523 lines
53 KiB
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523 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827" ID-GBIF-Dataset="752f7715-2b9f-45a4-b9ee-c759bebf3981" ID-PMC="PMC3760134" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-324-1" ID-PubMed="24003317" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-324-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 324" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito" checkinTime="1451247026135" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Helgen, Kristofer M., Pinto, C. Miguel, Kays, Roland, Helgen, Lauren E., Tsuchiya, Mirian T. N., Quinn, Aleta, Wilson, Don E. & Maldonado, Jesus E." docDate="2013" docId="EA7E1B351BCDC45D336A6D1B0B4D068F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 324: 1-83" docOrigin="ZooKeys 324" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827" docTitle="Bassaricyon alleni Thomas 1880" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="34" masterDocId="FF99321FFFDBFFCCFFA0FFB7FFC59601" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito" masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="30" updateTime="1668156320301" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the olingos (Bassaricyon), with description of a new species, the Olinguito</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Helgen, Kristofer M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Pinto, C. Miguel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kays, Roland</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Helgen, Lauren E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tsuchiya, Mirian T. N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Quinn, Aleta</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Maldonado, Jesus E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>324</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.324.5827</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-324-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152047245" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EA7E1B351BCDC45D336A6D1B0B4D068F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/EA7E1B351BCDC45D336A6D1B0B4D068F" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Bassaricyon_alleni" authority="Thomas, 1880: 397." class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni Thomas, 1880:397.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon beddardi" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddardi">Bassaricyon beddardi</taxonomicName>
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Pocock, 1921a: 231.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. siccatus" order="Carnivora" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="siccatus">Bassaricyon medius siccatus</taxonomicName>
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Thomas, 1927:80.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="type specimens and localities">
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Type specimens and localities.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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The holotype of alleni is BMNH 80.5.6.37, an adult female (skin and skull), from "Sarayacu, on the Bobonasa River, Upper Pastasa River
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<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
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this must not be confused with the far larger and better known Sarayacu on the Ucayali in Peru", in Amazonian Ecuador (
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<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="393 - 400" title="On mammals from Ecuador." volume="1880" year="1880">Thomas 1880</bibRefCitation>
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). An image of the holotype as a living animal was figured by
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<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="393 - 400" title="On mammals from Ecuador." volume="1880" year="1880">Thomas (1880</bibRefCitation>
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: plate XXXVIII), and the anatomy of this specimen was further discussed by
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<bibRefCitation author="Mivart, SG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="340 - 404" title="On the anatomy, classification, and distribution of the Arctoidea." volume="1885" year="1885">Mivart (1885</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Mivart, SG" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="1 - 25" title="Notes on the cerebral convolutions of the Carnivora." volume="19" year="1886">1886</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
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The holotype of
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<pageBreakToken pageId="30" pageNumber="31" start="start">beddardi</pageBreakToken>
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was an adult female, from "Bastrica Woods, Essequibo River", Guyana (
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<bibRefCitation author="Flower, WH" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="520 - 521" title="Untitled note [note on a Bassaricyon specimen from British Guiana]." volume="1895" year="1895">Flower 1895</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pocock 1921a</bibRefCitation>
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), and was an animal that lived in the London Zoological Gardens from 1894 to 1900 (Beddard 1900;
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<bibRefCitation author="Allen, JA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="647 - 668" title="Mammals from Nicaragua." volume="24" year="1908">Allen 1908</bibRefCitation>
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). Aspects of the internal anatomy of this specimen were described in detail by Beddard (1900), and the skull of this specimen was figured and discussed by
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pocock (1921a)</bibRefCitation>
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, who also mentioned the specimen was prepared as a skeleton (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pocock, RI" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="389 - 422" title="The external characters and classification of the Procyonidae." volume="1921" year="1921 b">Pocock 1921b</bibRefCitation>
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), but apparently this specimen was not retained as a museum specimen in the collections of the BMNH, and now cannot be found (D. Hills, BMNH, in litt., 2004).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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The holotype of siccatus is BMNH 27.5.3.2, an adult female (skin and skull), from "Guaicaramo, on the Llanos of Villavicencio, east of Bogata, about 1800 feet", Colombia (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Thomas 1927</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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is a medium-sized olingo, smaller than
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
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of Mesoamerica, and larger than
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">Bassaricyon neblina</taxonomicName>
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of the Andes. It requires closest comparison with the closely-related and allopatrically-distributed taxon
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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, from which it differs especially in having (externally) more strikingly black-tipped dorsal pelage (giving the pelage a slightly darker appearance in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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), (cranially) in its proportionally wider and (on average) shorter rostrum, and in having more inflated auditory bullae (Table 3), and (dentally) in its generally larger p4 (Table 4).
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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is considerably larger than
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
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(of South America west of the Andes), such that there is a clear body size contrast between the two lowland olingo taxa of South America (
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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east of Andes vs. B. medius medius west of Andes), but is very similar in size to
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
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(of eastern Panama).
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. orinomus" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="orinomus">Bassaricyon medius orinomus</taxonomicName>
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often has a reddish tail that contrasts somewhat with the less rufous head and body;
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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tends to be more uniformly colored head to tail. In life,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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usually has a darkly pigmented nose, whereas in
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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the nose is often pink (Ivo Poglayen-Neuwall to C.O. Handley Jr., in litt., 9 February 1973; Figures 21-22). Sequence divergence in cytochrome b in these sister species (
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
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), separated by the Andes, is 6-7% (Table 2).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Figure 21. Eastern Lowland Olingo,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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, in life, in the wild. Top, photographed at night (accentuating the dark tones in the pelage) at La Esperanza (Distrito de Yambrasbamba, Provincia de
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bongará">Bongara</normalizedToken>
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, Departamento Amazonas), 2000 m, northern Peru; Middle, color camera trap photo in forest canopy, from confluence of the Camisea and Urubamba Rivers (
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-11.7">11°42'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-72.8">72°48'W</geoCoordinate>
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). Peru; Bottom, infrared camera trap photo in forest canopy (same locality as middle photo), showing an olingo carrying a baby in its mouth. Top photograph by
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<normalizedToken originalValue="César">Cesar</normalizedToken>
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M. Aguilar; middle and bottom camera trap photos courtesy of Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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Figure 22. Western Lowland Olingo,
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius subsp. medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="medius" subSpecies="medius">Bassaricyon medius medius</taxonomicName>
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, in life. A wild animal photographed under studio conditions at Las Pampas, adjacent to Otonga Reserve, Ecuador. Photographs courtesy of P. Asimbaya and L.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Velásquez">Velasquez</normalizedToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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This is the only species of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
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found east of the Andes.
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
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has a wide distribution in forests on the eastern slopes of the Andes and in lowland forests east of the Andes, with records from forested areas of Venezuela (
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<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="217 - 249" title="Report on the Mammalia collected by Mr. Edmund Heller during the Peruvian Expedition of 1915 under the auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society." url="10.5479/si.00963801.58-2333.217" volume="58" year="1920">Thomas 1920</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Handley, CO Jr." journalOrPublisher="Brigham Young University Science Bulletin" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 91" title="Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project." volume="20" year="1976">Handley 1976</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Bisbal 1989</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Bisbal, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="145 - 156" title="Impacto humano sobre los carnivoros de Venezuela." url="10.1080/01650529309360899" volume="28" year="1993">1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Ochoa, G J" journalOrPublisher="Acta Cientifica Venezolana" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="244 - 261" title="Inventario y estudio comunitario de los mamiferos del Parque Nacional Canaima, con un lista de las especies registradas para la Guayana Venezolana." volume="44" year="1993">Ochoa et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Linares 1998</bibRefCitation>
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, BMNH, USNM), Guyana (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pocock 1921a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lim, BK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="71 - 108" title="Mammals of Iwokrama Forest." url="10.1635/0097-3157(2004)154[0071:MOIF]2.0.CO;2" volume="154" year="2005">Lim and Engstrom 2005</bibRefCitation>
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, ROM), eastern Colombia (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Thomas 1927</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Donegan and Salaman 1999</bibRefCitation>
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, AMNH, BMNH, USNM), eastern Ecuador (
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<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="393 - 400" title="On mammals from Ecuador." volume="1880" year="1880">Thomas 1880</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="217 - 249" title="Report on the Mammalia collected by Mr. Edmund Heller during the Peruvian Expedition of 1915 under the auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society." url="10.5479/si.00963801.58-2333.217" volume="58" year="1920">1920</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Schulenberg and Aubrey 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pitman et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Tirira 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Borman et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Alverson et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pinto and Tirira 2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, BMNH, EPN, FMNH, MCZ, QCAZ), eastern Peru (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="217 - 249" title="Report on the Mammalia collected by Mr. Edmund Heller during the Peruvian Expedition of 1915 under the auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society." url="10.5479/si.00963801.58-2333.217" volume="58" year="1920">Thomas 1920</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Grimwood, IR" journalOrPublisher="American Committee for International Wild Life Protection and New York Zoological Society, Special Publication" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 86" title="Notes on the distribution and status of some Peruvian mammals, 1968." volume="21" year="1969">Grimwood 1969</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Patton et al. 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Terborgh, JW" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology (new series)" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="1 - 29" title="Annotated checklist of the bird and mammal species of Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manu National Park, Peru." volume="21" year="1984">Terborgh et al. 1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Aquino, R" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="319 - 331" title="Characteristics and use of sleeping sites in Aotus (Cebidae: Primates) in the Amazon lowlands of Peru." url="10.1002/ajp.1350110403" volume="11" year="1986">
|
||
Aquino and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Encarnación">Encarnacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
1986
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Janson and Emmons 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Woodman, N" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas," pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="1 - 12" title="Annotated checklist of the mammals of Cuzco Amazonico, Peru." volume="145" year="1991">Woodman et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Pacheco, V" journalOrPublisher="Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Serie A Zoologia" pageId="53" pageNumber="54" pagination="1 - 12" title="List of mammal species known to occur in Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru." volume="44" year="1993">Pacheco et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pitman et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Emmons et al. 1994a</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Emmons, LH" journalOrPublisher="Conservation International, Rapid Assessment Program Working Papers" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" pagination="144 - 145" title="Mammals of the Explorer's Inn Reserve." volume="6" year="1994 b">1994b</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Emmons and Romo 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Boddicker, M" editor="Dallmeier, F" journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian MAB Biodiversity Program Series" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" pagination="311 - 340" title="Medium and large mammals: biodiversity assessment in the Lower Urubamba region." volume="1" volumeTitle="Biodiversity assessment and monitoring of the Lower Urubamba Region, Peru." year="1997">Boddicker 1997</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Emmons 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Rodríguez">Rodriguez</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Amanzo 2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Emmons et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Vriesendorp et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
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<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Alverson et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Gilmore et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, BMNH, FMNH, MVZ, UMMZ, USNM, ZMB), northwestern Bolivia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Crespo, JA" journalOrPublisher="Neotropica" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="9 - 12" title="Tres generos de mamiferos nuevos para la fauna de Bolivia (Mammalia, Carnivora, Rodentia)." volume="5" year="1959">Crespo 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Emmons 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Redford, K" journalOrPublisher="Ecologia en Bolivia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="35 - 44" title="Notas sobre la biologia de tres procyonidos simpatricos bolivianos (Mammalia, Procyonidae)." volume="21" year="1993">Redford and Stearman 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Anderson, S" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="1 - 652" title="Mammals of Bolivia: taxonomy and distribution." volume="231" year="1997">Anderson 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Alverson et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Alverson 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos-Uzeda">Rios-Uzeda</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Arispe 2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and western Brazil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calouro, AM" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="195 - 213" title="Riqueza de mamiferos de grande e medio porte do Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (Acre, Brasil)." url="10.1590/S0101-81751999000600020" volume="16" year="1999">Calouro 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Kays and Russell 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Vaz 2004,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oliveira, TG de" journalOrPublisher="Small Carnivore Conservation" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="22 - 24" title="Notes on the distribution, status, and research priorities of little-known small carnivores in Brazil." volume="41" year="2009">Oliveira 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Magalhaes-Pinto, R" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Helminthology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="7 - 14" title="First report of Taenia mustelae (Eucestoda, Taeniidae) parasitizing the bushy-tailed olingo, Bassaricyon gabbii (Carnivora, Procyonidae) in South America with an updated checklist of cestodes from other American procyonid hosts." volume="3" year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Magalhães-Pinto">Magalhaes-Pinto</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sampaio, R" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="323 - 327" title="New distribution limits of Bassaricyon alleni Thomas 1880 and insights on an overlooked species in the Western Brazilian Amazon." url="10.1515/mamm.2010.008" volume="74" year="2010">Sampaio et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="31" pageNumber="32" start="start">In</pageBreakToken>
|
||
Guyana,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is recorded only from two specimens, the type of beddardi (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Pocock 1921a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, see above) and a specimen from Iwokrama Forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lim, BK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="71 - 108" title="Mammals of Iwokrama Forest." url="10.1635/0097-3157(2004)154[0071:MOIF]2.0.CO;2" volume="154" year="2005">Lim and Engstrom 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, at ROM); there are no records to date from either Suriname or French Guiana, where it might be expected to occur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tate, GHH" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="151 - 229" title="The mammals of the Guiana region." volume="76" year="1939">Tate 1939</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Husson 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Voss, RS" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="1 - 236" title="Mammals of Paracou, French Guiana: a Neotropical lowland rainforest fauna. Part 2: nonvolant species." url="10.1206/0003-0090(2001)263<0003:TMOPFG>2.0.CO;2" volume="263" year="2001">Voss et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lim, BK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="71 - 108" title="Mammals of Iwokrama Forest." url="10.1635/0097-3157(2004)154[0071:MOIF]2.0.CO;2" volume="154" year="2005">Lim et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
|
||
In Brazil, the only firm records are from southwestern Amazonia (the states of Amazonas and Acre) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calouro, AM" journalOrPublisher="Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="195 - 213" title="Riqueza de mamiferos de grande e medio porte do Parque Nacional da Serra do Divisor (Acre, Brasil)." url="10.1590/S0101-81751999000600020" volume="16" year="1999">Calouro 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Kays and Russell 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Vaz 2004,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Oliveira, TG de" journalOrPublisher="Small Carnivore Conservation" pageId="52" pageNumber="53" pagination="22 - 24" title="Notes on the distribution, status, and research priorities of little-known small carnivores in Brazil." volume="41" year="2009">Oliveira 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Magalhaes-Pinto, R" journalOrPublisher="Neotropical Helminthology" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="7 - 14" title="First report of Taenia mustelae (Eucestoda, Taeniidae) parasitizing the bushy-tailed olingo, Bassaricyon gabbii (Carnivora, Procyonidae) in South America with an updated checklist of cestodes from other American procyonid hosts." volume="3" year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Magalhães-Pinto">Magalhaes-Pinto</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sampaio, R" journalOrPublisher="Mammalia" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="323 - 327" title="New distribution limits of Bassaricyon alleni Thomas 1880 and insights on an overlooked species in the Western Brazilian Amazon." url="10.1515/mamm.2010.008" volume="74" year="2010">Sampaio et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though it is likely to occur also in Roraima and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pará">Para</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Figures 11-12). Brazilian Amazonian records of olingos from the state of Roraima, as "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon beddardi" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddardi">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="32" pageNumber="33" start="start">Bassaricyon</pageBreakToken>
|
||
beddardi
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendes Pontes, AR" journalOrPublisher="Studies in Neotropical Fauna and Environment" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="105 - 109" title="Abundance, habitat use, and conservation of the olingo Bassaricyon sp. in Maraca Ecological Station, Roraima, Brazilian Amazonia." url="10.1076/snfe.37.2.105.8577" volume="37" year="2002">Mendes Pontes and Chivers 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendes Pontes, AR" journalOrPublisher="Studies in Neotropical Fauna and Environment" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="105 - 109" title="Abundance, habitat use, and conservation of the olingo Bassaricyon sp. in Maraca Ecological Station, Roraima, Brazilian Amazonia." url="10.1076/snfe.37.2.105.8577" volume="37" year="2002">Mendes Pontes et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mendes Pontes, AR" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer Saeugetierkunde" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="319 - 336" title="Ecology of a community of mammals in a seasonally dry forest in Roraima, Brazilian Amazon." volume="69" year="2004">Mendes Pontes 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cheida, CC" editor="Reis, NR" journalOrPublisher="Londrina" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" pagination="231 - 275" title="Ordem Carnivora." year="2006">Cheida et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), are thus far apparently based on misidentifications of kinkajous,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Potos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Potos" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Potos</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sampaio, R" journalOrPublisher="Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="85 - 90" title="Reassessment of the occurrence of the kinkajou (Potos flavus Schreber, 1774) and olingo (Bassaricyon beddardi Pocock, 1921) in the northern Brazilian Amazon." url="10.1080/01650521.2011.572678" volume="46" year="2011">Sampaio et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The elevational range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
as documented by museum specimens extends from sea level to 2000 m. The great majority of records originate from lowland forests below 1000 m, but specimens from Ecuador and Peru (especially from Chanchamayo) have been collected from 1100 to 2000 m (specimens at BMNH, FMNH, USNM). It seems likely that the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
extends higher on the eastern slopes of the Andes than that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon medius" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="medius">Bassaricyon medius</taxonomicName>
|
||
does on the western slopes because of the apparent absence of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">Bassaricyon neblina</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the eastern versant of the Andes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="karyotype">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Karyotype.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The karyotype of a male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
(2n = 38, NF = 68; then identified as "
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon gabbii" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gabbii">Bassaricyon gabbii</taxonomicName>
|
||
") was reported and described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wurster, DH" journalOrPublisher="Mammalian Chromosome Newsletter" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="195 - 196" title="Chromosome numbers in thirty species of carnivores." volume="8" year="1967">Wurster and Benirschke (1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wurster, DH" journalOrPublisher="Chromosoma" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="336 - 382" title="Comparative cytogenetic studies in the order Carnivora." url="10.1007/BF00336201" volume="24" year="1968">1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) based on an animal at the National Zoo (Washington, D.C.)-most likely USNM 395837, an adult male received from Leticia, Amazonas District, Colombia (the only male olingo at the zoo at the time).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="32" pageNumber="33" type="geographic variation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Geographic variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
Some geographic variation is apparent in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and several taxonomic names have been applied to different regional representatives of this species, including in the western Amazon (typical alleni
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="393 - 400" title="On mammals from Ecuador." volume="1880" year="1880">Thomas 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Guyana (beddardi
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pocock 1921a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the Eastern Andes of Colombia (siccatus
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Thomas 1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
The most notable morphological distinction that we have observed within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is between lowland specimens (from forests below 1000 m) and specimens collected in montane forests above 1000 m in the Eastern Andes (e.g., Chanchamayo and Pozuzo in Peru). Specimens from these higher elevations have somewhat shorter tails and are more brownish (less orange tones in pelage), with notably longer fur, and greater development of black tipping to the fur, though the pelage is not as long and luxurious as in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">Bassaricyon neblina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Press reports of a possibly new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bassaricyon</taxonomicName>
|
||
discovered in the Tabaconas - Namballe National Sanctuary in the Eastern Andes of Peru (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Hance 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is predicted to occur (Figure 11-12), may refer to such a highland population of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon beddardi" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddardi">Bassaricyon beddardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Guyana has often been recognized as a species distinct from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
in checklists and inventories (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lim, BK" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="51" pageNumber="52" pagination="71 - 108" title="Mammals of Iwokrama Forest." url="10.1635/0097-3157(2004)154[0071:MOIF]2.0.CO;2" volume="154" year="2005">Lim and Engstrom 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Reid and Helgen 2008c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sampaio, R" journalOrPublisher="Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" pagination="85 - 90" title="Reassessment of the occurrence of the kinkajou (Potos flavus Schreber, 1774) and olingo (Bassaricyon beddardi Pocock, 1921) in the northern Brazilian Amazon." url="10.1080/01650521.2011.572678" volume="46" year="2011">Sampaio et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Wozencraft 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but supporting justification has been lacking. The holotype of beddardi, originally a zoo animal, appears to be lost (see above). However, both the holotype (as described by Beddard [1900] and
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Pocock [1921a]</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a second (and the only additional) specimen from Guyana (ROM 107380, from Iwokrama Forest) closely correspond in their morphological characteristics to Amazonian and Andean specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and our molecular comparisons demonstrate little molecular divergence between the ROM specimen and a specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Peruvian Amazon (Table 1; 1.3% sequence divergence in cytochrome b), such that we suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon beddardi" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beddardi">Bassaricyon beddardi</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be regarded as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
. We allocate the name siccatus to the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on geography and craniodental morphology of the type specimen, but further, more detailed study of geographic variation across the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
would be welcome, perhaps focused in particular on variation across different regions of the Eastern Andes (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Thomas, O" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="217 - 249" title="Report on the Mammalia collected by Mr. Edmund Heller during the Peruvian Expedition of 1915 under the auspices of Yale University and the National Geographic Society." url="10.5479/si.00963801.58-2333.217" volume="58" year="1920">Thomas 1920</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="32" pageNumber="33">1927</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At present, we recognize no subspecies within
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="notes">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="33" pageNumber="34" start="start">Notes</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Though this is the most widely distributed member of the genus (Figure 12), relatively little is known of this species in the wild. Brief notes about the ecology and behavior of wild
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
are included in the publications of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Aquino, R" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Primatology" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" pagination="319 - 331" title="Characteristics and use of sleeping sites in Aotus (Cebidae: Primates) in the Amazon lowlands of Peru." url="10.1002/ajp.1350110403" volume="11" year="1986">
|
||
Aquino and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Encarnación">Encarnacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1986)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Emmons (1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Janson and Emmons (1990)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Patton et al. (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, captive olingos described and discussed in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poglayen-Neuwall, I" journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer Saeugetierkunde" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="321 - 366" title="Gefangenschaftsbeobachtungen an Makibaeren (Bassaricyon Allen, 1876)." volume="30" year="1965">Poglayen-Neuwall and Poglayen-Neuwall (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poglayen-Neuwall, I" journalOrPublisher="International Zoo Yearbook" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="169 - 171" title="Notes on care, display and breeding of olingos." volume="6" year="1966">Poglayen-Neuwall 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poglayen-Neuwall, I" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Garten" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="122 - 128" title="Notes on reproduction, aging and longevity of Bassaricyon sp. (Procyonidae)." volume="59" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) were all (or almost all)
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, originally from the vicinity of Iquitos (Amazonian Peru), such that for behavior under captive conditions,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the best studied member of the genus. Most olingos discussed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poglayen-Neuwall, I" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Beitraege" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="179 - 233" title="Fortpflanzung, Geburt und Aufzucht, nebst anderen Beobachtungen von Makibaeren (Bassaricyon Allen, 1876)." volume="22" year="1976">Poglayen-Neuwall (1976)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were probably also
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though one animal, an adult female named
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Ringerl”">"Ringerl"</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Figure 15), was an Olinguito,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina subsp. osborni" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="neblina" subSpecies="osborni">Bassaricyon neblina osborni</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see account of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon neblina" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="neblina">Bassaricyon neblina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, above).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poglayen-Neuwall, I" journalOrPublisher="Animal Kingdom" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="10 - 14" title="The odorous olingo." url="10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01739.x" volume="76" year="1973">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Poglayen-Neuwall’s">Poglayen-Neuwall's</normalizedToken>
|
||
(1973)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
delightful popular article, "The Odorous Olingo," remains one of the most concentrated sources of firsthand information for this species (and olingos in general), discussing how
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
is highly arboreal but will cross open spaces on the ground, is active from sunset to dawn, is predominantly frugivorous but also eats some animal matter (small rodents and lizards, nestling birds, insects, and eggs), has little social organization beyond mother-offspring pairs, displays a high intensity of scent marking in both sexes, flees and releases a foul-smelling odor when threatened, has one young following a 72-74 day gestation period, and that males are aggressive with one another and cannot be housed together. Relevant (and limited) field notes associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bassaricyon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bassaricyon alleni" order="Carnivora" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alleni">Bassaricyon alleni</taxonomicName>
|
||
include: "stomach contents fruits and a green vegetable pulp" (USNM 194315);
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“lactating”">"lactating"</normalizedToken>
|
||
on 7 April 1967 (USNM 443717).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="33" pageNumber="34" type="specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
|
||
Colombia: AMNH 70532, 142223, BMNH 27.5.3.2 (type of siccatus), USNM 281482, 281483, 281484, 281485, 395837, 544415. Ecuador: AMNH 67706, BMNH 14.4.25.38, 80.5.6.37 (holotype of alleni), EPN
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“4”">"4"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, RM0151, FMNH 41501, 41502, MCZ 37920, 37921, 37922, 37923, QCAZ 3371, YPM 1458, 1459. Guyana: ROM 107380. Peru: AMNH 98653, 98654, 98662, 98709, BMNH 5.11.2.6, 27.1.1.70, 1912.1.15.3, 1922.1.1.17, FMNH 34717, 65787, 65789, 65805, 86908, 86909, 98709, MVZ 153646, 155219, 155220, UMMZ 107907, USNM 194315, 194316, 255121, 255122, ZMB 63197. Venezuela: BMNH 99.9.11.25, USNM 443279, 443717, 443718.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |