412 lines
44 KiB
XML
412 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" ID-GBIF-Dataset="48bd4e9c-4763-413e-8389-359c4c55bc8c" ID-PMC="PMC4768370" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-560-1" ID-PubMed="27006611" ID-ZBK="F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-560-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 560" ModsDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" checkinTime="1454620567459" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hamilton, Chris A., Hendrixson, Brent E. & Bond, Jason E." docDate="2016" docId="D72CABA9D31EE4CB3DD8581F685527B1" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 560: 1-340" docOrigin="ZooKeys 560" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264" docTitle="Aphonopelma johnnycashi Hamilton, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="27F1F13C-F8A2-4FEF-A258-98C62F0F7139" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="143" masterDocId="FFAAA03F4F6CFFFEFF94FFF0FFBDFFE9" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States" masterLastPageNumber="340" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="136" updateTime="1668162572149" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Taxonomic revision of the tarantula genus Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae) within the United States</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hamilton, Chris A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Hendrixson, Brent E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bond, Jason E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>560</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>340</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.560.6264</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-560-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F4C1691C13584FA9A031E305DEE2B6A2</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127884979" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:27F1F13C-F8A2-4FEF-A258-98C62F0F7139" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D72CABA9D31EE4CB3DD8581F685527B1" lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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<subSubSection pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">Taxon classification Animalia Araneae Theraphosidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="135" pageNumber="136" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="135" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/27F1F13C-F8A2-4FEF-A258-98C62F0F7139" authority="Hamilton" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="135" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi Hamilton</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="135" pageNumber="136">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figures 68, 69, 70, 71, 72
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="types">
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<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="136" pageNumber="137" start="start">Types</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Male holotype (APH_2007) from NE of Ione, on Sutter Creek/Ione Rd, Amador Co., California, 38.37543 -120.90288 1, elev. 570ft., 12.x.10, coll. Chris Hamilton; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype female (APH_3080) from Coarsegold, off Hwy 41, behind CAL Fire station, Madera Co., California, 37.2507 -119.70392 1, elev. 2226ft., 10.vii.12, coll. Chris Hamilton; deposited in AUMNH. Paratype male (APH_2032) from Ione, Amador Co., California, 38.363017 -120.92695 1, elev. 430ft., 1.x.10, coll. Mike Dame; deposited in AMNH. Paratype female (APH_3090) from off Rocky Hill Dr., E of Exeter - off 65, Rocky Hill, Tulare Co., California, 36.29807 -119.09829 1, elev. 732ft., 12.vii.12, coll. Chris Hamilton; deposited in AMNH.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
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The specific epithet is in honor of the country music legend, Johnny Cash. This species can be found near the area of Folsom Prison in California, and like
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Cash’s">Cash's</normalizedToken>
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distinctive style of dress (where he was referred to as "the man in black"), mature males of this species are generally black in color.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="137" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 68) is a member of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae iodius" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="iodius">iodius</taxonomicName>
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species group and can be identified by a combination of morphological, molecular, and geographic characteristics. Nuclear DNA identifies
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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as a strongly supported monophyletic lineage within the
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae iodius" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" rank="species" species="iodius">iodius</taxonomicName>
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species group that is the sister lineage to
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
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and the paraphyletic
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma iodius" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iodius">Aphonopelma iodius</taxonomicName>
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(Fig. 8). There are no pronounced measurements or characters that help differentiate male or female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma iodius" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iodius">Aphonopelma iodius</taxonomicName>
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(except that adult males of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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are generally black whereas males of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma iodius" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iodius">Aphonopelma iodius</taxonomicName>
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are brown or tan). Males and females of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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can easily be differentiated from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
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by color and the extent of scopulation on metatarsi III and IV.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
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<paragraph pageId="136" pageNumber="137">
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Figure 68.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="136" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. live photographs. Female (L) - APH_3073; Male (R) - APH_3063.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="137" pageNumber="138" start="start">Significant</pageBreakToken>
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measurements that distinguish male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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from its closely related phylogenetic and syntopic species are T3 and the extent of scopulation on metatarsus IV. Male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger T1/T3 (≥1.25; 1.25-1.31) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
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(≤1.23; 1.16-1.23); by possessing a larger A1/T3 (≥0.81; 0.81-0.91) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
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(≤0.79; 0.67-0.79); and by possessing a larger L4 scopulation extent (70%-76%) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
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(21%-31%). There are no significant measurements that separate male
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma iodius" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iodius">Aphonopelma iodius</taxonomicName>
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. The most significant measurement that distinguishes female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
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is extent of scopulation on metatarsus IV. There are no significant measurements that separate female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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from the other members of the
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<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae iodius" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" rank="species" species="iodius">iodius</taxonomicName>
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species group. Female
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished by possessing a larger L4 scopulation extent (67%-82%) than
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
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(24%-34%).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="138" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="137" pageNumber="138" type="description of male holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="137" pageNumber="138">Description of male holotype</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="138" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="137" pageNumber="138">
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(APH_2007; Fig. 69). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live crossing road, preserved in 80% ethanol; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and left pedipalp removed for measurements and photographs; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). General coloration: Black and faded black/brown. Cephalothorax: Carapace 13.71 mm long, 13.19 mm wide;
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<pageBreakToken pageId="138" pageNumber="139" start="start">Hirsute</pageBreakToken>
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; densely clothed with dark brown/black iridescent pubescence mostly appressed to surface; fringe covered in long setae not closely appressed to surface; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region rises gradually from foveal groove, gently arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER slightly procurved, PER very slightly recurved; normal sized chelicerae; clypeus very slightly extends forward on a curve; LBl 1.67, LBw 2.07; sternum hirsute, clothed with black, densely packed setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed in short black/brown pubescence with numerous longer red/orange setae interspersed; possessing a dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
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). Legs: Hirsute; densely clothed in a mix of black or faded black pubescence, femurs are darker. Metatarsus I slightly curved. F1 13.29; F1w 3.52; P1 5.04; T1 10.58; M1 10.57; A1 7.60; F3 11.05; F3w 3.55; P3 4.69; T3 8.31; M3 10.24; A3 7.04; F4 12.84; F4w 3.29; P4 4.90; T4 10.90; M4 13.72; A4 7.46; femur III is normal - not noticeably swollen or wider than other legs. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 75.8%; leg IV (SC4) = 70.9%. One ventral and one prolateral spinose seta on metatarsus III; three ventral spinose setae on metatarsus IV; one prolateral spinose seta on tibia I; one large megaspine present on the retrolateral tibia at the apex of the mating clasper - this can be seen when viewing the prolateral face of the mating clasper. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like and tapered/thin tapered setae. Pedipalps: Hirsute; densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs, with numerous longer ventral setae; one spinose seta on the apical, prolateral femur and four spinose setae on the prolateral tibia; PTl 6.646, PTw 2.31. When extended, embolus tapers and gently curves to the retrolateral side near apex; embolus very slender, no keels.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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Figure 69.
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–I">A-I</normalizedToken>
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male holotype, APH_2007 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 4mm B prolateral view of coxa I C dorsal view of femur III D ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 4mm E ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 3.5mm F prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia, scale bar = 4.5mm G dorsal view of palpal bulb H retrolateral view of palpal bulb, scale bar = 1mm I prolateral view of tibia I (mating clasper), scale bar = 5.5mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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Variation (5).Cl 13.42-13.71 (13.565
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.09), Cw 13.15-13.19 (13.17
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.01), LBl 1.54-1.67 (1.605
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.04), LBw 1.96-2.07 (2.015
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.03), F1 13.07-13.29 (13.18
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.07), F1w 3.23-3.52 (3.375
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.09), P1 5.04-5.69 (5.365
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.21), T1 10.58-11.23 (10.905
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.21), M1 10.57-10.74 (10.655
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.05), A1 7.6-7.69 (7.645
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.03), L1 length 47.08-48.42 (47.75
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.42), F3 11.05-11.16 (11.105
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.03), F3w 3.43-3.55 (3.49
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.04), P3 4.47-4.69 (4.58
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.07), T3 8.31-8.55 (8.43
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.08), M3 10.24-10.74 (10.49
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||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16), A3 6.81-7.04 (6.925
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.07), L3 length 41.33-41.73 (41.53
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13), F4 12.77-12.84 (12.805
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), F4w 3.16-3.29 (3.225
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), P4 4.7-4.9 (4.8
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.06), T4 10.9-11.33 (11.115
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.14), M4 13.72-14.53 (14.125
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.26), A4 7.46-7.85 (7.655
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.12), L4 length 49.82-51.18 (50.5
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.43), PTl 6.646-8.429 (7.538
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.56), PTw 2.31-2.801 (2.556
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.16), SC3 ratio 0.71-0.758 (0.734
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), SC4 ratio 0.709-0.762 (0.736
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), Coxa I setae = tapered/thin tapered, F3 condition = normal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="140" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="description of female paratype">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Description of female paratype</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="139" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
|
||
(APH_3080; Figs 70-71). Specimen preparation and condition: Specimen collected live from burrow, preserved in 80% ethanol; original coloration faded due to preservation. Left legs I, III, IV, and pedipalp removed for photographs and measurements; stored in vial with specimen. Right leg III removed for DNA and stored at -80°C in the AUMNH (Auburn, AL). Genital plate with spermathecae removed and cleared, stored in vial with specimen. General coloration: Faded brown/black. Cephalothorax: Carapace 16.96 mm long, 14.93 mm wide; Hirsute, densely clothed with brown pubescence closely appressed to surface; fringe densely
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="139" pageNumber="140" start="start">covered</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in longer setae; foveal groove medium deep and straight; pars cephalica region gently rises from thoracic furrow, arching anteriorly toward ocular area; AER procurved, PER very slightly recurved; large chelicerae, clypeus mostly straight; LBl 2.16, LBw 2.48; sternum very hirsute, clothed with dark brown setae. Abdomen: Densely clothed dorsally in short black setae with numerous longer, lighter setae interspersed (generally red or orange in situ); dense dorsal patch of black Type I urticating bristles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Cooke et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); ventral side with shorter black/dark brown setae. Spermathecae: Paired and separate with wide bases, tapering and curving medially towards capitate bulbs. Legs: Very hirsute, particularly ventrally; densely clothed in medium and long brown pubescence, femurs darker. F1 12.88; F1w 4.03; P1 5.82; T1 10.26; M1 8.10; A1 6.49; F3 11.38; F3w 3.74; P3 5.14; T3 7.90; M3 8.27; A3 6.31; F4 13.58; F4w 3.89; P4 5.63; T4 10.18; M4 11.53; A4 7.09. All tarsi fully scopulate. Extent of metatarsal scopulation: leg III (SC3) = 88.1%; leg IV (SC4) = 67.4%. One ventral spinose seta on metatarsus III; five ventral spinose setae on metatarsus IV. Coxa I: Prolateral surface a mix of fine, hair-like and tapered setae. Pedipalps: Densely clothed in the same setal color as the other legs; one spinose seta on the apical, prolateral femur, three spinose setae on the prolateral patella, and six spinose setae on the prolateral tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Figure 70.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
female paratype, APH_3080 A dorsal view of carapace, scale bar = 7mm B prolateral view of coxa I C ventral view of metatarsus III, scale bar = 3.5mm D ventral view of metatarsus IV, scale bar = 4mm E prolateral view of L pedipalp and palpal tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Figure 71.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
cleared spermathecae A APH_2006 B APH_3064 C APH_3073 D APH_3080 E APH_3090 F APH_3094.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="140" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Variation (6).Cl 15.01-15.81 (15.41
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.23), Cw 13.89-14.01 (13.95
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), LBl 1.94-2.05 (1.995
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.03), LBw 2.47-2.48 (2.475
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0), F1 11.56-12.64 (12.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.31), F1w 3.63-3.64 (3.635
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0), P1 5.39-5.84 (5.615
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.13), T1 8.76-9.82 (9.29
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.31), M1 7.36-8.22 (7.79
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.25), A1 5.95-6.29 (6.12
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), L1 length 39.36-42.47 (40.915
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.9), F3 9.58-10.20 (9.89
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), F3w 3.16-3.18 (3.17
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01), P3 4.63-4.64
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="140" pageNumber="141" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
|
||
4.635
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0), T3 6.91-7.52 (7.215
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.18), M3 7.61-7.94 (7.775
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), A3 5.84-5.86 (5.85
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.01), L3 length 34.57-36.16 (35.365
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.46), F4 11.92-12.28 (12.1
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), F4w 3.31-3.39 (3.35
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), P4 4.97-5.10 (5.035
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), T4 9.23-9.58 (9.405
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.1), M4 10.28-11.11 (10.695
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.24), A4 6.49-6.57 (6.53
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), L4 length 42.97-44.56 (43.765
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.46), SC3 ratio 0.774-0.917 (0.846
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.04), SC4 ratio 0.741-0.817 (0.779
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
0.02), Coxa I setae = tapered/thin tapered, F3 condition = normal. Spermathecae variation can be seen in Figure 71.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
|
||
United States: California: Amador: N of Ione/SW of Plymouth, on Muller Rd, off Carbondale Rd and Hwy 6, 38.44191 -120.92164 1, 678ft., [APH_2004-2006, 12/10/10, 1♀, 2 juv, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; NE of Ione, on Sutter Creek/Ione Rd, 38.37543 -120.90288 1, 570ft., [APH_2007-2009, 12/10/10, 3♂, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; Ione, 38.363017 -120.92695 1, 430ft., [APH_2032-2034, 1/10/10, 2♂, 1♀, Mike Dame, AUMNH & AMNH]; on Burke Dr, off Fiddletown Rd, E of Plymouth, 38.47597 -120.82309 1, 1302ft., [APH_2038, 16/9/11, 1♂, Molly Taylor, AUMNH]; Calaveras: in between
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Angel’s">Angel's</normalizedToken>
|
||
Camp & Copperopolis; off Hwy 4, 38.04767 -120.64017 1, 1517ft., [APH_3062-3064, 7/7/12, 2♂, 1♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; off Hwy 4; SW of Copperopolis, 37.94251 -120.71042 1, 1150ft., [APH_3065-3066, 7/7/12, 1♀, 1♂, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; Fresno: western foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, 36.917882 -119.276034 8, 1710ft., [APH_0032, 2005, 1♂, Amy Stockman, AUMNH]; Edison Point trailhead; near Pine Flat Reservoir; Trimmer Springs Rd., 36.8702 -119.2854 1, 1177ft., [APH_3060-3061, 5/5/12, 1♀, 1 juv, Marshal Hedin, Jim Starrett, Dean Leavitt, AUMNH]; off Hwy 168 (Tollhouse Rd); near Tollhouse Rd & Sample Rd intersection, NE of Clovis & Fresno, 36.90073 -119.52076 1, 598ft., [APH_3081-3084, 11/7/12, 3♀, 1♂, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; off Dunlap Rd. from Hwy 180; E of Squaw Valley, 36.71181 -119.09888 1, 2333ft., [APH_3085-3086, 11/7/12, 2 juv, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; Kern: NE of Bakersfield ~20 miles; off Granite Rd, 35.63867 -118.80021 1, 2858ft., [APH_3093-3095, 13/7/2012, 2♂, 1♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; off Whiteriver Rd/Old Stage Coach Rd; very close to Kern/Tulare county line, 35.785199 -118.783135 1, 2410ft., [APH_3120, 5/4/13, 1 juv, Marshal Hedin, Jim Starrett, AUMNH]; Erskine Creek (Canyon), Erskine Creek road, 35.593637 -118.445971 5 2933ft., [AUMS_3322, 10/1970, 2♂, 1♀, J. Anderson, AUMNH]; Madera: 31901 Cherokee Rd, Coarsegold, 37.211624 -119.680988 2, 2240ft., [APH_0197, 2/10/07, 1♂, Lowell Christie, AUMNH]; near entrance to Eastman Lake and Day Fee station; off Rd 29, 37.1971 -120.00248 1, 441ft., [APH_3078-3079, 10/7/12, 1♀, 1♂, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; Coarsegold, off Hwy 41, behind CAL Fire station, 37.2507 -119.70392 1, 2226ft., [APH_3080, 10/7/12, 1♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; Mariposa: off Hwy 49; N of Coulterville; near Don Pedro Reservoir, 37.7259 -120.20672 1, 1842ft., [APH_3067-3069, 8/7/12, 2♂, 1♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; 5 miles S on Merced Falls Rd., on Hwy 132 - W of Hwy 49, intersection with Coronado Dr., 37.62829 -120.30836 1, 1298ft., [APH_3070-3072, 8/7/12, 3♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; off J132; NE of Coulterville ~2 1/2 miles, 37.73476 -120.18259 1, 2196ft., [APH_3073, 8/7/12, 1♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; off Hwy 49, N
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="141" pageNumber="142" start="start">side</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of Mt. Bullion, 37.51229 -120.04727 1, 2163ft., [APH_3074, 9/7/12, 1♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; off Hwy 140, Catheys Valley, Mariposa County Catheys Valley Park, 37.43761 -120.08519 1, 1420ft., [APH_3075, 9/7/12, 1♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; off Hornitos Rd from Hwy 140; Catheys Valley, 37.44179 -120.10249 1, 1350ft., [APH_3076-3077, 9/7/12, 1♂, 1♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; Horseshoe Bend Campground; just S of Hwy 132, 37.701605 -120.243205 1, 948ft., [APH_3119, 1/4/13, 1♀, Marshal Hedin, Jim Starrett, AUMNH]; Tulare: Rocky Hill Rd, E of intersection with Rd 210; crossing road, 36.29664 -119.10703 1, 485ft., [APH_0192, 14/9/2007, 1♂, Lorenzo Prendini, Jeremy Huff, AUMNH]; N of Three
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="142" pageNumber="143" start="start">Rivers</pageBreakToken>
|
||
; off Hwy 198; near southern entrance to Sequoia N.P., 36.47036 -118.85903 1, 1201ft., [APH_3087-3089, 12/7/12, 3♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH]; off Rocky Hill Dr., E of Exeter - off 65, Rocky Hill, 36.29807 -119.09829 1, 732ft., [APH_3090-3092, 12/7/12, 1♂, 2♀, Chris Hamilton, AUMNH & AMNH].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="distribution and natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Distribution and natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a distribution running along the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California (Fig. 72) and can be found inhabiting the following Level III Ecoregions: Sierra Nevada, Central California Foothills and Coastal Mountains, and Central California Valley.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in syntopy with
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
across the most southern part of its distribution and there may be areas in the Tehachapi Mountains where
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma iodius" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iodius">Aphonopelma iodius</taxonomicName>
|
||
co-occur. The breeding season, when mature males abandon their burrows in search of females, occurs during the fall (generally
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="September–November">September-November</normalizedToken>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
|
||
Figure 72.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. n. A distribution of known specimens B predicted distribution; warmer colors (red, orange, yellow) represent areas of high probability of occurrence, cooler colors (blue shades) represent areas of low probability of occurrence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is common across its distribution along the foothills and lower elevations of the western Sierra Nevada (Fig. 1D). The species is likely secure.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="142" pageNumber="143" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a member of the problematic
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae iodius" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="iodius">iodius</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. As of now, we only have evidence to split
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the remaining populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma iodius" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iodius">Aphonopelma iodius</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other important ratios that distinguish males:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a smaller T3/A3 (≤1.27; 1.18-1.27) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥1.30; 1.30-1.35) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥1.33; 1.33-1.52); by possessing a smaller F3/A3 (≤1.63; 1.56-1.63) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma chalcodes" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="chalcodes">Aphonopelma chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≥1.63; 1.63-1.88); by possessing a larger L3 scopulation extent (71%-82%) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(40%-54%). Other important ratios that distinguish females:
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess a larger M1/M4 (≥0.70; 0.70-0.74) than
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
(≤0.67; 0.62-0.67). For both males and females, certain morphometrics have potential to be useful, though due to the amounts of variation, small number of specimens, and the small differences between species, no others are claimed to be significant at this time (see Suppl. material 2). During evaluation of traditional two-dimensional PCA morphospace, male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate from their syntopic species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but do not separate from the other species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae iodius" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="iodius">iodius</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group (
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae chalcodes" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="chalcodes">chalcodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae eutylenum" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="eutylenum">eutylenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae iodius" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="iodius">iodius</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Interestingly, when evaluating three-dimensional PCA morphospace (PC1~PC2~PC3), male
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
separates from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma eutylenum" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eutylenum">Aphonopelma eutylenum</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Female
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
separate in two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphospace from their syntopic species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma steindachneri" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steindachneri">Aphonopelma steindachneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but do not separate from the other species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Mygalomorphae" lsidName="Mygalomorphae iodius" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" rank="species" species="iodius">iodius</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. PC1, PC2, and PC3 explain ≥95% of the variation in all analyses. It is important to note the tremendous variation in spermathecae shape that can be seen across
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations (Fig. 71). Previous taxonomic work considered this variation enough to split and describe separate species; this is clearly not an effective character due to the large amounts of subtle variation that is possible.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
|
||
Mitochondrial DNA (CO1) identifies
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma johnnycashi" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="johnnycashi">Aphonopelma johnnycashi</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a polyphyletic species with individuals grouping variously together with different lineages of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Aphonopelma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aphonopelma iodius" order="Araneae" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="iodius">Aphonopelma iodius</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Fig. 7), likely indicative of past mitochondrial introgression. These results highlight how CO1 is not effective at accurately delimiting species boundaries within this group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |