Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Mateus, O., Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E. New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 10, 521 - 551 (2012)." title="New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFE33FADF6ED69634" box="[423,498,1318,1340]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
), and is mediolaterally wider than dorsoventrally tall [RWR-241-A, centrum articular surface height (cH)/centrum articular surface width (cW)= 0.7; Supplementary Table 2, Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFB66FAB86A0E965E" box="[1266,1322,1344,1367]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
]. In this respect,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFE34FAA26D319678" box="[416,533,1371,1392]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
is similar to the middle/posterior cervicals of several flagellicaudatans:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFB54FAA56A019679" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[1216,1317,1372,1393]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFB54FAA56A019679" box="[1216,1317,1372,1393]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFAB1FAA16A10966E" author="Harris, J. D." box="[1317,1332,1368,1382]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFAB1FAA16A10966E" attach="left" box="[1317,1332,1368,1382]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">24</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW = 0.7),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFE34FA8F6D2A9683" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[416,526,1398,1419]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFE34FA8F6D2A9683" box="[416,526,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD9AFA8A6D399689" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[526,541,1395,1409]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFD9AFA8A6D399689" attach="left" box="[526,541,1395,1409]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">13</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW =0.7),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFD20FA8F6C3F9683" box="[692,795,1398,1419]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFD20FA8F6C3F9683" box="[692,795,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFC8FFA8A6C069689" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[795,802,1395,1409]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFC8FFA8A6C069689" attach="left" box="[795,802,1395,1409]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(CV7/8, cH/cW = 0.9),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFB91FA8F6BAB9683" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[1029,1167,1398,1419]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFB91FA8F6BAB9683" box="[1029,1167,1398,1419]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFB1BFA8A6BB29689" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[1167,1174,1395,1409]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFB1BFA8A6BB29689" attach="left" box="[1167,1174,1395,1409]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(CV8, cH/cW = 0.8),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFAF1FA8F6D2096AE" baseAuthorityName="Holland" baseAuthorityYear="1915" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="louisae">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFAF1FA8F6D2096AE" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apatosaurus louisae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD91FA776D309694" author="Wilson, J. A." box="[517,532,1422,1436]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="639 - 653" part="19" refId="ref9563" refString="25. Wilson, J. A. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 19, 639 - 653 (1999)." title="A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFD91FA776D309694" attach="left" box="[517,532,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(CV9, cH/cW = 0.7) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFC93FA686CE496AE" authorityName="Hatcher" authorityYear="1901" box="[775,960,1425,1446]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnegii">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFC93FA686CE496AE" box="[775,960,1425,1446]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Diplodocus carnegii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFC54FA776CEB9694" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[960,975,1422,1436]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFC54FA776CEB9694" attach="left" box="[960,975,1422,1436]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">26</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(CV11, cH/cW = 0.9). The anterior condyle is markedly more rugose than the other vertebral elements, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFC51FA526B1596C8" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2012" box="[965,1073,1451,1472]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Kaatedocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFC51FA526B1596C8" box="[965,1073,1451,1472]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Kaatedocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFBA4FA516B1B96BE" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O." box="[1072,1087,1448,1462]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref9640" refString="27. Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 11, 853 - 888 (2013)." title="Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFBA4FA516B1B96BE" attach="left" box="[1072,1087,1448,1462]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">27</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(CV14).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA6FFDAFE54FA3F6DC29459" blockId="3.[416,1478,1237,1953]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The centrum shows strong anterior constriction with the lateral surfaces excavated by large fossae, similar to many flagellicaudatans
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFD02FA276DF296E4" attach="left" box="[662,726,1502,1516]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD02FA276DB996E4" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[662,669,1502,1516]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD35FA276D9496E4" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[673,688,1502,1516]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD20FA276DE796E4" author="Harris, J. D." box="[692,707,1502,1516]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD53FA276DF296E4" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[711,726,1502,1516]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFD77FA186C6396FE" box="[739,839,1505,1527]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2B–E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The fossa is partially preserved with much of the dorsal rim and medial wall broken off. The preserved portion suggests the fossa was elliptical, being elongated and dorsoventrally compressed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFDC7F9EF6D939524" box="[595,695,1558,1580]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal margin of the fossa is rod-like and extends laterally beyond the ventral margin. The latter is robust, rounded and thickest near the posterior end of the centrum, accentuating the depth of the fossa. Anteriorly it becomes flush with the lateral surface of the centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFB03F9B26BD89569" box="[1175,1276,1611,1633]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2B–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Beneath the ventral margin of the fossa, the lateral surface of the centrum is markedly concave and flares posteriorly. The fossa is restricted to the posterior half of the centrum and includes two distinct halves: a short and shallow anterior half and a longer and deeper posterior half. The two halves are demarcated by a low U-shaped ridge on the ventral surface of the fossa, medial to the ventral margin and extending slightly onto the medial wall of the fossa. This contrasts with the dicraeosaurids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFD70F9286C4B95EE" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[740,879,1745,1766]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFD70F9286C4B95EE" box="[740,879,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFCEEF9286B2795EE" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[890,1027,1745,1766]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFCEEF9286B2795EE" box="[890,1027,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFB99F9286BAB95EE" box="[1037,1167,1745,1766]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Bajadasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFB99F9286BAB95EE" box="[1037,1167,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bajadasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFB51F9286A0995EE" box="[1221,1325,1745,1766]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFB51F9286A0995EE" box="[1221,1325,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the fossa is undivided and shallow
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFD04F9116D8995FE" attach="left" box="[656,685,1768,1783]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD04F9116DB395FE" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[656,663,1768,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD0FF9106D8695FF" author="Gallina, P. A. & Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I." box="[667,674,1769,1783]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1392" part="9" refId="ref8704" refString="7. Gallina, P. A., Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I. A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system. Sci. Rep. 9, 1392 (2019)." title="A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system" type="journal article" year="2019">7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD32F9116D8995FE" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[678,685,1768,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. In the middle cervicals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFC26F9126B059408" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[946,1057,1771,1792]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFC26F9126B059408" box="[946,1057,1771,1792]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFBC4F9156B929409" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[1104,1206,1772,1793]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFBC4F9156B929409" box="[1104,1206,1772,1793]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the lateral fossa is deep and extends nearly along the entire length of the centrum
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFC64F8FA6B369419" attach="left" box="[1008,1042,1795,1809]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFC64F8FA6CDB9419" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[1008,1023,1795,1809]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFB97F8FA6B369419" author="Harris, J. D." box="[1027,1042,1795,1809]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Furthermore, the lateral fossa in
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFAC5F8FF6AE29413" box="[1361,1478,1798,1819]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
is succeeded by a posteroventral fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFC8DF8D86C53943E" box="[793,887,1825,1847]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2D,E</figureCitation>
|
||
), as seen in the mid-cervicals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFB26F8D86A19943E" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[1202,1341,1825,1846]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFB26F8D86A19943E" box="[1202,1341,1825,1846]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFADDF8D86AE4943E" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" box="[1353,1472,1825,1846]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFADDF8D86AE4943E" box="[1353,1472,1825,1846]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Apatosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFE34F8C26D069458" box="[416,546,1851,1872]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Bajadasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFE34F8C26D069458" box="[416,546,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bajadasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFDC3F8C26D9B9458" box="[599,703,1851,1872]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFDC3F8C26D9B9458" box="[599,703,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFD2BF8C16DC5944E" attach="left" box="[703,737,1848,1863]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD2BF8C16DEA944E" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[703,718,1848,1862]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFD46F8C16DC5944E" author="Windholz, G. J. & Carballido, J. L. & Coria, R. A. & Zurriaguz, V. L. & Rauhut, O. W." box="[722,737,1848,1862]" journalOrPublisher="Biol. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="103 - 120" part="138" refId="ref9691" refString="28. Windholz, G. J., Carballido, J. L., Coria, R. A., Zurriaguz, V. L. & Rauhut, O. W. How pneumatic were the presacral vertebrae of dicraeosaurid (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) dinosaurs?. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 138, 103 - 120 (2023)." title="How pneumatic were the presacral vertebrae of dicraeosaurid (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) dinosaurs?" type="journal article" year="2023">28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA6FFDCFE54F8AF6AE696F2" blockId="3.[416,1478,1237,1953]" lastBlockId="5.[416,1478,1135,1958]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
The ventral surface of the centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA6FFDAFC83F8AF6C5D9464" box="[791,889,1878,1900]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2F–G</figureCitation>
|
||
) accommodates paired longitudinal depressions/fossae. Such depressions are common in diplodocids and most dicraeosaurids, barring
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA6FFDAFB15F8886A22948E" box="[1153,1286,1905,1926]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Bajadasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA6FFDAFB15F8886A22948E" box="[1153,1286,1905,1926]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Bajadasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which only bears a longitudinalkeel
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA6FFDAFDD5F8706D5D949E" attach="left" box="[577,633,1928,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFDD5F8706D6C949F" author="Gallina, P. A. & Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I." box="[577,584,1929,1943]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1392" part="9" refId="ref8704" refString="7. Gallina, P. A., Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I. A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system. Sci. Rep. 9, 1392 (2019)." title="A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system" type="journal article" year="2019">7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFDD8F8716D77949E" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[588,595,1928,1942]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFDC3F8716D42949E" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[599,614,1928,1942]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA6FFDAFDFEF8716D5D949E" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[618,633,1928,1942]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. The fossae are asymmetrical, with the right fossa mediolaterally wider, and extend up to the posterior margin of the centrum where they flare out. However, in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFBD3FB896BF4978D" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[1095,1232,1136,1157]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFBD3FB896BF4978D" box="[1095,1232,1136,1157]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFB4FFB966A6E978C" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[1243,1354,1135,1156]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB4FFB966A6E978C" box="[1243,1354,1135,1156]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFAEAFB966EED97A8" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFAEAFB966EED97A8" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the fossae are symmetrical and strongly expressed anteriorly, but do not reach the posterior margin of the centrum
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFE67FB5B6D3B97B8" attach="left" box="[499,543,1186,1200]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFE67FB5B6EDE97B8" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[499,506,1186,1200]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFE6AFB5B6D2997B8" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[510,525,1186,1200]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFD84FB5B6D3B97B8" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[528,543,1186,1200]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. The fossae in
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD3AFB5C6C0097B2" box="[686,804,1189,1210]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
are flanked laterally by prominent lateroventral flanges and separated by a sharp midline keel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA0FFDCFD06FB466DD497DE" box="[658,752,1215,1238]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2F,G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The keel shows lef lateral convexity and remains prominent throughout its preserved length. It extends nearly up to the posterior margin of the fossae and bifurcates into two short ridges. The latter, however, do not reach up to the lateroventral flanges. An accessory ridge, present only on the right ventral surface, extends posterolaterally from the midline keel. The presence of a ventral keel is shared with a diverse array of flagellicaudatans including most dicraeosaurids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFBD9FAD36B989637" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[1101,1212,1322,1343]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFBD9FAD36B989637" box="[1101,1212,1322,1343]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFB52FAD26A6A9648" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[1222,1358,1323,1344]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB52FAD26A6A9648" box="[1222,1358,1323,1344]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFACDFAD36AE59637" box="[1369,1473,1322,1343]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFACDFAD36AE59637" box="[1369,1473,1322,1343]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFE34FABC6D069652" box="[416,546,1349,1370]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Bajadasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFE34FABC6D069652" box="[416,546,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Bajadasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFDC4FABC6C249652" authorityName="Rauhut, Remes, Fechner, Cladera & Puerta" authorityYear="2005" box="[592,768,1349,1370]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Brachytrachelopan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFDC4FABC6C249652" box="[592,768,1349,1370]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brachytrachelopan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFC9CFABB6C159658" attach="left" box="[776,817,1346,1360]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC9CFABB6C2B9658" author="Gallina, P. A. & Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I." box="[776,783,1346,1360]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1392" part="9" refId="ref8704" refString="7. Gallina, P. A., Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I. A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system. Sci. Rep. 9, 1392 (2019)." title="A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system" type="journal article" year="2019">7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC83FABB6C3A9658" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & Remes, K. & Fechner, R. & Cladera, G. & Puerta, P." box="[791,798,1346,1360]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="670 - 672" part="435" refId="ref8808" refString="9. Rauhut, O. W. M., Remes, K., Fechner, R., Cladera, G. & Puerta, P. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435, 670 - 672 (2005)." title="Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2005">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFCB6FABB6C159658" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[802,817,1346,1360]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
and some later-diverging diplodocids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFB3DFABF6A759652" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[1193,1361,1349,1371]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Barosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lentus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB3DFABF6A759652" box="[1193,1361,1349,1371]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Barosaurus lentus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFAC8FABC6ECF967D" authorityName="Hatcher" authorityYear="1901" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnegii">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFAC8FABC6ECF967D" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diplodocus carnegii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFE62FAA66DAD967C" authorityName="Bonaparte & Mateus" authorityYear="1999" box="[502,649,1375,1396]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dinheirosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFE62FAA66DAD967C" box="[502,649,1375,1396]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dinheirosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFD05FAA46D979663" attach="none" box="[657,691,1373,1387]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFD05FAA46D849663" author="Mannion, P. D. & Upchurch, P. & Mateus, O. & Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E." box="[657,672,1373,1387]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="521 - 551" part="10" refId="ref9444" refString="23. Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Mateus, O., Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E. New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 10, 521 - 551 (2012)." title="New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFD30FAA46D979663" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[676,691,1373,1387]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. It is, however, absent in some putative plesiomorphic dicraeosaurids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFAF4FA996AE2967D" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[1376,1478,1376,1397]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFAF4FA996AE2967D" box="[1376,1478,1376,1397]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFE5DFA826D719698" authorityName="Whitlock & Wilson Mantilla" authorityYear="2020" box="[457,597,1403,1424]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Smitanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFE5DFA826D719698" box="[457,597,1403,1424]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Smitanosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFDCAFA8E6D5B968D" attach="right" box="[606,639,1399,1414]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFDCAFA8E6D49968D" author="Harris, J. D." box="[606,621,1399,1413]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFDE4FA8E6D5B968D" author="Whitlock, J. A. & Mantilla, J. A. W. Le" box="[624,639,1399,1413]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="e 1780600" part="40" refId="ref9760" refString="29. Whitlock, J. A. & Mantilla, J. A. W. Le Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur ' Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 40, e 1780600 (2020)." title="Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur ' Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid" type="journal article" year="2020">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
, barring
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFD42FA836C669687" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2012" box="[726,834,1402,1423]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Kaatedocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD42FA836C669687" box="[726,834,1402,1423]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Kaatedocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFCD6FA8E6C75968D" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O." box="[834,849,1399,1413]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref9640" refString="27. Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 11, 853 - 888 (2013)." title="Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFCD6FA8E6C75968D" attach="left" box="[834,849,1399,1413]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">27</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
which is the earliest-diverging dicraeosaurid. The disposition and morphology of this midline keel differentiate
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFCC2FA6C6CE896A2" box="[854,972,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFB93FA6C6B5296A2" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[1031,1142,1429,1450]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB93FA6C6B5296A2" box="[1031,1142,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFB16FA6C6A2F96A2" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[1154,1291,1429,1450]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB16FA6C6A2F96A2" box="[1154,1291,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFA81FA6C6AE296A2" authorityName="Rauhut, Remes, Fechner, Cladera & Puerta" authorityYear="2005" box="[1301,1478,1429,1450]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Brachytrachelopan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFA81FA6C6AE296A2" box="[1301,1478,1429,1450]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Brachytrachelopan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFE5DFA496D1196CD" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[457,565,1456,1477]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Barosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFE5DFA496D1196CD" box="[457,565,1456,1477]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Barosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
where the keel is prominent anteriorly
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFC3EFA546CFF96B3" attach="left" box="[938,987,1453,1467]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC3EFA546C9596B3" author="Janensch, W." box="[938,945,1453,1467]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontogr. Suppl." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="37 - 133" part="7" refId="ref8574" refString="4. Janensch, W. Die wirbelsaule der gatttung dicraeosaurus. Palaeontogr. Suppl. 7, 37 - 133 (1929)." title="Die wirbelsaule der gatttung dicraeosaurus" type="journal article" year="1929">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC21FA546C9896B3" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[949,956,1453,1467]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC55FA546CEC96B3" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & Remes, K. & Fechner, R. & Cladera, G. & Puerta, P." box="[961,968,1453,1467]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="670 - 672" part="435" refId="ref8808" refString="9. Rauhut, O. W. M., Remes, K., Fechner, R., Cladera, G. & Puerta, P. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435, 670 - 672 (2005)." title="Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2005">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC58FA546CFF96B3" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[972,987,1453,1467]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFB94FA566BB796CC" authorityName="Bonaparte & Mateus" authorityYear="1999" box="[1024,1171,1455,1476]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dinheirosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB94FA566BB796CC" box="[1024,1171,1455,1476]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Dinheirosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the keel is restricted to the posterior part of the centrum and does not extend anteriorly as in
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFC64FA336B4196D7" box="[1008,1125,1482,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFB4FFA336A6696D7" box="[1243,1346,1482,1503]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB4FFA336A6696D7" box="[1243,1346,1482,1503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the keel forks anteriorly and posteriorly with the bifurcation point placed slightly anterior to the mid-length of the centrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="33BC0583FFA1FFDDFE34F9AB6A0B9435" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" startId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" targetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA1FFDDFE34F9AB6A0B9435" blockId="4.[416,1476,1618,1853]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFE34F9AB6EDC956F" bold="true" box="[416,504,1618,1640]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal vertebrae of
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFD54F9AB6C58956F" box="[704,892,1618,1639]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Tharosaurus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA1FFDDFCAEF9AB6C58956F" authorityName="Bajpai & Datta & Pandey & Ghosh & Kumar & Bhattacharya" authorityYear="2023" box="[826,892,1618,1639]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Tharosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" rank="species" species="indicus">indicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFDFAF9946D5D958A" bold="true" box="[622,633,1645,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFDEBF9946DA8958A" bold="true" box="[639,652,1645,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">b</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFCBDF9946C17958A" bold="true" box="[809,819,1645,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFCADF9946C62958A" bold="true" box="[825,838,1645,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">d</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFC7BF9946CDD958A" bold="true" box="[1007,1017,1645,1666]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">e</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFC6AF9946B22958B" bold="true" box="[1022,1030,1645,1667]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">f</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFB19F9716BBD9595" bold="true" box="[1165,1177,1672,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">g</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFB0AF9716B8F9595" bold="true" box="[1182,1195,1672,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">h</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFADDF97E6A749595" bold="true" box="[1353,1360,1671,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">i</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFAC1F97E6A789595" bold="true" box="[1365,1372,1671,1693]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">j</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFE4BF95B6ECF95BF" bold="true" box="[479,491,1698,1719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">k</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFE65F95B6EDC95BF" bold="true" box="[497,504,1698,1719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">l</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFBF4F95B6B5095BF" bold="true" box="[1120,1140,1698,1719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">m</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFA86F95B6A3B95BF" bold="true" box="[1298,1311,1698,1719]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">n</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior view.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFE34F9446EE295DA" box="[416,454,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">acdl</emphasis>
|
||
anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFCB3F9446C1895DA" box="[807,828,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ca</emphasis>
|
||
capitulum,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFC3FF9446CE295DA" box="[939,966,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">cdf</emphasis>
|
||
centrodiapophyseal fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFB57F9446BFF95DA" box="[1219,1243,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">da</emphasis>
|
||
diapophysis,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFACFF9446A5495DA" box="[1371,1392,1725,1746]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">ns</emphasis>
|
||
neural spine,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFE48F92E6D2695E4" box="[476,514,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">pcdl</emphasis>
|
||
posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFCFAF92E6CB295E4" box="[878,918,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">podl</emphasis>
|
||
postzygodiapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFB2AF92E6BCB95E4" box="[1214,1263,1751,1772]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">posdf</emphasis>
|
||
postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFD1BF90B6D9A940F" box="[655,702,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">prcdf</emphasis>
|
||
prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFBFCF90B6BAE940F" box="[1128,1162,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">prsl</emphasis>
|
||
prespinal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFAACF90B6A79940F" box="[1336,1373,1778,1799]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">spdl</emphasis>
|
||
spinodiapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFD36F8F46DE2942A" box="[674,710,1805,1826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">spol</emphasis>
|
||
spinopostzygapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFB96F8F46B00942A" box="[1026,1060,1805,1826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sprl</emphasis>
|
||
spinoprezygapophyseal lamina,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFAC3F8F46A5E942A" box="[1367,1402,1805,1826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sprf</emphasis>
|
||
spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFD57F8D16DF29435" box="[707,726,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">tp</emphasis>
|
||
transverse process,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA1FFDDFC06F8D16C829435" box="[914,934,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">tu</emphasis>
|
||
tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="33BC0583FFA0FFDCFE0BFC256CED974A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" startId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" targetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA0FFDCFE0BFC256CED974A" blockId="5.[415,1459,988,1090]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFE0BFC256ED390F9" bold="true" box="[415,503,988,1010]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
Caudal vertebrae of
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD51FC256CA490F9" box="[709,896,988,1009]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Tharosaurus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFCAAFC256CA490F9" authorityName="Bajpai & Datta & Pandey & Ghosh & Kumar & Bhattacharya" authorityYear="2023" box="[830,896,988,1009]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Tharosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="Manual Input" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species" species="indicus">indicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFADAFC256A7D90F9" bold="true" box="[1358,1369,988,1009]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFE4BFC0E6EC89704" bold="true" box="[479,492,1015,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
|
||
) right lateral view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD38FC0E6D929704" bold="true" box="[684,694,1015,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">c</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB57FC0E6BF49704" bold="true" box="[1219,1232,1015,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
) anterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFAFAFC0E6A5C9704" bold="true" box="[1390,1400,1015,1036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">e</emphasis>
|
||
) posterior view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFDAFFBE86D67972F" bold="true" box="[571,579,1041,1063]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">f</emphasis>
|
||
) lef lateral view; (
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD67FBEB6DDB972F" bold="true" box="[755,767,1042,1063]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">g</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFC1CFBEB6CB5972F" box="[904,913,1042,1063]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">c</emphasis>
|
||
centrum,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFC67FBE86B2A972E" box="[1011,1038,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">chf</emphasis>
|
||
chevron facet,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB09FBE86B8D972E" box="[1181,1193,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">lf</emphasis>
|
||
lateral fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFAB3FBE86A6D972E" box="[1319,1353,1041,1062]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">lpfo</emphasis>
|
||
lateral pneumatic foramen,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFDF1FBD56D539749" box="[613,631,1068,1089]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">vf</emphasis>
|
||
ventral fossa,
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD68FBD46C34974A" box="[764,784,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">vr</emphasis>
|
||
ventrolateral ridge.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA0FFDCFE54F9F96B8E95BD" blockId="5.[416,1478,1135,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The posterior cotyle of the centrum (RWR-241-B, cH/cW = 0.6,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA0FFDCFB89FA066B57951D" box="[1053,1139,1535,1557]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2H,I</figureCitation>
|
||
, Supplementary Table 2) is strongly concave and mediolaterally wider than dorsoventrally tall, a feature seen in the middle cervicals of many sauropods including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFDA5F9CC6DBA9542" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[561,670,1589,1610]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFDA5F9CC6DBA9542" box="[561,670,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFD0AF9CB6D899548" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[670,685,1586,1600]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFD0AF9CB6D899548" attach="left" box="[670,685,1586,1600]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">13</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW =0.7),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFCD5F9CC6CDE9542" baseAuthorityName="Holland" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[833,1018,1589,1610]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="louisae">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFCD5F9CC6CDE9542" box="[833,1018,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Apatosaurus louisae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC6EF9CB6B2D9548" author="Wilson, J. A." box="[1018,1033,1586,1600]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="639 - 653" part="19" refId="ref9563" refString="25. Wilson, J. A. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 19, 639 - 653 (1999)." title="A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFC6EF9CB6B2D9548" attach="left" box="[1018,1033,1586,1600]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">25</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW= 0.7) and
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFB54F9CC6A0C9542" box="[1216,1320,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Gleamopus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFABCF9CB6A139548" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O." box="[1320,1335,1586,1600]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="e 3179" part="5" refId="ref9809" refString="30. Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. Osteology of Galeamopus pabsti sp. nov. (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae), with implications for neurocentral closure timing, and the cervico-dorsal transition in diplodocids. PeerJ 5, e 3179 (2017)." title="Osteology of Galeamopus pabsti sp. nov. (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae), with implications for neurocentral closure timing, and the cervico-dorsal transition in diplodocids" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFABCF9CB6A139548" attach="left" box="[1320,1335,1586,1600]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">30</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW= 0.9), and the posterior cervicals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFD56F9B66C0E956C" box="[706,810,1615,1636]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD56F9B66C0E956C" box="[706,810,1615,1636]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFCBFF9B46C169553" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[811,818,1613,1627]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFCBFF9B46C169553" attach="left" box="[811,818,1613,1627]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">8</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW = 0.6) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFC67F9A96B7D956D" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[1011,1113,1616,1637]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFC67F9A96B7D956D" box="[1011,1113,1616,1637]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFBCDF9B46B4C9553" author="Harris, J. D." box="[1113,1128,1613,1627]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFBCDF9B46B4C9553" attach="left" box="[1113,1128,1613,1627]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">24</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW = 0.7). The posterior cotyle is cordiform in outline with a weakly concave dorsal margin immediately ventral to the neural canal as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFA01F9926EC29592" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFA01F9926EC29592" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFD8CF97C6DA69592" box="[536,642,1669,1690]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD8CF97C6DA69592" box="[536,642,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFD16F97B6DB89598" attach="left" box="[642,668,1666,1680]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFD16F97B6DAD9598" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[642,649,1666,1680]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
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||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFD19F97B6DB89598" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[653,668,1666,1680]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
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</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD3DF97C6C059592" box="[681,801,1669,1690]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, however, can be distinguished by the presence of posteriorly facing triangular facets along the ventrolateral margin of the posterior articular surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA0FFDCFE54F9426A279428" blockId="5.[416,1478,1135,1958]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The neural arch is partially preserved and includes the right prezygapophysis and the region surrounding the neural canal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA0FFDCFD8BF92C6DAD95E2" box="[543,649,1749,1771]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Figs. 2B–K</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA0FFDCFD06F92C6DB995E2" box="[658,669,1749,1770]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">3</figureCitation>
|
||
, Supplementary Table 1). The anterior exit of the canal, although partial, appears oval, but the posterior exit is complete and elliptical, being transversely wider than dorsoventrally high. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFACBF9166AE2940C" box="[1375,1478,1775,1796]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFACBF9166AE2940C" box="[1375,1478,1775,1796]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
this exit is triangular, whereas in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFD49F8F26C679428" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[733,835,1803,1824]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD49F8F26C679428" box="[733,835,1803,1824]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFCE6F8F36CC59417" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[882,993,1802,1823]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFCE6F8F36CC59417" box="[882,993,1802,1823]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
it is circular–subcircular
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFB45F8FE6BDA941D" attach="left" box="[1233,1278,1799,1814]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFB45F8FE6BFC941D" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[1233,1240,1799,1813]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFB49F8FE6BC8941D" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[1245,1260,1799,1813]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFB7BF8FE6BDA941D" author="Harris, J. D." box="[1263,1278,1799,1813]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA0FFDFFE54F8DC6C36916B" blockId="5.[416,1478,1135,1958]" lastBlockId="6.[416,1479,136,1971]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The prezygapophysis is anterodorsally directed with the articular facet strongly convex transversely and longitudinally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA0FFDCFD80F8C66D59945E" box="[532,637,1855,1878]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3A–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The latter feature is shared with middle and posterior cervicals of the flagellicaudatans
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFE34F8A36D7F9478" authorityName="Hatcher" authorityYear="1901" box="[416,603,1882,1904]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carnegii">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFE34F8A36D7F9478" box="[416,603,1882,1904]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Diplodocus carnegii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CV8) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFD5BF8A36C189467" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2012" box="[719,828,1882,1903]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Kaatedocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFD5BF8A36C189467" box="[719,828,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Kaatedocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CV10)
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFC1FF8AE6C95946D" attach="none" box="[907,945,1879,1894]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC1FF8AE6CBE946D" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[907,922,1879,1893]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
–
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC36F8AE6C95946D" author="Whitlock, J. A. & Mantilla, J. A. W. Le" box="[930,945,1879,1893]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="e 1780600" part="40" refId="ref9760" refString="29. Whitlock, J. A. & Mantilla, J. A. W. Le Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur ' Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 40, e 1780600 (2020)." title="Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur ' Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid" type="journal article" year="2020">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. The prezygapophyseal articular surface is oblong with the posterior border offset from the surrounding dorsal surface of the prezygapophysis by a transverse sulcus (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA0FFDCFE33F8766D3F94AE" box="[423,539,1935,1958]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3C,D,G</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to the posterior cervicals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA0FFDCFCE8F8766CCC94AC" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2012" box="[892,1000,1935,1956]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Kaatedocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA0FFDCFCE8F8766CCC94AC" box="[892,1000,1935,1956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Kaatedocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA0FFDCFC73F8746CD29493" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O." box="[999,1014,1933,1947]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref9640" refString="27. Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 11, 853 - 888 (2013)." title="Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA0FFDCFC73F8746CD29493" attach="left" box="[999,1014,1933,1947]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">27</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Immediately ventral to the articular surface, the lateral surface of the prezygapophysis bears an anterodorsally-posteroventrally oriented pre-epipophysis (sensu Tschopp et al.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFDB0FF666D1793A5" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[548,563,159,173]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFDB0FF666D1793A5" attach="none" box="[548,563,159,173]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">26</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFDAAFF5B6DBF93B1" box="[574,667,162,185]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The latter is dorsoventrally compressed and succeeded ventrally by a shallow fossa. Such a ridge is also reported in the middle and posterior cervicals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFBA4FF446BB993DA" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2012" box="[1072,1181,189,210]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Kaatedocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFBA4FF446BB993DA" box="[1072,1181,189,210]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kaatedocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFB09FF436B8893C0" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O." box="[1181,1196,186,200]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref9640" refString="27. Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 11, 853 - 888 (2013)." title="Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFB09FF436B8893C0" attach="left" box="[1181,1196,186,200]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">27</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(CV7–10),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFA89FF446E9993E5" baseAuthorityName="Holland" baseAuthorityYear="1915" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="louisae">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFA89FF446E9993E5" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apatosaurus louisae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFE29FF2C6EE893EB" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[445,460,213,227]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFE29FF2C6EE893EB" attach="left" box="[445,460,213,227]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">26</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(CV11) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFDD3FF216D8893E5" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[583,684,216,237]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFDD3FF216D8893E5" box="[583,684,216,237]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFD38FF2C6DE993EB" attach="left" box="[684,717,213,227]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD38FF2C6D9F93EB" author="Harris, J. D." box="[684,699,213,227]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD2AFF2C6DE993EB" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[702,717,213,227]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. The prezygapophysis is supported ventrally by a dorsoventrally high and robust centroprezygapophyseal lamina (cprl,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFC93FF0B6C439201" box="[775,871,242,265]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3C–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lamina is divided into a larger and medially concave lateral branch connecting with the prezygapophysis (lcprl) and a smaller medial branch joining the intraprezygapophyseal lamina (mcprl). The two halves of the cprl accommodate a triangular and deep centroprezygapophyseal fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFE33FEBB6D239251" box="[423,519,322,345]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3C,D</figureCitation>
|
||
) which borders the neural canal dorsolaterally and is roofed by a sheet-like intraprezygapophyseal lamina. While a divided cprl is common in Flagellicaudata
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFC5CFEA36CEB9260" author="Wilson, J. A." box="[968,975,346,360]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref8433" refString="1. Wilson, J. A. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: Critique and cladistic analysis. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136, 217 - 276 (2002)." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: Critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFC5CFEA36CEB9260" attach="left" box="[968,975,346,360]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in dicraeosaurids the medial branch of the cprl connects with the intraprezygapophyseal lamina and is listed as a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFB18FE816A039286" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1929" box="[1164,1319,376,398]" family="Dicraeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicraeosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(sensu Whitlock and Wilson Mantilla
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFDF2FE696D519296" author="Whitlock, J. A. & Mantilla, J. A. W. Le" box="[614,629,400,414]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 1780600" part="40" refId="ref9760" refString="29. Whitlock, J. A. & Mantilla, J. A. W. Le Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur ' Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 40, e 1780600 (2020)." title="Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur ' Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid" type="journal article" year="2020">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFDF2FE696D519296" attach="left" box="[614,629,400,414]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">29</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike in
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFD7DFE6B6C7B92AF" box="[745,863,402,423]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, however, both branches of the cprl join the prezygapophysis in diplodocids
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFD86FE536D7692B0" attach="left" box="[530,594,426,440]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD86FE536D3D92B0" author="Wilson, J. A." box="[530,537,426,440]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref8433" refString="1. Wilson, J. A. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: Critique and cladistic analysis. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136, 217 - 276 (2002)." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: Critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD89FE536D0892B0" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[541,556,426,440]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFDA4FE536D1B92B0" author="Whitlock, J. A. & Mantilla, J. A. W. Le" box="[560,575,426,440]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 1780600" part="40" refId="ref9760" refString="29. Whitlock, J. A. & Mantilla, J. A. W. Le Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur ' Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 40, e 1780600 (2020)." title="Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur ' Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid" type="journal article" year="2020">29</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFDD7FE536D7692B0" author="Carballido, J. L. & Salgado, L. & Pol, D. & Canudo, J. I. & Garrido, A." box="[579,594,426,440]" journalOrPublisher="Hist. Biol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="631 - 654" part="24" refId="ref9857" refString="31. Carballido, J. L., Salgado, L., Pol, D., Canudo, J. I. & Garrido, A. A new basal rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of the Neuquen Basin; evolution and biogeography of the group. Hist. Biol. 24, 631 - 654 (2012)." title="A new basal rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Early Cretaceous of the Neuquen Basin; evolution and biogeography of the group" type="journal article" year="2012">31</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Nonetheless, the anterior surface of the lcprl immediately ventral to the prezygapophyseal articular surface bears a depression giving the impression of a split cprl, where both branches connect to the prezygapophysis, akin to diplodocids. Further scrutiny shows this depression to be almost indistinct and unlike the morphology of the bifurcated crpl of diplodocids
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFC08FE036C9A9100" attach="left" box="[924,958,506,520]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFC08FE036C8F9100" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[924,939,506,520]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFC3BFE036C9A9100" author="Wilson, J. A. & D'emic, M. D. & Ikejiri, T. & Moacdieh, E. M. & Whitlock, J. A." box="[943,958,506,520]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 17114" part="6" refId="ref9925" refString="32. Wilson, J. A., D'emic, M. D., Ikejiri, T., Moacdieh, E. M. & Whitlock, J. A. A nomenclature for vertebral fossae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. PLoS ONE 6, e 17114 (2011)." title="A nomenclature for vertebral fossae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2011">32</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Furthermore, in diplodocids the apex of this bifurcation is ventrally directed in contrast to the incipient depression in
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFBA0FDE16B889125" box="[1076,1196,536,557]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
which is broad and dorsally convex. Therefore, the expression of the divided cprl in the new Indian taxon is closer to that of dicraeosaurids and supports its taxonomic allocation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA3FFDFFE54FD916BBF900B" blockId="6.[416,1479,136,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The posterior exit of the neural canal is flanked dorsolaterally by two elliptical centropostzygapophyseal fossae [cpof(e)] which are bordered laterally by robust pillar-like centropostzygapophyseal laminae [cpol(e),
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFAF0FD7B6A9F9190" box="[1380,1467,642,664]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2H,I</figureCitation>
|
||
]. The cpof(e) are roofed by thin intrapostzygapophyseal laminae. The arrangement of the vertebral laminae and fossae in
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFE62FD416D4F91C5" box="[502,619,696,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
is comparable with the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFC52FD416B1091C5" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[966,1076,696,717]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFC52FD416B1091C5" box="[966,1076,696,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFBAAFD416BC991C5" authorityName="Rauhut, Remes, Fechner, Cladera & Puerta" authorityYear="2005" box="[1086,1261,696,717]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Brachytrachelopan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFBAAFD416BC991C5" box="[1086,1261,696,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brachytrachelopan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFB63FD416A5A91C5" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[1271,1406,696,717]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFB63FD416A5A91C5" box="[1271,1406,696,717]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFA1CFD416ED191E0" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFA1CFD416ED191E0" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFDB2FD2B6DAA91EF" box="[550,654,722,743]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFDB2FD2B6DAA91EF" box="[550,654,722,743]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFD1AFD296DEE91D6" attach="left" box="[654,714,719,734]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD1AFD296DB191D6" author="Janensch, W." box="[654,661,720,734]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontogr. Suppl." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="37 - 133" part="7" refId="ref8574" refString="4. Janensch, W. Die wirbelsaule der gatttung dicraeosaurus. Palaeontogr. Suppl. 7, 37 - 133 (1929)." title="Die wirbelsaule der gatttung dicraeosaurus" type="journal article" year="1929">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD0EFD366D8591D5" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[666,673,719,733]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD31FD296D8891D6" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[677,684,720,734]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD24FD296D9391D6" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & Remes, K. & Fechner, R. & Cladera, G. & Puerta, P." box="[688,695,720,734]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="670 - 672" part="435" refId="ref8808" refString="9. Rauhut, O. W. M., Remes, K., Fechner, R., Cladera, G. & Puerta, P. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435, 670 - 672 (2005)." title="Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2005">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD2FFD296DEE91D6" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[699,714,720,734]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. However, in the latter two taxa, the cpof(e) are triangular. Furthermore, as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFE34FD146D0F900A" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[416,555,749,770]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFE34FD146D0F900A" box="[416,555,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFDBFFD136D1991F0" attach="left" box="[555,573,746,760]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFDBFFD136D1691F0" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[555,562,746,760]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFDA2FD136D1991F0" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[566,573,746,760]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
, the neural arch in
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFD6CFD146C4A900A" box="[760,878,749,770]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
is devoid of a median tubercle.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA3FFDFFE54FCF16A909720" blockId="6.[416,1479,136,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The preserved neural arch above the neural canal shows deep bifurcation which descends to the roof of the canal and encloses an anteroposteriorly extensive passage of uniform width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFBE8FCDB6BC79030" box="[1148,1251,802,824]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2H–K</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFA17FCDB6A9D9031" box="[1411,1465,802,825]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="3.[415,480,1062,1084]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1031]" captionTargetId="figure-512@3.[198,1478,135,1032]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Figure 3. Right cervical prezygapophysis (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-C, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) lateral view; (c,d); medial view; (e,f) anterior view; (g) dorsal view. Arrowheads indicate transverse sulcus beneath dorsal articular surface of prezygapophysis. cprf centroprezygapophyseal fossa, epi pre-epipophysis, lcprl lateral branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, mcprl medial branch of centroprezygapophyseal lamina, nc neural canal, tprl intraprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268356" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268356/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The broken ends of the neural arch dorsal to the cpof(e) suggest the presence of strongly divergent postzygapophyses. These features are reminiscent of the deeply bifurcated neural arch-spine complex of middle to cervicodorsal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFD16FC8A6C299080" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[642,781,883,904]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFD16FC8A6C299080" box="[642,781,883,904]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFCA9FC8B6C81908F" box="[829,933,882,903]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFCA9FC8B6C81908F" box="[829,933,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFC31FC966CEE9076" attach="left" box="[933,970,879,894]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFC31FC966C889075" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[933,940,879,893]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFC24FC896C939076" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[944,951,880,894]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFC2FFC896CEE9076" author="Windholz, G. J. & Carballido, J. L. & Coria, R. A. & Zurriaguz, V. L. & Rauhut, O. W." box="[955,970,880,894]" journalOrPublisher="Biol. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="103 - 120" part="138" refId="ref9691" refString="28. Windholz, G. J., Carballido, J. L., Coria, R. A., Zurriaguz, V. L. & Rauhut, O. W. How pneumatic were the presacral vertebrae of dicraeosaurid (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) dinosaurs?. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 138, 103 - 120 (2023)." title="How pneumatic were the presacral vertebrae of dicraeosaurid (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) dinosaurs?" type="journal article" year="2023">28</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Moreover, the surface of the neural arch within this passage is finished (as seen in dorsal view,
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFCADFC746CAB90AB" box="[825,911,909,931]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="2.[416,481,1684,1706]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,1649]" captionTargetId="figure-30@2.[198,1478,135,1654]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 2. Cervical vertebrae (CV6/8) of hvarosaurus indicus. (a) RWR-241-A, anterior cotyle in anterior view. (b–k) RWR-241-B, partial vertebra, photographs and line drawings in (b,c) right lateral view, red line indicates U-shaped ridge demarcating anterior and posterior halves of lateral pneumatic fossa; (d,e) lef lateral view; (f,g) ventral view, red line indicates posteriorly bifurcated midline keel and arrow indicates accessory ridge; (h,i) posterior view, arrows and red arrowheads indicate deep bifurcation of neural arch and triangular facets below cotyle, respectively. (j,k) dorsal view, arrowhead indicates passage enclosed by bifid neural arch and ligament scars and striations marked in red and purple, respectively. Broken areas and artefacts in grey and pink, respectively. c centrum, cpof centropostzygapophyseal fossa, cpol centropostzygapophyseal lamina, lf lateral fossa, lvf lateroventral flange, mk midline keel, na neural arch, nc neural canal, pvf posteroventral fossa, tpol intrapostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268352" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268352/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2J,K</figureCitation>
|
||
), and bears rugose scars along the mid-line which possibly represent ligament scars. The scars largely occupy the posterior half of the passage and bordered laterally by sub-parallel striations. Rugose tuberosity on the floor of bifurcated neural arch-spine complexes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFADBFC3A6EED90FB" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1877" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ajax">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFADBFC3A6EED90FB" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apatosaurus ajax</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFE6EFC276DA790FB" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[506,643,990,1011]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFE6EFC276DA790FB" box="[506,643,990,1011]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been interpreted as ligament scars
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFB9DFC236B3C90E0" author="Tsuihiji, T." box="[1033,1048,986,1000]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="165 - 172" part="24" refId="ref9981" refString="33. Tsuihiji, T. Le ligament system in the neck of Rhea americana and its implication for the bifurcated neural spines of sauropod dinosaurs. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 24, 165 - 172 (2004)." title="Le ligament system in the neck of Rhea americana and its implication for the bifurcated neural spines of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFB9DFC236B3C90E0" attach="left" box="[1033,1048,986,1000]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">33</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFB13FC246BDA90FA" box="[1159,1278,989,1010]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
lacks the tuberosity, a feature shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFDE0FC016C249705" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[628,768,1016,1037]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFDE0FC016C249705" box="[628,768,1016,1037]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFC94FC0C6C23970B" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[768,775,1013,1027]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFC94FC0C6C23970B" attach="left" box="[768,775,1013,1027]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">8</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, these scars attest to the presence of bifid neural spines in
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFADDFC016AE59705" box="[1353,1473,1016,1037]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
. Similar bifid neural spines are listed as a synapomorphy of Flagellicaudata in previous studies (e.g., Wilson
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFA0BFBE96A829716" author="Wilson, J. A." box="[1439,1446,1040,1054]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref8433" refString="1. Wilson, J. A. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: Critique and cladistic analysis. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 136, 217 - 276 (2002)." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: Critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFA0BFBE96A829716" attach="left" box="[1439,1446,1040,1054]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">1</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA3FFDFFE54FBD76CAE9770" blockId="6.[416,1479,136,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The specimens (RWR-241-A–E) likely represent the 6th/8th cervical based on comparisons with the middle cervicals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFD82FBB16DA39755" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[534,647,1096,1117]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFD82FBB16DA39755" box="[534,647,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFD2CFBB16C189755" box="[696,828,1096,1117]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Bajadasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFD2CFBB16C189755" box="[696,828,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bajadasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the middle–posterior cervicals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFB56FBB16A699755" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[1218,1357,1096,1117]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFB56FBB16A699755" box="[1218,1357,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFACDFBB16AE49755" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[1369,1472,1096,1117]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFACDFBB16AE49755" box="[1369,1472,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFE34FB9A6D0F9770" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[416,555,1123,1144]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFE34FB9A6D0F9770" box="[416,555,1123,1144]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFDA2FB9B6DBA977F" box="[566,670,1122,1143]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFDA2FB9B6DBA977F" box="[566,670,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFD59FB9B6C1E977F" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2012" box="[717,826,1122,1143]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Kaatedocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFD59FB9B6C1E977F" box="[717,826,1122,1143]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kaatedocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFCAEFBA66CA19766" attach="left" box="[826,901,1119,1134]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFCAEFBA66C659765" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[826,833,1119,1133]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFCD1FB996C689766" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[837,844,1120,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFCC4FB996C7B9766" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[848,863,1120,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFCF7FB996C569766" author="Harris, J. D." box="[867,882,1120,1134]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFCE2FB996CA19766" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O." box="[886,901,1120,1134]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref9640" refString="27. Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 11, 853 - 888 (2013)." title="Le skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">27</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA3FFDFFE54FB876A89968B" blockId="6.[416,1479,136,1971]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Three isolated specimens including a partial neural arch and two partial neural arch-spine complexes are referable to the dorsal vertebral series (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFC8EFB616C5997A5" box="[794,893,1176,1198]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4A–L</figureCitation>
|
||
, Supplementary Table 1). The neural arch comprises a stout, sub-horizontal transverse process with an anteroposteriorly broad and sigmoidal diapophysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFA8AFB4B6AA597C1" box="[1310,1409,1202,1225]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anteriorly, the transverse process bears a broad and moderately deep prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFE33FB116D2197F6" box="[423,517,1256,1278]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
), whereas its posterior surface bears a thin, mediodorsally-lateroventrally directed lamina, possibly representing the postzygodiapophyseal lamina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFCE4FAFB6CF69611" box="[880,978,1282,1305]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4C,D</figureCitation>
|
||
). A deep centrodiapophyseal fossa (cdf) positioned ventral to the transverse process is bordered by an anteroventrally directed anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina and a near-vertical posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFC52FAC16B049645" box="[966,1056,1336,1358]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4E,F</figureCitation>
|
||
). The specimen is tentatively assigned to the anterior dorsals based on similarity in overall morphology including laminae and fossae configuration with those of the flagellicaudatans
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFD16FA946C65968A" baseAuthorityName="Holland" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[642,833,1389,1410]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="louisae">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFD16FA946C65968A" box="[642,833,1389,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Apatosaurus louisae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFCD8FA946CFB968A" authorityName="Bonaparte & Mateus" authorityYear="1999" box="[844,991,1389,1410]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dinheirosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFCD8FA946CFB968A" box="[844,991,1389,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dinheirosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFC7DFA946B7C968A" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[1001,1112,1389,1410]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFC7DFA946B7C968A" box="[1001,1112,1389,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFB13FA946A72968B" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[1159,1366,1389,1411]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cazaui">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFB13FA946A72968B" box="[1159,1366,1389,1411]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amargasaurus cazaui</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFAC2FA936A8C9670" attach="left" box="[1366,1448,1386,1400]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFAC2FA936A799670" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[1366,1373,1386,1400]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFAF5FA936A549670" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[1377,1392,1386,1400]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFAE0FA936AA79670" author="Mannion, P. D. & Upchurch, P. & Mateus, O. & Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E." box="[1396,1411,1386,1400]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="521 - 551" part="10" refId="ref9444" refString="23. Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Mateus, O., Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E. New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 10, 521 - 551 (2012)." title="New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFA12FA936AB19670" author="Wilson, J. A." box="[1414,1429,1386,1400]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="639 - 653" part="19" refId="ref9563" refString="25. Wilson, J. A. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 19, 639 - 653 (1999)." title="A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFA0DFA936A8C9670" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[1433,1448,1386,1400]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA3FFDEFE54FA716B3393E6" blockId="6.[416,1479,136,1971]" lastBlockId="7.[416,1479,136,1304]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The neural arch-spine complex is strongly compressed anteroposteriorly and expanded transversely, suggesting a more posterior position in the dorsal vertebral series (sensu McPhee et al.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFB47FA596BC696A6" author="McPhee, B. W. & Mannion, P. D. & de Klerk, W. J. & Choiniere, J. N." box="[1235,1250,1440,1454]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="228 - 248" part="59" refId="ref10023" refString="34. McPhee, B. W., Mannion, P. D., de Klerk, W. J. & Choiniere, J. N. High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition. Cretac. Res. 59, 228 - 248 (2016)." title="High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFB47FA596BC696A6" attach="none" box="[1235,1250,1440,1454]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">34</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The arch comprises a transversely broad and subtriangular spinoprezygapophyseal fossa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFB88FA446B5996DB" box="[1052,1149,1469,1491]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4G,H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The transverse process is laterally directed, with a vertically oriented distal end, similar to all diplodocids
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFBADFA2C6B7E96EB" attach="right" box="[1081,1114,1493,1507]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFBADFA2C6B6C96EB" author="Mannion, P. D. & Upchurch, P. & Mateus, O. & Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E." box="[1081,1096,1493,1507]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="521 - 551" part="10" refId="ref9444" refString="23. Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Mateus, O., Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E. New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 10, 521 - 551 (2012)." title="New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFBDFFA2C6B7E96EB" author="Whitlock, J. A. A." box="[1099,1114,1493,1507]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="872 - 915" part="161" refId="ref10089" refString="35. Whitlock, J. A. A. phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 161, 872 - 915 (2011)." title="phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2011">35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. This laterally oriented transverse process can be considered a local autapomorphy of
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFCFEFA0B6CC4950F" box="[874,992,1522,1543]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
unlike a dorsolaterally oriented transverse process in other dicraeosaurids
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFD15F9F36D9D9510" attach="right" box="[641,697,1546,1560]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD15F9F36DAC9510" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[641,648,1546,1560]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD18F9F36DB79510" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & Remes, K. & Fechner, R. & Cladera, G. & Puerta, P." box="[652,659,1546,1560]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="670 - 672" part="435" refId="ref8808" refString="9. Rauhut, O. W. M., Remes, K., Fechner, R., Cladera, G. & Puerta, P. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435, 670 - 672 (2005)." title="Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2005">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD03F9F36D829510" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[663,678,1546,1560]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFD3EF9F36D9D9510" author="Schwarz-Wings, D." box="[682,697,1546,1560]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="517 - 534" part="29" refId="ref10126" refString="36. Schwarz-Wings, D. Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 29, 517 - 534 (2009)." title="Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods" type="journal article" year="2009">36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. This feature may alternatively represent a symplesiomorphy, although Mannion et al.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFE59F9DC6EF8953B" author="Mannion, P. D. & Upchurch, P. & Mateus, O. & Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E." box="[461,476,1573,1587]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="521 - 551" part="10" refId="ref9444" refString="23. Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Mateus, O., Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E. New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 10, 521 - 551 (2012)." title="New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFE59F9DC6EF8953B" attach="left" box="[461,476,1573,1587]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">23</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the dorsolaterally projecting diapophysis in the dorsal vertebrae of the diplodocid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFAA7F9D16AE29535" authorityName="Bonaparte & Mateus" authorityYear="1999" box="[1331,1478,1576,1597]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dinheirosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFAA7F9D16AE29535" box="[1331,1478,1576,1597]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dinheirosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a local autapomorphy. The neural spine is transversely expanded and non-bifid and the disposition of the lateral spinal margins suggests dorsal flaring in anterior/posterior views (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFBCAF9A46B9B957B" box="[1118,1215,1629,1651]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4G–J</figureCitation>
|
||
). This suggests affinity with the middle/posterior dorsal vertebrae because non-bifurcated neural spines appear from the 6th/7th dorsal of dicraeosaurids, as seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFD36F96B6C3795AF" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[674,787,1682,1703]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFD36F96B6C3795AF" box="[674,787,1682,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFCD1F96B6CDC95AF" authorityName="Rauhut, Remes, Fechner, Cladera & Puerta" authorityYear="2005" box="[837,1016,1682,1703]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Brachytrachelopan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFCD1F96B6CDC95AF" box="[837,1016,1682,1703]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Brachytrachelopan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFC6CF9696B379596" attach="left" box="[1016,1043,1680,1694]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFC6CF9696CDB9596" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & Remes, K. & Fechner, R. & Cladera, G. & Puerta, P." box="[1016,1023,1680,1694]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="670 - 672" part="435" refId="ref8808" refString="9. Rauhut, O. W. M., Remes, K., Fechner, R., Cladera, G. & Puerta, P. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435, 670 - 672 (2005)." title="Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2005">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFB90F9696B379596" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[1028,1043,1680,1694]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Such flaring of the lateral spinal margins is also known from the middle and posterior dorsals of dicraeosaurids
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFBA4F9536B7995B0" attach="right" box="[1072,1117,1706,1720]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFBA4F9536B1395B0" author="Janensch, W." box="[1072,1079,1706,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontogr. Suppl." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="37 - 133" part="7" refId="ref8574" refString="4. Janensch, W. Die wirbelsaule der gatttung dicraeosaurus. Palaeontogr. Suppl. 7, 37 - 133 (1929)." title="Die wirbelsaule der gatttung dicraeosaurus" type="journal article" year="1929">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFBAFF9536B6E95B0" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[1083,1098,1706,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFBDAF9536B7995B0" author="Whitlock, J. A. A." box="[1102,1117,1706,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Zool. J. Linn. Soc." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="872 - 915" part="161" refId="ref10089" refString="35. Whitlock, J. A. A. phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 161, 872 - 915 (2011)." title="phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2011">35</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. In lateral view, the anterior and posterior borders of the neural spine remain subparallel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFC37F9316B2495D5" box="[931,1024,1736,1758]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4K,L</figureCitation>
|
||
), unlike the sub-triangular spinal lateral profile characteristic of many titanosauriforms
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFCB4F9196C6695E6" attach="left" box="[800,834,1760,1774]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFCB4F9196C0B95E6" author="McPhee, B. W. & Mannion, P. D. & de Klerk, W. J. & Choiniere, J. N." box="[800,815,1760,1774]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="228 - 248" part="59" refId="ref10023" refString="34. McPhee, B. W., Mannion, P. D., de Klerk, W. J. & Choiniere, J. N. High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition. Cretac. Res. 59, 228 - 248 (2016)." title="High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition" type="journal article" year="2016">34</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFCA7F9196C6695E6" author="Mannion, P. D. & Tschopp, E. & Whitlock, J. A." box="[819,834,1760,1774]" journalOrPublisher="R. Soc. Open Sci." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="210377" part="8" refId="ref10159" refString="37. Mannion, P. D., Tschopp, E. & Whitlock, J. A. Anatomy and systematics of the diplodocoid Amphicoelias altus supports high sauropod dinosaur diversity in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the USA. R. Soc. Open Sci. 8, 210377 (2021)." title="Anatomy and systematics of the diplodocoid Amphicoelias altus supports high sauropod dinosaur diversity in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the USA" type="journal article" year="2021">37</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. The neural spine bears a sharp prespinal lamina placed along the longitudinal midline on the anterior surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFCDAF9046C94941B" box="[846,944,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4G,H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The prespinal lamina does not extend up to the base of the spine and terminates dorsal to the spinoprezygapophyseal fossa. This lamina, however, extends down to the base of the neural spine in the posterior dorsals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFC14F8CA6B2E9440" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" box="[896,1034,1843,1864]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFC14F8CA6B2E9440" box="[896,1034,1843,1864]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA3FFDFFBACF8CA6BE49440" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[1080,1216,1843,1864]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA3FFDFFBACF8CA6BE49440" box="[1080,1216,1843,1864]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA3FFDFFB54F8D66BFF9435" attach="left" box="[1216,1243,1839,1854]" fontSize="6" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
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<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFB54F8D66BE39435" author="Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F." box="[1216,1223,1839,1853]" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="333 - 346" part="28" refId="ref8599" refString="5. Salgado, L. & Bonaparte, J. F. Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina. Ameghiniana 28, 333 - 346 (1991)." title="Un nuevo sauropodo Dicraeosauridae Amargasaurus cazaui gen. et sp. nov. de la Formacion La Amarga, Neocomiano de la provincia del Neuquen, Argentina" type="journal article" year="1991">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA3FFDFFB58F8D66BFF9435" author="Schwarz-Wings, D." box="[1228,1243,1839,1853]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="517 - 534" part="29" refId="ref10126" refString="36. Schwarz-Wings, D. Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 29, 517 - 534 (2009)." title="Reconstruction of the thoracic epaxial musculature of diplodocid and dicraeosaurid sauropods" type="journal article" year="2009">36</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
. Only a small part of the spinoprezygapophyseal lamina is preserved along the lateral margin of the anterior spinal surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFAC3F8B46A9F946B" box="[1367,1467,1869,1891]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4G,H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The spinodiapophyseal lamina is robust and broad, descending gently from the neural spine to the transverse process (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFE62F87B6DA29491" box="[502,646,1922,1945]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4G,H,K,L</figureCitation>
|
||
). The posterior surface of the spine preserves only the right spinopostzygapophyseal lamina (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA3FFDFFE65F8646D6694BB" box="[497,578,1949,1971]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 4I,J</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is robust and well-rounded, extending medially from the lateral margin of the posterior spinal surface towards the midline. In lateral view, the anterior surface of the spinopostzygapophyseal lamina unites with the posterior surface of the spinodiapophyseal lamina as seen in the posterior dorsals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFAF5FF5B6ED093DA" authorityName="Rauhut, Remes, Fechner, Cladera & Puerta" authorityYear="2005" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Brachytrachelopan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFAF5FF5B6ED093DA" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brachytrachelopan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFE60FF436EDF93C0" author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & Remes, K. & Fechner, R. & Cladera, G. & Puerta, P." box="[500,507,186,200]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="670 - 672" part="435" refId="ref8808" refString="9. Rauhut, O. W. M., Remes, K., Fechner, R., Cladera, G. & Puerta, P. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435, 670 - 672 (2005)." title="Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFE60FF436EDF93C0" attach="left" box="[500,507,186,200]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">9</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFD9DFF446D4393DB" box="[521,615,189,211]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4K,L</figureCitation>
|
||
), and these laminae enclose the postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa. Thus, these vertebral specimens likely belong to the middle/posterior dorsals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA2FFDEFE54FF0A6BDE92F0" blockId="7.[416,1479,136,1304]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
An isolated, nearly complete rib (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFC9FFF0B6C579200" box="[779,883,242,264]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4M,N</figureCitation>
|
||
) is identified as the right anterior dorsal rib, based on similarity with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFDC0FEF46C2F922A" authorityName="Tschopp & Mateus" authorityYear="2017" box="[596,779,269,290]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Galeamopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pabsti">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFDC0FEF46C2F922A" box="[596,779,269,290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Galeamopus pabsti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFC98FEF36C3F9210" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O." box="[780,795,266,280]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="e 3179" part="5" refId="ref9809" refString="30. Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. Osteology of Galeamopus pabsti sp. nov. (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae), with implications for neurocentral closure timing, and the cervico-dorsal transition in diplodocids. PeerJ 5, e 3179 (2017)." title="Osteology of Galeamopus pabsti sp. nov. (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae), with implications for neurocentral closure timing, and the cervico-dorsal transition in diplodocids" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFC98FEF36C3F9210" attach="right" box="[780,795,266,280]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">30</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The specimen is Y-shaped, flares out proximally, and becomes dorsoventrally skewed distally. The rib lacks pneumatic openings as in diplodocoids but contrasts with those of titanosauriforms
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFDD6FEB96D759246" author="Wilson, J. A. & Sereno, P. C." box="[578,593,320,334]" journalOrPublisher="Soc. Vertebr. Paleontol. Mem." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 68" part="5" refId="ref10216" refString="38. Wilson, J. A. & Sereno, P. C. Early evolution and higher level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs. Soc. Vertebr. Paleontol. Mem. 5, 1 - 68 (1998)." title="Early evolution and higher level phylogeny of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
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<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFDD6FEB96D759246" attach="left" box="[578,593,320,334]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">38</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The capitulum is elliptical, anteroposteriorly compressed, and directed anterodorsally. It is longer than the tuberculum and bears prominent striations on the anterior surface (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFB5EFEA46A3E927B" box="[1226,1306,349,371]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4M</figureCitation>
|
||
). The tuberculum is short and curved towards the capitulum. The tuberculum and capitulum enclose a broad U-shaped space. A robust and rounded ridge occupies the anterior surface of the rib distal to the capitulum and tuberculum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFE33FE546ED192CB" box="[423,501,429,451]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4M</figureCitation>
|
||
). The ridge extends distally and gradually becomes flush with the surface. The ventral margin is sigmoidal with the portion immediately distal to the tuberculum strongly convex. The dorsal margin is concave, and its posterior surface is largely flat and featureless, except for the strongly rugose tuberculum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA2FFDEFE54FE076DCB90B5" blockId="7.[416,1479,136,1304]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The collection includes two caudal vertebrae (Supplementary Table 1). One of these, a partial centrum of an anterior caudal vertebra, preserves the anterior cotyle and the proximal-most part of the neural arch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFAC3FDE16A989126" box="[1367,1468,536,558]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). The centrum is robust with a moderately concave anterior cotyle. The latter is dorsoventrally taller than mediolaterally wide (RWR-241-J, cH/cW =1.2, Supplementary Table 2) and comparable in proportion to the anterior caudals of other flagellicaudatans such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFC9CFD916CAB9175" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[776,911,616,637]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFC9CFD916CAB9175" box="[776,911,616,637]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFC1BFD9C6C94917B" attach="left" box="[911,944,613,627]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFC1BFD9C6CBA917B" author="Janensch, W." box="[911,926,613,627]" journalOrPublisher="Archiv. fur Biontologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="81 e 110" part="3" refId="ref10258" refString="39. Janensch, W. Ubersicht uber die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebsteiner kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden. Archiv. fur Biontologie 3, 81 e 110 (1914)." title="Ubersicht uber die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebsteiner kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden" type="journal volume" year="1914">39</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFC35FD9C6C94917B" author="Upchurch, P. & Mannion, P. D." box="[929,944,613,627]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1195 - 1207" part="52" refId="ref10294" refString="40. Upchurch, P. & Mannion, P. D. Le first diplodocid from Asia and its implications for the evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Palaeontology 52, 1195 - 1207 (2009)." title="Le first diplodocid from Asia and its implications for the evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2009">40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
(cH/cW = c. 1),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFBDEFD916B8B9175" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[1098,1199,616,637]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFBDEFD916B8B9175" box="[1098,1199,616,637]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFB3BFD9C6B9A917B" author="Harris, J. D." box="[1199,1214,613,627]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFB3BFD9C6B9A917B" attach="left" box="[1199,1214,613,627]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">24</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(ANS 21122, cH/cW = 1.1),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFE34FD7B6D2B919F" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[416,527,642,663]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFE34FD7B6D2B919F" box="[416,527,642,663]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD9BFD796D3A9186" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[527,542,640,654]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFD9BFD796D3A9186" attach="left" box="[527,542,640,654]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW = 1.1) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFD4FFD7A6C4E9190" authorityName="Carvalho, Avilla & Salgado" authorityYear="2003" box="[731,874,643,664]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Amazonsaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFD4FFD7A6C4E9190" box="[731,874,643,664]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amazonsaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFCFEFD796C5D9186" author="De Souza Carvalho, I. & dos Santos Avilla, L. & Salgado, L." box="[874,889,640,654]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="697 - 713" part="24" refId="ref10333" refString="41. De Souza Carvalho, I., dos Santos Avilla, L. & Salgado, L. Amazonsaurus maranhensis gen. et sp. nov. (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian - Albian) of Brazil. Cretac. Res. 24, 697 - 713 (2003)." title="Amazonsaurus maranhensis gen. et sp. nov. (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian - Albian) of Brazil" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFCFEFD796C5D9186" attach="left" box="[874,889,640,654]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">41</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW = 1.1). It is, however, dorsoventrally taller compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFE2EFD646D0191BA" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1878" box="[442,549,669,690]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFE2EFD646D0191BA" box="[442,549,669,690]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diplodocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFDB1FD636D1091A0" author="Upchurch, P. & Mannion, P. D." box="[549,564,666,680]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1195 - 1207" part="52" refId="ref10294" refString="40. Upchurch, P. & Mannion, P. D. Le first diplodocid from Asia and its implications for the evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Palaeontology 52, 1195 - 1207 (2009)." title="Le first diplodocid from Asia and its implications for the evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFDB1FD636D1091A0" attach="left" box="[549,564,666,680]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">40</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cH/cW = 0.9),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFD44FD646C7D91BA" authorityName="Apestegui'a" authorityYear="2007" box="[720,857,669,690]" class="Reptilia" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Amargatitanis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFD44FD646C7D91BA" box="[720,857,669,690]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amargatitanis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFCCDFD636C4C91A0" author="Gallina, P. A." box="[857,872,666,680]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="79 - 87" part="64" refId="ref8897" refString="11. Gallina, P. A. Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguia, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretac. Res. 64, 79 - 87 (2016)." title="Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguia, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFCCDFD636C4C91A0" attach="left" box="[857,872,666,680]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(MACN PV N53, cH/cW = 0.7) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFB46FD676A8091BA" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1879" box="[1234,1444,669,691]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Brontosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="excelsus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFB46FD676A8091BA" box="[1234,1444,669,691]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brontosaurus excelsus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFA30FD636AE291A0" attach="left" box="[1444,1478,666,680]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFA30FD636A9791A0" author="Tschopp, E. & Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B." box="[1444,1459,666,680]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="e 857" part="3" refId="ref9598" refString="26. Tschopp, E., Mateus, O. & Benson, R. B. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3, e 857 (2015)." title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015">26</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFA23FD636AE291A0" author="Ostrom, J. O. & McIntosh, J. S." box="[1463,1478,666,680]" journalOrPublisher="Yale University Press" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10392" refString="42. Ostrom, J. O. & McIntosh, J. S. Marsh's Dinosaurs: hve Collection from Como Bluff Vol. 1 (Yale University Press, 1966)." title="Marsh's Dinosaurs: hve Collection from Como Bluff Vol. 1" type="book" year="1966">42</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
(YPM 1980, cH/cW = 0.9). The ventral margin of the anterior cotyle, although partial, preserves a small chevron facet (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFE4EFD2B6D0191E1" box="[474,549,722,745]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). The preserved lateral surface of the centrum is convex and bears a lateral foramen immediately ventral to the neural arch, a feature present in anterior caudals of most diplodocids
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFB51FD136BDD91F0" attach="left" box="[1221,1273,746,760]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFB51FD136BF091F0" author="Mannion, P. D. & Upchurch, P. & Mateus, O. & Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E." box="[1221,1236,746,760]" journalOrPublisher="J. Syst. Palaeontol." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="521 - 551" part="10" refId="ref9444" refString="23. Mannion, P. D., Upchurch, P., Mateus, O., Barnes, R. N. & Jones, M. E. New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids. J. Syst. Palaeontol. 10, 521 - 551 (2012)." title="New information on the anatomy and systematic position of Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal, with a review of European diplodocoids" type="journal article" year="2012">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFB4CFD136BC391F0" author="Upchurch, P. & Mannion, P. D." box="[1240,1255,746,760]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1195 - 1207" part="52" refId="ref10294" refString="40. Upchurch, P. & Mannion, P. D. Le first diplodocid from Asia and its implications for the evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Palaeontology 52, 1195 - 1207 (2009)." title="Le first diplodocid from Asia and its implications for the evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2009">40</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFB7EFD136BDD91F0" author="Lovelace, D. M. & Hartman, S. A. & Wahl, W. R." box="[1258,1273,746,760]" journalOrPublisher="Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="527 - 544" part="65" refId="ref10426" refString="43. Lovelace, D. M., Hartman, S. A. & Wahl, W. R. Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocoid phylogeny. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 65, 527 - 544 (2008)." title="Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocoid phylogeny" type="journal article" year="2008">43</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFA92FD146A6B900B" box="[1286,1359,749,771]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The lateral surface, however, does not bear any ridges, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFC36FCF16B0E9015" authorityName="Apestegui'a" authorityYear="2007" box="[930,1066,776,797]" class="Reptilia" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Amargatitanis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFC36FCF16B0E9015" box="[930,1066,776,797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amargatitanis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFBBEFCFC6B1D901B" author="Gallina, P. A." box="[1066,1081,773,787]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="79 - 87" part="64" refId="ref8897" refString="11. Gallina, P. A. Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguia, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretac. Res. 64, 79 - 87 (2016)." title="Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguia, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFBBEFCFC6B1D901B" attach="left" box="[1066,1081,773,787]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In lateral view, the ventral margin of the centrum is strongly concave, akin to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFC91FCDB6C50903F" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[773,884,802,823]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFC91FCDB6C50903F" box="[773,884,802,823]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFCE0FCD96CA79026" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[884,899,800,814]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFCE0FCD96CA79026" attach="left" box="[884,899,800,814]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Moreover, the curvature of the ventral margin suggests the ventral rim of the posterior central articular surface to be at a lower level than the anterior, a feature shared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFE34FCA16D0D9065" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[416,553,856,877]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFE34FCA16D0D9065" box="[416,553,856,877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFDBCFCAC6D13906B" author="Janensch, W." box="[552,567,853,867]" journalOrPublisher="Archiv. fur Biontologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="81 e 110" part="3" refId="ref10258" refString="39. Janensch, W. Ubersicht uber die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebsteiner kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden. Archiv. fur Biontologie 3, 81 e 110 (1914)." title="Ubersicht uber die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebsteiner kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden" type="journal volume" year="1914">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFDBCFCAC6D13906B" attach="left" box="[552,567,853,867]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">39</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFDF3FCA16DE99065" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[615,717,856,877]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFDF3FCA16DE99065" box="[615,717,856,877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD59FCAC6DF8906B" author="Harris, J. D." box="[717,732,853,867]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFD59FCAC6DF8906B" attach="left" box="[717,732,853,867]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">24</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The neural arch is poorly preserved (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFBDFFCA16B8D9066" box="[1099,1193,856,878]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5A,B</figureCitation>
|
||
) and placed anteriorly on the centrum as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFDBCFC8A6D949080" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[552,688,883,904]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFDBCFC8A6D949080" box="[552,688,883,904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD24FC896D9B9076" author="Janensch, W." box="[688,703,880,894]" journalOrPublisher="Archiv. fur Biontologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="81 e 110" part="3" refId="ref10258" refString="39. Janensch, W. Ubersicht uber die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebsteiner kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden. Archiv. fur Biontologie 3, 81 e 110 (1914)." title="Ubersicht uber die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebsteiner kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden" type="journal volume" year="1914">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFD24FC896D9B9076" attach="left" box="[688,703,880,894]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">39</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFD5DFC8B6C13908F" authorityName="Xu, Upchurch, Mannion, Barrett, Regalado-Fernandez, Mo, Ma & Liu" authorityYear="2018" box="[713,823,882,903]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Lingwulong" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFD5DFC8B6C13908F" box="[713,823,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Lingwulong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFCACFC896C639076" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[824,839,880,894]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFCACFC896C639076" attach="left" box="[824,839,880,894]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">13</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFCE1FC8A6CFE9080" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[885,986,883,904]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFCE1FC8A6CFE9080" box="[885,986,883,904]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFC4EFC896CCD9076" author="Harris, J. D." box="[986,1001,880,894]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFC4EFC896CCD9076" attach="left" box="[986,1001,880,894]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">24</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The ventral surface is weakly convex transversely with an incipient midline keel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFD4CFC746C0190AB" box="[728,805,909,931]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). This ventral keel is also present in other dicraeosaurids, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFE34FC516D2290B5" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[416,518,936,957]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFE34FC516D2290B5" box="[416,518,936,957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFDA0FC516D9990B5" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[564,701,936,957]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFDA0FC516D9990B5" box="[564,701,936,957]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFD29FC5C6DCE90BB" attach="left" box="[701,746,933,947]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD29FC5C6DE090BB" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[701,708,933,947]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD5CFC5C6DF390BB" author="Harris, J. D." box="[712,727,933,947]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">24</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD4FFC5C6DCE90BB" author="Janensch, W." box="[731,746,933,947]" journalOrPublisher="Archiv. fur Biontologie" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="81 e 110" part="3" refId="ref10258" refString="39. Janensch, W. Ubersicht uber die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebsteiner kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden. Archiv. fur Biontologie 3, 81 e 110 (1914)." title="Ubersicht uber die Wirbeltierfauna der Tendaguruschichten, nebsteiner kurzen Charakterisierung der neu aufgefuhrten Arten von Sauropoden" type="journal volume" year="1914">39</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA2FFDEFE54FC3B6C4C9610" blockId="7.[416,1479,136,1304]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The second caudal (RWR-241-K) vertebra is a nearly complete centrum but without the neural arch (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFE33FC246D3790FB" box="[423,531,989,1011]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5D–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). The centrum is anteroposteriorly elongated, suggesting a more posterior position in the caudal series compared to RWR-241-I (sensu Coria et al.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFCE9FC0C6CA0970B" author="Coria, R. A. & Windholz, G. J. & Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J." box="[893,900,1013,1027]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="33 - 48" part="93" refId="ref8748" refString="8. Coria, R. A., Windholz, G. J., Ortega, F. & Currie, P. J. A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina. Cretac. Res. 93, 33 - 48 (2019)." title="A new dicraeosaurid sauropod from the lower cretaceous (Mulichinco formation, Valanginian, Neuquen Basin) of Argentina" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFCE9FC0C6CA0970B" attach="none" box="[893,900,1013,1027]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">8</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The centrum is 1.6 times as long as high, with a deep fossa extending along the entire length of the centrum, identifying it to be a middle caudal (sensu McPhee et al.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFA3DFBE96A9C9716" author="McPhee, B. W. & Mannion, P. D. & de Klerk, W. J. & Choiniere, J. N." box="[1449,1464,1040,1054]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="228 - 248" part="59" refId="ref10023" refString="34. McPhee, B. W., Mannion, P. D., de Klerk, W. J. & Choiniere, J. N. High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition. Cretac. Res. 59, 228 - 248 (2016)." title="High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFA3DFBE96A9C9716" attach="none" box="[1449,1464,1040,1054]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">34</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is corroborated by similarities with middle caudal centra of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFB9DFBD46B4B974A" authorityName="Harris & Dodson" authorityYear="2004" box="[1033,1135,1069,1090]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Suuwassea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFB9DFBD46B4B974A" box="[1033,1135,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFBFBFBD36B5A9730" author="Harris, J. D." box="[1135,1150,1066,1080]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1091 - 1121" part="49" refId="ref9521" refString="24. Harris, J. D. Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Palaeontology 49, 1091 - 1121 (2006)." title="Le axial skeleton of the dinosaur Suuwassea emilieae (Sauropoda: Flagellicaudata) from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFBFBFBD36B5A9730" attach="left" box="[1135,1150,1066,1080]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">24</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cL/cH = 1.5) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFABBFBD46A92974A" authorityName="Apestegui'a" authorityYear="2007" box="[1327,1462,1069,1090]" class="Reptilia" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Amargatitanis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFABBFBD46A92974A" box="[1327,1462,1069,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amargatitanis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFA23FBD36AE29730" author="Gallina, P. A." box="[1463,1478,1066,1080]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="79 - 87" part="64" refId="ref8897" refString="11. Gallina, P. A. Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguia, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretac. Res. 64, 79 - 87 (2016)." title="Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguia, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFA23FBD36AE29730" attach="right" box="[1463,1478,1066,1080]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(cL/cH = 1.3). A prominent lateral fossa is also reported in the dicraeosaurid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFB08FBB16A029755" authorityName="Apestegui'a" authorityYear="2007" box="[1180,1318,1096,1117]" class="Reptilia" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Amargatitanis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFB08FBB16A029755" box="[1180,1318,1096,1117]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amargatitanis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFAB2FBBC6A11975B" author="Gallina, P. A." box="[1318,1333,1093,1107]" journalOrPublisher="Cretac. Res." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="79 - 87" part="64" refId="ref8897" refString="11. Gallina, P. A. Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguia, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Cretac. Res. 64, 79 - 87 (2016)." title="Reappraisal of the Early Cretaceous sauropod dinosaur Amargatitanis macni (Apesteguia, 2007), from northwestern Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFAB2FBBC6A11975B" attach="left" box="[1318,1333,1093,1107]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">11</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Furthermore, judging from the broken dorsal surface of the centrum, the neural arch was possibly more anteriorly placed in RWR-241-J as in the afore-mentioned dicraeosaurids. The centrum is platyceolous with the anterior and posterior cotyles dorsoventrally taller than mediolaterally wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFB8CFB616B5C97A5" box="[1048,1144,1176,1198]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5D,E</figureCitation>
|
||
), although there is some evidence of deformation. The ventral surface is strongly concave in lateral view with the ventral margin of the posterior cotyle descending below the level of the anterior cotyle. The fossa on the ventral surface is deep, constricted at midlength and bordered by robust ventrolateral ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFC40FB116B0497F6" box="[980,1056,1256,1278]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="5.[415,480,988,1010]" captionTargetBox="[199,1477,136,956]" captionTargetId="figure-586@5.[198,1478,135,957]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Figure 5. Caudal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-J, partial anterior caudal vertebra in (a) anterior view; (b) right lateral view; (c) ventral view. RWR-241-K, middle caudal centrum in (d) anterior view; (e) posterior view; (f) lef lateral view; (g) ventral view. c centrum, chf chevron facet, lf lateral fossa, lpfo lateral pneumatic foramen, vf ventral fossa, vr ventrolateral ridge." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268364" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268364/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 5G</figureCitation>
|
||
), similar to the derived diplodocids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFE34FAFB6D2E961F" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1878" box="[416,522,1282,1303]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFE34FAFB6D2E961F" box="[416,522,1282,1303]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Diplodocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD9EFAF96D3D9606" author="Hatcher, J. B." box="[522,537,1280,1294]" journalOrPublisher="Mem. Carn. Mus." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 63" part="1" refId="ref10490" refString="44. Hatcher, J. B. Diplodocus (Marsh): Its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton. Mem. Carn. Mus. 1, 1 - 63 (1901)." title="Diplodocus (Marsh): Its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton" type="journal article" year="1901">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFD9EFAF96D3D9606" attach="left" box="[522,537,1280,1294]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">44</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFDB0FAFA6D819610" authorityName="Gillette" authorityYear="1991" box="[548,677,1283,1304]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Seismosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFDB0FAFA6D819610" box="[548,677,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Seismosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD31FB066D909605" author="Gillette, D. D." box="[677,692,1279,1293]" journalOrPublisher="J. Vertebr. Paleontol." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="417 - 433" part="11" refId="ref10534" refString="45. Gillette, D. D. Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic / Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 11, 417 - 433 (1991)." title="Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic / Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA" type="journal article" year="1991">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFD31FB066D909605" attach="left" box="[677,692,1279,1293]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">45</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFD7CFAFA6C709610" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1890" box="[744,852,1283,1304]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Barosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFD7CFAFA6C709610" box="[744,852,1283,1304]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Barosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFCC0FB066C479605" author="McIntosh, J. S. & Tidwell, V. & Carpenter, K." box="[852,867,1279,1293]" journalOrPublisher="Indiana University Press" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref10589" refString="46. McIntosh, J. S., Tidwell, V. & Carpenter, K. Le genus Barosaurus Marsh (Sauropoda, Diplodocidae). In hvunder-Lizards: hve Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs. (Indiana University Press, 2005)." title="Le genus Barosaurus Marsh (Sauropoda, Diplodocidae)" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="hvunder-Lizards: hve Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs" year="2005">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFCC0FB066C479605" attach="left" box="[852,867,1279,1293]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">46</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="2FD90680FFA2FFDEFE34FAC56D379520" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="677C550BFFA2FFDEFE34FAC56D379520" blockId="7.[416,1478,1340,1576]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFE34FAC56D87965C" bold="true" box="[416,675,1340,1364]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Phylogenetic analysis.</emphasis>
|
||
The inter-relationship of
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFC27FAC46B0C965A" box="[947,1064,1341,1362]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
within Sauropodomorpha was tested in a reduced version of the data matrix used by Gallina et al.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFC3BFAAC6C92966B" author="Gallina, P. A. & Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I." box="[943,950,1365,1379]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1392" part="9" refId="ref8704" refString="7. Gallina, P. A., Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I. A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system. Sci. Rep. 9, 1392 (2019)." title="A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFC3BFAAC6C92966B" attach="left" box="[943,950,1365,1379]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">7</superScript>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(see “Methods” and Supplementary Note 2). The analysis recovered 20 most parsimonious trees with a tree length of 760, consistency index (CI) of 0.483 and retention index (RI) of 0.647. The topology of the strict consensus tree (Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFB22FA746BC996AB" box="[1206,1261,1421,1443]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="4.[416,481,1618,1640]" captionTargetBox="[350,1477,136,1586]" captionTargetId="figure-30@4.[349,1478,135,1587]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 4. Dorsal vertebrae of hvarosaurus indicus. RWR-241-F, partial anterior dorsal neural arch, photographs and line drawings in (a,b) anterior view; (c,d) posterior view; (e,f) anterior view. RWR-241-G, partial middle/ posterior dorsal neural arch-spine complex, photographs and line drawings in (g,h) anterior view; (i,j) posterior view; (k,l) lateral view. RWR-241-I, nearly complete anterior dorsal rib in (m) anterior view; (n) posterior view. acdl anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, ca capitulum, cdf centrodiapophyseal fossa, da diapophysis, ns neural spine, pcdl posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, podl postzygodiapophyseal lamina, posdf postzygapophyseal spinodiapophyseal fossa, prcdf prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa, prsl prespinal lamina, spdl spinodiapophyseal lamina, spol spinopostzygapophyseal lamina, sprl spinoprezygapophyseal lamina, sprf spinoprezygaposphyseal fossa, tp transverse process, tu tuberculum. Scale bars represent 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268360" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268360/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows a well resolved clade Sauropoda with diplodocoids and macronarians showing distinct clustering within Neosauropoda, consistent with previous studies
|
||
<superScript id="90B6F843FFA2FFDEFD39FA396DE396C6" attach="left" box="[685,711,1472,1486]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD39FA396D9096C6" author="Gallina, P. A. & Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I." box="[685,692,1472,1486]" journalOrPublisher="Sci. Rep." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1392" part="9" refId="ref8704" refString="7. Gallina, P. A., Apesteguia, S. & Canale, J. I. A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system. Sci. Rep. 9, 1392 (2019)." title="A new long-spined dinosaur from Patagonia sheds light on sauropod defense system" type="journal article" year="2019">7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="035228FAFFA2FFDEFD2CFA396DE396C6" author="Xu, X. et al." box="[696,711,1472,1486]" journalOrPublisher="Nat. Commun." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="2700" part="9" refId="ref8982" refString="13. Xu, X. et al. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nat. Commun. 9, 2700 (2018)." title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</superScript>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFD46FA3B6C6396DF" box="[722,839,1474,1495]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
is recovered as a dicraeosaurid flagellicaudatan, although the clade
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFE34FA246D1996FB" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1929" box="[416,573,1501,1523]" family="Dicraeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicraeosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is poorly resolved. In the 50% majority rule tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FFF8498EFFA2FFDEFB99FA246B6796FB" box="[1037,1091,1501,1523]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="8.[416,481,1334,1356]" captionTargetBox="[345,1476,136,1303]" captionTargetId="figure-335@8.[344,1478,135,1304]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 6. Phylogenetic position of hvarosaurus indicus gen. et sp. nov. (RWR-241) in 50% majority-rule tree. Clade Dicraeosauridae shaded in pink. Numbers above nodes indicate Bremer support values." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8268366" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8268366/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFBC1FA246BD696FB" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1929" box="[1109,1266,1501,1523]" family="Dicraeosauridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dicraeosauridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is better resolved with
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFE34FA016D319505" box="[416,533,1528,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Tharosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
being a sister taxon to ((
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFD68FA016C479505" box="[764,867,1528,1549]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Pilmatueia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFD68FA016C479505" box="[764,867,1528,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Pilmatueia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFCE3FA016CD99505" authorityName="Apestegui'a" authorityYear="2007" box="[887,1021,1528,1549]" class="Reptilia" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Amargatitanis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFCE3FA016CD99505" box="[887,1021,1528,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amargatitanis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) + (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFBB6FA016BF59505" authorityName="Rauhut, Remes, Fechner, Cladera & Puerta" authorityYear="2005" box="[1058,1233,1528,1549]" family="Dicraeosauridae" genus="Brachytrachelopan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFBB6FA016BF59505" box="[1058,1233,1528,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Brachytrachelopan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFB79FA016A509505" authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[1261,1396,1528,1549]" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFB79FA016A509505" box="[1261,1396,1528,1549]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A0C32E88FFA2FFDEFA1CFA016ED09520" authorityName="Salgado & Bonaparte" authorityYear="1991" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="55B78919FFA2FFDEFA1CFA016ED09520" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
))).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |