treatments-xml/data/BD/AA/1D/BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" ID-PMC="PMC6070582" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-106-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" ID-PubMed="30072843" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326005" ModsDocID="1314-2003-106-1" checkinTime="1532592511837" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Saerkinen, Tiina, Poczai, Peter, Barboza, Gloria E., Weerden, Gerard M. van der, Baden, Maria &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2018" docId="BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 106: 1-223" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 106" docPubDate="2018-07-25" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991" docTitle="Solanum retroflexum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 50. 1852" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="FF8BFFC82928FFA84734FFCB2E61E260" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="223" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668138996586" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20 A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH 3 5 LR, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">tsarkinen@rbge.org.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Poczai, Peter</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 7, FI- 00014 Helsinki, Finland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biologia Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Cordoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Cordoba, Argentina</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Weerden, Gerard M. van der</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Experimental Garden, Radboud University, Faculty of Science Box 49, P. O. Box 9010, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Baden, Maria</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging and Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK- 5230 Odense M, Denmark</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, United Kingdom</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
<mods:number>2018-07-25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>106</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
<mods:end>223</mods:end>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991</mods:url>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182224947" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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13. 
<taxonomicName LSID="BDAA1D4C-B0C3-5A19-8A30-FE83A023D34D" authority="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 50. 1852" authorityName="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 50." authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 50. 1852</taxonomicName>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 40" captionStartId="F40" captionText="Figure 40. Solanum retroflexum A Habit B Flower. Drawing by M. L. Szent-Ivany, first published in Symon (1981), courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), reproduced with permission." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218743" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figures 40</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 41" captionStartId="F41" captionText="Figure 41. Solanum retroflexum A Habit B Glandular indumentum present in some individuals C Flowers D Mature, slightly ovoid dull black-purple fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (A, C Nijmegen acc. A 1450022; B Nijmegen acc. 944750163; C Nijmegen acc. A 14750023; D Nijmegen acc. A 14750025). Photos by S. Knapp and G. van der Weerden." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218744" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">, 41</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum subsp. var. var. angustifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="retroflexum" subSpecies="var." variety="angustifolium">Solanum retroflexum Dunal var. angustifolium</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 50. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum</taxonomicName>
Type. South Africa. Eastern Cape: Graaff Reinet (
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Graafreynet”">&quot;Graafreynet&quot;</normalizedToken>
), 3000-4000 ft, 1838, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
J.F. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
7864b
</emphasis>
(holotype: G-DC [G00144331]; isotypes: K [K000414172], S [acc. # S-G-5707]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dunal" authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum subsp. var. var. latifolium" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="retroflexum" subSpecies="var." variety="latifolium">Solanum retroflexum Dunal var. latifolium</taxonomicName>
Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 50. 1852.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum</taxonomicName>
Type. South Africa. Western Cape: Paarlberg, 1000-2000 ft, 1838, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
J.F. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
7864a
</emphasis>
(lectotype, designated here: G-DC [G00144331]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000943868], K [K000414175], P [P00341909]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum burbankii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burbankii">Solanum burbankii</taxonomicName>
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 83. 1913, as ' 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="Burbanki" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Burbanki" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Burbanki</taxonomicName>
'.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum</taxonomicName>
Type. Cultivated in Germany at Bremen, the seeds originally from Hamburg Botanical Garden thought to have been sent by Luther Burbank from United States of America. California, Santa Rosa (no specimens cited; no original material found); Cultivated in St. Louis, Missouri (USA) in the garden of Mr. Waldstein, seeds from Childs, 1 Sep 1909, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Anon. [Waldstein] s.n.</emphasis>
(neotype, designated here: MO [MO-3002957, acc. # 6651350]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Polg. ex Probst" authorityYear="1928" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum subsp. var. var. probstii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="probstii">Solanum nigrum L. var. probstii</taxonomicName>
Polg., Mitteil. Naturfor. Gesellsch. Solothurn 8: 71. 1928.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum</taxonomicName>
Type. Switzerland. Solothurn: Degend. K.K. [= Wollkompost der Kammgarnfabrik Derendingen], [in protologue &quot;22, 24, 26, 27&quot;], 24 Aug 1926, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Probst s.n.</emphasis>
(syntypes; no herbarium cited; lectotype, designated here: BP [acc. # 485285]).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Polg. ex Probst" authorityYear="1928" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum burbankii subsp. var. var. glabrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="burbankii" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrescens">Solanum burbankii Bitter var. glabrescens</taxonomicName>
Polg., Mitteil. Naturfor. Gesellsch. Solothurn 8: 72. 1928.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">Solanum retroflexum</taxonomicName>
Type. Switzerland. Solothurn: Degend. K.K. [= Wollkompost der Kammgarnfabrik Derendingen], [in protologue &quot;22, 27&quot;], 20 Oct 1922, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">R. Probst s.n.</emphasis>
(syntypes; no herbarium cited; lectotype, designated here: BP [acc. # 485327]).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-01-01" collectingDateMax="2018-12-31" collectingDateMin="2018-01-01" collectorName="J. F. Drege" country="South Africa" elevation="1067" location="Graaff Reinet" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:088F8739445411DFDC3C61A0F89BD60F" country="South Africa" name="Graaff Reinet" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Graaff Reinet</location>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Graafeynet”">&quot;Graafeynet&quot;</normalizedToken>
), 
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" metricValueMax="1.2192" metricValueMin="0.9144" unit="ft" value="3500.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="3000.0">
<elevation metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" metricValueMax="1.2192" metricValueMin="0.9144" unit="ft" value="3500.0" valueMax="4000.0" valueMin="3000.0">3000-4000 ft</elevation>
</quantity>
, 1838, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>
J.F. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
</collectorName>
7864b
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
designated here: G-DC [G00144331]; isolectotypes: K [K000414172], S [acc. # S-G-5707])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Annual to perennial prostrate to erect herbs to 0.6 m tall, subwoody and branching at base. Stems sprawling, terete or ridged, 0.3-0.6 cm in diameter, if stems ridged the ridges sometimes spinescent, green to yellowish-brown, older stems straw coloured, not markedly hollow; new growth sparsely to densely pubescent with simple, spreading, uniseriate, translucent, glandular and/or eglandular trichomes, these 1-5(-8)-celled, 0.1-0.8 mm long; older stems glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves not geminate. Leaves simple, (0.5-) 1.5-7.5 cm long, 1.5-5.5 cm wide, rhomboidal to lanceolate, membranous, green, slightly discolorous, without smell; adaxial surface green, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stem evenly spread along lamina and veins; abaxial surface slightly paler, more densely pubescent along veins and lamina; major veins 3-7 pairs; base truncate then abruptly attenuate along the petiole; margins shallowly toothed, the teeth rounded; apex acute, the tip sometimes rounded; petioles (0.5-) 1.5-3.5 cm long, sparsely to densely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like those of the stems. Inflorescences 1.8-3.0 cm long, internodal, simple, sub-umbelliform, with 3-7 flowers clustered towards the tip of the rhachis, sparsely to densely pubescent with glandular and/or eglandular simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems; peduncle 1.5-3.5 cm long, erect; pedicels 1.0-1.5 cm long, 0.3-0.6 mm in diameter at the base, 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter at the apex, recurving but not fully reflexed, pubescent like the peduncle, becoming woody, green or yellow-brown, articulated at the base; pedicel scars spaced 0-0.5 mm apart. Buds globose, the corolla 1/3 exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1.0-1.7 mm long, campanulate, the lobes equal, 1.0-1.5 mm long, less than 1 mm wide, oblong with rounded tips, green, sparsely pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes like of the inflorescence. Corolla 11-16 mm in diameter, white, with a yellow basal star, stellate, lobed to 1/2-2/3 towards the base, the lobes 5.0-6.0 mm long, 2.5-2.7 mm wide, spreading to reflexed, densely papillate-pubescent abaxially with simple uniseriate trichomes, these denser on tips and margins. Stamens equal; filament tube minute; free portion of the filaments 1.2-1.5 mm long, glabrous or adaxially pubescent with tangled 6-8-celled simple uniseriate trichomes; anthers 1.3-1.8(-2.0) mm long, 1.0-1.5 mm wide, ellipsoid, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age and drying, the connective becoming brownish in dry material. Ovary rounded, glabrous; style 1.9-2.2 mm long, slightly curved, pubescent with simple uniseriate trichomes 0.2-0.5 mm long in the basal 1/3 where included in the anther cone, exserted 0.5-1.5 mm beyond anther cone; stigma capitate, the surface minutely papillate. Fruit a globose berry, 6-10 mm in diameter, purple-black at maturity, the pericarp thin, matte with a glaucous cast; fruiting pedicels 1.0-1.5 cm long, 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter at the base, 1.0-1.2 mm at apex, becoming woody, recurving to deflexed, pale green to yellow-brown, spaced 0-0.5 mm apart, not falling with the fruit, remaining on the plant and persistent on older inflorescences; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube 1.0-1.5 mm long, the lobes 1.5-2.0 mm long, strongly reflexed. Seeds (5-)12-35 per berry, 1.6-1.8 mm long, 1.3-1.5 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, yellow to brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells rectangular to pentagonal in outline. Stone cells absent. Chromosome number: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2n</emphasis>
=4x=48 (
<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B168" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" author="Randell, BR" journalOrPublisher="Australian Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="369 - 379" refId="B299" refString="Randell, BR, Symon, DE, 1976. Chromosome numbers in Australian Solanum species. Australian Journal of Botany 24 (3): 369 - 379, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" title="Chromosome numbers in Australian Solanum species." url="https://doi.org/10.1071/BT9760369" volume="24" year="1976">Randell and Symon 1976</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 178" refId="B104" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1977. Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75 (2): 141 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" title="Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" volume="75" year="1977">Edmonds 1977</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="229 - 246" refId="B110" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1983. Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87 (3): 229 - 246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" title="Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" volume="87" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B364" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon 1981</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" author="Jacoby, A" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 307" refId="B177" refString="Jacoby, A, Labuschagne, MT, 2006. Hybridization studies of five species of the Solanum nigrum complex found in South Africa and two cocktail tomato cultivars. Euphytica 149 (3): 303 - 307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" title="Hybridization studies of five species of the Solanum nigrum complex found in South Africa and two cocktail tomato cultivars." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" volume="149" year="2006">Jacoby and Labuschagne 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326099" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure40" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218743" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 40" startId="F40">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 40.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Flower. Drawing by M.L. Szent-Ivany, first published in 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 367" refId="B364" refString="Symon, DE, 1981. A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 4: 1 - 367" title="A revision of the genus Solanum in Australia." volume="4" year="1981">Symon (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, courtesy of the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium (Adelaide, South Australia), reproduced with permission.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326101" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure41" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218744" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 41" startId="F41">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 41.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Glandular indumentum present in some individuals 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Flowers 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Mature, slightly ovoid dull black-purple fruits with reflexed calyx lobes (
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A, C</emphasis>
Nijmegen acc. A1450022; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
Nijmegen acc. 944750163; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
Nijmegen acc. A14750023; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
Nijmegen acc. A14750025). Photos by S. Knapp and G. van der Weerden.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Figure 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 42" captionStartId="F42" captionText="Figure 42. Distribution of Solanum retroflexum in the native range in Southern Africa (black circles) and in its non-native range (white squares)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218745" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">42</figureCitation>
). Endemic to southern Africa but has been introduced to Australia and was introduced as a garden plant to North America in the early 20th century and now globally available through commercial seeds from online sources under the name &quot;Garden Huckleberry&quot;.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="1326103" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991.figure42" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/218745" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 42" startId="F42">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 42.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the native range in Southern Africa (black circles) and in its non-native range (white squares).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Grows in disturbed soil at watering holes, along dry watercourses, in shady places, in long grass, in 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Euphorbia candelabrum" order="Geraniales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="candelabrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Euphorbia candelabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
- 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Buxaceae" genus="Buxus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Buxus" order="Celastrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Buxus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
zone, in dry hillsides and in disturbed areas along roads; between sea level and 1,800 (-2,300) m elevation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
South Africa: mofhswe, nastegaal/nastergal, umsobo, gsoba, msoba (
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B165" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman and Co, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman and Co, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
); Zimbabwe: 
<normalizedToken originalValue="m’Sungula">m'Sungula</normalizedToken>
, muSungu sungu.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Berries used raw and for jam (
<bibRefCitation author="Viljoen, E" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B385" refString="Viljoen, E, 2011. Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1-242." title="Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1 - 242." year="2011">Viljoen 2011</bibRefCitation>
); leaves eaten as a pot-herb vegetable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B176" refString="IUCN, 2016. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 12. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2016">IUCN 2016</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is widespread and can be assigned a preliminary status of LC (Least Concern; Table 
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 7" captionStartId="T7" captionText="Table 7. Preliminary conservation assessments for the Old World members of the Morelloid clade. For details, see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO (Extent of Occurrence) only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The conservation status of species known to be introduced in the Old World has been assessed considering native range only and is discussed under each species treatments." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="2FA7BDE3ED0CDC21CAEAEE383BFAB558">7</tableCitation>
). Taking into account only collections from within the native range in Africa, the EOO is still very large (2,929,097 km2) and the assessment does not change.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species that shows great variation in its indumentum, varying from nearly glabrous to densely pubescent with either eglandular or glandular trichomes. AFLP studies have shown that specimens of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with different indumentum types are genetically highly similar (
<bibRefCitation author="Manoko, MLK" journalOrPublisher="Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" refId="B227" refString="Manoko, MLK, 2007. A systematic study of African Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD Thesis, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" title="A systematic study of African Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). PhD Thesis, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands," url="http://dare.ubn.kun.nl/bitstream/2066/30032/1/30032.pdf" year="2007">Manoko 2007</bibRefCitation>
, as 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. hirsutum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hirsutum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. hirsutum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Vahl) Dunal, here recognised as a synonym of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. memphiticum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="memphiticum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. memphiticum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). Developmental studies have shown that papillate glandular hairs are present on all young parts of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
plants (
<bibRefCitation author="Seithe, A" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="261 - 336" refId="B334" refString="Seithe, A, 1962. Die Haararten der Gattung Solanum L. und ihre taxonomische Verwertung. Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 81: 261 - 336" title="Die Haararten der Gattung Solanum L. und ihre taxonomische Verwertung." volume="81" year="1962">Seithe 1962</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Seithe, A" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="307 - 319" refId="B335" refString="Seithe, A, 1979. Hair types as taxonomic characters in Solanum. In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Academic Press, London: 307 - 319" title="Hair types as taxonomic characters in Solanum." volumeTitle="The biology and taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979">1979</bibRefCitation>
; see Morphology above), suggesting that, in the absence of other distinguishing features, glandular pubescence might not be taxonomically significant. We circumscribe 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
here to include both eglandular and glandular populations; this character is polymorphic in most species of morelloids in the Old World, perhaps due to genetic lability due to polyploidy.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The species can be distinguished from other Old World morelloids based on the combination of characters of few-flowered inflorescences with 3-7 flowers, relatively long filaments (1.2-1.5 mm long) compared to anther length (1.3-1.8(-2.0) mm), strongly reflexed calyx lobes in fruit and matte purple-black berries that lack stone cells and drop without the pedicels. Leaf shape is generally rhomboidal, which is characteristic of the species and helpful in distinguishing it from closely related 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Calyx lobes are generally longer than in 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. scabrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="scabrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. scabrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. It can be distinguished from the morphologically similar 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on its opaque purple-black fruit, its pedicels that remain behind after fruits drop, deeply stellate corolla with long corolla lobes and the long filaments as compared to anther length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is cultivated commercially in South Africa in KwaZulu-Natal and Free State for jam production (
<bibRefCitation author="Viljoen, E" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B385" refString="Viljoen, E, 2011. Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1-242." title="Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1 - 242." year="2011">Viljoen 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and farmers select individual plants with large berries to propagate for the next season. In one farm in KwaZulu-Natal, 10 tonnes of berries harvested were used to make 20,000 jars of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Umsobo”">&quot;Umsobo&quot;</normalizedToken>
jam, most marketed in the Gauteng area. On other farms, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is cultivated along with 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. chenopodioides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chenopodioides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. chenopodioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and putative hybrid plants were found (
<bibRefCitation author="Viljoen, E" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B385" refString="Viljoen, E, 2011. Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1-242." title="Morphology and genetic relationships in members of the Solanum nigrum L. complex used for jam production in the Highveld of South Africa. MSc thesis, Biotechnology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 1 - 242." year="2011">Viljoen 2011</bibRefCitation>
). Leaves of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are also produced under irrigation in Limpopo province, for the commercial market in the local area (
<bibRefCitation author="van Averbeke, W" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B376" refString="van Averbeke, W, Tshikalange, TE, Juma, KA, 2007. The commodity systems of Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis and Solanum retroflexum Dun. in Vhembe, Limpopo province, South Africa. Water S.A.33: 349-354." title="The commodity systems of Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis and Solanum retroflexum Dun. in Vhembe, Limpopo province, South Africa. Water S. A. 33: 349 - 354." year="2007">van Averbeke et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The markets for both leaves and fruits are controlled by small scale rural traders in South Africa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a tetraploid species with unclear parentage. Previous studies have suggested that one of the contributing parents of the tetraploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the diploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="141 - 178" refId="B104" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1977. Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 75 (2): 141 - 178, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" title="Taxonomic studies on Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1977.tb01482.x" volume="75" year="1977">Edmonds 1977</bibRefCitation>
), supported by crossing studies showing vigorous hybrids between the autotetraploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derived from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Israel Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="31 - 39" refId="B138" refString="Ganapathi, A, 1987. Phyletic relationship of some tetraploid taxa of the Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella). Israel Journal of Botany 36: 31 - 39" title="Phyletic relationship of some tetraploid taxa of the Solanum L. section Solanum (Maurella)." volume="36" year="1987">Ganapathi 1987</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" author="Jacoby, A" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="303 - 307" refId="B177" refString="Jacoby, A, Labuschagne, MT, 2006. Hybridization studies of five species of the Solanum nigrum complex found in South Africa and two cocktail tomato cultivars. Euphytica 149 (3): 303 - 307, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" title="Hybridization studies of five species of the Solanum nigrum complex found in South Africa and two cocktail tomato cultivars." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9078-z" volume="149" year="2006">Jacoby and Labuschagne (2006)</bibRefCitation>
, however, reported that crosses of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. chenopodioides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chenopodioides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. chenopodioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are much more successful than crosses between 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ganapathi &amp; Rao (1980) also reported weak chromosome pairing at low frequency in hybrids between 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Molecular studies suggest that either 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. chenopodioides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chenopodioides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. chenopodioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the likely parental species of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024657827796" author="Jacoby, A" journalOrPublisher="Euphytica" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="109 - 113" refId="B178" refString="Jacoby, A, Labuschagne, MT, Viljoen, CD, 2003. Genetic relationships between Southern African Solanum retroflexum Dun and other related species measured by morphological and DNA markers. Euphytica 132 (1): 109 - 113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024657827796" title="Genetic relationships between Southern African Solanum retroflexum Dun and other related species measured by morphological and DNA markers." url="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024657827796" volume="132" year="2003">Jacoby et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.162" author="van der Walt, E" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B377" refString="van der Walt, E, van Schalkwyk, A, Berger, DK, 2008. Genetic relationships between South African Solanum retroflexum and other related species using partial 18S sequencing. South African Journal of Botany 74(2): 391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.162" title="Genetic relationships between South African Solanum retroflexum and other related species using partial 18 S sequencing. South African Journal of Botany 74 (2): 391." url="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2008.01.162" year="2008">van der Walt et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B285" refString="Poczai, P, Hyvoenen, J, 2011. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38(2): 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" title="On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" year="2011">
Poczai and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
). Further molecular studies are needed to fully establish the parental species of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the current data from molecular and crossing studies suggests that 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. chenopodioides" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="chenopodioides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. chenopodioides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nitidibaccatum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nitidibaccatum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nitidibaccatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the likely best candidates.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum retroflexum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or one of its close relatives has been suggested to have contributed to the origin of the hexaploid 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Cytologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="757 - 762" refId="B143" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986c. The crossability and genetic relationship between Solanum retroflexum Dun. and S. nigrum L. Cytologia 51 (4): 757 - 762, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" title="The crossability and genetic relationship between Solanum retroflexum Dun. and S. nigrum L." url="https://doi.org/10.1508/cytologia.51.757" volume="51" year="1986 c">Ganapathi and Rao 1986c</bibRefCitation>
). Most current evidence suggests, however, that 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were the parents of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="nigrum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. nigrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Edmonds, JM" editor="Hawkes, JG" journalOrPublisher="Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="529 - 548" refId="B106" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1979a. Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella). In: Hawkes, JG, Lester, RN, Skelding, AD, Eds., Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae. Linnean Society of London, Academic Press, London: 529 - 548" title="Biosystematics of Solanum L., section Solanum (Maurella)." volumeTitle="Biology and Taxonomy of the Solanaceae." year="1979 a">Edmonds 1979a</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Ganapathi, A" journalOrPublisher="Current Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="867 - 868" refId="B142" refString="Ganapathi, A, Rao, GR, 1986b. A note on origin and cytology of a heptaploid plant of Solanum section Solanum. Current Science 55: 867 - 868" title="A note on origin and cytology of a heptaploid plant of Solanum section Solanum." volume="55" year="1986 b">Ganapathi and Rao 1986b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" author="Poczai, P" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B285" refString="Poczai, P, Hyvoenen, J, 2011. On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38(2): 1171-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" title="On the origin of Solanum nigrum: Can networks help? Molecular Biology Reports 38 (2): 1171 - 1185." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0215-y" year="2011">
Poczai and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Hyvönen">Hyvoenen</normalizedToken>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
In describing 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Dunal, MF" journalOrPublisher="Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B101" refString="Dunal, MF, 1852. Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13(1): 1-690. V. Masson, Paris." title="Solanaceae. In: Candolle AP de (Ed.) Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 13 (1): 1 - 690. V. Masson, Paris." year="1852">Dunal (1852)</bibRefCitation>
cited two elements; one from Saudi Arabia (&quot;in Arabia circa Taifa&quot;) and the other from South Africa (&quot;caput Bona Spei, Drege&quot;). He then used two different collections held at G-DC to describe the varieties. The specimen from Saudi Arabia corresponds to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. villosum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="villosum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. villosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(P00055172), so we have used the flowering collection (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Drège">Drege</normalizedToken>
7864b
</emphasis>
) at G-DC (G00144331) that is also the holotype of var. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum nigrum var. angustifolium" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="nigrum" variety="angustifolium">Solanum nigrum angustifolium</taxonomicName>
as the lectotype of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, making the two names homotypic.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum burbankii" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="burbankii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum burbankii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described from living material sent to Bitter (&quot;colui ipso in horto Bremeno complures per annos e seminibus ab horto Hamburgensi acceptis&quot; [grew in the Bremen garden for several years from seeds originally accepted from Hamburg]) and thought to have been from California (
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 89" refId="B29" refString="Bitter, G, 1913b. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae novae vel criticae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 75 - 89" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae novae vel criticae." volume="12" year="1913 b">Bitter 1913b</bibRefCitation>
) and thus, perhaps, from Luther Burbank himself. 
<bibRefCitation author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="75 - 89" refId="B29" refString="Bitter, G, 1913b. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae novae vel criticae. Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis 12: 75 - 89" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae novae vel criticae." volume="12" year="1913 b">Bitter (1913b)</bibRefCitation>
cites no herbarium specimens in the protologue; if they were in either Bremen or Berlin, they were destroyed during the Second World War and we have found no specimens in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Göttingen">Goettingen</normalizedToken>
where some small fragments of collections are found (
<bibRefCitation author="Vorontsova, MS" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1585 - 1601" refId="B388" refString="Vorontsova, MS, Knapp, S, 2010. Lost Berlin (B) types of Solanum (Solanaceae) - found in Goettingen (GOET). Taxon 59: 1585 - 1601" title="Lost Berlin (B) types of Solanum (Solanaceae) - found in Goettingen (GOET)." volume="59" year="2010">Vorontsova and Knapp 2010</bibRefCitation>
). From the description of a somewhat pubescent plant (&quot;utrinque sparsim breviter pilosa&quot;) with pruinose berries with no stone cells, in which the calyx lobes are strongly reflexed at fruit maturity, we are certain Bitter is describing a sparsely pubescent form of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We have selected a neotype for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. burbankii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="burbankii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. burbankii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from specimens grown in St. Louis, Missouri that were obtained from the original distributor of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Burbank’s">Burbank's</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wonderberry”">&quot;wonderberry&quot;</normalizedToken>
seeds, J.L. Childs of New York. These specimens are almost certainly amongst those seen by William Trelease during his part in the newspaper war that was waged over the identity of the 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“wonderberry”">&quot;wonderberry&quot;</normalizedToken>
in the early part of the 19th century (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Naturaleza" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B165" refString="Heiser, CB, 1969. Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman and Co, San Francisco." title="Nightshades, the paradoxical plants. WH Freeman and Co, San Francisco." year="1969">Heiser 1969</bibRefCitation>
) and match the description well. Several collections grown in Mr. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Waldstein’s">Waldstein's</normalizedToken>
garden are held at MO and we have chosen the sheet with the best fruiting material as the neotype.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The Swiss botanist Rudolf Probst worked extensively on the adventive flora found around woollen mills in Solothurn (Switzerland) and sent much of his 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum" order="Centrales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
material to the Hungarian botanist Sandor 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
, apparently both as specimens and as seeds. In his various publications (
<bibRefCitation author="Probst, R" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Solothurn" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="41 - 82" refId="B296" refString="Probst, R, 1928. Dritter Beitrag zur Adventivflora von Solothurn und Umgebung. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Solothurn 8: 41 - 82" title="Dritter Beitrag zur Adventivflora von Solothurn und Umgebung." volume="8" year="1928">Probst 1928</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Probst, R" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Solothurn" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3 - 39" refId="B297" refString="Probst, R, 1938. Sechster Beitrag zur Adventivflora von Solothurn und Umgebung mit Beruecksichtigung der Adventiflora von Olten bis Aarau. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Solothurn 12: 3 - 39" title="Sechster Beitrag zur Adventivflora von Solothurn und Umgebung mit Beruecksichtigung der Adventiflora von Olten bis Aarau." volume="12" year="1938">1938</bibRefCitation>
), he quoted verbatim from 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár’s">Polgar's</normalizedToken>
letters, attributing both names and descriptions to 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. probstii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="probstii">S. nigrum var. probstii</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. burbankii subsp. var. var. glabrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="burbankii" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrescens">S. burbankii var. glabrescens</taxonomicName>
. The numbers he cites in the protologues apparently refer to years of collection (e.g. &quot;22, 24, 26, 27&quot;), but we are not certain; because of the labels on specimens in BP seen and annotated by 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
, we are assuming Probst sent herbarium specimens rather than seeds. We are therefore considering this material as lectotypes for these two names, both of which correspond to 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. retroflexum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="retroflexum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. retroflexum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The letter quoted verbatim in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum subsp. var. var. probstii" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="nigrum" subSpecies="var." variety="probstii">S. nigrum var. probstii</taxonomicName>
is mounted on a sheet with a collection date (29 Jul 1929) later than the description, so we select another Probst collection from 24 Aug 1926 and annotated by 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Polgár">Polgar</normalizedToken>
(BP acc. # 485285) as the lectotype for this name. The specimen collected by Probst on 20 Oct 1922 (BP acc. # 485327) has elements of the text repeated in the protologue attached to it and we designate this as the lectotype for 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. burbankii subsp. var. var. glabrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="variety" species="burbankii" subSpecies="var." variety="glabrescens">S. burbankii var. glabrescens</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-01-01" collectingDateMax="2018-12-31" collectingDateMin="2018-01-01" collectorName="Edmonds C" country="Australia" location="Bouddi" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Australia">Australia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="New South Wales">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:E146A9E6AC2DAC6F81D10F1165990411" country="Australia" name="Bouddi" stateProvince="New South Wales">Bouddi</location>
, 1970, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Edmonds C</collectorName>
74
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1965-10-28" collectorName="Henderson" country="Australia" location="Kentville" municipality="Somerset" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Queensland">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="Queensland">Queensland</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Somerset</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:8200F48C6AA4430871508E539111AECB" country="Australia" municipality="Somerset" name="Kentville" stateProvince="Queensland">Kentville</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1965-10-28">28 Oct 1965</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Henderson</collectorName>
123
</emphasis>
(BRI, K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1966-11-13" collectingDateMax="1968-04-27" collectingDateMin="1966-11-13" collectorName="Alcock" country="Australia" county="Lower Eyre Peninsula" location="Hundred of Flinders" municipality="Sec" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="South Australia">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="South Australia">South Australia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Lower Eyre Peninsula</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Sec</collectingMunicipality>
[tion] 10, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:10F59AFE5EE8C6A47B6829F19221890F" country="Australia" county="Lower Eyre Peninsula" municipality="Sec" name="Hundred of Flinders" stateProvince="South Australia">Hundred of Flinders</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1966-11-13">13 Nov 1966</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Alcock 1268</emphasis>
(AD); Pilli Waterhole, sect. 10, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:3FFEEF6560400E03BD31D02860D6CE71" country="Australia" county="Lower Eyre Peninsula" municipality="Sec" name="Hundred of Flinders" stateProvince="South Australia">Hundred of Flinders</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1968-04-27">27 Apr 1968</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Alcock</collectorName>
2099
</emphasis>
(AD, CANB, K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1989-02-11" collectorName="Browne" country="Australia" county="Mildura" location="Kulkyne National Park" municipality="Hattah" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="Victoria">Victoria</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Mildura</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Hattah</collectingMunicipality>
/ 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:17B58766639EA933A53E0B9183D51EFD" country="Australia" county="Mildura" municipality="Hattah" name="Kulkyne National Park" stateProvince="Victoria">Kulkyne National Park</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1989-02-11">11 Feb 1989</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Browne</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(AD)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1974-04-21" country="Botswana" location="Livingstone's Cave" municipality="Melepelele" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Botswana">Botswana</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:AA3B3E2613FB4030336BA4ADA81DA1B7" country="Botswana" municipality="Melepelele" name="Livingstone's Cave">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Livingstone’s">Livingstone's</normalizedToken>
Cave
</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Melepelele</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<locationDeviation location="Gaberone">
<quantity metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.632704" unit="mi" value="35.0">35 mi</quantity>
NW of Gaberone
</locationDeviation>
, 
<collectingDate value="1974-04-21">21 Apr 1974</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mott 236 C</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1969-10-04" collectingDateMax="1996-01-13" collectingDateMin="1969-10-04" country="Lesotho" location="Phase" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Leribe">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Lesotho">Lesotho</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Lesotho" name="Leribe">Leribe</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: LHDA 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:CFAFF740E7DE23AC5620597F20476091" country="Lesotho" name="Phase" stateProvince="Leribe">Phase</location>
1A, 
<collectingDate value="1996-01-13">13 Jan 1996</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Phillipson 4757</emphasis>
(MO); Basutoland, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dieterlen 157</emphasis>
(BM, K); Kolonyama plateau W border, 
<collectingDate value="1969-10-04">4 Oct 1969</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Williamson 48</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1970-05-02" country="Malawi" location="Ndirande Mountain" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Blantyre">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Malawi">Malawi</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Southern</emphasis>
: 
<collectingRegion country="Malawi" name="Blantyre">Blantyre</collectingRegion>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:BDDD0CE66B999D9EE5C0079E0A77F2C6" country="Malawi" name="Ndirande Mountain" stateProvince="Blantyre">Ndirande Mountain</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1970-05-02">2 May 1970</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Brummitt 10323</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1943-03-18" collectorName="de Milange" country="Mozambique" location="Zambezia" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Zambezia">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Mozambique">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Mozambique" name="Zambezia">Zambezia</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Mocuba, ao km 40, estrada 
<collectorName>de Milange</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate value="1943-03-18">18 Mar 1943</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Torre 4957</emphasis>
(MO)
</materialsCitation>
;
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1916-06-28" country="Namibia" location="Mountains" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Erongo">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Namibia">Namibia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<collectingRegion country="Namibia" name="Erongo">Erongo</collectingRegion>
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:CD58E9D6D66A377432087C960C879FC7" country="Namibia" name="Mountains" stateProvince="Erongo">Mountains</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1916-06-28">28 Jun 1916</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Pearson 9834</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1963-12-13" country="Namibia" location="Finkenstein" municipality="Windhuk Bergland" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Khomas">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Namibia" name="Khomas">Khomas</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Windhuk Bergland</collectingMunicipality>
, regio 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:552FB1C07B867CEA135EC6F6BAFC4735" country="Namibia" municipality="Windhuk Bergland" name="Finkenstein" stateProvince="Khomas">Finkenstein</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1963-12-13">13 Dec 1963</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Seydel 3783</emphasis>
(A, K, MO)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1971-04-21" collectingDateMax="1975-10-02" collectingDateMin="1971-04-21" collectorName="SA Nr, Scheepers" country="South Africa" county="Carlisle Bridge" location="East Rd" municipality="Grt Riebeek East Rd" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="South Africa">South Africa</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Eastern Cape">Eastern Cape</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: turnoff to 
<collectingCounty>Carlisle Bridge</collectingCounty>
from 
<collectingMunicipality>
Grt Riebeek 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:03F2A97E48B4178951F0EA858E19442F" country="South Africa" county="Carlisle Bridge" municipality="Grt Riebeek East Rd" name="East Rd" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">East Rd</location>
</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:4601E6D381A33D27EA94DD3C3FB7EA64" country="South Africa" county="Carlisle Bridge" municipality="Grt Riebeek East Rd" name="Grahamstown" stateProvince="Eastern Cape">Grahamstown</location>
grid, 
<collectingDate value="1974-03-31">31 Mar 1974</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bayliss BRI-B-761</emphasis>
(A, K); Annes Villa, Zuurberg, 
<collectingDate value="1975-10-02">2 Oct 1975</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bayliss 7182</emphasis>
(A, MO); Graaff Reniet, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bolus 50</emphasis>
(F, K); 
<collectorName>SA Nr</collectorName>
camp site 
<locationDeviation location="Steilkop">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
E of Steilkop
</locationDeviation>
, New Agatha Forest Reserve, 
<collectingDate value="1971-04-21">21 Apr 1971</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Scheepers</collectorName>
54
</emphasis>
(EA)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1937-04" collectingDateMax="1972-04" collectingDateMin="1937-04" collectorName="Henrici, Jacobs" country="South Africa" location="Mequatling's Nek" municipality="Fauresmith" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Free State">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Free State">Free State</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Fauresmith</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingDate value="1937-04">Apr 1937</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Henrici</collectorName>
3080
</emphasis>
(K); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:291D2622D2FBADD6DCF210CFF8FE405B" country="South Africa" municipality="Fauresmith" name="Mequatling's Nek" stateProvince="Free State">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mequatling’s">Mequatling's</normalizedToken>
Nek
</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1972-04">Apr 1972</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Jacobs</collectorName>
8533
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1918-04-25" collectingDateMax="1978-04-02" collectingDateMin="1918-04-25" collectorName="Schlieben" country="South Africa" county="Pretoria" location="Albany" municipality="Carlisle Bridge" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Gauteng">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Gauteng">Gauteng</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Pretoria</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Carlisle Bridge</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:FE993D15A037D66E9F5E505CE907FAAA" country="South Africa" county="Pretoria" municipality="Carlisle Bridge" name="Albany" stateProvince="Gauteng">Albany</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1978-04-02">2 Apr 1978</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Bayliss 8679</emphasis>
(MO); Burttholm, Verreniging, 
<collectingDate value="1918-04-25">25 Apr 1918</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Burtt Davy 17658</emphasis>
(K); Magaliesberge, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:D85FDE4D71DCE55D559E4DDE938793D6" country="South Africa" county="Pretoria" municipality="Carlisle Bridge" name="Pretoria District" stateProvince="Gauteng">Pretoria District</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1955-06-08">8 Jun 1955</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Schlieben</collectorName>
7009
</emphasis>
(F, K, MO)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1912-12-17" collectingDateMax="1987-01-19" collectingDateMin="1912-12-17" collectorName="Goldblatt, Manning, Mont-aux-Source, Strey" country="South Africa" county="Harrismith" location="Royal Natal National Park" municipality="Drakensberg" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 2829 (
<collectingCounty>Harrismith</collectingCounty>
) 
<collectingMunicipality>Drakensberg</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:12BCCDB5C470483D0A72EE4072BDD65D" country="South Africa" county="Harrismith" municipality="Drakensberg" name="Royal Natal National Park" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Royal Natal National Park</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1987-01-19">19 Jan 1987</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Goldblatt</collectorName>
</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Manning</collectorName>
8416
</emphasis>
(MO); Drakensberg Range, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:AD18D6B7D2965207F97B80BB57E620CF" country="South Africa" county="Harrismith" municipality="Drakensberg" name="Tugela Valley" stateProvince="KwaZulu-Natal">Tugela Valley</location>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Mont-aux-Source</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate value="1934-04-03">3 Apr 1934</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Humbert 14849</emphasis>
(MA); Distr. Alexandra, Station Dumisa, Campbellson, 
<collectingDate value="1912-12-17">17 Dec 1912</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Rudatis 1805</emphasis>
(W); Ngome, 
<collectingDate value="1969-12-15">15 Dec 1969</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Strey</collectorName>
9409
</emphasis>
(E, EA, K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1971-04-21" collectingDateMax="1983-10-15" collectingDateMin="1971-04-21" collectorName="Bean, Muller, Schespere" country="South Africa" county="Duiwelskop" location="New Agatha Forest Reserve" municipality="Clamvillham District" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Limpopo">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Limpopo">Limpopo</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Duiwelskop</collectingCounty>
, grid no. 3219CA, 
<collectingMunicipality>Clamvillham District</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingDate value="1983-10-15">15 Oct 1983</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Bean</collectorName>
1366
</emphasis>
(MO); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:A63A92A2A974A48A1C8E7E703EB5C2CE" country="South Africa" county="Duiwelskop" municipality="Clamvillham District" name="New Agatha Forest Reserve" stateProvince="Limpopo">New Agatha Forest Reserve</location>
, nr campsite 
<locationDeviation location="Steilkop">
<quantity metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
E of Steilkop
</locationDeviation>
, 
<collectingDate value="1971-04-21">21 Apr 1971</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Múller">
<collectorName>Muller</collectorName>
</normalizedToken>
</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Schespere</collectorName>
54
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1884-03" collectingDateMax="1976-01-19" collectingDateMin="1884-03" collectorName="Bei der Stadt Lydenburg, Wilms" country="South Africa" location="Nooitgedacht Research Station" municipality="Ermelo" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mpumalanga">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Mpumalanga">Mpumalanga</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Ermelo</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:24359070468364C34A80A65A5B4440DE" country="South Africa" municipality="Ermelo" name="Nooitgedacht Research Station" stateProvince="Mpumalanga">Nooitgedacht Research Station</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1976-01-19">19 Jan 1976</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Balsinhas 2901</emphasis>
(K, MO); Namaqualand, Klipfontein, 
<collectingDate value="1949-12-23">23 Dec 1949</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">MacDonald 117</emphasis>
(BM); 
<collectorName>Bei der Stadt Lydenburg</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate value="1884-03">Mar 1884</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Wilms</collectorName>
1022 a
</emphasis>
(BM, E)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1957-02-28" collectingDateMax="1977-08-28" collectingDateMin="1957-02-28" collectorName="Thompson, Le Roux, Vueeden" country="South Africa" county="Helskloof" location="Magaliesberg" municipality="Hottentosparadyskloof" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="North West">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="North West">North West</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: head of 
<collectingCounty>Helskloof</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Hottentosparadyskloof</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingDate value="1977-08-28">28 Aug 1977</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Thompson</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName>Le Roux</collectorName>
134
</emphasis>
(K); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:E60D9DF8BFF5CCFCC67ADF401616EABC" country="South Africa" county="Helskloof" municipality="Hottentosparadyskloof" name="Magaliesberg" stateProvince="North West">Magaliesberg</location>
, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jackson’s">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:D3373F016CAE5125D7FA53FE0AFB4D34" country="South Africa" county="Helskloof" municipality="Hottentosparadyskloof" name="Jackson's" stateProvince="North West">Jackson's</location>
</normalizedToken>
kiln, 
<collectingDate value="1957-02-28">28 Feb 1957</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Vueeden</collectorName>
97
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1950-01-01" collectingDateMax="1977-12-27" collectingDateMin="1950-01-01" collectorName="van Rebunie, Calvinia, Hanekom, MacDonald" country="South Africa" county="Westeljike" location="Ai-Ansi" municipality="Namaqualand" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern Cape">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Northern Cape">Northern Cape</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Westeljike</collectingCounty>
bellings 
<collectorName>van Rebunie</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName>Calvinia</collectorName>
, 
<collectingDate value="1977-12-27">27 Dec 1977</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Hanekom</collectorName>
2499
</emphasis>
(K); 
<collectingMunicipality>Namaqualand</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:CDBCDE6ED9C7C9745522AE26384ADA58" country="South Africa" county="Westeljike" municipality="Namaqualand" name="Ai-Ansi" stateProvince="Northern Cape">Ai-Ansi</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1950-01-01">1 Jan 1950</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>MacDonald</collectorName>
137
</emphasis>
(BM)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-01-01" collectingDateMax="2018-12-31" collectingDateMin="2018-01-01" collectorName="Banks, Solander" country="South Africa" county="Cape of Good Hope" location="Table Mountain" municipality="Cayman's River" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Cape">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="South Africa" name="Western Cape">Western Cape</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: Pro Spei (
<collectingCounty>Cape of Good Hope</collectingCounty>
), 1771, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Banks</collectorName>
</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Solander</collectorName>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(BM); Nr drift of 
<collectingMunicipality>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Cayman’s">Cayman's</normalizedToken>
River
</collectingMunicipality>
, George, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Barkly s.n.</emphasis>
(BM); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:60DC3D1C868E1F88FD6EAC8AF7B87F2A" country="South Africa" county="Cape of Good Hope" municipality="Cayman's River" name="Table Mountain" stateProvince="Western Cape">Table Mountain</location>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Burchell 856</emphasis>
(K); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:7B53FEAFB7C8211EF0E62F3BB17E56F4" country="South Africa" county="Cape of Good Hope" municipality="Cayman's River" name="Simon's Bay" stateProvince="Western Cape">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Simon’s">Simon's</normalizedToken>
Bay
</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:2A4FDBE598F3218ACA82FD2EFB75233B" country="South Africa" county="Cape of Good Hope" municipality="Cayman's River" name="Cape of Good Hope" stateProvince="Western Cape">Cape of Good Hope</location>
, 1853, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Wright s.n.</emphasis>
(GH)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1955-03-13" country="Swaziland" location="Ukulula" municipality="Mbabane Dist" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Swaziland">Swaziland</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:56DAD2DDC3597C19492B31413A5A0CD0" country="Swaziland" municipality="Mbabane Dist" name="Ukulula">Ukulula</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Mbabane Dist</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingDate value="1955-03-13">13 Mar 1955</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Compton 25011</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1960-01-15" collectorName="Fanshawe" country="Zambia" location="Kitwe" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Central">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Zambia">Zambia</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zambia" name="Central">Central</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zambia" name="Copperbelt">Copperbelt</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:529499C2D92D82B0A9291A1A9F573D5E" country="Zambia" name="Kitwe" stateProvince="Central">Kitwe</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1960-01-15">15 Jan 1960</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Fanshawe</collectorName>
</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F-5353</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1930-07-16" collectorName="Hutchinson, Gillett" country="Zambia" location="Koloswe" municipality="Kaloswe" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zambia" name="Northern">Northern</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Kaloswe</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:9800234EA4DEA55C06CD590E28478536" country="Zambia" municipality="Kaloswe" name="Koloswe" stateProvince="Northern">Koloswe</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1930-07-16">16 Jul 1930</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Hutchinson</collectorName>
</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Gillett</collectorName>
3767
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1898-01" collectingDateMax="1966-11-11" collectingDateMin="1898-01" collectorName="Rand" country="Zimbabwe" location="Owelo Teachers College" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingCountry name="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
</emphasis>
. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:FAA4F4BB3D464A49AD4A8926A19530C6" country="Zimbabwe" name="Owelo Teachers College" stateProvince="Northern">Owelo Teachers College</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1966-11-11">11 Nov 1966</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Biegel 1413</emphasis>
(K); Vumba, Clouds Downs, 
<collectingDate value="1960-02-29">29 Feb 1960</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Head 170</emphasis>
(BM); sin. loc, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Hislop Z-155</emphasis>
(K); Bulawayo, 
<collectingDate value="1898-01">Jan 1898</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Rand</collectorName>
171
</emphasis>
(BM)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1946-10-09" collectorName="Best" country="Zimbabwe" location="Bulawayo" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bulawayo">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:CE6DAA8A3347780DB811D68E197506A1" country="Zimbabwe" name="Bulawayo" stateProvince="Bulawayo">Bulawayo</location>
, garden, 
<collectingDate value="1946-10-09">9 Oct 1946</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Best</collectorName>
499
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1943-05-26" collectingDateMax="1969-01-30" collectingDateMin="1943-05-26" collectorName="Arnold, Muller" country="Zimbabwe" county="Harare" location="Salisbury Botanic Garden" municipality="Salisbury Expt. Station" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Harare">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Harare">Harare</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Harare</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Salisbury Expt. Station</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingDate value="1943-05-26">26 May 1943</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Arnold</collectorName>
10206
</emphasis>
(K); Harare, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:8075D3FF138D552CBAD00E958DE70547" country="Zimbabwe" county="Harare" municipality="Salisbury Expt. Station" name="Salisbury Botanic Garden" stateProvince="Harare">Salisbury Botanic Garden</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1969-01-30">30 Jan 1969</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Muller</collectorName>
743
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1931-01-11" collectingDateMax="1934-10" collectingDateMin="1931-01-11" collectorName="Gilliland, Norlindh, Weimarck" country="Zimbabwe" county="Umtali" location="Mutasa Distr." municipality="Nuza" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Manicaland">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Manicaland">Manicaland</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Umtali</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Nuza</collectingMunicipality>
plateau, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:E02861F38CFC7A24DDE87D98C6E787E0" country="Zimbabwe" county="Umtali" municipality="Nuza" name="Mutasa Distr." stateProvince="Manicaland">Mutasa Distr.</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1934-10">Oct 1934</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Gilliland</collectorName>
974
</emphasis>
(BM, K); 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:F49945E83A1233E6FF774EA2B0A283FC" country="Zimbabwe" county="Umtali" municipality="Nuza" name="Nyanga" stateProvince="Manicaland">Nyanga</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:5C64B253F88B913CDF84BA4925697B86" country="Zimbabwe" county="Umtali" municipality="Nuza" name="Inyanga Distr." stateProvince="Manicaland">Inyanga Distr.</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1931-01-11">11 Jan 1931</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Norlindh</collectorName>
</emphasis>
&amp; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Weimarck</collectorName>
4199
</emphasis>
(BM, MO)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1952-12-17" collectorName="Wild" country="Zimbabwe" county="Mazowe" location="Mazoe" municipality="southern Rhodesia" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mashonaland Central">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Mashonaland Central">Mashonaland Central</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Mazowe</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>southern Rhodesia</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:05551F39A8E4A1DD506BCB4B038B98CC" country="Zimbabwe" county="Mazowe" municipality="southern Rhodesia" name="Mazoe" stateProvince="Mashonaland Central">Mazoe</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:D3A8D184C47F1DF76325241010E41FFE" country="Zimbabwe" county="Mazowe" municipality="southern Rhodesia" name="Umvukwes" stateProvince="Mashonaland Central">Umvukwes</location>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:FAB51E7CACA86E3C8249E639A715B1BF" country="Zimbabwe" county="Mazowe" municipality="southern Rhodesia" name="Ruorka Ranche" stateProvince="Mashonaland Central">Ruorka Ranche</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1952-12-17">17 Dec 1952</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Wild</collectorName>
3961
</emphasis>
(MO)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1934-03-28" collectorName="Brain" country="Zimbabwe" location="Marandellas" municipality="Pasture Research Station" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Mashonaland East">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Mashonaland East">Mashonaland East</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Pasture Research Station</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:FB3C88B89BC16076ABCF8AB463B48F7F" country="Zimbabwe" municipality="Pasture Research Station" name="Marandellas" stateProvince="Mashonaland East">Marandellas</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1934-03-28">28 Mar 1934</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Brain</collectorName>
10574
</emphasis>
(MO)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-01-01" collectingDateMax="2018-12-31" collectingDateMin="2018-01-01" collectorName="Monro" country="Zimbabwe" location="Rhodesia" municipality="Victoria" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Masvingo">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Masvingo">Masvingo</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Victoria</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:44A610CBC5626172A41DB93ACE632AEF" country="Zimbabwe" municipality="Victoria" name="Rhodesia" stateProvince="Masvingo">Rhodesia</location>
, 1909, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Monro</collectorName>
1024
</emphasis>
(BM)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1978-03-13" collectorName="Senderayi" country="Zimbabwe" location="Victoria District" municipality="Makoholi Experiment Station" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Matabeleland North">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Matabeleland North">Matabeleland North</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Makoholi Experiment Station</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:BFDE7C7C7F548CE3882FDE36F8C70A97" country="Zimbabwe" municipality="Makoholi Experiment Station" name="Victoria District" stateProvince="Matabeleland North">Victoria District</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1978-03-13">13 Mar 1978</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Senderayi</collectorName>
226
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1957-04" collectingDateMax="1965-01-16" collectingDateMin="1957-04" collectorName="Miller, Norris-Rogers" country="Zimbabwe" county="Matobo" location="Kobila" municipality="Farm Beana" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Matabeleland South">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Matabeleland South">Matabeleland South</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCounty>Matobo</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality>Farm Beana</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:EC98728DAF63450B25B8C4516E8224A1" country="Zimbabwe" county="Matobo" municipality="Farm Beana" name="Kobila" stateProvince="Matabeleland South">Kobila</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1957-04">Apr 1957</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Miller</collectorName>
4341
</emphasis>
(K); Gwanda, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:9D4507A233A6E263ED1A7B8F725F6AAB" country="Zimbabwe" county="Matobo" municipality="Farm Beana" name="Tuli Experimental Station" stateProvince="Matabeleland South">Tuli Experimental Station</location>
Reservior in pasture block, 
<collectingDate value="1965-01-16">16 Jan 1965</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Norris-Rogers</collectorName>
599
</emphasis>
(K)
</materialsCitation>
; 
<materialsCitation collectingDate="1978-03-13" collectorName="Chipunga" country="Zimbabwe" location="QueQue District" municipality="Sable Park" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Midlands">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectingRegion country="Zimbabwe" name="Midlands">Midlands</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingMunicipality>Sable Park</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BDAA1D4CB0C35A198A30FE83A023D34D:A6C7B9B4306131E8BBDFDE7CA68FEE39" country="Zimbabwe" municipality="Sable Park" name="QueQue District" stateProvince="Midlands">QueQue District</location>
, 
<collectingDate value="1978-03-13">13 Mar 1978</collectingDate>
, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>Chipunga</collectorName>
168
</emphasis>
(MO)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>