treatments-xml/data/E9/7A/87/E97A87D2FFC2FFB585C4FE54FB98F310.xml

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<mods:title id="3CF9296DB37F301FA3F4A31E36D2BA5B">Compsanthias, new genus of Pacific Anthiadidae (Teleostei)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="59AA1D47AB8CF8EB21600DC8C51CA8E2">Gill, Anthony C.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="6FD68DB16648ACBB916857D5014A8324">Macleay Collections, Chau Chak Wing Museum, University Avenue, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia &amp; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia &amp; Ichthyology, Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="E97A87D2FFC2FFB585C4FE54FB98F310" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11619375" ID-GBIF-Taxon="232733874" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11619375" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E97A87D2FFC2FFB585C4FE54FB98F310" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E97A87D2FFC2FFB585C4FE54FB98F310" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="371" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<subSubSection id="29C9654FFFC2FFBF85C4FE54FE4CF60C" box="[151,461,510,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF85C4FE54FE4CF60C" blockId="1.[151,461,510,537]" box="[151,461,510,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<heading id="3A2481A8FFC2FFBF85C4FE54FE4CF60C" bold="true" box="[151,461,510,537]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" reason="1">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF85C4FE54FE4CF60C" bold="true" box="[151,461,510,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF85C4FE54FEC5F60C" authority="Gill, 2024" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,324,510,537]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF85C4FE54FEC5F60C" bold="true" box="[151,324,510,537]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Compsanthias</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="489457ADFFC2FFBF8418FE55FE4CF60C" box="[331,461,511,537]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF85C4FDE9FE20F649" blockId="1.[151,1040,579,604]" box="[151,417,579,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF85C4FDE9FEA9F64E" authority="Gill, 2024" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,296,579,603]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF85C4FDE9FEA9F64E" box="[151,296,579,603]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Compsanthias</emphasis>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="489457ADFFC2FFBF847CFDEEFE1CF649" box="[303,413,580,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="29C9654FFFC2FFBF84F4FDEEFB91F64E" box="[423,1040,579,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF84F4FDEEFB91F64E" blockId="1.[151,1040,579,604]" box="[423,1040,579,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<typeStatus id="BE688866FFC2FFBF84F4FDEEFE52F649" box="[423,467,580,604]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">type</typeStatus>
species 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF877BFDE9FB8DF64E" ID-CoL="67D8G" authority="Randall, 1979" authorityName="Randall" authorityYear="1979" box="[552,1036,579,603]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis" subGenus="Pseudanthias">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF877BFDE9FCF4F64E" box="[552,885,579,603]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Anthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC2FFBF8628FDE9FB8DF64E" author="Randall, J. E." box="[891,1036,579,603]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref8751" refString="Randall, J. E. (1979) A review of the serranid fish genus Anthias of the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of two new species. Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County), 302, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 208189" type="journal article" year="1979">Randall, 1979</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="29C9654FFFC2FFBF85C4FD23FBD0F166" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF85C4FD23FD3AF6FE" blockId="1.[151,1437,649,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF85C4FD23FE93F6B6" bold="true" box="[151,274,649,675]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The following combination of characters is unique among anthiadids: dorsal-fin rays X,16–18, usually X,17; anal-fin rays III,9–10, usually III,9; pectoral-fin rays 14–16, usually 15, most rays branched; branched caudal-fin rays 7+6; tubed scales in lateral series 39–46.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF8594FD5FFABAF726" blockId="1.[151,1437,649,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF8594FD5FFEE6F71A" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[199,359,757,783]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF8594FD5FFEE6F71A" box="[199,359,757,783]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Compsanthias</emphasis>
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has several unusual characters that are possibly synapomorphic for the included species but are either too poorly studied in other anthiadids or are otherwise difficult to evaluate, including the following.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF8594FC97FA88F03A" blockId="1.[151,1437,649,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF8594FC97FE56F742" box="[199,471,829,855]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Enlarged infraorbital 3.</emphasis>
Although infraorbital 3 (IO3) is relatively large in other anthiadids, and second only in size to IO1, it is proportionally larger in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF87D3FCCBFCA1F76E" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[640,800,865,891]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF87D3FCCBFCA1F76E" box="[640,800,865,891]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Compsanthias</emphasis>
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than in other examined taxa (around 1.5 times length of IO4 + IO5, versus roughly equal to or less than length of IO4 + IO5; 
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC2FFBF86EAFC2FFC7DF78A" box="[953,1020,901,927]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1686,1710]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,187,1652]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[151,1436,179,1660]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lateral view of right side anterior five infraorbital (IO) bones (digitally reversed) of selected anthiadid species showing relative size of IO3: A) Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758), AMS unreg. (ACG CS867), 75 mm SL; B) Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL; C)Nemanthias carberryi Smith, 1954, AMS I.48957-001, 61 mm SL; D) Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857), AMS I.45300-235, 81 mm SL; E) Serranocirrhitus latus Watanabe, 1949, AMS I.45300-318, 34 mm SL; F) Tosana niwae Smith &amp; Pope, 1906, AMS I.48958-001, 55 mm SL. Arrows indicate approximate position of lateral junction of IOs. Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611380/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
). However, infraorbital morphology has not been adequately surveyed in the family. 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC2FFBF87FCFC00FCF3F7D1" author="Katayama, M." box="[687,882,937,964]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" pagination="103 - 180" refId="ref8328" refString="Katayama, M. (1959) Studies on the serranid fishes of Japan (I). Bulletin of the Faculty of Education Yamaguchi University, 8, 103 - 180." type="journal article" year="1959">Katayama (1959)</bibRefCitation>
surveyed and illustrated several genera, which he grouped based on the relative development of suborbital shelves on bones in the infraorbital series. Comparison of Katayama’s illustrations with my material shows some disagreement in the relative sizes of the bones, suggesting a lack of accuracy in that aspect of his illustrations. More extensive survey of this character is required.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF8594FB93FC1FF0D5" blockId="1.[151,1437,649,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF8594FB93FD1AF046" box="[199,667,1081,1107]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
Modally III,9 anal-fin rays. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF84A8FB93FD1AF046" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[507,667,1081,1107]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Compsanthias</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is unusual among anthiadids in having a strongly modal count of III,9 anal-fin rays rather than the usual III,7–8. Although this appears to be apomorphic, and a possible synapomorphy for the species included in the genus, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF8741FB28FD21F089" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1872" box="[530,672,1154,1180]" family="Serranidae" genus="Caesioperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF8741FB28FD21F089" box="[530,672,1154,1180]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Caesioperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two species of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF8628FB2BFC7AF08E" authorityName="Kamohara" authorityYear="1953" box="[891,1019,1153,1179]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF8628FB2BFC7AF08E" box="[891,1019,1153,1179]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also have III,9 rays. This character is therefore discussed below as a potential synapomorphy of these taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF8594FB63FBD0F166" blockId="1.[151,1437,649,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF8594FB63FCE7F0F6" box="[199,870,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Oblique stripe from upper part of eye to upper part of head.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF863FFB63FBE5F0F6" box="[876,1124,1225,1251]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF863FFB63FB8DF0F6" box="[876,1036,1225,1251]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Compsanthias</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
have a variously developed red to purple stripe extending from the middle of the upper orbital rim to the upper part of the head at about the vertical through the preopercle edge. In some individuals the stripe may be very short or reduced to a few isolated spots. Although the stripe may be a synapomorphy of the species included in the genus, similar markings are found in some species of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF843FFAF3FD98F166" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2022" box="[364,537,1369,1395]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pyronotanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF843FFAF3FD98F166" box="[364,537,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Pyronotanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and arguably in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC2FFBF8786FAF3FBCCF166" authority="Watanabe, 1949" authorityName="Watanabe" authorityYear="1949" box="[725,1101,1369,1395]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranocirrhitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF8786FAF3FC11F166" box="[725,912,1369,1395]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Serranocirrhitus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC2FFBF86C5FAF3FBCCF166" author="Watanabe, M." box="[918,1101,1369,1395]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" pagination="17 - 20" refId="ref9594" refString="Watanabe, M. (1949) Studies on the fishes of the Ryukyu Islands II. A new cirrhitoid fish. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 14 (4), 17 - 20." type="journal article" year="1949">Watanabe, 1949</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="29C9654FFFC2FFB78594FAD7FCEEF11B" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="369" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" type="description">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF8594FAD7FB5DF1CA" blockId="1.[151,1437,649,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC2FFBF8594FAD7FED8F182" bold="true" box="[199,345,1405,1431]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Description.</emphasis>
General body shape as in 
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC2FFBF8728FAD7FD52F182" box="[635,723,1405,1431]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-192@3.[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Compsanthias ventralis, male, BPBM 16883, 51.5 mm SL, holotype: A) fresh; B) X-radiograph. Photograph by J.E. Randall; radiograph by C. Atta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611384/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
; greatest body depth 32–38% SL; head length 30–35% SL; orbit diameter 8–13% SL; predorsal length 32–35% SL; preanal length 58–64% SL; prepelvic length 31–35% SL; dorsal-fin base length 55–64% SL; anal-fin base length 20–24% SL; caudal peduncle depth 13–15% SL.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC2FFBF8594FA43FCF7F27A" blockId="1.[151,1437,649,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361">
Scales moderately large, tubed scales in lateral series 39–46; circumpeduncular scales 20–23; auxiliary scales sometimes present on nape and head; head fully scaled except for throat, branchiostegal membranes, lips, extreme front of snout and broad area around and below nostrils; dorsal and anal fins broadly scaled basally; scales with peripheral cteni only and no truncated basal cteni (
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC2FFBF879EF9FFFCE8F27A" author="Roberts, C. D." box="[717,873,1621,1647]" pageId="1" pageNumber="361" pagination="60 - 113" refId="ref9066" refString="Roberts, C. D. (1993) Comparative morphology of spined scales and their phylogenetic significance in the Teleostei. Bulletin of Marine Science, 52 (1), 60 - 113." type="journal article" year="1993">Roberts 1993</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC1FFBC85C4F93CFC91F377" blockId="2.[151,1437,1686,1890]" pageId="2" pageNumber="362">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC1FFBC85C4F93CFE94F2BB" bold="true" box="[151,277,1686,1710]" pageId="2" pageNumber="362">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
Lateral view of right side anterior five infraorbital (IO) bones (digitally reversed) of selected anthiadid species showing relative size of IO3: A) 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC1FFBC84BAF910FCC1F2C7" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[489,832,1722,1746]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anthias">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC1FFBC84BAF910FD08F2C7" box="[489,649,1722,1746]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="362">Anthias anthias</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC1FFBC87C4F910FCB9F2C7" author="Linnaeus, C." box="[663,824,1722,1746]" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" refId="ref8495" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. 10 th Revised Edition. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, ii + 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542" type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, AMS unreg. (ACG CS867), 75 mm SL; B) 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC1FFBC8058F910FEC0F2E3" authority=", AMS I." authorityName="AMS I." family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC1FFBC8058F910FF71F2E3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="362">Compsanthias ventralis</emphasis>
, AMS I.
</taxonomicName>
45300-254, 36.5 mm SL; C) 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC1FFBC870EF974FC3BF2E3" authority="Smith, 1954" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1954" box="[605,954,1758,1782]" family="Serranidae" genus="Nemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="carberryi">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC1FFBC870EF974FCBBF2E3" box="[605,826,1758,1782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="362">Nemanthias carberryi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC1FFBC866DF974FC3BF2E3" author="Smith, J. L. B." box="[830,954,1758,1782]" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref9284" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1954) Two interesting new anthiid fishes from East Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 7, 1 - 6. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935408651683" type="journal article" year="1954">Smith, 1954</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, AMS I.48957-001, 61 mm SL; D) 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC1FFBC8047F974FE41F30F" authority="(Bleeker, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Bleeker" baseAuthorityYear="1857" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pleurotaenia">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC1FFBC8047F974FE99F30F" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="362">Pseudanthias pleurotaenia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC1FFBC8475F8A8FE39F30F" author="Bleeker, P." box="[294,440,1794,1818]" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref6926" refString="Bleeker, P. (1857) Achtste bijdrage tot de kennis der vischfauna van Amboina. Acta Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Indo- Neerlandicae, 2 (7), 1 - 102." type="journal article" year="1857">Bleeker, 1857</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, AMS I.45300-235, 81 mm SL; E) 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC1FFBC8675F8A8FB32F30F" authority="Watanabe, 1949" authorityName="Watanabe" authorityYear="1949" box="[806,1203,1794,1818]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranocirrhitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC1FFBC8675F8A8FB87F30F" box="[806,1030,1794,1818]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="362">Serranocirrhitus latus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC1FFBC815FF8A8FB32F30F" author="Watanabe, M." box="[1036,1203,1794,1818]" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" pagination="17 - 20" refId="ref9594" refString="Watanabe, M. (1949) Studies on the fishes of the Ryukyu Islands II. A new cirrhitoid fish. Bulletin of the Biogeographical Society of Japan, 14 (4), 17 - 20." type="journal article" year="1949">Watanabe, 1949</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, AMS I.45300-318, 34 mm SL; F) 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC1FFBC845EF88DFDF3F32B" authority="Smith &amp; Pope, 1906" authorityName="Smith &amp; Pope" authorityYear="1906" box="[269,626,1830,1854]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niwae">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC1FFBC845EF88DFE1AF32B" box="[269,411,1831,1854]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="362">Tosana niwae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC1FFBC84F2F88CFDF3F32B" author="Smith, H. M. &amp; Pope, T. E. B." box="[417,626,1830,1854]" pageId="2" pageNumber="362" pagination="459 - 499" refId="ref9218" refString="Smith, H. M. &amp; Pope, T. E. B. (1906) List of fishes collected in Japan in 1903, with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 31 (1489), 459 - 499. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.31 - 1489.459" type="journal article" year="1906">Smith &amp; Pope, 1906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, AMS I.48958-001, 55 mm SL. Arrows indicate approximate position of lateral junction of IOs. Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs by A.C. Gill.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC0FFBD8594FF3DFD16F628" blockId="3.[151,1436,151,573]" pageId="3" pageNumber="363">
Dorsal-fin rays X,16–18, usually X,17; dorsal-fin origin above posterior end of operculum; primary shaft of first dorsal pterygiophore angled slightly posterodorsally; ADPF S/S/3/1+1/1/1/1/1/1 or S/S+ 
<superScript id="96A69B8CFFC0FFBD8194FF11FB5FF4DC" attach="left" box="[1223,1246,187,213]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="363">Sv</superScript>
/3/1+1/1/1/1/1/1; distal radials of spinous dorsal pterygiophores closely applied to their serially associated middle + proximal radials, with prominent median process extending posteriorly between basal notch in serially associated spine; dorsal pterygiophores in interneural spaces 9–13 1/1/1+1/1+1/1, 1/1/1+1/1/1+1, 1/1/1+1/1+1/1+1 or 1/1+1/1/1+1/1+1; terminal dorsal pterygiophore in interneural space 18–19; anal-fin rays III,9–10, usually III,9; proximal tip of first anal pterygiophore either positioned about midway between vertebra 10 and 11, or abuts haemal spine of vertebra 11 (caudal vertebra 1); terminal anal pterygiophore in interhaemal space 6–7; pectoral-fin rays 14–16, usually 15, upper 2–3 and lower 1–6 rays unbranched, remaining rays branched near their distal tips (all rays unbranched in specimens smaller than about 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC0FFBD84BBFE70FDB6F5E0" box="[488,567,474,501]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="363" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
SL); no serrations on longest pectoral-fin rays, but with low ridges extending dorsally and ventrally; pelvic-fin rays I,5, all segmented rays branched; caudal-fin rays 7–10+9+8+7–9=31–35; branched caudal-fin rays 7+6 (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC0FFBD84BDFD89FDD0F628" box="[494,593,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-192@3.[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Compsanthias ventralis, male, BPBM 16883, 51.5 mm SL, holotype: A) fresh; B) X-radiograph. Photograph by J.E. Randall; radiograph by C. Atta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="363">Figs. 2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC0FFBD870FFD89FD0BF628" box="[604,650,547,573]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="4.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,250,1129,1153]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1428,497,1616]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,222,1105]" captionTargetId-0="figure-162@4.[151,1436,489,1624]" captionTargetId-1="figure-20@5.[151,1436,181,1105]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Caudal skeleton of cleared and stained Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: EP, epurals; H1–5, hypurals 1–5; HS, haemal spines; NS, neural spines; PCR, principal caudal-fin rays; PH, parhypural; PrCR, procurrent caudal-fin rays; PU2–3, preural centra 2–3; UN, uroneural. Arrow points to cartilage anterior to PU3 haemal spine. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Anterior portion of dorsal fin of cleared and stained Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: DR1, distal radial of first dorsal pterygiophore; DR3, distal radial of third dorsal pterygiophore; DSP1, first dorsal-fin spine; DR3, third dorsal-fin spine; NS1, first neural spine; NS5, fifth neural spine; PR+MR1, proximal + middle radials of first dorsal pterygiophore; PR+MR3, proximal + middle radials of third dorsal pterygiophore; SN, supraneurals. Arrows point to median posterior processes from distal radials. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611386" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611388" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/11611386/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/11611388/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="363">3–4</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="35AC664CFFC0FFBD85C4F8B1FD85F342" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611384" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11611384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611384/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="363" startId="3.[151,250,1819,1843]" targetBox="[151,1436,597,1795]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC0FFBD85C4F8B1FD85F342" blockId="3.[151,1436,1819,1879]" pageId="3" pageNumber="363">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC0FFBD85C4F8B1FE95F326" bold="true" box="[151,276,1819,1843]" pageId="3" pageNumber="363">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC0FFBD844FF8B1FD8FF326" box="[284,526,1819,1843]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="3" pageNumber="363" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC0FFBD844FF8B1FD8FF326" box="[284,526,1819,1843]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="363">Compsanthias ventralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male, BPBM 16883, 51.5 mm SL, holotype: A) fresh; B) X-radiograph. Photograph by J.E. Randall; radiograph by C. Atta.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC7FFBA8594FF3DFB55F5C4" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,465]" pageId="4" pageNumber="364">
Vertebrae 10+16; no parapophyses on first caudal vertebra; epineurals present on vertebrae 1 through 12–13; ribs present on vertebrae 3 through 10; uppermost principal ray on hypural 5, lowermost principal ray between parhypural and pu2 haemal spine; no procurrent spur on upper procurrent ray in lower lobe (
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC7FFBA81B9FF75FA0EF4EC" author="Johnson, G. D." box="[1258,1423,222,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="364" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref7976" refString="Johnson, G. D. (1975) The procurrent spur: an undescribed perciform caudal character and its phylogenetic implications. Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 121, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1975">Johnson 1975</bibRefCitation>
); penultimate procurrent ray in lower lobe not foreshortened (
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC7FFBA8602FEA9FC74F508" author="Johnson, G. D." box="[849,1013,258,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="364" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref7976" refString="Johnson, G. D. (1975) The procurrent spur: an undescribed perciform caudal character and its phylogenetic implications. Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 121, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1975">Johnson 1975</bibRefCitation>
); parhypural and hypurals 1 through 5 present, autogenous; parhypural relatively broad proximally with well-developed hypurapophysis; pu2 and pu3 haemal spines autogenous; pu2 neural spine short; three epurals, decreasing in size posteriorly; single uroneural (posterior uroneural absent); autogenous cartilages present between distal tips of posterior epural and hypural 5, at distal tip of hypural 5, between distal tips of parhypural and pu2 haemal spine, at distal tip of pu2 haemal spine, between distal tips of pu2 and pu3 haemal spines, and anterior to pu3 haemal spine (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC7FFBA811BFE1DFB2BF5C4" box="[1096,1194,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-192@3.[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Compsanthias ventralis, male, BPBM 16883, 51.5 mm SL, holotype: A) fresh; B) X-radiograph. Photograph by J.E. Randall; radiograph by C. Atta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611384/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="364">Figs. 2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC7FFBA81E5FE1DFB47F5C4" box="[1206,1222,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,497,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-162@4.[151,1436,489,1624]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Caudal skeleton of cleared and stained Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: EP, epurals; H1–5, hypurals 1–5; HS, haemal spines; NS, neural spines; PCR, principal caudal-fin rays; PH, parhypural; PrCR, procurrent caudal-fin rays; PU2–3, preural centra 2–3; UN, uroneural. Arrow points to cartilage anterior to PU3 haemal spine. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611386/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="364">3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="35AC664CFFC7FFBA85C4F9DAFDD7F2E1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611386" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11611386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611386/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="364" startId="4.[151,250,1648,1672]" targetBox="[151,1428,497,1616]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC7FFBA85C4F9DAFDD7F2E1" blockId="4.[151,1437,1648,1780]" pageId="4" pageNumber="364">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC7FFBA85C4F9DAFE95F29D" bold="true" box="[151,276,1648,1672]" pageId="4" pageNumber="364">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Caudal skeleton of cleared and stained 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC7FFBA87E3F9DAFC78F29D" authority=", AMS I." authorityName="AMS I." box="[688,1017,1648,1672]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="4" pageNumber="364" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC7FFBA87E3F9DAFC20F29D" box="[688,929,1648,1672]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="364">Compsanthias ventralis</emphasis>
, AMS I.
</taxonomicName>
45300-254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: EP, epurals; H1–5, hypurals 1–5; HS, haemal spines; NS, neural spines; PCR, principal caudal-fin rays; PH, parhypural; PrCR, procurrent caudal-fin rays; PU2–3, preural centra 2–3; UN, uroneural. Arrow points to cartilage anterior to PU3 haemal spine. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="35AC664CFFC6FFBB85C4FBC3FB5AF104" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611388" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11611388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611388/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="365" startId="5.[151,250,1129,1153]" targetBox="[151,1436,222,1105]" targetPageId="5" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC6FFBB85C4FBC3FB5AF104" blockId="5.[151,1437,1129,1298]" pageId="5" pageNumber="365">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC6FFBB85C4FBC3FE94F094" bold="true" box="[151,277,1129,1153]" pageId="5" pageNumber="365">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Anterior portion of dorsal fin of cleared and stained 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC6FFBB8615FBC3FB15F094" authority=", AMS I." authorityName="AMS I." box="[838,1172,1129,1153]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="5" pageNumber="365" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC6FFBB8615FBC3FBB8F094" box="[838,1081,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="365">Compsanthias ventralis</emphasis>
, AMS I.
</taxonomicName>
45300-254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: DR1, distal radial of first dorsal pterygiophore; DR3, distal radial of third dorsal pterygiophore; DSP1, first dorsal-fin spine; DR3, third dorsal-fin spine; NS1, first neural spine; NS5, fifth neural spine; PR+MR1, proximal + middle radials of first dorsal pterygiophore; PR+MR3, proximal + middle radials of third dorsal pterygiophore; SN, supraneurals. Arrows point to median posterior processes from distal radials. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC6FFBB8594FAC9FBC8F2F3" blockId="5.[151,1437,1379,1910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="365">
Anterior part of upper lip of males not hypertrophied; mouth large, oblique, posterior margin of maxilla reaching to point ranging from beneath middle of eye to posterior edge of eye; mouth terminal, lower jaw projecting slightly when mouth closed; supramaxilla absent; premaxilla with curved canine laterally at front of jaw, followed by broadly spaced series of slightly smaller and slenderer canine teeth on sides of jaw, posterior teeth pointing forward; inside these, premaxilla with band of small conical teeth, about 4 or 5 rows wide anteriorly reducing to single row posteriorly, with several nearest symphysis enlarged and directed medially; dentary with pair of canines anteriorly, which project anterolaterally, behind these about two or three rows of small conical teeth in band across front of dentary, those nearest symphysis enlarged and directed medially; anterior third of dentary with enlarged backward curving canine teeth, followed on posterior two thirds of jaw by series of inward (anterior few) to anteriorly curving (remaining teeth) canine teeth; vomer with chevron of small teeth, 1–2 rows wide; palatines with narrow band of small teeth, 2 rows wide; tongue, ectopterygoid and endopterygoid edentate (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC6FFBB86A4F961FBBAF2F3" box="[1015,1083,1739,1766]" captionStart="FIGURE5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,189,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-15@6.[151,1436,181,1793]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE5. Right sidejaws, suspensorium andopercularbones of cleared andstainedCompsanthias ventralis, AMSI.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL, in A) lateral (digitally reversed), and B) medial views. Abbreviations: AA, anguloarticular; CM, coronomeckelian; DEN, dentary; END, endopterygoid; HYO, hyomandibula; IH, interhyal; IOP, interopercle (apparent notch in ventral edge is an artifact); MET, metapterygoid; MX, maxilla; OP, opercle; PAL, palatine; PMX, premaxilla; POP, preopercle; Q, quadrate; RA, retroarticular; SOP, subopercle; SY, symplectic. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611390" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611390/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="365">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC6FFBB8594F945FEE7F363" blockId="5.[151,1437,1379,1910]" pageId="5" pageNumber="365">
Opercle with three flat spines, uppermost often indistinct and hidden by scales and skin, lowermost below junction with subopercle, middle (primary) spine closer to lowermost spine than to uppermost; preopercle finely serrated at angle and on posterior, vertical edge; interopercle and subopercle with weakly to well-developed serrations (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC6FFBB8440F8F1FED9F363" box="[275,344,1883,1910]" captionStart="FIGURE5" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1817,1841]" captionTargetBox="[159,1428,189,1785]" captionTargetId="figure-15@6.[151,1436,181,1793]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE5. Right sidejaws, suspensorium andopercularbones of cleared andstainedCompsanthias ventralis, AMSI.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL, in A) lateral (digitally reversed), and B) medial views. Abbreviations: AA, anguloarticular; CM, coronomeckelian; DEN, dentary; END, endopterygoid; HYO, hyomandibula; IH, interhyal; IOP, interopercle (apparent notch in ventral edge is an artifact); MET, metapterygoid; MX, maxilla; OP, opercle; PAL, palatine; PMX, premaxilla; POP, preopercle; Q, quadrate; RA, retroarticular; SOP, subopercle; SY, symplectic. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611390" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611390/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="365">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="35AC664CFFC5FFB885C4F8B3FBD1F3D4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611390" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11611390" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611390/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="366" startId="6.[151,250,1817,1841]" targetBox="[159,1428,189,1785]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC5FFB885C4F8B3FBD1F3D4" blockId="6.[151,1437,1817,1985]" pageId="6" pageNumber="366">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC5FFB885C4F8B3FE91F324" bold="true" box="[151,272,1817,1841]" pageId="6" pageNumber="366">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Right side jaws, suspensorium and opercular bones of cleared and stained 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC5FFB886B4F8B3FAA7F324" authority=", AMS I." authorityName="AMS I." box="[999,1318,1817,1841]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="6" pageNumber="366" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC5FFB886B4F8B3FB54F324" box="[999,1237,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="366">Compsanthias ventralis</emphasis>
, AMS I.
</taxonomicName>
45300-254, 36.5 mm SL, in A) lateral (digitally reversed), and B) medial views. Abbreviations: AA, anguloarticular; CM, coronomeckelian; DEN, dentary; END, endopterygoid; HYO, hyomandibula; IH, interhyal; IOP, interopercle (apparent notch in ventral edge is an artifact); MET, metapterygoid; MX, maxilla; OP, opercle; PAL, palatine; PMX, premaxilla; POP, preopercle; Q, quadrate; RA, retroarticular; SOP, subopercle; SY, symplectic. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by A.C. Gill.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC4FFB98594FF3DFEB0F5E0" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="367">
Anterior naris in short membranous tube, with weak to moderately large triangular flap dorsoposteriorly; posterior naris roughly semicircular, with at most weakly raised rim; six infraorbital (IO) bones, forming continuous tube for laterosensory canal, IO6 (dermosphenotic) tightly bound to skull; all infraorbital bones with open groove laterally, except IO1 (“lachrymal”), where groove veers ventrally on middle part of part of bone and ends near anterior part of bone, with separate tubular opening anteriorly; IO1 largest, accounting for about 40% of infraorbital canal system, IO3 second largest bone in series, about 75% length of IO1 (excluding suborbital shelf), IO2 and IO4 much smaller, subequal in size, IO5 and IO6 very short (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC4FFB98640FEC5FCE8F59C" box="[787,873,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1686,1710]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,187,1652]" captionTargetId="figure-15@2.[151,1436,179,1660]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lateral view of right side anterior five infraorbital (IO) bones (digitally reversed) of selected anthiadid species showing relative size of IO3: A) Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758), AMS unreg. (ACG CS867), 75 mm SL; B) Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL; C)Nemanthias carberryi Smith, 1954, AMS I.48957-001, 61 mm SL; D) Pseudanthias pleurotaenia (Bleeker, 1857), AMS I.45300-235, 81 mm SL; E) Serranocirrhitus latus Watanabe, 1949, AMS I.45300-318, 34 mm SL; F) Tosana niwae Smith &amp; Pope, 1906, AMS I.48958-001, 55 mm SL. Arrows indicate approximate position of lateral junction of IOs. Scale bars = 1 mm. Photographs by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611380/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="367">Fig. 1B</figureCitation>
); suborbital shelves present on IO2–5, that of IO3 broadest and extending from about middle of IO2 to middle of IO5, shelves on IO2 and IO4–5 much narrower; posterior rim of orbit without papillae (fleshy projections between laterosensory pores associated with frontal and infraorbitals).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC4FFB98594FE55FF73F700" blockId="7.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="7" pageNumber="367">
Pectoral girdle consisting of cleithrum, two extrascapulae, posttemporal, supracleithrum, dorsal and ventral postcleithra (= postcleithra 2 and 3, respectively, of 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC4FFB987B9FD89FC14F628" author="Gottfried, M. D." box="[746,917,547,573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="367" pagination="283 - 290" refId="ref7774" refString="Gottfried, M. D. (1989) Homology and terminology of higher teleosts postcleithral elements. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 21, 283 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 24589" type="journal article" year="1989">Gottfried 1989</bibRefCitation>
), scapula, coracoid, four proximal radials and unossified distal radials at bases of pectoral-fin rays; laterosensory canal exits pectoral girdle on medial surface of supracleithrum; posterior exposed edge of posttemporal smooth or with indistinct serrations; uppermost two proximal radials articulating with scapula, next with both scapula and coracoid, and lowermost with coracoid (= proximal radial formula 2-1-1); scapula with well-developed foramen; ventral tip of coracoid in narrow pocket between medial lamina and posteroventral process of cleithrum; posteroventral process of cleithrum well-developed (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC4FFB985CCFD51FF65F700" box="[159,228,763,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1902,1926]" captionTargetBox="[305,1282,819,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-279@7.[299,1288,813,1879]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Lateral view of right pectoralgirdle (digitally reversed)of cleared and stainedCompsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300- 254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: CL, cleithrum; COR, coracoid; DPCL, dorsal postcleithrum; LEX, lateral extrascapulae; ML, medial lamina on cleithrum; PrR, proximal radials; PR, pectoral-fin rays; PT, posttemporal; PV, posteroventral process on cleithrum; SCAP, scapula; SCL, supracleithrum; VPCL, ventral postcleithrum. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611392/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="367">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="35AC664CFFC4FFB985C4F8C4FAFCF3E7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611392" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11611392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611392/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="367" startId="7.[151,250,1902,1926]" targetBox="[305,1282,819,1873]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC4FFB985C4F8C4FAFCF3E7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1902,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="367">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC4FFB985C4F8C4FE91F393" bold="true" box="[151,272,1902,1926]" pageId="7" pageNumber="367">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Lateral view of right pectoral girdle (digitally reversed) of cleared and stained 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC4FFB98140F8C4FAD3F393" authority=", AMS I." authorityName="AMS I." box="[1043,1362,1902,1926]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="7" pageNumber="367" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC4FFB98140F8C4FA80F393" box="[1043,1281,1902,1926]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="367">Compsanthias ventralis</emphasis>
, AMS I.
</taxonomicName>
45300- 254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: CL, cleithrum; COR, coracoid; DPCL, dorsal postcleithrum; LEX, lateral extrascapulae; ML, medial lamina on cleithrum; PrR, proximal radials; PR, pectoral-fin rays; PT, posttemporal; PV, posteroventral process on cleithrum; SCAP, scapula; SCL, supracleithrum; VPCL, ventral postcleithrum. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCBFFB68594FF3DFB42F628" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">
Paired pharyngobranchials (pb) 1 through 4 present, pb4 cartilaginous; tooth plates present on pb2 through pb4, tooth plate on pb4 small and autogenous; paired epibranchials (eb) 1 through 4 present; uncinate process on eb1 fan-shaped, broadly rimmed with cartilage, and directed posterodorsally; no tooth plate on eb2; relatively large toothplate on eb3 (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFCBFFB685A0FEA9FEB8F508" box="[243,313,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-221@8.[151,1436,597,1300]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right side dorsal gill arches of Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL: A) ventral view; B) dorsal view. Abbreviations: EB1–4, epibranchials 1–4; LP, levator process on epibranchial 4; PB1–4, pharyngobranchials 1–4; PB4TP, pharyngobranchial 4 toothplate; UP, uncinate process on epibranchial 1. Bone shown in light stipple, cartilage in dark grey; gill rakers not shown. Scale bar = 1 mm. Illustration by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611396/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
); paired ceratobranchials (cb) 1 through 5 present; tooth plate on cb5; paired hypobranchials (hb) 1 through 3 present, none with toothplates; median basibranchials (bb) 1 through 4 present, bb4 as cartilage, none with toothplates; small accessory cartilages at eb1–cb1 and eb2–cb2 junctions; gill rakers elongate on anterior/lateral face of first arch, 6–9 on eb1, uppermost at junction with pb1, and 21–25 on cb1 and hb1; shorter club-like rakers or rudiments present on posterior face of eb1, cb1 and hb1, on both anterior and posterior faces of eb2–3, cb2–4 and hb2, and on anterior face of hb3, eb4 and cb5; seven branchiostegals; ceratohyals closely applied but not sutured; anterior three branchiostegals medially on narrow anterior portion of anterior ceratohyal (corresponding to Group II branchiostegals of 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFCBFFB684D0FE55FD9AF60C" author="Doosey, M. H." box="[387,539,511,537]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref7125" refString="Doosey, M. H. (2013) Development of the branchiostegal rays of Synodus foetens (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) and Sander vitreus (Perciformes: Percidae) with comments on branchiostegal ray characters used in phylogenetic systematics of teleost fishes. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas, 46, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2013">Doosey 2013</bibRefCitation>
), next two laterally on broad portion of anterior ceratohyal, final two laterally on posterior ceratohyal (posterior four corresponding to Group I branchiostegals of 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFCBFFB6814EFD89FB36F628" author="Doosey, M. H." box="[1053,1207,547,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref7125" refString="Doosey, M. H. (2013) Development of the branchiostegal rays of Synodus foetens (Aulopiformes: Synodontidae) and Sander vitreus (Perciformes: Percidae) with comments on branchiostegal ray characters used in phylogenetic systematics of teleost fishes. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas, 46, 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2013">Doosey 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="35AC664CFFCBFFB685C4FA81FCECF1BA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611396" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11611396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611396/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" startId="8.[151,250,1323,1347]" targetBox="[151,1436,597,1300]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCBFFB685C4FA81FCECF1BA" blockId="8.[151,1437,1323,1456]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB685C4FA81FE97F156" bold="true" box="[151,278,1323,1347]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Right side dorsal gill arches of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB6873FFA81FC3AF156" authority=", AMS I." authorityName="AMS I." box="[620,955,1323,1347]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB6873FFA81FCDEF156" box="[620,863,1323,1347]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Compsanthias ventralis</emphasis>
, AMS I.
</taxonomicName>
45300-254, 36.5 mm SL: A) ventral view; B) dorsal view. Abbreviations: EB1–4, epibranchials 1–4; LP, levator process on epibranchial 4; PB1–4, pharyngobranchials 1–4; PB4TP, pharyngobranchial 4 toothplate; UP, uncinate process on epibranchial 1. Bone shown in light stipple, cartilage in dark grey; gill rakers not shown. Scale bar = 1 mm. Illustration by A.C. Gill.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCBFFB68594F9ABFB1EF209" blockId="8.[151,1437,1537,2032]" box="[199,1183,1537,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB68594F9ABFEE6F20E" bold="true" box="[199,359,1537,1563]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Composition.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB6843DF9ABFCD1F209" authority="(Randall, 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[366,848,1537,1564]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB6843DF9ABFD18F20E" box="[366,665,1537,1563]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Compsanthias hawaiiensis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFCBFFB687FBF9ABFCC9F209" author="Randall, J. E." box="[680,840,1537,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref8751" refString="Randall, J. E. (1979) A review of the serranid fish genus Anthias of the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of two new species. Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County), 302, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 208189" type="journal article" year="1979">Randall, 1979</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB6860DF9A8FB1BF209" authority="(Randall, 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[862,1178,1537,1564]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB6860DF9A8FC60F20E" box="[862,993,1537,1564]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">C. ventralis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFCBFFB686BCF9ABFB13F209" author="Randall, J. E." box="[1007,1170,1537,1564]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref8751" refString="Randall, J. E. (1979) A review of the serranid fish genus Anthias of the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of two new species. Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County), 302, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 208189" type="journal article" year="1979">Randall, 1979</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCBFFB68594F98CFC17F276" blockId="8.[151,1437,1537,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB68594F98CFEE4F255" bold="true" box="[199,357,1574,1600]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Etymolology.</emphasis>
From the Greek κομψός, meaning elegant or pretty, and anthias, alluding to the graceful form and striking coloration of the included species. Gender is masculine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCBFFB68594F9C7FC1DF3E5" blockId="8.[151,1437,1537,2032]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB68594F9C7FEECF292" bold="true" box="[199,365,1645,1671]" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Comparisons.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB68427F9C7FD95F292" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[372,532,1645,1671]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB68427F9C7FD95F292" box="[372,532,1645,1671]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively distinctive, and unlikely to be confused with other anthiadid genera. As noted below, the high number of segmented anal-fin rays distinguishes it from all other anthiadids except 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB685C4F91CFEA4F2C5" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,293,1718,1744]" family="Serranidae" genus="Caesioperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB685C4F91CFEA4F2C5" box="[151,293,1718,1744]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Caesioperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two species each of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB68718F91FFD4AF2DA" authorityName="Kamohara" authorityYear="1953" box="[587,715,1717,1743]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB68718F91FFD4AF2DA" box="[587,715,1717,1743]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB68655F91FFC1BF2DA" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[774,922,1717,1743]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB68655F91FFC1BF2DA" box="[774,922,1717,1743]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB686F9F91FFBCBF2DA" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[938,1098,1717,1743]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB686F9F91FFBCBF2DA" box="[938,1098,1717,1743]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is readily distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB685C4F970FEA4F2E1" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,293,1754,1780]" family="Serranidae" genus="Caesioperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB685C4F970FEA4F2E1" box="[151,293,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Caesioperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having fewer supraneural bones (two, sometimes with the vestige of a third bone versus three well-developed bones), fewer segmented dorsal-fin rays (16–18 versus 19–22), fewer lateral-line scales (39–46 versus 47–65), and fewer branched caudal-fin rays (7+6 versus 8+7), and in lacking transformed (truncated basal) cteni on scales (present in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB684D9F8ECFD99F375" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1872" box="[394,536,1862,1888]" family="Serranidae" genus="Caesioperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB684D9F8ECFD99F375" box="[394,536,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Caesioperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). It differs from 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB6878FF8EFFCDDF34A" authorityName="Kamohara" authorityYear="1953" box="[732,860,1861,1887]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB6878FF8EFFCDDF34A" box="[732,860,1861,1887]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having most pectoral-fin rays branched (versus all unbranched in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB68433F8C3FE61F396" authorityName="Kamohara" authorityYear="1953" box="[352,480,1897,1923]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB68433F8C3FE61F396" box="[352,480,1897,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and more lateral-line scales (39–46 versus 29–36), and from 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB681CAF8C3FAACF396" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[1177,1325,1897,1923]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB681CAF8C3FAACF396" box="[1177,1325,1897,1923]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having fewer lateral-line scales (39–46 versus 51–78), fewer pectoral-fin rays (14–16, usually 15 versus 17–23) and an undivided dorsal fin (versus notched or divided), and in lacking papillae on the posterior orbital rim and serrations on the longest few pectoral-fin rays (versus present in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCBFFB687ABF87FFC0DF3FA" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[760,908,2005,2031]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="368" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCBFFB687ABF87FFC0DF3FA" box="[760,908,2005,2031]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="368">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="35AC664CFFCAFFB785C4FCC3FD4DF7DC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11611402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611402/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" startId="9.[151,250,873,897]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,849]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCAFFB785C4FCC3FD4DF7DC" blockId="9.[151,1436,873,969]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB785C4FCC3FE96F794" bold="true" box="[151,279,873,897]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB78471FCC3FDB4F794" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[290,565,873,897]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78471FCC3FDB4F794" box="[290,565,873,897]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Compsanthias hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, larva, 10.5 mm SL, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center reference collection (number HLIP-780), off Necker Island, Hawaii, USA. Photograph by B.C. Mundy, retired from the NOAA NMFS Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center using PIFSC facilities.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCAFFB78594FBB6FCEEF11B" blockId="9.[151,1437,1051,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">
In describing 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB78431FBB1FC03F023" authority=", Shepherd et al. (2021)" authorityName="Shepherd" authorityYear="2021" box="[354,898,1051,1078]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hangapiko">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78431FBB1FDF6F020" box="[354,631,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Pseudanthias hangapiko</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFCAFFB787D5FBB1FC03F023" author="Shepherd, B. &amp; Pinheiro, H. T. &amp; Phelps, T. A. Y. &amp; Perez-Matus, A. &amp; Rocha, L. A." box="[646,898,1051,1078]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref9141" refString="Shepherd, B., Pinheiro, H. T., Phelps, T. A. Y., Perez-Matus, A. &amp; Rocha, L. A. (2021) Pseudanthias hangapiko, a new anthiadine serranid (Teleostei, Serranidae, Anthiadinae) from Rapa Nui (Easter Island). ZooKeys, 1054, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 1054.64508" type="journal article" year="2021">
Shepherd 
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB787A4FBB6FCB1F020" box="[759,816,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">et al.</emphasis>
(2021)
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
noted that 
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78152FBB6FBB0F023" box="[1025,1073,1052,1078]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">COI</emphasis>
sequences for their new species were most like those of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB784EEFB95FD3BF04C" box="[445,698,1087,1113]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB784EEFB95FDDCF04C" box="[445,605,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Compsanthias</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB787A1FB95FB98F04C" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[754,1049,1087,1113]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB787A1FB95FB98F04C" box="[754,1049,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Pseudanthias hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB78109FBEAFB61F04C" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1114,1248,1087,1113]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78109FBEAFB61F04C" box="[1114,1248,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">P. ventralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), although with substantial difference (uncorrected divergence of 17.0% and 16.8%, respectively). Although available morphological information suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB784E0FB22FDC7F0B4" box="[435,582,1159,1185]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hangapiko">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB784E0FB22FDC7F0B4" box="[435,582,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">P. hangapiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not correctly placed in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB7860EFB2DFC75F0B4" box="[861,1012,1159,1185]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB7860EFB2DFC75F0B4" box="[861,1012,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Pseudanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as also suggested by 
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB781B6FB22FA94F0B7" box="[1253,1301,1160,1186]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">COI</emphasis>
sequences), the species is too poorly known to justify inclusion in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB7865DFB01FC2FF0D0" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[782,942,1195,1221]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB7865DFB01FC2FF0D0" box="[782,942,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or any other anthiadid genus. As noted by Shepherd 
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB7845AFB7AFEC2F0FC" box="[265,323,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">et al.</emphasis>
, it differs from 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB784AAFB65FD18F0FC" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[505,665,1231,1257]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB784AAFB65FD18F0FC" box="[505,665,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having fewer anal-fin rays (III,8 versus III,9–10) and a slenderer body form (greatest body depth 26–29% SL versus 32–38% SL).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="29C9654FFFCAFFB58594FABDFF34F244" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="371" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCAFFB78594FABDFBD0F1F0" blockId="9.[151,1437,1051,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78594FABDFEF1F124" bold="true" box="[199,368,1303,1329]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Relationships.</emphasis>
The phylogenetic position of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB78785FABDFCF7F124" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[726,886,1303,1329]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78785FABDFCF7F124" box="[726,886,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unresolved. The following is a summary of characters that may have bearing on relationships to other anthiadids. The first five of these characters were recently reviewed by 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFCAFFB7847BFAF5FDC0F16F" author="Pogonoski, J. J. &amp; Gill, A. C." box="[296,577,1375,1402]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" pagination="417 - 430" refId="ref8628" refString="Pogonoski, J. J. &amp; Gill, A. C. (2021) Taxonomy of the genus Dactylanthias Bleeker (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae). Zootaxa, 4926 (3), 417 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4926.3.6" type="journal article" year="2021">Pogonoski &amp; Gill (2021)</bibRefCitation>
, who provide more detailed discussion of the characters and their taxonomic distribution. Character 6 is readily observable, and a standard character in species descriptions. In contrast, the remaining characters are only readily observable in cleared and stained specimens, and thus suffer from inadequate survey. I include them here in part to bring them to the attention of other researchers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCAFFB78594FA5AFCC5F247" blockId="9.[151,1437,1051,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78594FA5AFD1DF21C" box="[199,668,1519,1546]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">1. Number of branched caudal-fin rays</emphasis>
. Plesiomorphically, anthiadids have 8+7 branched caudal-fin rays. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB785C4F9B9FEB6F238" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,311,1555,1581]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB785C4F9B9FEB6F238" box="[151,311,1555,1581]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively derived in having only 7+6 branched rays. However, reduction to 7+6 or fewer branched rays is characteristic of the vast majority of anthiadid genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCAFFB78594F9F6FCF8F2F7" blockId="9.[151,1437,1051,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78594F9F6FC08F260" box="[199,905,1627,1654]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">2. Presence or absence of transformed (truncated basal) cteni.</emphasis>
Anthiadids plesiomorphically have transformed (truncated basal) cteni on their scales (
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFCAFFB78701F9D5FD6EF28F" author="Roberts, C. D." box="[594,751,1663,1690]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" pagination="60 - 113" refId="ref9066" refString="Roberts, C. D. (1993) Comparative morphology of spined scales and their phylogenetic significance in the Teleostei. Bulletin of Marine Science, 52 (1), 60 - 113." type="journal article" year="1993">Roberts 1993</bibRefCitation>
), although these are often confined to the head and anterior body. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB7858FF909FEFDF2A8" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[220,380,1699,1725]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB7858FF909FEFDF2A8" box="[220,380,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively derived in only having peripheral cteni on the scales. As for the previous character, however, the derived state is widespread among anthiadid genera.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCAFFB78594F946FD84F380" blockId="9.[151,1437,1051,2014]" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78594F946FBEBF313" box="[199,1130,1771,1798]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">3. Presence or absence of trisegmental pterygiophores in dorsal and anal fins.</emphasis>
Pterygiophores in the soft dorsal and anal fins may be trisegmental, composed of separate proximal, middle and distal radials, or bisegmental, where the proximal and middle radials are undifferentiated. The former condition is plesiomorphic in anthiadids. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFCAFFB785C4F8FDFEB6F364" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,311,1879,1905]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="9" pageNumber="369" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB785C4F8FDFEB6F364" box="[151,311,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has only bisegmental pterygiophores.However, like the previous two characters, the derived condition is widespread among anthiadids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFCAFFB48594F80AFE9FF570" blockId="9.[151,1437,1051,2014]" lastBlockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="370" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFCAFFB78594F80AFC57F3AC" box="[199,982,1951,1978]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="369">4. Presence or absence of parapophyses on first caudal vertebra</emphasis>
. In most anthiadids, the posteriormost pair of parapophyses are borne on the terminal precaudal vertebra. In other anthiadids, the posteriormost pair of parapophyses are borne on the first caudal vertebra, which also bears a haemal spine. The former condition is plesiomorphic and found in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48488FF11FDFAF4C0" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[475,635,187,213]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48488FF11FDFAF4C0" box="[475,635,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gill 2022: fig. 7; 
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC9FFB4860AFF11FC33F4C0" box="[857,946,187,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-192@3.[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Compsanthias ventralis, male, BPBM 16883, 51.5 mm SL, holotype: A) fresh; B) X-radiograph. Photograph by J.E. Randall; radiograph by C. Atta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611384/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
). As noted by Gill (2022), the apomorphic condition supports monophyly of a clade consisting of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB487A0FF75FC28F4EC" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1927" box="[755,937,223,249]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Mirolabrichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB487A0FF75FC28F4EC" box="[755,937,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Mirolabrichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB486E5FF75FBBDF4EC" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1954" box="[950,1084,223,249]" family="Serranidae" genus="Nemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB486E5FF75FBBDF4EC" box="[950,1084,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Nemanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4811BFF75FB74F4EC" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2022" box="[1096,1269,223,249]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pyronotanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4811BFF75FB74F4EC" box="[1096,1269,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pyronotanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48052FF75FA14F4EC" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[1281,1429,223,249]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48052FF75FA14F4EC" box="[1281,1429,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB485C4FEA9FF71F509" box="[151,240,259,284]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Franzia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB485C4FEA9FF71F509" box="[151,240,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Franzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48455FEA9FDBFF508" authority="Allen 1984" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1984" box="[262,574,259,285]" family="Serranidae" genus="Rabaulichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48455FEA9FE27F508" box="[262,422,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Rabaulichthys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB484E5FEA9FDBFF508" author="Allen, G. R." box="[438,574,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="47 - 50" refId="ref6617" refString="Allen, G. R. (1984) A new genus and species of anthiid fish from Papua New Guinea. Revue francaise d'Aquariologie Herpetologie, 11, 47 - 50." type="journal article" year="1984">Allen 1984</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48702FEA9FB18F508" authority="Anderson, Parin &amp; Randall, 1990" authorityName="Anderson, Parin &amp; Randall" authorityYear="1990" box="[593,1177,259,285]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anatolanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48702FEA9FD6FF508" box="[593,750,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Anatolanthias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB487ADFEA9FB18F508" author="Anderson, W. D. Jr. &amp; Parin, N. V. &amp; Randall, J. E." box="[766,1177,259,285]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="922 - 930" refId="ref6809" refString="Anderson, W. D. Jr., Parin, N. V. &amp; Randall, J. E. (1990) A new genus and species of anthiine fish (Pisces: Serranidae) from the eastern South Pacific with comments on anthiine relationships. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 103 (4), 922 - 930." type="journal article" year="1990">Anderson, Parin &amp; Randall, 1990</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481FFFEA9FB7FF509" authorityName="Smith &amp; Pope" authorityYear="1906" box="[1196,1278,259,284]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481FFFEA9FB7FF509" box="[1196,1278,259,284]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48046FEA9FEF0F554" authority="Steindachner, 1875" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1875" family="Serranidae" genus="Hemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48046FEA9FA1DF508" box="[1301,1436,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Hemanthias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB485C4FE8DFEF0F554" author="Steindachner, F." box="[151,369,294,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" refId="ref9454" refString="Steindachner, F. (1875) Ichthyologische Beitrage [I]. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe, 70 (1. Abth), 375 - 390, pl. 1." type="book" year="1875">Steindachner, 1875</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48428FE8DFCCDF554" authority="Anderson &amp; Heemstra, 2012" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Heemstra" authorityYear="2012" box="[379,844,295,321]" family="Serranidae" genus="Choranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48428FE8DFD86F554" box="[379,519,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Choranthias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB4875EFE8DFCCDF554" author="Anderson, W. D. Jr. &amp; Heemstra, P. C." box="[525,844,295,321]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="1 - 173" refId="ref6745" refString="Anderson, W. D. Jr. &amp; Heemstra, P. C. (2012) Review of Atlantic and eastern Pacific anthiine fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Serranidae), with descriptions of two new genera. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 102 (2), i - xviii + 1 - 173, 12 pls." type="journal article" year="2012">Anderson &amp; Heemstra, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB486D3FE8DFB96F554" box="[896,1047,295,321]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB486D3FE8DFB96F554" box="[896,1047,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pseudanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as currently defined, excluding 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB480D7FE8DFE8CF570" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hangapiko">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB480D7FE8DFE8CF570" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">P. hangapiko</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC9FFB48594FEC5FAD2F690" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48594FEC5FDC5F59C" box="[199,580,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">5. Number of supraneural bones</emphasis>
. Plesiomorphically, anthiadids have three well-developed supraneurals, with one in the preneural space and two in the first interneural space. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4860CFE39FC7EF5B8" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[863,1023,403,429]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4860CFE39FC7EF5B8" box="[863,1023,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively derived in either lacking the posterior supraneural or having it present only as a tiny vestige (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC9FFB486EFFE1DFBA3F5C4" box="[956,1058,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1819,1843]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetId="figure-192@3.[151,1436,597,1795]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Compsanthias ventralis, male, BPBM 16883, 51.5 mm SL, holotype: A) fresh; B) X-radiograph. Photograph by J.E. Randall; radiograph by C. Atta." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611384/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Figs. 2B</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC9FFB48162FE1DFBC3F5C4" box="[1073,1090,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1129,1153]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,222,1105]" captionTargetId="figure-20@5.[151,1436,181,1105]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Anterior portion of dorsal fin of cleared and stained Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: DR1, distal radial of first dorsal pterygiophore; DR3, distal radial of third dorsal pterygiophore; DSP1, first dorsal-fin spine; DR3, third dorsal-fin spine; NS1, first neural spine; NS5, fifth neural spine; PR+MR1, proximal + middle radials of first dorsal pterygiophore; PR+MR3, proximal + middle radials of third dorsal pterygiophore; SN, supraneurals. Arrows point to median posterior processes from distal radials. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611388" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611388/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">4</figureCitation>
). Reduction or loss of one of more supraneurals occurs widely in anthiadid genera, and varies among species in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48115FE71FB5CF5E0" box="[1094,1245,475,501]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48115FE71FB5CF5E0" box="[1094,1245,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pseudanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481BFFE71FAEDF5E0" authorityName="Kamohara" authorityYear="1953" box="[1260,1388,475,501]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481BFFE71FAEDF5E0" box="[1260,1388,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB485C4FE55FE40F60C" box="[151,449,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB485C4FE55FEB3F60C" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1873" box="[151,306,511,537]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Plectranthias</taxonomicName>
. Meganthias
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB4849AFE55FD7DF60C" author="Randall, J. E. &amp; Heemstra, P. C." box="[457,764,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="1 - 32" refId="ref8811" refString="Randall, J. E. &amp; Heemstra, P. C. (2006) Review of the Indo - Pacific fishes of the genus Odontanthias (Serranidae: Anthiinae), with descriptions of two new species and a related new genus. Indo-Pacific Fishes, 38, 1 - 32, pls. 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="2006">Randall &amp; Heemstra, 2006</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4865BFE55FC21F60C" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1873" box="[776,928,511,537]" family="Serranidae" genus="Odontanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4865BFE55FC21F60C" box="[776,928,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Odontanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4868AFE55FBA9F60C" authorityName="D.S.Jordan &amp; R.E.Richardson" authorityYear="1910" box="[985,1064,511,537]" family="Serranidae" genus="Sacura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4868AFE55FBA9F60C" box="[985,1064,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Sacura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48163FE55FAE6F60C" author="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Richardson, R. E." box="[1072,1383,511,537]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="421 - 474" refId="ref8163" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Richardson, R. E. (1910) A review of the Serranidae or sea bass of Japan. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 37 (1714), 421 - 474. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.37 - 1714.421" type="journal article" year="1910">
<collectingCountry id="19C47654FFC9FFB48163FE55FBFAF60C" box="[1072,1147,511,537]" name="Jordan" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Richardson, 1910
</bibRefCitation>
also have two supraneurals, but with an apomorphic arrangement, with the two bones closely spaced such that it is often difficult to determine whether they insert within the preneural or first interneural spaces (see 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB481F8FDEDFA10F674" author="Gill, A. C. &amp; Russell, B. C." box="[1195,1425,583,609]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="177 - 184" refId="ref7563" refString="Gill, A. C. &amp; Russell, B. C. (2019) Redescription of Anthias xanthomaculatus Fourmanoir and Rivaton, and its reassignment in the genus Odontanthias Bleeker (Teleostei: Serranidae). Zootaxa, 4568 (1), 177 - 184. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4568.1.11" type="journal article" year="2019">Gill &amp; Russell 2019</bibRefCitation>
). The two supraneurals of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB484FDFDC1FDCFF690" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[430,590,619,645]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB484FDFDC1FDCFF690" box="[430,590,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more widely spaced, typical of other taxa with two supraneurals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC9FFB48594FD24FE22F020" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48594FD24FD91F6BD" box="[199,528,654,681]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">6. Number of anal-fin rays.</emphasis>
The vast majority of anthiadid species have modal counts of either III,7 or III,8 anal-fin rays. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4846BFD19FE59F6D8" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[312,472,691,717]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4846BFD19FE59F6D8" box="[312,472,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is apomorphic in having a strongly modal count of III,9 anal-fin rays. Aside from occasional specimens of some species, a count of III,9 is otherwise known from species of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481C1FD7DFF4EF700" authority="Castelnau, 1872" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1872" family="Serranidae" genus="Caesioperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481C1FD7DFAA1F6E4" box="[1170,1312,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Caesioperca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48074FD7DFF4EF700" author="Castelnau, F. de" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="29 - 242" refId="ref7080" refString="Castelnau, F. de (1872) Contribution to the ichthyology of Australia. No. 1. The Melbourne fish market. Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, Melbourne, 1, 29 - 242, 1 pl." type="journal article" year="1872">Castelnau, 1872</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and two species of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB484ECFD51FDBEF700" authorityName="Kamohara" authorityYear="1953" box="[447,575,763,789]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB484ECFD51FDBEF700" box="[447,575,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48700FD51FBE0F700" authority="Pinheiro, Rocha &amp; Rocha, 2018" authorityName="Pinheiro, Rocha &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2018" box="[595,1121,763,789]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aphrodite">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48700FD51FD60F700" box="[595,737,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">T. aphrodite</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB487BFFD51FBE0F700" author="Pinheiro, H. T. &amp; Rocha, C. &amp; Rocha, L. A." box="[748,1121,763,789]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="105 - 115" refId="ref8560" refString="Pinheiro, H. T., Rocha, C. &amp; Rocha, L. A. (2018) Tosanoides aphrodite, a new species from mesophotic coral ecosystems of St. Paul's Rocks, Mid Atlantic Ridge (Perciformes, Serranidae, Anthiadinae). ZooKeys, 786, 105 - 115. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 786.27382" type="journal article" year="2018">Pinheiro, Rocha &amp; Rocha, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481CDFD51FEB8F72C" authority="(Randall &amp; Ralston, 1985)" baseAuthorityName="Randall &amp; Ralston" baseAuthorityYear="1985" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fucinus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481CDFD51FA90F700" box="[1182,1297,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">T. fucinus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48070FD51FEB0F72C" author="Randall, J. E. &amp; Ralston, S." pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="220 - 227" refId="ref8961" refString="Randall, J. E. &amp; Ralston, S. (1985) A new species of serranid fish of the genus Anthias from the Hawaiian Islands and Johnston Island. Pacific Science, 38 (3), 220 - 227, figs. 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1985">Randall &amp; Ralston,1985</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
; the remaining species of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48735FCB5FD67F72C" authorityName="Kamohara" authorityYear="1953" box="[614,742,799,825]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48735FCB5FD67F72C" box="[614,742,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have III,8 anal-fin rays). This character therefore challenges monophyly of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB484E6FCE9FDB4F748" authorityName="Kamohara" authorityYear="1953" box="[437,565,835,861]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB484E6FCE9FDB4F748" box="[437,565,835,861]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as characters and preliminary molecular studies that suggest only a distant relationship between 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB484B0FCCDFD02F794" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[483,643,871,897]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB484B0FCCDFD02F794" box="[483,643,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48792FCCDFCCEF794" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1872" box="[705,847,871,897]" family="Serranidae" genus="Caesioperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48792FCCDFCCEF794" box="[705,847,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Caesioperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The alternative is that the relatively high number of anal-fin rays is independently derived, which would thus support monophyly of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48127FC21FA95F7B0" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[1140,1300,907,933]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48127FC21FA95F7B0" box="[1140,1300,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see above Diagnosis). Two species of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4849EFC05FD6DF7DC" authority="Herre, 1936" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[461,748,943,969]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4849EFC05FDE0F7DC" box="[461,609,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48734FC05FD6DF7DC" author="Herre, A. W. C. T." box="[615,748,943,969]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="357 - 373" refId="ref7918" refString="Herre, A. W. C. T. (1936) Notes on fishes in the Zoological Museum of Stanford University, V. New or rare Philippine fishes from the Herre 1933 Philippine expedition. Philippine Journal of Science, 59 (3), 357 - 373, pls. 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1936">Herre, 1936</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
also have nine segmented anal-fin rays, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481FCFC05FF59F7F8" authority="(Smith, 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1955" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microlepis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481FCFC05FAC3F7DC" box="[1199,1346,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">L. microlepis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48002FC05FF51F7F8" author="Smith, J. L. B." pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="337 - 350" refId="ref9330" refString="Smith, J. L. B. (1955) The fishes of the family Anthiidae of the western Indian Ocean. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 8, 337 - 350. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935508655649" type="journal article" year="1955">Smith, 1955</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48442FC79FD5BF7F8" authority="Randall &amp; McCosker, 1992" authorityName="Randall &amp; McCosker" authorityYear="1992" box="[273,730,979,1005]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="williamsi">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48442FC79FE16F7F8" box="[273,407,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">L. williamsi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB484CCFC79FD5BF7F8" author="Randall, J. E. &amp; McCosker, J. E." box="[415,730,979,1005]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="1 - 21" refId="ref8871" refString="Randall, J. E. &amp; McCosker, J. E. (1992) Revision of the fish genus Luzonichthys (Perciformes: Serranidae: Anthiinae), with descriptions of two new species. Indo-Pacific Fishes, 21, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="1992">Randall &amp; McCosker, 1992</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in these species the high count is in part due to the transformation of the posterior (third) spine to a segmented ray (giving a count of II,9), and is thus not homologous with the III,9 condition.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC9FFB48594FB95FF6AF238" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48594FB95FC9CF04C" box="[199,797,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">7. Presence or absence of interarcual cartilage.</emphasis>
Plesiomorphically, anthiadids have a well-developed interarcual cartilage (IAC) between pharyngobranchial 2 and the uncinate process on epibranchial 1 (
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB481A5FBC9FA19F068" author="Baldwin, C. C." box="[1270,1432,1123,1149]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="913 - 955" refId="ref6875" refString="Baldwin, C. C. (1990) Morphology of the larvae of American Anthiinae (Teleostei: Serranidae), with comments on relationships within the subfamily. Copeia, 1990 (4), 913 - 955. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446477" type="journal article" year="1990">Baldwin 1990</bibRefCitation>
: fig. 20; Gill 2022: fig. 11A,B). 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB484BAFB2DFD08F0B4" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[489,649,1159,1185]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB484BAFB2DFD08F0B4" box="[489,649,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively derived in lacking an interarcual cartilage (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC9FFB481BBFB2DFAABF0B4" box="[1256,1322,1159,1185]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-221@8.[151,1436,597,1300]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right side dorsal gill arches of Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL: A) ventral view; B) dorsal view. Abbreviations: EB1–4, epibranchials 1–4; LP, levator process on epibranchial 4; PB1–4, pharyngobranchials 1–4; PB4TP, pharyngobranchial 4 toothplate; UP, uncinate process on epibranchial 1. Bone shown in light stipple, cartilage in dark grey; gill rakers not shown. Scale bar = 1 mm. Illustration by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611396/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB4806EFB2DFF63F0D0" author="Baldwin, C. C." pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="913 - 955" refId="ref6875" refString="Baldwin, C. C. (1990) Morphology of the larvae of American Anthiinae (Teleostei: Serranidae), with comments on relationships within the subfamily. Copeia, 1990 (4), 913 - 955. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446477" type="journal article" year="1990">Baldwin (1990)</bibRefCitation>
noted that a well-developed IAC is present in species currently assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48101FB01FB68F0D0" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1873" box="[1106,1257,1195,1221]" family="Serranidae" genus="Plectranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48101FB01FB68F0D0" box="[1106,1257,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Plectranthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481AAFB01FAEAF0D0" authorityName="Temminck &amp; Schlegel" authorityYear="1843" box="[1273,1387,1195,1221]" family="Serranidae" genus="Caprodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481AAFB01FAEAF0D0" box="[1273,1387,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Caprodon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB485C4FB65FE9FF0FC" authorityName="Steindachner" authorityYear="1875" box="[151,286,1231,1257]" family="Serranidae" genus="Hemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB485C4FB65FE9FF0FC" box="[151,286,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Hemanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a reduced IAC is found in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48718FB65FCB1F0FC" authority="Bloch, 1792" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1792" box="[587,816,1231,1257]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48718FB65FD20F0FC" box="[587,673,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Anthias</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB487F5FB65FCB1F0FC" author="Bloch, M. E." box="[678,816,1231,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="289 - 323" refId="ref7046" refString="Bloch, M. E. (1792) Naturgeschichte der auslandischen Fische. Berlin. v. 6: i - xii + 1 - 126, Pls. 289 - 323." type="journal article" year="1792">Bloch, 1792</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48669FB65FA86F0FC" authority="Anderson &amp; Heemstra, 2012" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Heemstra" authorityYear="2012" box="[826,1287,1231,1257]" family="Serranidae" genus="Baldwinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48669FB65FC40F0FC" box="[826,961,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Baldwinella</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48695FB65FA86F0FC" author="Anderson, W. D. Jr. &amp; Heemstra, P. C." box="[966,1287,1231,1257]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="1 - 173" refId="ref6745" refString="Anderson, W. D. Jr. &amp; Heemstra, P. C. (2012) Review of Atlantic and eastern Pacific anthiine fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Serranidae), with descriptions of two new genera. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 102 (2), i - xviii + 1 - 173, 12 pls." type="journal article" year="2012">Anderson &amp; Heemstra, 2012</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48043FB65FA1DF0FC" authorityName="Anderson &amp; Heemstra" authorityYear="2012" box="[1296,1436,1231,1257]" family="Serranidae" genus="Choranthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48043FB65FA1DF0FC" box="[1296,1436,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Choranthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48599FB59FD90F118" authority="Gill, 1863" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1863" box="[202,529,1267,1293]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pronotogrammus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48599FB59FE0FF119" box="[202,398,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pronotogrammus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB484CAFB59FD90F118" author="Gill, T." box="[409,529,1267,1293]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="80 - 88" refId="ref7724" refString="Gill, T. (1863) Catalogue of the fishes of Lower California, in the Smithsonian Institution, collected by Mr. J. Xantus. Part IV. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 15 (2), 80 - 88." type="journal article" year="1863">Gill, 1863</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB487D6FB59FC98F118" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[645,793,1267,1293]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB487D6FB59FC98F118" box="[645,793,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48679FB59FC31F118" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1954" box="[810,944,1267,1293]" family="Serranidae" genus="Nemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48679FB59FC31F118" box="[810,944,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Nemanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB486BDFB59FB04F118" box="[1006,1157,1267,1293]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB486BDFB59FB04F118" box="[1006,1157,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pseudanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack an IAC. I find the distinction between reduced and well-developed IAC somewhat arbitrary, as specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481DAFABDFB5EF124" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1792" box="[1161,1247,1303,1329]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481DAFABDFB5EF124" box="[1161,1247,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Anthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined by me appear to have a relatively well-developed IAC (Gill 2022: fig. 11B). Other anthiadid taxa with a well-developed IAC include 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48479FAF5FE39F16C" authorityName="Castelnau" authorityYear="1872" box="[298,440,1375,1401]" family="Serranidae" genus="Caesioperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48479FAF5FE39F16C" box="[298,440,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Caesioperca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48495FAF5FC80F16C" authority="Gunther, 1859" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1859" box="[454,769,1374,1401]" family="Serranidae" genus="Trachypoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48495FAF5FDD5F16C" box="[454,596,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Trachypoma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB4870FFAF5FC80F16C" author="Gunther, A." box="[604,769,1374,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" refId="ref7822" refString="Gunther, A. (1859) Catalogue of the Acanthopterygian Fishes in the Collection of the British Museum. Vol. 1. Gasterosteidae, Berycidae, Percidae, Aphredoderidae, Pristipomatidae, Mullidae, Sparidae. British Museum (Natural History), London, xxxii + 524 pp." type="book" year="1859">Günther, 1859</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4865EFAF5FBB8F16C" authority="Gill, 1862" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[781,1081,1375,1401]" family="Serranidae" genus="Hypoplectrodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4865EFAF5FC3FF16C" box="[781,958,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Hypoplectrodes</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48695FAF5FBB8F16C" author="Gill, T. N." box="[966,1081,1375,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="235 - 242" refId="ref7685" refString="Gill, T. N. (1862) Remarks on the relations of the genera and other groups of Cuban fishes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14, 235 - 242." type="journal article" year="1862">Gill, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48122FAF5FA19F16C" authority="Regan, 1914" authorityName="Regan" authorityYear="1914" box="[1137,1432,1375,1401]" family="Serranidae" genus="Lepidoperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48122FAF5FB7EF16C" box="[1137,1279,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Lepidoperca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48054FAF5FA19F16C" author="Regan, C. T." box="[1287,1432,1375,1401]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="11 - 17" refId="ref9011" refString="Regan, C. T. (1914) Diagnoses of new marine fishes collected by the British Antarctic (' Terra Nova') expedition. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 13 (73), 11 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931408693450" type="journal article" year="1914">Regan, 1914</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB485EAFA29FEF5F188" authority="IAC" authorityName="IAC" box="[185,372,1411,1437]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB485EAFA29FEB8F188" box="[185,313,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosanoides</emphasis>
IAC
</taxonomicName>
is present as a tiny nubbin (Gill 2022: fig. 11C). I confirm Baldwin’s reported absence of IAC in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB485A3FA0DFE05F1D4" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[240,388,1447,1473]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB485A3FA0DFE05F1D4" box="[240,388,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB484C7FA0DFD9BF1D4" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1954" box="[404,538,1447,1473]" family="Serranidae" genus="Nemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB484C7FA0DFD9BF1D4" box="[404,538,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Nemanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48706FA0DFD6DF1D4" box="[597,748,1447,1473]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48706FA0DFD6DF1D4" box="[597,748,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pseudanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and note that it is also absent in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48125FA0DFB4EF1D5" box="[1142,1231,1447,1472]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Franzia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48125FA0DFB4EF1D5" box="[1142,1231,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Franzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4818CFA0DFA14F1D4" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1927" box="[1247,1429,1447,1473]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Mirolabrichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4818CFA0DFA14F1D4" box="[1247,1429,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Mirolabrichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB485C4FA61FEB6F1F0" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,311,1483,1509]" family="Serranidae" genus="Rabaulichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB485C4FA61FEB6F1F0" box="[151,311,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Rabaulichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48416FA61FE73F1F0" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2022" box="[325,498,1483,1509]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pyronotanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48416FA61FE73F1F0" box="[325,498,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pyronotanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48753FA61FD3BF1F0" authorityName="Watanabe" authorityYear="1949" box="[512,698,1483,1509]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranocirrhitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48753FA61FD3BF1F0" box="[512,698,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Serranocirrhitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB487A3FA61FCC1F1F1" authorityName="Smith &amp; Pope" authorityYear="1906" box="[752,832,1483,1508]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB487A3FA61FCC1F1F1" box="[752,832,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Gill 2022: figs. 5–6, 11D). Although the absence of IAC is a potential synapomorphy uniting these taxa with 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48605FA45FC77F21C" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[854,1014,1519,1545]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48605FA45FC77F21C" box="[854,1014,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the character needs more extensive review.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC9FFB48594F99DFB84F310" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48594F99DFC90F244" box="[199,785,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">8. Shape of uncinate process on epibranchial 1.</emphasis>
Anthiadids plesiomorphically have a more-or-less rodlike uncinate process on epibranchial 1 (
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC9FFB48720F9F1FC9BF260" author="Baldwin, C. C." box="[627,794,1627,1653]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" pagination="913 - 955" refId="ref6875" refString="Baldwin, C. C. (1990) Morphology of the larvae of American Anthiinae (Teleostei: Serranidae), with comments on relationships within the subfamily. Copeia, 1990 (4), 913 - 955. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446477" type="journal article" year="1990">Baldwin 1990</bibRefCitation>
: figs. 20; Gill 2022: fig. 11A,B). In 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4819CF9F1FAEEF260" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[1231,1391,1627,1653]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4819CF9F1FAEEF260" box="[1231,1391,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the uncinate process is distinctively fan-shaped, broadly rimmed with cartilage, and inflected slightly dorsally (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC9FFB4803CF9D5FF26F2A8" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1323,1347]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,597,1300]" captionTargetId="figure-221@8.[151,1436,597,1300]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. Right side dorsal gill arches of Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL: A) ventral view; B) dorsal view. Abbreviations: EB1–4, epibranchials 1–4; LP, levator process on epibranchial 4; PB1–4, pharyngobranchials 1–4; PB4TP, pharyngobranchial 4 toothplate; UP, uncinate process on epibranchial 1. Bone shown in light stipple, cartilage in dark grey; gill rakers not shown. Scale bar = 1 mm. Illustration by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611396" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611396/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
). Similar derived morphology is found in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB487C0F909FD6DF2A9" box="[659,748,1699,1724]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Franzia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB487C0F909FD6DF2A9" box="[659,748,1699,1724]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Franzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB487AFF909FC11F2A8" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[764,912,1699,1725]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB487AFF909FC11F2A8" box="[764,912,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB486F2F909FBD6F2A8" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1927" box="[929,1111,1699,1725]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Mirolabrichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB486F2F909FBD6F2A8" box="[929,1111,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Mirolabrichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4813BF909FB6FF2A8" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1954" box="[1128,1262,1699,1725]" family="Serranidae" genus="Nemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4813BF909FB6FF2A8" box="[1128,1262,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Nemanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481ADF909FA14F2A8" box="[1278,1429,1699,1725]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481ADF909FA14F2A8" box="[1278,1429,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pseudanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB485C4F96DFEC5F2F4" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,324,1735,1761]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pyronotanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB485C4F96DFEC5F2F4" box="[151,324,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pyronotanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48400F96DFE72F2F4" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1984" box="[339,499,1735,1761]" family="Serranidae" genus="Rabaulichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48400F96DFE72F2F4" box="[339,499,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Rabaulichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48751F96DFD3CF2F4" authorityName="Watanabe" authorityYear="1949" box="[514,701,1735,1761]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranocirrhitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48751F96DFD3CF2F4" box="[514,701,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Serranocirrhitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48798F96DFC9CF2F5" authorityName="Smith &amp; Pope" authorityYear="1906" box="[715,797,1735,1760]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48798F96DFC9CF2F5" box="[715,797,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48605F96DFC57F2F4" box="[854,982,1735,1761]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48605F96DFC57F2F4" box="[854,982,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gill 2022: figs. 5, 11C,D). As with the previous character, this potential synapomorphy needs more extensive review.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC9FFB48594F8A5FABAF3C8" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48594F8A5FC15F33C" box="[199,916,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">9. Posterior extent of gill-raker rudiments on ceratobranchials</emphasis>
. Plesiomorphically in anthiadids the posteriormost gill-rakers are present (as rudiments) on the anterior face of cb4. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB486FBF899FBC9F358" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[936,1096,1843,1869]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB486FBF899FBC9F358" box="[936,1096,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is relatively derived in having a series of small gill-raker rudiments on the anterior face of cb5, as well as on the posterior face of cb4. Similar morphology is found in 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB484C4F8D1FE6CF380" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1792" box="[407,493,1915,1941]" family="Serranidae" genus="Anthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB484C4F8D1FE6CF380" box="[407,493,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Anthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB484A5F8D1FDCEF381" box="[502,591,1915,1940]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Franzia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB484A5F8D1FDCEF381" box="[502,591,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Franzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4870AF8D1FD6CF380" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[601,749,1915,1941]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4870AF8D1FD6CF380" box="[601,749,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB487A4F8D1FC2CF380" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1927" box="[759,941,1915,1941]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Mirolabrichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB487A4F8D1FC2CF380" box="[759,941,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Mirolabrichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB486E4F8D1FBBCF380" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1954" box="[951,1085,1915,1941]" family="Serranidae" genus="Nemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB486E4F8D1FBBCF380" box="[951,1085,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Nemanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48114F8D1FB5FF380" box="[1095,1246,1915,1941]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48114F8D1FB5FF380" box="[1095,1246,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pseudanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB481BAF8D1FA17F380" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2022" box="[1257,1430,1915,1941]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pyronotanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB481BAF8D1FA17F380" box="[1257,1430,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Pyronotanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB485C4F835FEB6F3AC" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1984" box="[151,311,1951,1977]" family="Serranidae" genus="Rabaulichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB485C4F835FEB6F3AC" box="[151,311,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Rabaulichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48416F835FE16F3AD" authorityName="Smith &amp; Pope" authorityYear="1906" box="[325,407,1951,1976]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48416F835FE16F3AD" box="[325,407,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB4849DF835FDCFF3AC" box="[462,590,1951,1977]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB4849DF835FDCFF3AC" box="[462,590,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC9FFB48708F835FC97F3AC" authorityName="Watanabe" authorityYear="1949" box="[603,790,1951,1977]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranocirrhitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="370" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC9FFB48708F835FC97F3AC" box="[603,790,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="370">Serranocirrhitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has gill-raker rudiments on cb5 but differs from the other taxa in lacking rudiments on the posterior face of cb4. More extensive survey of this character is required.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC8FFB58594FF3DFE19F5E0" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB58594FF3DFBA5F4A5" box="[199,1060,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">10. Presence or absence of cartilage anterior to preural 3 haemal spine</emphasis>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB58164FF3DFB68F4A4" author="Johnson, G. D." box="[1079,1257,151,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" pagination="777 - 787" refId="ref8014" refString="Johnson, G. D. (1983) Niphon spinosus: A primitive epinepheline serranid, with comments on the monophyly and intrarelationships of the Serranidae. Copeia, 1983 (3), 777 - 787. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1444346" type="journal article" year="1983">Johnson (1983)</bibRefCitation>
considered the presence of a cartilage anterior to the preural 3 haemal spine (termed third preural radial cartilage by Johnson and inter-haemal cartilage of fourth preurual centrum or CIHPU4 by 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB58622FF75FC6DF4EC" author="Fujita, K." box="[881,1004,223,249]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" pagination="22 - 29" refId="ref7187" refString="Fujita, K. (1989) Nomenclature of cartilaginous elements of the caudal skeleton in teleostean fishes. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 36 (1), 22 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.11369 / jji 1950.36.22" type="journal article" year="1989">Fujita1989</bibRefCitation>
) as plesiomorphic in perciform fishes. Johnson proposed the absence of the cartilage in serranid fishes as a synapomorphy of the family (in which he included anthiadids as a subfamily), although noted it also absent in several other families (e.g., see 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB581A9FE8DFA19F554" author="Johnson, G. D." box="[1274,1432,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" pagination="464 - 498" refId="ref8063" refString="Johnson, G. D. (1984) Percoidei: development and relationships. In: Moser, H. G., Richards, W. J., Cohen, D. M., Fahay, M. P., Kendall, A. W. Jr. &amp; Richardson, S. L. (Eds.), Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication 1. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, New York, New York, pp. 464 - 498." type="book chapter" year="1984">Johnson 1984</bibRefCitation>
: tab. 120). Uniquely among examined anthiadids, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB58786FEE1FCF4F570" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[725,885,331,357]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB58786FEE1FCF4F570" box="[725,885,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB586D4FEE1FBC3F570" authorityName="Watanabe" authorityYear="1949" box="[903,1090,331,357]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranocirrhitus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB586D4FEE1FBC3F570" box="[903,1090,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Serranocirrhitus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB5812CFEE1FB7EF570" box="[1151,1279,331,357]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosanoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB5812CFEE1FB7EF570" box="[1151,1279,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Tosanoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a small cartilage in the position of CIHPU4 (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC8FFB5871AFEC5FD10F59C" box="[585,657,367,393]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1648,1672]" captionTargetBox="[151,1428,497,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-162@4.[151,1436,489,1624]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Caudal skeleton of cleared and stained Compsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300-254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: EP, epurals; H1–5, hypurals 1–5; HS, haemal spines; NS, neural spines; PCR, principal caudal-fin rays; PH, parhypural; PrCR, procurrent caudal-fin rays; PU2–3, preural centra 2–3; UN, uroneural. Arrow points to cartilage anterior to PU3 haemal spine. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611386/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
). However, more detailed survey is required to not only determine the taxonomic distribution of this character, but also whether the cartilage represents a novel structure (and thus a synapomorphy of taxa that possess it) or plesiomorphic presence of CIHPU4 (suggesting monophyly of anthiadids that lack the cartilage).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC8FFB58594FE55FC4BF6E4" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB58594FE55FD00F60C" box="[199,641,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">11. Position of ventral tip of coracoid</emphasis>
. In 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB587E1FE55FCD3F60C" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2024" box="[690,850,511,537]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB587E1FE55FCD3F60C" box="[690,850,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Compsanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the ventral tip of the coracoid inserts in a narrow pocket between the medial lamina and posteroventral process of the cleithrum near the base of the posteroventral process (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC8FFB58452FDEDFECAF674" box="[257,331,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1902,1926]" captionTargetBox="[305,1282,819,1873]" captionTargetId="figure-279@7.[299,1288,813,1879]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Lateral view of right pectoralgirdle (digitally reversed)of cleared and stainedCompsanthias ventralis, AMS I.45300- 254, 36.5 mm SL. Abbreviations: CL, cleithrum; COR, coracoid; DPCL, dorsal postcleithrum; LEX, lateral extrascapulae; ML, medial lamina on cleithrum; PrR, proximal radials; PR, pectoral-fin rays; PT, posttemporal; PV, posteroventral process on cleithrum; SCAP, scapula; SCL, supracleithrum; VPCL, ventral postcleithrum. Scale bar = 1 mm. Photograph by A.C. Gill." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611392/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
). Comparison with other taxa suggests this relatively anterior placement of the coracoid tip is plesiomorphic among anthiadids. In 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB5872AFDC1FD53F691" box="[633,722,619,644]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Franzia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB5872AFDC1FD53F691" box="[633,722,619,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Franzia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB587BAFDC1FCFCF690" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1936" box="[745,893,619,645]" family="Serranidae" genus="Luzonichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB587BAFDC1FCFCF690" box="[745,893,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Luzonichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB586C7FDC1FBCBF690" authorityName="Herre" authorityYear="1927" box="[916,1098,619,645]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Serranidae" genus="Mirolabrichthys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB586C7FDC1FBCBF690" box="[916,1098,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Mirolabrichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB58132FDC1FB66F690" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1954" box="[1121,1255,619,645]" family="Serranidae" genus="Nemanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB58132FDC1FB66F690" box="[1121,1255,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Nemanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB581ADFDC1FA14F690" box="[1278,1429,619,645]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB581ADFDC1FA14F690" box="[1278,1429,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Pseudanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB585C4FD25FEC5F6BC" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="2022" box="[151,324,655,681]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pyronotanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB585C4FD25FEC5F6BC" box="[151,324,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Pyronotanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB58401FD25FE73F6BC" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1984" box="[338,498,655,681]" family="Serranidae" genus="Rabaulichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB58401FD25FE73F6BC" box="[338,498,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Rabaulichthys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB5877BFD25FDFBF6BD" authorityName="Smith &amp; Pope" authorityYear="1906" box="[552,634,655,680]" family="Serranidae" genus="Tosana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB5877BFD25FDFBF6BD" box="[552,634,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Tosana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the coracoid tip is positioned farther back, solely on the posteroventral process, sometimes near the distal tip of the process. However, the distinction between the two conditions is subtle, and not always clearly visible on radiographs. Further survey is required.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC8FFB58594FD51FE91F7DC" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB58594FD51FEBAF700" bold="true" box="[199,315,763,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB58415FD51FE73F700" author="Randall, J. E." box="[326,498,763,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" pagination="1 - 13" refId="ref8751" refString="Randall, J. E. (1979) A review of the serranid fish genus Anthias of the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of two new species. Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County), 302, 1 - 13. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / p. 208189" type="journal article" year="1979">Randall (1979)</bibRefCitation>
originally described 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB587B8FD51FC12F700" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[747,915,763,789]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB587B8FD51FC12F700" box="[747,915,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">C. hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="BE688866FFC8FFB586F5FD51FC59F700" box="[934,984,763,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">type</typeStatus>
locality Moku Manu, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands) as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB5849DFCB5FDD2F72C" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[462,595,799,825]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB5849DFCB5FDD2F72C" box="[462,595,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">C. ventralis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<typeStatus id="BE688866FFC8FFB58730FCB5FD14F72C" box="[611,661,799,825]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">type</typeStatus>
locality off Gannet Ridge, 
<collectingCountry id="19C47654FFC8FFB58683FCB5FBF8F72C" box="[976,1145,799,825]" name="Pitcairn Island" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Pitcairn Island</collectingCountry>
). This largely reflects the close similarity of the two, which differ mostly in live coloration. The latter species is currently regarded as widely distributed in the West and central Pacific. However, it exhibits pronounced geographic variation in coloration and therefore is likely to be a complex of species (
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB587C7FC21FCA1F7B0" author="Kuiter, R. H." box="[660,800,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" refId="ref8463" refString="Kuiter, R. H. (2004) Basslets Hamlets and Their Relatives. A Comprehensive Guide to Selected Serranidae and Plesiopidae. TMC Publishing, Chorleywood, 216 pp." type="book" year="2004">Kuiter 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB58679FC21FC14F7B0" author="Tea, Y. K. &amp; Lemon Tyk" box="[810,917,906,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" refId="ref9537" refString="Tea, Y. K. [as pseudonym Lemon Tyk] (2015) Diversity and forms of the Pseudanthias ventralis species flock: How many are there? Reef Builders. Available from: https: // reefbuilders. com / 2015 / 03 / 29 / diversity-forms-pseudanthias-ventralis-speciesflock / (accessed 13 May 2019)" type="url" year="2015">Tea 2015</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB586F3FC21FBBDF7B0" author="Rowlett, J." box="[928,1084,907,933]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" refId="ref9102" refString="Rowlett, J. (2016) An updated guide to ventralis anthias identification and biogeography. Reefs. com. Available from: https: // reefs. com / updated-guide-ventralis-anthias-identification-biogeography / (accessed 23 April 2024)" type="url" year="2016">Rowlett 2016</bibRefCitation>
). This possibility is under study separately.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC8FFB58594FC79FB9CF1D4" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">
C.C. Baldwin (pers. comm., 2024) drew my attention to observations she had made as a graduate student on a 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB585C4FC5DFF7AF004" box="[151,251,1015,1041]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="14.2">14.2 mm</quantity>
SL larval specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB584AEFC5DFD20F004" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[509,673,1015,1041]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB584AEFC5DFD20F004" box="[509,673,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">C. hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingRegion id="A317F826FFC8FFB587B6FC5DFCB8F004" box="[741,825,1015,1041]" country="United States of America" name="Hawaii" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Hawaii</collectingRegion>
. I can confirm her identification based on her recorded fin-ray counts (dorsal-fin rays X,17; anal-fin rays III,9; pectoral-fin rays 15). She considered spination features of the specimen to be very distinctive, and further noted the important potential of larval spination features in anthiadid systematics, particularly at the supraspecific level (e.g., see 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB586F1FBC9FBBCF068" author="Kendall, A. W. Jr." box="[930,1085,1123,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" pagination="499 - 510" refId="ref8361" refString="Kendall, A. W. Jr. (1984) Serranidae: development and relationships. In: Moser, H. G., Richards, W. J., Cohen, D. M., Fahay, M. P., Kendall, A. W. Jr. &amp; Richardson, S. L. (Eds.), Ontogeny and systematics of fishes. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication 1. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, New York, New York, pp. 499 - 510." type="book chapter" year="1984">Kendall 1984</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="05424B35FFC8FFB5811BFBC9FB6BF068" author="Baldwin, C. C." box="[1096,1258,1123,1149]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" pagination="913 - 955" refId="ref6875" refString="Baldwin, C. C. (1990) Morphology of the larvae of American Anthiinae (Teleostei: Serranidae), with comments on relationships within the subfamily. Copeia, 1990 (4), 913 - 955. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1446477" type="journal article" year="1990">Baldwin 1990</bibRefCitation>
). The following is a summary of spination characteristics recorded by her from the specimen: frontals and parietals very rugose (almost spinelike); suproccipital with small ridge (almost a thickening of the rugosity); supraorbital ridge of frontal with many spines and closely spaced, well-developed ridges; infraorbitals serrate; anguloarticular with spines; posttemporal with very large spine, bearing serrations and well-developed ridges; opercle with large serrate spines; preopercle with a heavily serrated and ridged very large spine at angle, with one tiny and one large serrate spines ventrally and six serrate smaller spines dorsally; interopercle with relatively small serrate spine dorsal to large preopercular spine. Other features of the specimen: no pigment on trunk; a few spots on dorsal-fin membranes between second and third spines, and third and fourth spines; premaxilla with a series of spots; pelvic fins with pigment; ventral preopercular spine with spots; scales with a single row of cteni.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC8FFB58594FA61FF34F244" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">
I asked B.C. Mundy if he was aware of any larval specimens matching Baldwin’s description. His search of collections revealed a single 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB584B4FA44FDCFF21C" box="[487,590,1518,1545]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="10.5">10.5 mm</quantity>
SL specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB5864BFA45FC41F21C" baseAuthorityName="Randall" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[792,960,1519,1545]" family="Serranidae" genus="Pseudanthias" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB5864BFA45FC41F21C" box="[792,960,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">C. hawaiiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the reference collection of the Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu (PIFSC). I have reproduced his photograph of the specimen here (
<figureCitation id="F9E82A41FFC8FFB5803CF9B9FF26F244" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="9.[151,250,873,897]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,849]" captionTargetId="figure-20@9.[151,1436,181,849]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 8. Compsanthias hawaiiensis, larva, 10.5 mm SL, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center reference collection (number HLIP-780), off Necker Island, Hawaii, USA. Photograph by B.C. Mundy, retired from the NOAA NMFS Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center using PIFSC facilities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11611402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11611402/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="29C9654FFFC8FFB58594F9F0FB98F310" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="616C36C4FFC8FFB58594F9F0FB98F310" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB58594F9F0FE32F261" bold="true" box="[199,435,1626,1652]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Material examined.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB584EEF9F1FCCFF260" authority=", AMS I." authorityName="AMS I." box="[445,846,1627,1653]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB584EEF9F1FD6AF260" box="[445,747,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">Compsanthias hawaiiensis</emphasis>
, 
<materialsCitation id="D1BB3C99FFC8FFB587A8F9F1FCCFF260" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4876402301" box="[763,846,1627,1653]" collectionCode="AMS" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" specimenCode="BPBM 10560, USNM 215285, BPBM 16883, USNM 215289, USNM 400605, USNM 422955" specimenCount="5" typeStatus="paratype">AMS I.</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
18720-001 (1W,X, 
<typeStatus id="BE688866FFC8FFB58161F9F1FB14F260" box="[1074,1173,1627,1653]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, 49.0 mm SL), 
<specimenCode id="31759EBFFFC8FFB5801DF9F1FF5CF28C" collectionCode="BPBM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="Museum">BPBM 10560</specimenCode>
(1X, 
<typeStatus id="BE688866FFC8FFB58472F9D5FE07F28C" box="[289,390,1663,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB584C1F9D5FE79F28C" box="[402,504,1663,1689]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.69" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="76.9">76.9 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<specimenCode id="31759EBFFFC8FFB5876AF9D5FD66F28C" box="[569,743,1662,1689]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="Museum">USNM 215285</specimenCode>
(1W,X, 
<typeStatus id="BE688866FFC8FFB5861FF9D5FC2EF28C" box="[844,943,1663,1689]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, 42.0 mm SL); 
<taxonomicName id="A6D34D47FFC8FFB58137F9D5FACBF28C" authority=", AMS I." authorityName="AMS I." box="[1124,1354,1662,1689]" family="Anthiadidae" genus="Compsanthias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ventralis">
<emphasis id="53A7EAD6FFC8FFB58137F9D5FB69F28C" box="[1124,1256,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">C. ventralis</emphasis>
, AMS I.
</taxonomicName>
45300- 254 (1CS, 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB5845DF908FEF0F2A8" box="[270,369,1698,1725]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="36.5">36.5 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<collectionCode id="07C2AE01FFC8FFB584FDF909FE6AF2A8" box="[430,491,1699,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">AMS</collectionCode>
I.49427-001 (11W, 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB5879DF908FCF1F2A8" box="[718,880,1698,1725]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.41" metricValueMax="4.37" metricValueMin="2.45" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="34.1" valueMax="43.7" valueMin="24.5">24.5–43.7 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<collectionCode id="07C2AE01FFC8FFB586FEF909FC6BF2A8" box="[941,1002,1699,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">AMS</collectionCode>
I.49577-002 (1W, 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB581ECF909FAA3F2A8" box="[1215,1314,1699,1725]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.94" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="29.4">29.4 mm</quantity>
SL); 
<collectionCode id="07C2AE01FFC8FFB58033F909FA1CF2A8" box="[1376,1437,1699,1725]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371">AMS</collectionCode>
I.49577-003 (1W, 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB58438F96CFE51F2F4" box="[363,464,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.56" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="35.6">35.6 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<specimenCode id="31759EBFFFC8FFB58741F96DFD2FF2F4" box="[530,686,1735,1761]" collectionCode="BPBM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34697" name="Bishop Museum" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="Museum">BPBM 16883</specimenCode>
(1X, 
<typeStatus id="BE688866FFC8FFB587A1F96DFCD6F2F4" box="[754,855,1735,1761]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB58630F96CFC48F2F4" box="[867,969,1734,1761]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="51.5">51.5 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<specimenCode id="31759EBFFFC8FFB58159F96DFB39F2F4" box="[1034,1208,1734,1761]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="Museum">USNM 215289</specimenCode>
(1X, 
<typeStatus id="BE688866FFC8FFB581A8F96DFADFF2F4" box="[1275,1374,1735,1761]" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB58038F96DFF42F310" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.98" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="29.8">29.8 mm</quantity>
SL), 
<specimenCode id="31759EBFFFC8FFB58451F941FE2FF310" box="[258,430,1770,1797]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="Museum">USNM 400605</specimenCode>
(1X, 52.0 mm SL), 
<specimenCode id="31759EBFFFC8FFB587C2F941FCBCF310" box="[657,829,1770,1797]" collectionCode="USNM" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" type="Museum">USNM 422955</specimenCode>
(1X, 
<quantity id="A62B9B21FFC8FFB5862EF940FC60F310" box="[893,993,1770,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.84" pageId="11" pageNumber="371" unit="mm" value="58.4">58.4 mm</quantity>
SL).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>