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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="28260" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db99327c-6b14-4d79-9a0c-4b8c941ca1bd" ID-PMC="PMC6160854" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-108-25" ID-Pensoft-UUID="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" ID-PubMed="30275733" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1409868" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1314-2003-108-25" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys " ModsDocTitle="Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." checkinTime="1553125367062" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Pellegrini, Marco O. O., Horn, Charles N. &amp; Almeida, Rafael F." docDate="2018" docId="E999E22981F8EAB3C93142EE6F1216FC" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 108: 25-83" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 108" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652" docTitle="Pontederia (Monochoria) subg. Monochoria (C. Presl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn 2018, comb. et stat. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" lastPageNumber="25" masterDocId="613AFFC18E03FFDEFFA1DB2FFF88FFAE" masterDocTitle="Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L." masterLastPageNumber="83" masterPageNumber="25" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1732672193299" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="2CB1C4BC86DD9EFEB7CAD5820F19CAAE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="F6B084B5C77E01CCEDC33457A0574517">Total evidence phylogeny of Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light on the necessity of its recircumscription and synopsis of Pontederia L.</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="D909DEBF3F644C074A00B0A93D86C9F6" type="personal">
<mods:role id="F9847C6C0D2F9BDE4DCBB755F847B940">
<mods:roleTerm id="603662DD8E693447A2C8F50E1CCB81DC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="1234F14DAEF0E94F35D4FC552C66735B">Pellegrini, Marco O. O.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="E78C7F71AB6E67C06BDB2035F59B71DF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0B7967A669BDD5B47CF76DB7F8C7D1D0">
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<mods:namePart id="AE5FD876850D81C25A61E4E9CC278357">Horn, Charles N.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0BFC90A43E8BCE6237148DD574399D5D" type="personal">
<mods:role id="7EFB23B15388031D25974DBD3F74BD71">
<mods:roleTerm id="DCFFF1793B9673486CF6BF5429CF2B52">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="5235E80F84E9EF44ED0D037FBDC94C4E">Almeida, Rafael F.</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="1CD24D1225956104F709AE1049B5BE5A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="29A72960FE1CC2A92011E0D161DE9D10" type="host">
<mods:titleInfo id="204D9D23C1429359CA3707F8DA4BD6EF">
<mods:title id="028D6E5B2C8974E8C9073B484DE92375">PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="801C785DDBC1AB0D18519F7B5C60DD0F">
<mods:date id="84CB3F000999CB21150143CC02F6BBE1">2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="54B0CC603E1909B7092DDFA4D81F30E0" type="volume">
<mods:number id="BF072C6F436A397B25A284C67CB4EAD4">108</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="5CD9CB4C3FBC64C66A57770316B31AB8">25</mods:start>
<mods:end id="7257270999BE6BB2BA0ED2FD0D6C48C8">83</mods:end>
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<mods:location id="040A49A6EE0D9544FDED666580183924">
<mods:url id="969EAFC229C8B17E136D426B3FFA13EC">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification id="C5E8895E9DECAB95C56B1F5942C3546E">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D3FA347CF908A14EFF47DC241DBE6E50" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D1B8E8154E7F68C54D511E09A2EB1AB7" type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-108-25</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D52A1DA12C3F1A85A21D3856DC2E5B45" type="Zenodo-Dep">1409868</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="E999E22981F8EAB3C93142EE6F1216FC" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472644" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E999E22981F8EAB3C93142EE6F1216FC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E999E22981F8EAB3C93142EE6F1216FC" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" scope_family="Pontederiaceae" scope_order="Commelinales">
<subSubSection id="491FC80B53E533065A8EB0988B22BF9D" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="4048B7CE79D063A56475C054CD0FA157" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
2.
<taxonomicName id="5294BF0D271DB76C72711F4094C050E9" ID-CoL="8W2MK" LSID="740EAB57-70A6-5FF9-B0BC-E3326DA62E53" authority="subg. Monochoria (C. Presl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityName="subg. Monochoria (C. Presl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" status="comb. et stat. nov.">Pontederia subg. Monochoria (C.Presl) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="E6932764625B210E794234895F244910" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">comb. et stat. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation id="2D7E5FD328E07653A23CDD332DDC6EEB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Pontederia subg. Monochoria (C. Presl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn. A-B habit: A paludal habit of P. australasica (Ridl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn B paludal habit of P. cyanea (F. Muell.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn C ligule of P. vaginalis Burm. f., showing the truncate apex D-E petiolate leaf-blades: D blade of P. cyanea, showing the lack of a posterior division E blade of P. vaginalis, showing the presence of a posterior division F-G inflorescences: F inflorescence of P. australasica, showing the developed main axis G inflorescence of P. plantaginea Roxb., showing the contracted main axis H front view of a flower of P. korsakowii (Regel &amp; Maack) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn I-J inflorescences at post-anthesis: I erect inflorescence of P. hastata L. bearing flowers at post-anthesis J infructescence of P. hastata, showing the deflexed posture and the elongated pedicels K sections of immature capsules of P. vaginalis, showing developing seeds. A, F by M. Barritt B by R. Cumming C, E, K by P. B. Pelser &amp; J. F. Barcelona D by A. &amp; S. Pearson G by D. Valke H by Ashitaka-f Studio and I &amp; J by Cerlin Ng." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225722" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="12D9D660ED40BF8721E37BA528B71CCA" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="311FFC90FD684971E389AA6B8A646FAF" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="423EC1B951FB5C001924384FA6DB3333" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Monochoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Monochoria" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Monochoria</taxonomicName>
C.Presl, Reliq. Haenk. 1(2): 127. 1827. Type species.
<taxonomicName id="DC44799D66E57CA1FB213168E4C7D08C" authorityName="C. Presl" authorityYear="1827" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Monochoria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Monochoria hastifolia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastifolia">Monochoria hastifolia</taxonomicName>
C.Presl., nom. illeg. (≡
<taxonomicName id="C9D201EC11A0658BF1886416B188C1C7" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. hastata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">P. hastata</taxonomicName>
L.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2D2658FCC1DEEDF7635680D83062BB3B" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="C787B7A67F694E3614BCBFB04EDB9197" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1830" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Calcarunia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Calcarunia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Calcarunia</taxonomicName>
Raf., Med. Fl. 2: 106. 1830. Type species.
<taxonomicName id="56136744B62644FA792B8FC934E7C92F" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Calcarunia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Calcarunia hastata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">Calcarunia hastata</taxonomicName>
(L.) Raf., nom. inval. (≡
<taxonomicName id="43CFED9641DD3BD9FD63220EF1B9060F" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. hastata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">P. hastata</taxonomicName>
L.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA998C5E11D1E00246F48B8038345FAC" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="D240049254BFF41BAD07C101E6A1962F" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1837" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Carigola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carigola" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carigola</taxonomicName>
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 10. 1837. Type species.
<taxonomicName id="2B17B5AD09B7591BD8890DACFB8B8F1F" authorityName="Raf" authorityYear="1837" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Carigola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Carigola hastata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">Carigola hastata</taxonomicName>
(L.) Raf. (≡
<taxonomicName id="BA5D611EE9A55228D2CDAB1E265C6A37" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. hastata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">P. hastata</taxonomicName>
L.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="79B3988A2A7574B898EA9A0A11B8F57B" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="777DD702D28654EBBC7E86B1836FBC13" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1837" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Gomphima" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gomphima" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Gomphima</taxonomicName>
Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 10. 1837. Type species.
<taxonomicName id="FD09349AC023BD37463C8D462C98DDC3" authorityName="Raf" authorityYear="1837" baseAuthorityName="Burm. f." class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Gomphima" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Gomphima vaginalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vaginalis">Gomphima vaginalis</taxonomicName>
(Burm.f.) Raf. (≡
<taxonomicName id="3F20601EB120AF49D4384A91A2D14065" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. vaginalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vaginalis">P. vaginalis</taxonomicName>
Burm.f.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C268B944B194B13B0F8A453C1275E8F4" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="98206F43524E23D9FF0141C0A0C81368" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1837" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Kadakia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kadakia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Kadakia</taxonomicName>
Raf. Fl. Tellur. 2: 9. 1837. Type species.
<taxonomicName id="9D92279E3195158BBB6234189EA86B94" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Kadakia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Kadakia dilatata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dilatata">Kadakia dilatata</taxonomicName>
(Buch.-Ham.) Raf. (=
<taxonomicName id="32D3BDFD8D57997F81F8D9C3EEEAC2E1" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. hastata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">P. hastata</taxonomicName>
L.).
<emphasis id="036A5CB3A189A9CCA99BE52161144C05" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Syn. nov.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90E13F214E4B5FD791437644E9D9586E" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="3E42B6620B9EBE9191A03B9C53635F64" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Limnostachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Limnostachys" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Limnostachys</taxonomicName>
F.Muell., Fragm. 1: 24. 1858. Type species.
<taxonomicName id="BC9E1C3BAC32AE8B02E598FA3A5F9ED0" authorityName="F. Muell" authorityYear="1858" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Limnostachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Limnostachys cyanea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanea">Limnostachys cyanea</taxonomicName>
F.Muell. [≡
<taxonomicName id="627A0443BD27F6A36E4D49E6EE5BA448" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. cyanea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanea">P. cyanea</taxonomicName>
(F.Muell.) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AE885B23039CED224405C13CBDBD44F5" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="543A5AD377B9D8AFEA701035E1640BD5" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="44FBEB5379C1E017B5217D6D5177A370" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="FF213A08D5B73DB84682210E488938D0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Herbs</emphasis>
perennial or annual, aquatic to amphibious, erect-emergent or procumbent-emergent.
<emphasis id="A8706BAEE661B62C2A006784473453A2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Rhizome</emphasis>
short to elongated.
<emphasis id="7A685968CAF18A96D29AE596530F3F83" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Stems</emphasis>
erect, spongy, branching at the base.
<taxonomicName id="4A482FBA4949BC00D13C2458C90FE3A4" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Sessile" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Sessile leaves" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="leaves">
<emphasis id="DC2E44D381930C6473BF4ECF30681D36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Sessile leaves</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
early deciduous.
<taxonomicName id="BF2687A8F60F92400A85FEFADE7DD02F" genus="Petiolate" lsidName="Petiolate leaves" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" rank="species" species="leaves">
<emphasis id="14C35A6D5A8C6F7D5B34BCD46D19C9E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Petiolate leaves</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distichously to spirally-alternate, congested at the apex of the stem, sometimes evenly distributed along the stem, floating to emergent, ligule truncate, petioles not-inflated, blades cordate to broadly cordate, rarely elliptic to narrowly ovate.
<emphasis id="9AE545DF3CDCA68FD4D82C90DA660521" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Main florescences (inflorescences)</emphasis>
terminal, sessile or pedunculate; inflorescence leaf with an inflated leaf-sheath; basal bract tubular, apex caudate, sometimes acute to acuminate, rarely leaf-like; cincinni alternate or fascicle-like, 1-3-flowered, sessile or pedunculate, internodes elongate, rarely contracted.
<emphasis id="4F535810107021C5AEE75EBEE4ED8786" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Flowers</emphasis>
pedicellate, chasmogamous, monostylous, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, enantiostylous, perianth connate only at base, campanulate, spirally-coiled at post-anthesis, non-deliquescent and tightly enclosing the developing fruit, lobes 3 superior and 3 inferior, the central superior lobe lacking a nectar guide; stamens unequal, filaments connate forming a petalo-staminal tube, J-shaped or recurved-decurved, glabrous, anthers basifixed, poricidal, dehiscent through two apical pores; ovary with 3 fertile locules, multi-ovulate, septal nectaries absent, style glabrous, stigma capitulate to capitate or trilobate to trifid.
<emphasis id="9B8518B367521D80BF7EE62C68D0E8A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Capsules</emphasis>
loculicidal, ellipsoid to oblongoid to subglobose; anthocarp thickened, ridged.
<emphasis id="F2B1B1FA3013BD072E7B0A3E5151B22E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Seeds</emphasis>
cylindrical or ellipsoid to narrowly oblongoid to broadly oblongoid to subglobose or ovoid, testa longitudinally winged.
</paragraph>
<caption id="BCA717FC51D61A157CC16FDD944AC26F" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1409884" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.108.27652.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/225722" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="AA30EFCFD93C212BDD800D4AA4F8E713" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="FBCE572BCE67145850E54951F52C4F16" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="029DC6CF9CB50C9D6999E660C263DAD9" authority="subg. Monochoria" authorityName="subg. Monochoria (C. Presl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederia subg. Monochoria</taxonomicName>
(C.Presl) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn.
<emphasis id="0DA3C3AB00162272F7BDF52C8C66087E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken id="11F40B81C4F96ED1C3E737B6A6F4833A" originalValue="A–B">A-B</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
habit:
<emphasis id="2C8D722A97DB8CD6C1FD2C32FCD0B34D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">A</emphasis>
paludal habit of
<taxonomicName id="E54E68DA45CED6A2222E58FA4F69893E" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. australasica" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australasica">
<emphasis id="AC93A7E678B5653D3C92ADEC629B254F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. australasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Ridl.) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn
<emphasis id="0B1D8FBAF65BC8A9690009B7003961F3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">B</emphasis>
paludal habit of
<taxonomicName id="C5A2FE0F63CFD01823F65963F02F142F" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. cyanea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanea">
<emphasis id="D5FF6D3C1BEBA291A9C5EF4D0EFAFE5C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(F.Muell.) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn
<emphasis id="36E2D995A35E275BE2A0E0443F98812B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C</emphasis>
ligule of
<taxonomicName id="CF42D01B9CD02B78592930DCE358878E" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. vaginalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vaginalis">
<emphasis id="5C177DD4F81F65C08515CB4CEE21D1D1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. vaginalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Burm.f., showing the truncate apex
<emphasis id="B40E1E7715122AC2B20151994AEAA8A5" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken id="EAA681ECD2899EFC4E4D1E0DF7870A8D" originalValue="D–E">D-E</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
petiolate leaf-blades:
<emphasis id="5A14584BB4C0ECBF8E8504C96E660156" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">D</emphasis>
blade of
<taxonomicName id="E8C17DEA6DD1C5D6195C08397D6051BE" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. cyanea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cyanea">
<emphasis id="941D8971DF420D207EACB02698CA55E9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. cyanea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the lack of a posterior division
<emphasis id="263A12BA88E972D64CF45AE401504B3B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">E</emphasis>
blade of
<taxonomicName id="B9BC1F21CCEFA3FD6456E4ACC426E2FF" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. vaginalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vaginalis">
<emphasis id="E69328A404ABF3025C5B1039E693781C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. vaginalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the presence of a posterior division
<emphasis id="8B5D2B228479DBB865F2FF7DA0E48074" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken id="5805701B1555314B36A90BEAAC597F6B" originalValue="F–G">F-G</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
inflorescences:
<emphasis id="8A991CEBC39355F2CD7CD86043C3F9EA" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">F</emphasis>
inflorescence of
<taxonomicName id="0EF47A92FBE47721426ABFA1038DFC6D" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. australasica" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="australasica">
<emphasis id="7A85F252A9491AECB522A5A7D43068F3" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. australasica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the developed main axis
<emphasis id="8EDFC3EED5FF93AB3F3A6F9699703E45" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">G</emphasis>
inflorescence of
<taxonomicName id="1A216181BD803FA6430709F8AF904B94" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. plantaginea" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="plantaginea">
<emphasis id="B1E52CF1DA79DC3868781F484C907097" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. plantaginea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Roxb., showing the contracted main axis
<emphasis id="4A160F703995A56E6408FC691A8E44CE" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">H</emphasis>
front view of a flower of
<taxonomicName id="4C7886C19D18D4F7B87AD18A22D0F999" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. korsakowii" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="korsakowii">
<emphasis id="E7BF0391AA08FEDC287AD46E447A4170" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. korsakowii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Regel &amp; Maack) M.Pell. &amp; C.N.Horn
<emphasis id="6257F19D30EFD7A32B3CACF0AFC0047A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<normalizedToken id="4CC41DFC36BF0B1A9F3DF5617B93154E" originalValue="I–J">I-J</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
inflorescences at post-anthesis:
<emphasis id="5D563A041EE9BDAD9DF6DCEF4BFFB8B8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">I</emphasis>
erect inflorescence of
<taxonomicName id="CAE668A236E459768FE80008088F14F3" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. hastata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">
<emphasis id="2699D2996A986674A84CD1D62AC5069F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. hastata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
L. bearing flowers at post-anthesis J infructescence of
<taxonomicName id="BAFA24B3B053E180E4786A2D8126FCBD" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. hastata" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hastata">
<emphasis id="96DC40C49B607EC6EF2A9F6EFCC7444C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. hastata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing the deflexed posture and the elongated pedicels K sections of immature capsules of
<taxonomicName id="E7874C5DCF57D47DACB1A6404FE8349D" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P. vaginalis" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="vaginalis">
<emphasis id="3331C7198CA941FD37C0BBB03A4C8745" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">P. vaginalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing developing seeds.
<emphasis id="4D767C0359E7875AEF9BBBE78B29D29E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">A, F</emphasis>
by M. Barritt
<emphasis id="B307243CD944B4F756E1010ECB223356" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">B</emphasis>
by R. Cumming
<emphasis id="644BA8634FFB2307D4860965E7200DB9" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">C, E, K</emphasis>
by P.B. Pelser &amp; J.F. Barcelona
<emphasis id="8885A44CC73F08897DA6B521A9B1B61B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">D</emphasis>
by A. &amp; S. Pearson
<emphasis id="3CF156EB13E9E04F499A0F3016DF4792" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">G</emphasis>
by D. Valke
<emphasis id="86E2243042ABCF7906BE47CF7F9DE16A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">H</emphasis>
by Ashitaka-f Studio and I &amp; J by Cerlin Ng.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7BFD11465F9ECF11210FE0F0A17E4834" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="circumscription">
<paragraph id="CF5B1D6FA3391A983A5FAE05722A2B65" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Circumscription.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="84D92FD323A3121DEC450B55BEE2E566" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
<taxonomicName id="D56E609AD4C20D54BACD277E39B6A532" authority="subg. Monochoria" authorityName="subg. Monochoria (C. Presl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pontederia subg. Monochoria</taxonomicName>
is composed of ten exclusively Paleotropical species. All species occur in permanently moist environments or shallow waters, growing either as erect or procumbent-emergent, resembling in habit smaller members of
<taxonomicName id="2B4D29D51F0B60745081284DD7AA04E4" authority="subg. Pontederia" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="P." higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subg." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="P." order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">P. subg. Pontederia</taxonomicName>
and even some species of
<taxonomicName id="417AE7E7E5C43F7FBD38B419FAD1C478" class="Liliopsida" family="Haemodoraceae" genus="Heteranthera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteranthera" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="3B6A326F93EB1DA4B3C9493D67CCE804" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Heteranthera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The members of this subgenus are quite unique within
<taxonomicName id="433CA8A8A9768D39B3A313B855ACFFD1" authorityName="subg. Monochoria (C. Presl) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="subg. Cabanisia (Klotzsch ex Schltdl.) M. Pell. &amp; C. N. Horn" baseAuthorityYear="2018" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Pontederia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Pontederia" order="Commelinales" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CAE9A13B718DC5203D7D67FD254EE22D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Pontederia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="8585B0A2AAD127C8E1321F4723A0CF6B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">s.l.</emphasis>
due to their pedicellate flowers, perianth only basally connate, unequal stamens, basifixed and poricidal anthers and due to the secondary loss of the septal nectaries.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="9D048B395A4496835E633717923693A1" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="995930884B9F821007F337BE990C1329" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A42B8224AA4E88AD3F0A45E149F77779" pageId="0" pageNumber="25">
Exclusively Paleotropical (
<bibRefCitation id="920C7437EAA8BEA7A93659A26E2FAE97" author="Cook, CDK" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de la Societe botanique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" refId="B20" refString="Cook, CDK, 1989. Taxonomic revision of Monochoria (Pontederiaceae). In: Tan K, et al. (Eds) The Davis &amp; Hedge Festschrift: Plant Taxonomy, Phytogeography, and Related Subjects. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 149-184." title="Taxonomic revision of Monochoria (Pontederiaceae). In: Tan K, et al. (Eds) The Davis &amp; Hedge Festschrift: Plant Taxonomy, Phytogeography, and Related Subjects. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 149 - 184." year="1989">Cook 1989</bibRefCitation>
), with two species native to Africa (
<bibRefCitation id="35650DE255A282AEEFC3F950F7091FD7" author="Verdcourt, B" journalOrPublisher="Kirkia" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="80 - 83" refId="B119" refString="Verdcourt, B, 1961. The genus Monochoria C.Presl (Pontederiaceae) in Africa. Kirkia 1: 80 - 83" title="The genus Monochoria C. Presl (Pontederiaceae) in Africa." volume="1" year="1961">Verdcourt 1961</bibRefCitation>
), four to Australia (two endemic,
<bibRefCitation id="B860383EAA318110836F50339BC15A8C" author="Aston, HI" journalOrPublisher="Muelleria" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="51 - 57" refId="B5" refString="Aston, HI, 1985. Monochoria cyanea and M. australasica (Pontederiaceae) in Australia. Muelleria 6 (1): 51 - 57" title="Monochoria cyanea and M. australasica (Pontederiaceae) in Australia." volume="6" year="1985">Aston 1985</bibRefCitation>
) and six to Asia (
<bibRefCitation id="799B7E441ABA432EE96AE0DBC1DA2378" author="Wang, G-X" journalOrPublisher="Current Topics in Plant Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="25" pagination="39 - 52" refId="B123" refString="Wang, G-X, Wei, L, Xiao-Chun, W, Itoh, K, 2004. Taxonomy of the genus Monochoria (Pontederiaceae) in Asia. Current Topics in Plant Biology 5: 39 - 52" title="Taxonomy of the genus Monochoria (Pontederiaceae) in Asia." volume="5" year="2004">Wang et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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