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<document id="24D873A8A29A65C4328D4DC9054B4A7E" ID-CLB-Dataset="24000" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4735.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ffaf3b73-8bfe-499d-9073-0ce8c104e078" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3670762" ID-ZooBank="BD52DF91-3A7E-46FB-8975-38A67BFBBD61" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1581952963911" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Lonsdale, Owen" docDate="2020" docId="BD15296C6A66FF9BFF1AFEB6DAC1A1B2" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4735.1.1.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4735 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Psilidae Macquart 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="412C51146A7CFF86FF8DFFD5D855A559" masterDocTitle="Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships" masterLastPageNumber="177" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1698783921049" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5F2E519D6D1D7C896A851593B97581B4">Family groups of Diopsoidea and Nerioidea (Diptera: Schizophora) - Definition, history and relationships</mods:title>
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<treatment id="BD15296C6A66FF9BFF1AFEB6DAC1A1B2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3679576" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162147170" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3679576" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD15296C6A66FF9BFF1AFEB6DAC1A1B2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD15296C6A66FF9BFF1AFEB6DAC1A1B2" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A66FF9CFF1AFEB6D992A427" box="[151,455,355,382]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A66FF9CFF1AFEB6D992A427" blockId="26.[151,455,355,418]" box="[151,455,355,382]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<heading id="6E4B2F166A66FF9CFF1AFEB6D992A427" bold="true" box="[151,455,355,382]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFF1AFEB6D992A427" ID-CoL="62774" ID-ENA="34683" authority="Macquart, 1835" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,455,355,382]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF1AFEB6D992A427" bold="true" box="[151,455,355,382]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Psilidae
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFE8DFEB1D992A427" author="Macquart, P. J. M." box="[256,455,356,382]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref86646" refString="Macquart, P. J. M. (1835) Histoire Naturelle des insectes. Dipteres. Tome Deuxieme. Roret, Paris, 703 or 710 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14274" type="book" year="1835">Macquart, 1835</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A66FF9CFF1AFE52D9DCA4FB" box="[151,393,391,418]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A66FF9CFF1AFE52D9DCA4FB" blockId="26.[151,455,355,418]" box="[151,393,391,418]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFF12FE52D947A4FB" box="[159,274,391,418]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–9" captionStart-1="FIGURES 10–18" captionStart-2="FIGURES 19–25" captionStart-3="FIGURES 26–32" captionStart-4="FIGURES 33" captionStart-5="FIGURES 40–46" captionStart-6="FIGURES 47–55" captionStartId-0="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionStartId-1="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-2="95.[151,264,1804,1829]" captionStartId-3="96.[151,264,1778,1803]" captionStartId-4="97.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionStartId-5="98.[151,264,1663,1688]" captionStartId-6="99.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetBox-2="[159,1429,174,1775]" captionTargetBox-3="[160,1433,182,1751]" captionTargetBox-4="[156,1429,186,1771]" captionTargetBox-5="[163,1429,188,1632]" captionTargetBox-6="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-0="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId-1="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-2="figure@95.[151,1436,174,1785]" captionTargetId-3="figure@96.[151,1436,174,1759]" captionTargetId-4="figure@97.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId-5="figure@98.[151,1436,174,1644]" captionTargetId-6="figure@99.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId-0="93" captionTargetPageId-1="94" captionTargetPageId-2="95" captionTargetPageId-3="96" captionTargetPageId-4="97" captionTargetPageId-5="98" captionTargetPageId-6="99" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." captionText-1="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." captionText-2="FIGURES 19–25. Figs 19–25: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype, male abdomen; 19: segment 4 to genitalia, lateral; 20: same, ventral; 21: external genitalia, lateral; 22: same, anterior; 23: internal genitalia, ventral; 24: same, dorsal; 25: same, left lateral." captionText-3="FIGURES 26–32. Figs 26–32: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae), male abdomen; 26: segment 6 to genitalia, ventral; 27: same, lateral; 28: external genitalia, lateral; 29: same, anterior; 30: segments 1–5, ventral; 31: internal genitalia, ventral; 32: same, left lateral." captionText-4="FIGURES 33–39. Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont), male abdomen; 33: external terminalia and ventral plate of hypandrium, left lateral; 34: sternites 6–8 and ventral plate of hypandrium, ventral; 35: external genitalia, posterior; 36: same, anterior; 37: sternites 1–2; 38: internal genitalia, ventral (note central portion of hypandrium is a separate “hypandrial plate” that floats ventrally next to S6; the phallapodeme is partially fused to the remaining lateral arms of the hypandrium); 39: same, left lateral." captionText-5="FIGURES 40–46. Fig 40: Loxocera collaris Loew (Psilidae), female sternites 1–2. Figs 41–44: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype female abdomen; 41: sternite 6 to cerci, left lateral; 42: same, ventral; 43: same, dorsal; 44: internal genitalia. Fig. 45: Loxocera cylindrica Say, female internal genitalia. Fig. 46: Chyliza notata Loew, female internal genitalia." captionText-6="FIGURES 47–55. Fig. 47: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont), ex lab culture. Fig. 48: Chyliza sp., Ontario, Canada. Figs 49–53: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 49: head, anterior; 50: lateral; 51: dorsal; 52: ventral; 53: holotype male. Fig. 54: Nothybus sumatranus Enderlein. Fig. 55: Nothybus absens Lonsdale &amp; Marshall, holotype, male." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670768" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670770" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670772" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670774" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670776" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/3670768/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/3670770/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/3670772/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/3670774/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/3670776/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs 1–48</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFE93FE52D9D4A4FB" box="[286,385,391,418]" captionStart="FIGURES 395–402" captionStartId="146.[151,264,1508,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@146.[151,1436,174,1489]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="FIGURES 395–402. Wings; 395: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), female paratype; 396: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae); 397: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 398: Loxocera cylindrica Say (Psilidae); 399: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 400: N. biguttatus Wulp; 401: Somatia aestiva (Fabricius) (Somatiidae); 402: Gobrya sp. (Gobryidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670874/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">395–398</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A66FF9CFF1AFE10DBC8A742" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A66FF9CFF1AFE10DBC8A742" blockId="26.[151,1437,452,539]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF1AFE10D949A484" bold="true" box="[151,284,453,477]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A66FF9CFF1AFE10D899A484" box="[151,204,453,477]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFEA9FE10DA74A484" ID-CoL="746M" authority="Meigen 1803: 278" authorityName="Meigen" authorityPageNumber="278" authorityYear="1803" box="[292,545,452,477]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFEA9FE10D90DA484" box="[292,344,453,477]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psila</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFEEDFE11DA74A484" author="Meigen, J. W." box="[352,545,452,477]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="259 - 281" refId="ref89584" refString="Meigen, J. W. (1803) Versuch einer neuen Gattungs-Eintheilung der europaischen zweiflugligen Insekten. Magazin fur insektenkunde, 2, 259 - 281." type="journal article" year="1803">Meigen 1803: 278</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFDDDFE13DB66A484" author="Macquart, P. J. M." box="[592,819,452,477]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref86646" refString="Macquart, P. J. M. (1835) Histoire Naturelle des insectes. Dipteres. Tome Deuxieme. Roret, Paris, 703 or 710 pp., 12 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14274" type="book" year="1835">Macquart (1835: 416)</bibRefCitation>
[as Psilomydae after unjustifiable name change of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFAC1FE10DDD5A484" ID-CoL="746M" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1356,1408,453,477]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFAC1FE10DDD5A484" box="[1356,1408,453,477]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFF4AFE31D979A4A5" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" box="[199,300,484,508]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psilomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF4AFE31D979A4A5" box="[199,300,484,508]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psilomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by Latreille (1929); Loxoceridae proposed in same paper (p. 372)].
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFC7AFE31DCBEA4A5" bold="true" box="[1015,1259,483,508]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<typeStatus id="EA0726D86A66FF9CFC7AFE31DC79A4A5" box="[1015,1068,484,508]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Type</typeStatus>
species of genus:
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFB7EFE30D9C7A742" authority="Linnaeus 1761: 458" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="458" authorityYear="1761" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimetaria">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFB7EFE30DDC9A4A5" box="[1267,1436,484,508]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Musca fimetaria</emphasis>
Linnaeus 1761: 458
</taxonomicName>
, by subsequent designation [
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFD39FDD7DBC6A742" author="Westwood, J. O." box="[692,915,514,539]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="125 - 154" refId="ref98932" refString="Westwood, J. O. (1840) Order XIII. Diptera Aristotle. (Antliata Fabricius. Halteriptera Clairv.) In his: An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green &amp; Longmans, London, pp. 125 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12455" type="book chapter" year="1840">Westwood 1840: 146</bibRefCitation>
].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A66FF9DFF1AFD97DB7CA4D2" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A66FF9CFF1AFD97D90FA155" blockId="26.[151,1437,577,2045]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFF46FD97D971A705" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[203,292,578,604]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
are a group of mostly north temperate flies with 335 described species in three subfamilies globally (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFF12FDB3D9E6A7D9" author="Shatalkin, A. I. &amp; Merz, B." box="[159,435,614,641]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="771 - 800" refId="ref94973" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. &amp; Merz, B. (2010) The Psilidae (Diptera) from Switzerland, with description of new Central European species. Revue suisse de zoologie, 117, 771 - 800. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 117602" type="journal article" year="2010">Shatalkin &amp; Merz, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). One common name applied to the family is “rust fly”, because the larva of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFA85FDB3DDC9A7D9" baseAuthorityName="Thompson &amp; Pont" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[1288,1436,614,640]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hennigi">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFA85FDB3DDC9A7D9" box="[1288,1436,614,640]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psila hennigi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(known until recently as
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFE21FD5FDAE1A7FC" authority="(Fabricius))" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" box="[428,692,650,677]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rosae">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFE21FD5FDA7FA7FD" box="[428,554,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psila rosae</emphasis>
(Fabricius))
</taxonomicName>
produced rust-like traces and decay in the root of its hosts, including carrot, parsnip and turnip. Adult
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFDBDFD7BDADCA791" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[560,649,686,712]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
have a thick coat of long, dense setulae that emerge from pits, and the shape of the face (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFEE4FD07D9E6A7B5" box="[361,435,722,748]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs 3</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFE4CFD07D98BA7B5" box="[449,478,722,748]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">18</figureCitation>
) and the absence of the precoxal bridge are also quite characteristic, as is the shape of the wing and its venation, including the peculiar curvature of vein R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A66FF9CFC4CFCDDDB9CA64F" attach="left" box="[961,969,776,790]" fontSize="6" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">1</subScript>
past the subcostal break (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFB7DFD23DDC5A649" box="[1264,1424,757,784]" captionStart="FIGURES 395–402" captionStartId="146.[151,264,1508,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@146.[151,1436,174,1489]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="FIGURES 395–402. Wings; 395: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), female paratype; 396: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae); 397: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 398: Loxocera cylindrica Say (Psilidae); 399: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 400: N. biguttatus Wulp; 401: Somatia aestiva (Fabricius) (Somatiidae); 402: Gobrya sp. (Gobryidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670874/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs 395–398</figureCitation>
), the latter of which is quite evident in the fossil
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFD24FCCFDB1FA66D" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1965" box="[681,842,794,820]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Electrochyliza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFD24FCCFDB1FA66D" box="[681,842,794,820]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Electrochyliza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Early family and genus-level treatments of this species-rich group include
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFE12FCEBDA1DA601" author="Capelle, K. J." box="[415,584,829,856]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="99 - 114" refId="ref77603" refString="Capelle, K. J. (1953) A revision of the genus Loxocera in North America with a study of geographical variation in L. cylindrica. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 46, 99 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 46.1.99" type="journal article" year="1953">Capelle (1953)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFDDEFCEADA88A601" author="Frey, R." box="[595,733,829,857]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="47 - 50" refId="ref81071" refString="Frey, R. (1925 a) Zur Systematik der palaarktischen Psiliden (Dipt.). Notulae Entomologicae, 5, 47 - 50." type="journal article" year="1925">Frey (1925a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFD65FCE8DB76A601" author="Frey, R." box="[744,803,829,856]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="122 - 137" refId="ref81254" refString="Frey, R. (1955) Studien uber ostasiatische Dipteren. V. Psilidae, Megamerinidae. Notulae Entomologicae, 35, 122 - 137." type="journal article" year="1955">1955</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFCBAFCEBDBBEA600" author="Hennig, W." box="[823,1003,830,857]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 38" refId="ref83187" refString="Hennig, W. (1941 b) 41. Psilidae. Die Fliegen der Palaarktischen Region, 5, 1 - 38." type="journal article" year="1941">Hennig (1941b)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFC7BFCEBDCF6A601" author="Johnson, C. W." box="[1014,1187,830,856]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="15 - 19" refId="ref84380" refString="Johnson, C. W. (1920) A revision of the species of the genus Loxocera, with a description of a new allied genus and a new species. Psyche, 27 (1), 15 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1920 / 49349" type="journal article" year="1920">Johnson (1920)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFB54FCEBDDCDA601" author="Melander, A. L." box="[1241,1432,830,856]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="91 - 101" refId="ref89921" refString="Melander, A. L. (1920) Synopsis of the dipterous family Psilidae. Psyche, 27, 91 - 101. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1920 / 42460" type="journal article" year="1920">Melander (1920)</bibRefCitation>
. More recently, the Old World fauna has been revised by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFC92FCB6DBF8A625" author="Iwasa, M." box="[799,941,866,893]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="148 - 162" refId="ref84021" refString="Iwasa, M. (1989) The Japanese species of the genus Chyliza (Diptera, Psilidae). Japanese Journal of Entomology, 57, 148 - 162." type="journal article" year="1989">Iwasa (1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFC37FCB7DBA1A625" author="Iwasa, M." box="[954,1012,866,892]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="229 - 237" refId="ref84052" refString="Iwasa, M. (1991) Taxonomic study of the genus Psila Meigen (Diptera, Psilidae) from Japan, Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 60, 229 - 237." type="journal article" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFB8CFCB7DC68A625" author="Iwasa, M." box="[1025,1085,866,892]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="693 - 700" refId="ref84125" refString="Iwasa, M. (1994) Five new species of the genus Psila Meigen (Diptera, Psilidae) from Nepal. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 62, 693 - 700." type="journal article" year="1994">1994</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFBDFFCB7DD5DA625" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[1106,1288,866,892]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="127 - 134" refId="ref94502" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1983) New species of flies of the family Psilidae (Diptera) from the Far East. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 62, 360 - 366. [in Russian, English Translation in Ent. Rev., Wash., 62, 127 - 134]" type="journal article" year="1983">Shatalkin (1983</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFA9BFCB7DD04A625" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[1302,1361,866,892]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="23 - 50" refId="ref94557" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1986) Review of the eastpalaearctic flies of Psila Mg. (Diptera, Psilidae) with the key of the palaearctic species. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR, 146, 23 - 50. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1986">1986</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFAD0FCB7DDCDA625" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[1373,1432,866,892]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="88 - 113" refId="ref94604" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1989) Notes on the Palaearctic Psilidae (Diptera). Archives Zoological Museum Moscow State University, 27, 88 - 113. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1989">1989</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFF1AFC53D88BA6F9" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[151,222,902,928]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="89 - 111" refId="ref94790" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1998 a) Review of the Asian species of Chyliza Fallen (Diptera, Psilidae). Russian Entomological Journal, 6 (1 - 2), 89 - 111. [1997]" type="journal article" year="1998">
1998
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFF5CFC53D88BA6F9" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[209,222,902,928]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="87 - 97" refId="ref94832" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1998 b) Asian species of Loxocera Meigen (Diptera, Psilidae). Russian Entomological Journal, 6 (3 - 4), 87 - 97. [1997]" type="journal article" year="1998">a</bibRefCitation>
</bibRefCitation>
, 1998b) and Wang &amp; Yang (1996); the New World fauna was treated by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFB91FC53DD6FA6F9" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[1052,1338,902,928]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="183 - 192" refId="ref77270" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2006 a) The identity of Pseudopsila, description of a new subgenus of Psila, and redefinition of Psila sensu lato (Diptera: Psilidae). European Journal of Entomology, 103, 183 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.021" type="journal article" year="2006">Buck &amp; Marshall (2006a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFACBFC53DDC5A6F8" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[1350,1424,902,929]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="193 - 219" refId="ref77333" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2006 b) Revision of New World Loxocera (Diptera: Psilidae), with phylogenetic redefinition of Holarctic subgenera and species groups. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 193 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.022" type="journal article" year="2006">2006b</bibRefCitation>
). Regional catalogues are provided in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFDB5FC7FDAB0A69D" author="Shewell, G. E." box="[568,741,937,964]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="638 - 641" refId="ref95028" refString="Shewell, G. E. (1965) Family Psilidae. In: Stone, A. C., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. &amp; Colson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Agriculture Handbook 276. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp 638 - 641." type="book chapter" year="1965">Shewell (1965)</bibRefCitation>
[Nearctic],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFCE3FC7FDC53A69C" author="Soos, A." box="[878,1030,938,965]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="28 - 35" refId="ref95719" refString="Soos, A. (1984 d) Family Psilidae. In: Soos, A. &amp; Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 9. Micropezidae-Agromyzidae. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 28 - 35." type="book chapter" year="1984">Soós (1984d)</bibRefCitation>
[Palaearctic],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFB26FC7FDD15A69D" author="Cogan, B. H." box="[1195,1344,938,964]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="24 - 27" refId="ref77907" refString="Cogan, B. H. (1977) Family Psilidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. &amp; Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. 3. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (Excluding Division Aschiza). The Unversity Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 24 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1977">Cogan (1977</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFAC0FC7FDDC1A69C" author="Cogan, B. H." box="[1357,1428,938,965]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="589 - 590" refId="ref78023" refString="Cogan, B. H. (1980 b) Family Psilidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 589 - 590." type="book chapter" year="1980">1980b</bibRefCitation>
) [
<collectingRegion id="F77856986A66FF9CFF13FC1BD8AAA6B1" box="[158,255,974,1000]" country="Democratic Republic of the Congo" name="Orientale" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Oriental</collectingRegion>
, Afrotropical],
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFE20FC1BDA23A6B0" author="Evenhuis, N. L." box="[429,630,974,1001]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="473" refId="ref80098" refString="Evenhuis, N. L. (1989 d) Family Psilidae. In: Evenhuis, N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, pp. 473." type="book chapter" year="1989">Evenhuis (1989d)</bibRefCitation>
[Australian] and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFCB2FC1BDB81A6B1" author="Prado, A. P. do" box="[831,980,973,1000]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="3" refId="ref92068" refString="Prado, A. P. do (1975) Family Psilidae. In: Papavero, N., (Ed.), A Catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas South of the United States. Fasc. 50. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, Sao Paulo, pp. 3." type="book chapter" year="1975">Prado (1975)</bibRefCitation>
[Neotropical]. The fauna of all Regions requires revision.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A66FF9CFF4AFBC3DC8CA0B9" blockId="26.[151,1437,577,2045]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The subfamily
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFEFEFBC0D985A169" box="[371,464,1045,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFEFEFBC0D985A169" bold="true" box="[371,464,1045,1072]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psilinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFE6CFBC3DA12A169" box="[481,583,1046,1072]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs 6–9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFDD9FBC3DACFA169" box="[596,666,1046,1072]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">17–18</figureCitation>
) is mostly north temperate in distribution, and includes 216 species (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFF12FBEFD9E9A10D" author="Shatalkin, A. I. &amp; Merz, B." box="[159,444,1082,1109]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="771 - 800" refId="ref94973" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. &amp; Merz, B. (2010) The Psilidae (Diptera) from Switzerland, with description of new Central European species. Revue suisse de zoologie, 117, 771 - 800. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 117602" type="journal article" year="2010">Shatalkin &amp; Merz, 2010</bibRefCitation>
). While it occurs in all biogeographic regions, the few known Neotropical species are restricted to Central America from
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A66FF9CFDAAFB8BDA28A121" box="[551,637,1118,1144]" name="Mexico" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Mexico</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A66FF9CFD2EFB8BDB4AA121" box="[675,799,1118,1144]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
(Buck, 2010). The subfamily is split between
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFABFFB8BDD39A121" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1330,1388,1118,1144]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFABFFB8BDD39A121" box="[1330,1388,1118,1144]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFF1AFB56D954A1C5" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[151,257,1155,1180]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF1AFB56D954A1C5" box="[151,257,1155,1180]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which were redefined by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFDA2FB57DB19A1C5" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[559,844,1154,1180]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="183 - 192" refId="ref77270" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2006 a) The identity of Pseudopsila, description of a new subgenus of Psila, and redefinition of Psila sensu lato (Diptera: Psilidae). European Journal of Entomology, 103, 183 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.021" type="journal article" year="2006">Buck &amp; Marshall (2006a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFCDAFB57DBCAA1C4" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[855,927,1154,1181]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="193 - 219" refId="ref77333" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2006 b) Revision of New World Loxocera (Diptera: Psilidae), with phylogenetic redefinition of Holarctic subgenera and species groups. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 193 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.022" type="journal article" year="2006">2006b</bibRefCitation>
) using adult external, adult genitalic and egg morphological characters. Buck (2010) mentions that six subgenera are recognized in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFBDDFB73DCDFA199" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1104,1162,1190,1216]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFBDDFB73DCDFA199" box="[1104,1162,1190,1216]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CFBF9136A66FF9CFB02FB73DCE4A199" box="[1167,1201,1190,1216]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, with the monophyly of some of these subordinate taxa still to be properly established—
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFCF5FB1FDC58A1BD" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[888,1037,1226,1252]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFCF5FB1FDBE7A1BD" box="[888,946,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psila</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CFBF9136A66FF9CFB9FFB1EDC62A1BC" box="[1042,1079,1227,1253]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFBCEFB1FDCFEA1BD" box="[1091,1195,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Asiopsila</emphasis>
Shatalkin,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFAA5FB1FD947A051" authority="Zetterstedt" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1860" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psilosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFAA5FB1FDDC8A1BD" box="[1320,1437,1226,1252]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psilosoma</emphasis>
Zetterstedt
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFEACFB3BDA44A051" authority="Shatalkin" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1986" box="[289,529,1262,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Freyopsila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFEACFB3BD9CCA051" box="[289,409,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Freyopsila</emphasis>
Shatalkin
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFDADFB3BDB46A051" authority="Hendel" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1934" box="[544,787,1262,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Synaphopsila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFDADFB3BDAE2A051" box="[544,695,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Synaphopsila</emphasis>
Hendel
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFCDFFB3BDB97A051" box="[850,962,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Xenopsila</emphasis>
Buck.
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFB97FB3BDCAFA051" authority="Shatalkin" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="2001" box="[1050,1274,1262,1288]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Afropsila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFB97FB3BDCD4A051" box="[1050,1153,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Afropsila</emphasis>
Shatalkin
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFA85FB3BD8BEA075" authority="Hendel" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1917" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chamaepsila" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFA85FB3BDDC9A051" box="[1288,1436,1262,1288]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chamaepsila</emphasis>
Hendel
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFF75FAC7D9C2A074" authority="Frey" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1925" box="[248,407,1298,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Oxypsila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF75FAC7D909A075" box="[248,348,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Oxypsila</emphasis>
Frey
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFE5CFAC7DA28A074" authority="Frey" authorityName="Frey" authorityYear="1925" box="[465,637,1298,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Tetrapsila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFE5CFAC7DA17A075" box="[465,578,1298,1324]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tetrapsila</emphasis>
Frey
</taxonomicName>
should also be included among these. Three subgenera were included in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFF39FAE2D94BA009" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[180,286,1335,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF39FAE2D94BA009" box="[180,286,1335,1360]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CFBF9136A66FF9CFEA9FAE3D96BA009" box="[292,318,1334,1360]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
—
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFEECFAE2DA72A009" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[353,551,1334,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFEECFAE2D99EA009" box="[353,459,1335,1360]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Loxocera</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CFBF9136A66FF9CFDA0FAE2DA07A008" box="[557,594,1335,1361]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" sensu="stricto">s.s.</taxonomicNameLabel>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFDD2FAE3DB01A009" authority="Shatalkin" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1983" box="[607,852,1334,1360]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Tropeopsila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFDD2FAE3DAB1A009" box="[607,740,1334,1360]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tropeopsila</emphasis>
Shatalkin
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFC07FAE2DCF7A009" authority="Frey. Groups" authorityName="Frey. Groups" box="[906,1186,1334,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Imantimyia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFC07FAE2DC5FA009" box="[906,1034,1335,1360]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Imantimyia</emphasis>
Frey. Groups
</taxonomicName>
requiring special consideration include the Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFDACFA8EDB7DA02D" authority="Verbeke" authorityName="Verbeke" authorityYear="1968" box="[545,808,1370,1396]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocerosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFDACFA8EDA90A02D" box="[545,709,1371,1396]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Loxocerosoma</emphasis>
Verbeke
</taxonomicName>
with three species, likely considered to be synonymous with
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFF5DFAAADA38A0C0" authority="(Buck &amp; Marshall, 2006 b)" baseAuthorityName="Buck &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[208,621,1406,1433]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF5DFAAAD96FA0C1" box="[208,314,1407,1432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Loxocera</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFEC4FAABDA30A0C0" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[329,613,1406,1433]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="193 - 219" refId="ref77333" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2006 b) Revision of New World Loxocera (Diptera: Psilidae), with phylogenetic redefinition of Holarctic subgenera and species groups. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 193 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.022" type="journal article" year="2006">Buck &amp; Marshall, 2006b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and the monotypic
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFCDCFAABDB8DA0C1" box="[849,984,1406,1432]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Loxochyliza</emphasis>
Verbeke from
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A66FF9CFBF2FAABDC90A0C1" box="[1151,1221,1406,1432]" name="Nepal" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, which is presently unplaced (see Shatalkin (1998)). The east Palaearctic
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFD7AFA77DBBBA0E5" authority="Shatalkin" authorityName="Shatalkin" authorityYear="1983" box="[759,1006,1442,1468]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Tropeopsila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFD7AFA77DB29A0E5" box="[759,892,1442,1468]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Tropeopsila</emphasis>
Shatalkin
</taxonomicName>
(two species) is presently treated as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFEA8FA12D9DAA0B9" baseAuthorityName="Buck &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[293,399,1479,1504]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFEA8FA12D9DAA0B9" box="[293,399,1479,1504]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFE4AFA13DABFA0B8" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[455,746,1478,1505]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="193 - 219" refId="ref77333" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2006 b) Revision of New World Loxocera (Diptera: Psilidae), with phylogenetic redefinition of Holarctic subgenera and species groups. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 193 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.022" type="journal article" year="2006">Buck &amp; Marshall (2006b)</bibRefCitation>
consider its position in need of verification.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A66FF9CFF4AFA3CDD61A385" blockId="26.[151,1437,577,2045]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFF4AFA3CD912A35D" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[199,327,1513,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF4AFA3CD912A35D" bold="true" box="[199,327,1513,1540]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chylizinae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFED5FA3FD9E8A35D" box="[344,445,1513,1540]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs 1–5</figureCitation>
) includes the single genus
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFD74FA3FDB1AA35D" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1820" box="[761,847,1514,1540]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFD74FA3FDB1AA35D" box="[761,847,1514,1540]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chyliza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with 118 described species (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFB29FA3FDD09A35D" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[1188,1372,1514,1540]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="151 - 154" refId="ref94912" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (2014) Chyliza gavryushini sp. n. (Psilidae) and Cypselosoma tibialis sp. n. (Cypselosomatidae) - two new dipterous species from Vietnam. Russian Entomological Journal, 23 (2), 151 - 154. https: // doi. org / 10.15298 / rusentj. 23.2.08" type="journal article" year="2014">Shatalkin, 2014</bibRefCitation>
). The genus is global in distribution, and the only psilid known from South America (Buck, 2010), but it is best represented in the Australian and Afrotropical Regions (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFD43F9E7DBDAA315" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[718,911,1586,1612]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="89 - 111" refId="ref94790" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (1998 a) Review of the Asian species of Chyliza Fallen (Diptera, Psilidae). Russian Entomological Journal, 6 (1 - 2), 89 - 111. [1997]" type="journal article" year="1998">Shatalkin, 1998a</bibRefCitation>
). Subgenera have been proposed for the genus, but Shatalkin (1998) is followed here in considering these as likely synonyms because they are based on few and likely homoplastic characters that likely do not reflect natural groupings. As an alternative to the existing subgenus system, Shatalkin (1998) provided a preliminary three-group subdivision of the genus based on colour. Future considerations of genus subdivision should be based on the results of a more thorough phylogenetic analysis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A66FF9CFF4AF930DD2CA2A5" blockId="26.[151,1437,577,2045]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFF4AF930D990A259" bold="true" box="[199,453,1765,1792]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Belobackenbardiinae</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A66FF9CFE54F933DA0AA259" box="[473,607,1766,1792]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs 10–18</figureCitation>
) contains three species in the South African genus
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFB5DF933D998A27D" authority="Shatalkin. Shatalkin (2002)" authorityName="Shatalkin. Shatalkin" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Belobackenbardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFB5DF933DDC9A259" box="[1232,1436,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Belobackenbardia</emphasis>
Shatalkin.
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFE9DF8DFD998A27D" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[272,461,1802,1828]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="417 - 424" refId="ref94871" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (2002) Afrotropical Psilidae (Diptera). I Genera Belobackenbardia gen. n. and Psila Meigen, 1803. Russian Entomological Journal, 10 (2001), 417 - 424." type="journal article" year="2002">Shatalkin (2002)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
considered the most ancestral lineage of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFC2BF8DFDC57A27D" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[934,1026,1802,1828]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
, and defined it in part by a brush of short white hair on the postgena (not close to eye margin as similar hairs in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFC5BF8FBDC79A211" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1820" box="[982,1068,1838,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFC5BF8FBDC79A211" box="[982,1068,1838,1864]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Chyliza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; also found in some
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A66FF9CFA9DF8FADD2FA211" baseAuthorityName="Buck &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[1296,1402,1839,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A66FF9CFA9DF8FADD2FA211" box="[1296,1402,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), a basally bushier arista, and a relatively large epandrium fused to large, apically bilobed surstyli; one pair of large dorsal epandrial processes occur in most species. An additional synapomorphy proposed by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A66FF9CFBF8F8A3DD64A2C9" author="Shatalkin, A. I." box="[1141,1329,1910,1936]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="417 - 424" refId="ref94871" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. (2002) Afrotropical Psilidae (Diptera). I Genera Belobackenbardia gen. n. and Psila Meigen, 1803. Russian Entomological Journal, 10 (2001), 417 - 424." type="journal article" year="2002">Shatalkin (2002)</bibRefCitation>
is a long, curved phallus, but this is here interpreted as the pregonite, with the actual phallus ventromedial to these structures, being small and mostly membranous. There are likely additional synapomorphies of the male genitalia, but only a single species was examined for this study and the genitalia of the other species are not figured in the literature.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A67FF9DFF4AFF4CDB7CA4D2" blockId="27.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
The only accepted fossil
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFE50FF4CDA63A5EA" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[477,566,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFDDBFF4CDB1AA5EA" authority="Hennig" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1965" box="[598,847,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Electrochyliza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFDDBFF4CDAA2A5EA" box="[598,759,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Electrochyliza</emphasis>
Hennig
</taxonomicName>
, which contains the single species
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFB58FF4FDDC9A5EA" authority="Hennig" authorityName="Hennig. The" authorityYear="1965" box="[1237,1436,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Cypselosomatidae" genus="Cypselosomatites" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="succini">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFB58FF4FDD16A5EA" box="[1237,1347,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. succini</emphasis>
Hennig
</taxonomicName>
(Eocene/Oligocene Baltic amber), although at least one other species of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFC5EFF68DC21A58E" authorityName="Hennig" authorityYear="1965" box="[979,1140,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Electrochyliza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFC5EFF68DC21A58E" box="[979,1140,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Electrochyliza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is present in the Hoffeins collection. The visible external male genitalia bear a resemblance to those of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFC7DFF34DC19A5A2" box="[1008,1100,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
, but not much more can be inferred at present. The monotypic
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFD86FED0DACFA446" authority="Heer" authorityName="Heer" authorityYear="1849" box="[523,666,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Tephritidae" genus="Psilites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFD86FED0DA08A446" box="[523,605,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Psilites</emphasis>
Heer
</taxonomicName>
(Miocene compression fossil,
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A67FF9DFC7FFED0DC13A479" box="[1010,1094,261,288]" name="Croatia" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Croatia</collectingCountry>
) [not examined] was excluded from the family by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFEE0FEFCDA34A41D" author="Gentilini, G. &amp; Korneyev, V. A. &amp; Kameneva, E. P." box="[365,609,297,324]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="85 - 104" refId="ref81608" refString="Gentilini, G., Korneyev, V. A. &amp; Kameneva, E. P. (2006) Fossil tephritoid flies (Diptera: Pallopteridae, Ulidiidae, Tephritidae) from the Upper Miocene of Monte Castellaro, Italy, and a review of fossil European tephritoids. In: Merz, B. (Ed.), Phylogeny, taxonomy, and biology of tephritoid flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea). Proceedings of the 3 rd Tephritoid Taxonomist's Meeting, Geneva, 19 - 24 July 2004. Instrumenta Biodiversitatis, 7, pp. 85 - 104." type="journal article" year="2006">
Gentilini
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFE5AFEFFDA5BA41A" box="[471,526,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
(2006)
</bibRefCitation>
, who suggested that it might actually be a tephritoid. An unidentified
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFAEEFEFCDDC8A41A" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[1379,1437,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFAEEFEFCDDC8A41A" box="[1379,1437,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Psila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species was mentioned by Schöberlin (1888) (Miocene compression fossil,
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A67FF9DFC65FE98DC27A431" box="[1000,1138,333,360]" name="Switzerland" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
), and unidentified
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFAC9FE98DDC8A43E" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[1348,1437,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
in amber are mentioned in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFE49FEA4DB70A4D2" author="Tschirnhaus, M. von &amp; Hoffeins, C." box="[452,805,369,395]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref98282" refString="Tschirnhaus, M. von &amp; Hoffeins, C. (2009) Fossil flies in Baltic amber-insights in the diversity of Tertiary Acalyptratae (Diptera, Schizophora), with new morphological characters and a key based on 1,000 collected inclusions. Denisia, 26,171 - 212." type="book" year="2009">Tschirnhaus &amp; Hoffeins (2009)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A67FF9DFF4AFE41DACFA09A" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A67FF9DFF4AFE41D9F6A742" blockId="27.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFF4AFE41D972A4F6" bold="true" box="[199,295,404,431]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Biology.</emphasis>
Adults of Nearctic
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFD84FE40DA37A4F6" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[521,610,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
are often found on foliage and sometimes fallen wood in closed woods, and Old World species are found in dense vegetation in regions that experience high rainfall, including areas of high elevation (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFE83FE08D9F6A4AE" author="Cogan, B. H." box="[270,419,477,503]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="24 - 27" refId="ref77907" refString="Cogan, B. H. (1977) Family Psilidae. In: Delfinado, M. D. &amp; Hardy, D. E. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. 3. Suborder Cyclorrhapha (Excluding Division Aschiza). The Unversity Press of Hawaii, Honolulu, pp. 24 - 27." type="book chapter" year="1977">Cogan, 1977</bibRefCitation>
). An unidentified
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFDE2FE0BDA8CA4AE" baseAuthorityName="Buck &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[623,729,478,503]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFDE2FE0BDA8CA4AE" box="[623,729,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed feeding on insects, likely scavenging (S.A. Marshall, pers. comm.).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A67FF9DFF4AFDF0D8B5A6DA" blockId="27.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Larvae are known to be primary feeders on living plants in stems, roots, bulbs and under the bark of thin twigs on trees (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFF70FD9CDA44A73A" author="Shatalkin, A. I. &amp; Merz, B." box="[253,529,585,611]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="771 - 800" refId="ref94973" refString="Shatalkin, A. I. &amp; Merz, B. (2010) The Psilidae (Diptera) from Switzerland, with description of new Central European species. Revue suisse de zoologie, 117, 771 - 800. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 117602" type="journal article" year="2010">Shatalkin &amp; Merz, 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFDAEFD9CDAD6A73A" box="[547,643,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFDAEFD9CDA08A73A" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[547,605,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Psila</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1CFBF9136A67FF9DFDEEFD9CDAD6A73A" box="[611,643,585,611]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" sensu="lato">s.l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
species develop in the stems and roots of a variety of grasses and other herbaceous plants, including the carrot rust fly (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFD3BFDB8DC6FA7DE" authority="(Thompson &amp; Pont)" baseAuthorityName="Thompson &amp; Pont" baseAuthorityYear="1994" box="[694,1082,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hennigi">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFD3BFDB8DB1EA7DE" box="[694,843,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Psila hennigi</emphasis>
(Thompson &amp; Pont)
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A67FF9DFBCBFDB8DC93A7DE" box="[1094,1222,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs 17–18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A67FF9DFB5EFDB8DCA7A7DE" box="[1235,1266,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–55" captionStartId="99.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURES 47–55. Fig. 47: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont), ex lab culture. Fig. 48: Chyliza sp., Ontario, Canada. Figs 49–53: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 49: head, anterior; 50: lateral; 51: dorsal; 52: ventral; 53: holotype male. Fig. 54: Nothybus sumatranus Enderlein. Fig. 55: Nothybus absens Lonsdale &amp; Marshall, holotype, male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670776/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">47</figureCitation>
), which can be a significant pest of umbelliferous crops such as carrot and celery (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFC06FD44DC35A7F2" author="Degen, T. &amp; Stadler, E. &amp; Ellis, P. R." box="[907,1120,657,683]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref79432" refString="Degen, T., Stadler, E. &amp; Ellis, P. R. (1999) Host plant susceptibility to the carrot fly, Psila rosae, 1. Acceptability of various host species to ovipositing females. Annals of Applied Biology, 134 (1), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1744 - 7348.1999. tb 05230. x" type="journal article" year="1999">
Degen
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFC53FD47DC48A7F2" box="[990,1053,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.,</emphasis>
1999
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFBE0FD44DD70A7F2" author="John, B. &amp; Hardie, D &amp; Power, G." box="[1133,1317,657,683]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref84339" refString="John, B., Hardie, D &amp; Power, G. (2001) Carrot rust fly Psila rosae: Exotic threat to Western Australia. Factsheet (Agriculture Western Australia), 17, 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="2001">
John
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFB24FD47DCB7A7F2" box="[1193,1250,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFABCFD44D976A796" author="Collier, R. &amp; Finch, S." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="121 - 127" refId="ref78262" refString="Collier, R. &amp; Finch, S. (2009) A review of research to address carrot fly (Psila rosae) control in the UK. EPPO Bulletin, 39, 121 - 127. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2338.2009.02276. x" type="journal article" year="2009">Collier &amp; Finch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
). Originally Palaearctic in distribution, the carrot rust fly is now known in
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A67FF9DFBFCFD60DC9DA796" box="[1137,1224,693,719]" name="Canada" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Canada</collectingCountry>
, the
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A67FF9DFB73FD60DDCDA796" box="[1278,1432,693,719]" name="United States of America" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">United States</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A67FF9DFF1AFD0CD880A7AA" box="[151,213,729,755]" name="Cuba" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cuba</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A67FF9DFF6DFD0CD93BA7AA" box="[224,366,729,755]" name="South Africa" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">South Africa</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="4DABD8EA6A67FF9DFE2EFD0CDA6DA7AA" box="[419,568,729,755]" name="New Zealand" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFDCAFD0CDA81A7AA" author="CABI" box="[583,724,729,755]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref77556" refString="CABI (1992) Map 84: Psila rosae. Distribution Maps of Plant Pests, 1992, December. 1 st Revision. Available from: https: // www. cabi. org / dmpp / abstract / 20046600084 (accessed 10 January 2017)" type="url" year="1992">CABI, 1992</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFD52FD0CDBFFA7AA" author="Botha, J. &amp; Hardie, D. &amp; Power, G." box="[735,938,729,755]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref76833" refString="Botha, J., Hardie, D. &amp; Power, G. (2001) Carrot rust fly: Psila rosae: exotic threat to Western Australia. Factsheet (Western Australia. Agriculture Western Australia), 17, 1 - 2. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00265 - 009 - 0774 - x" type="journal article" year="2001">
Botha
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFCA4FD0FDB32A7AA" box="[809,871,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.,</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFC31FD0CDC27A7AA" box="[956,1138,729,755]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimentaria">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFC31FD0CDC27A7AA" box="[956,1138,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Psila fimentaria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) is known from
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFADFFD0CDDC0A7AA" box="[1362,1429,729,755]" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFADFFD0CDDC0A7AA" box="[1362,1429,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carex</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Monocots serve as hosts for the larvae of the less commonly encountered
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFC5FFD2BDC69A64E" baseAuthorityName="Buck &amp; Marshall" baseAuthorityYear="2006" box="[978,1084,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFC5FFD2BDC69A64E" box="[978,1084,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, including
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFB36FD28D88EA665" authority="(Valley et al., 1969)" baseAuthorityName="Valley" baseAuthorityYear="1969" class="Liliopsida" family="Cyperaceae" genus="Carex" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFB36FD28DCABA64E" box="[1211,1278,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Carex</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFA80FD28D886A665" author="Valley, K. &amp; Wearsch, T. &amp; Foote, B. A." pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="29 - 34" refId="ref98331" refString="Valley, K., Wearsch, T. &amp; Foote, B. A. (1969) Larval feeding habits of certain Chloropidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 71, 29 - 34." type="journal article" year="1969">
Valley
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFAD0FD2BDDC9A64E" box="[1373,1436,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.,</emphasis>
1969
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFF65FCF7D963A662" box="[232,310,802,827]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" genus="Juncus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFF65FCF7D963A662" box="[232,310,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Juncus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFEC8FCF4DA50A662" author="Chandler, P. J." box="[325,517,800,827]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="13 - 17" refId="ref77812" refString="Chandler, P. J. (1975 b) Observations on plant associations of the Psilidae (Diptera). Entomologist's Record, 87, 13 - 17." type="journal article" year="1975">Chandler, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFD9FFCF4DAF5A662" author="Ferrar, P." box="[530,672,801,827]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref80807" refString="Ferrar, P. (1987) A guide to breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph, 8 (1), 1 - 478. [E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden, Copenhagen]" type="journal article" year="1987">Ferrar, 1987</bibRefCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFD38FCF7DB80A662" authority="(Capelle, 1953)" baseAuthorityName="Capelle" baseAuthorityYear="1953" box="[693,981,800,827]" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" genus="Digitaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carditoida" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFD38FCF7DB48A662" box="[693,797,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Digitaria</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFCA0FCF4DB99A662" author="Capelle, K. J." box="[813,972,800,827]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="99 - 114" refId="ref77603" refString="Capelle, K. J. (1953) A revision of the genus Loxocera in North America with a study of geographical variation in L. cylindrica. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 46, 99 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 46.1.99" type="journal article" year="1953">Capelle, 1953</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and possibly
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFBFEFCF4DDC2A662" authority="(Chandler, 1975 b)" baseAuthorityName="Chandler" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1139,1431,800,827]" class="Liliopsida" family="Juncaceae" genus="Luzula" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFBFEFCF4DCEAA662" box="[1139,1215,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Luzula</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFB42FCF4DDC5A662" author="Chandler, P. J." box="[1231,1424,800,827]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="13 - 17" refId="ref77812" refString="Chandler, P. J. (1975 b) Observations on plant associations of the Psilidae (Diptera). Entomologist's Record, 87, 13 - 17." type="journal article" year="1975">Chandler, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, which may have driven the development of the laterally compressed ovipositor characteristic of that genus (Buck, 2010).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A67FF9DFF4AFC58DBCFA06D" blockId="27.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
Larvae of north temperate
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFE7CFC58DA12A6FE" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1820" box="[497,583,909,935]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFE7CFC58DA12A6FE" box="[497,583,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chyliza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are known to feed on living trees and herbs (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFBCDFC58DCABA6FE" author="Chandler, P. J." box="[1088,1278,908,935]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="13 - 17" refId="ref77812" refString="Chandler, P. J. (1975 b) Observations on plant associations of the Psilidae (Diptera). Entomologist's Record, 87, 13 - 17." type="journal article" year="1975">Chandler, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFA87FC58DDC1A6FE" author="Ferrar, P." box="[1290,1428,909,935]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref80807" refString="Ferrar, P. (1987) A guide to breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph, 8 (1), 1 - 478. [E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden, Copenhagen]" type="journal article" year="1987">Ferrar, 1987</bibRefCitation>
) in at least 10 plant families (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFE5BFC64DADCA692" author="Sueyoshi, M." box="[470,649,945,971]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="473 - 480" refId="ref97675" refString="Sueyoshi, M. (2013) Orchidophaga gastrodiacola Kato, 2006., is Chyliza vittata Meigen, 1826 (Diptera: Psilidae): discussion on its taxonomy and biology. Zootaxa, 3620 (3), 473 - 480. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3620.3.7" type="journal article" year="2013">Sueyoshi, 2013</bibRefCitation>
), and
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFD41FC64DB21A692" author="Capelle, K. J." box="[716,884,944,971]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="99 - 114" refId="ref77603" refString="Capelle, K. J. (1953) A revision of the genus Loxocera in North America with a study of geographical variation in L. cylindrica. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 46, 99 - 114. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 46.1.99" type="journal article" year="1953">Capelle (1953)</bibRefCitation>
found larvae in rotting wood.
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFB46FC64DD25A692" box="[1227,1392,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="notata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFB46FC64DD25A692" box="[1227,1392,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chyliza notata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been observed ovipositing on fresh tree wounds where the larvae tunnel into the living tissue; pupation occurs just under the bark (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFEC4FC2CD98DA14A" author="Ferrar, P." box="[329,472,1017,1043]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref80807" refString="Ferrar, P. (1987) A guide to breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph, 8 (1), 1 - 478. [E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden, Copenhagen]" type="journal article" year="1987">Ferrar, 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFE61FC2CDB78A14A" authority="(Panzer)" baseAuthorityName="Panzer" baseAuthorityYear="1798" box="[492,813,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="leptogaster">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFE61FC2CDA92A14A" box="[492,711,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chyliza leptogaster</emphasis>
(Panzer)
</taxonomicName>
has been recovered from deciduous trees and is known to cause phloem necroses;
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFE4DFBC8DAE8A16E" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[448,701,1053,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulipes">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFE4DFBC8DA19A16E" box="[448,588,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. annulipes</emphasis>
Macquart
</taxonomicName>
is found in conifers and are associated with wounds.
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFA81FBC8DD37A16E" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1820" box="[1292,1378,1053,1079]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFA81FBC8DD37A16E" box="[1292,1378,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chyliza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have also been found under the bark of trees housing buprestids (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFCB9FB94DBA9A105" author="Gates, M. W. &amp; Liu, H. &amp; Bauer, L. S. &amp; Schauff, M. E." box="[820,1020,1089,1116]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="76 - 82" refId="ref81538" refString="Gates, M. W., Liu, H., Bauer, L. S. &amp; Schauff, M. E. (2006) A new species of Pediobius (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) parasitizing Chyliza apicalis (Diptera: Psilidae) in ash trees attacked by Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). The Great Lakes Entomologist, 38, 76 - 82." type="journal article" year="2006">
Gates
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFCF6FB97DBEFA102" box="[891,954,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">et al.,</emphasis>
2006
</bibRefCitation>
), with initial introduction in trees apparently occurring through existing wounds in the plant (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFC81FBB0DB94A126" author="Lyneborg, L." box="[780,961,1125,1151]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="27 - 29" refId="ref86614" refString="Lyneborg, L. (1987) On the life history of Chyliza annulipes Macquart, 1835 (Diptera: Psilidae). Entomologiske Meddelelser, 55, 27 - 29." type="journal article" year="1987">Lyneborg, 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFC59FBB0DD5EA1D9" author="Sugiura, S. &amp; Yamazaki, K." box="[980,1291,1125,1152]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="235 - 237" refId="ref97781" refString="Sugiura, S. &amp; Yamazaki, K. (2006) First record of a psilid fly feeding on cecidomyiid galls. The Canadian Entomologist, 138, 235 - 237. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / n 05 - 014" type="journal article" year="2006">Sugiura &amp; Yamazaki (2006)</bibRefCitation>
found larvae of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFF3BFB5CD959A1FA" authorityName="Fallen" authorityYear="1820" box="[182,268,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFF3BFB5CD959A1FA" box="[182,268,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chyliza</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in galls induced by
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFE7DFB5CDACFA1FA" box="[496,666,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Cecidomyiidae</taxonomicName>
species,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFD72FB5CDC69A1FA" author="Yamazaki, K. &amp; Sugiura, S." box="[767,1084,1161,1187]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="191 - 196" refId="ref99705" refString="Yamazaki, K. &amp; Sugiura, S. (2008) Arthropods associated with bacterium galls on wisteria. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 43, 191 - 196 https: // doi. org / 10.1303 / aez. 2008.191" type="journal article" year="2008">Yamazaki &amp; Sugiura (2008)</bibRefCitation>
found
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFB01FB5CDD4FA1FA" authorityName="Yang &amp; Wang (Galinskaya &amp; Shatalkin" authorityYear="2016" box="[1164,1306,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendida">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFB01FB5CDD4FA1FA" box="[1164,1306,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">C. splendida</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFAB2FB5FDDC9A1FA" box="[1343,1436,1162,1187]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Wisteria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFAB2FB5FDDC9A1FA" box="[1343,1436,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Wisteria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
galls induced by bacteria, and in some cases the psilid larvae appear to have induced the gall itself (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFB57FB78DDCDA19E" author="Chandler, P. J." box="[1242,1432,1196,1223]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="13 - 17" refId="ref77812" refString="Chandler, P. J. (1975 b) Observations on plant associations of the Psilidae (Diptera). Entomologist's Record, 87, 13 - 17." type="journal article" year="1975">Chandler, 1975b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFF1AFB04D971A1B2" author="Ferrar, P." box="[151,292,1233,1259]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref80807" refString="Ferrar, P. (1987) A guide to breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph, 8 (1), 1 - 478. [E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden, Copenhagen]" type="journal article" year="1987">Ferrar, 1987</bibRefCitation>
). Precopulatory, copulatory and oviposition behaviour of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFC29FB04DC12A1B2" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1826" box="[932,1095,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Chyliza" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vittata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFC29FB04DC12A1B2" box="[932,1095,1233,1259]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Chyliza vittata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on a leafless orchid (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFABEFB04D89AA056" class="Insecta" family="Cecidomyiidae" genus="Gastroda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elata">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFABEFB04D89AA056" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Gastroda elata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) was described by
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFE20FB20DA0FA049" author="Sugiura, N." box="[429,602,1269,1296]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="129 - 132" refId="ref97731" refString="Sugiura, N. (2016) Mate-seeking and oviposition behavior of Chyliza vittata (Diptera: Psilidae) infesting the leafless orchid Gastrodia elata. Entomological Science, 19 (2), 129 - 132. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12177" type="journal article" year="2016">Sugiura (2016)</bibRefCitation>
, but other orchids are also known to serve as hosts where the larva feeds internally on leaves, stems and underground tissue (
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFD56FACCDBDBA06D" author="Suetsugu, K." box="[731,910,1305,1332]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="393" refId="ref97627" refString="Suetsugu, K. (2016) Infestation of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Yoania japonica by the two-winged fly, Chyliza vittata (Diptera: Psilidae). European Journal of Entomology, 113, 393. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2016.050" type="journal article" year="2016">Suetsugu, 2016</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A67FF9DFF4AFAE8DACFA09A" blockId="27.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFF4AFAE8D9C0A00E" bold="true" box="[199,405,1341,1367]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Immature stages.</emphasis>
Psiline larval morphology was described for two
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFC4FFAEBDD62A00E" authority="in Meijere (1941" authorityName="in Meijere" authorityYear="1941" box="[962,1335,1340,1367]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFC4FFAEBDC79A00E" box="[962,1068,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Loxocera</emphasis>
in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFBC2FAE8DCA5A00E" author="Meijere, J. C. H. de" box="[1103,1264,1341,1367]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="286 - 287" refId="ref89848" refString="Meijere, J. C. H. de (1941) Puparien van Loxocera in stengels van Juncus. Entomologische Berichten, 10, 286 - 287." type="journal article" year="1941">Meijere (1941</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFB71FAE9DD62A00E" author="Meijere, J. C. H. de" box="[1276,1335,1340,1367]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="49 - 62" refId="ref89877" refString="Meijere, J. C. H. de (1945) Over eenige Dipterenlarven, waaronder een galmug, die mijngangen maakt, en twee Dipteren, die gallen op paddenstoelen veroorzaken. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 88, 49 - 62." type="journal article" year="1945">1945</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), and the eggs of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFF79FAB7D90BA022" authorityName="in Meijere" authorityYear="1941" box="[244,350,1378,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFF79FAB7D90BA022" box="[244,350,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFE15FAB4D987A022" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[408,466,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFE15FAB4D987A022" box="[408,466,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Psila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species were thoroughly described in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFC07FAB4DCFFA022" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[906,1194,1377,1403]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="183 - 192" refId="ref77270" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2006 a) The identity of Pseudopsila, description of a new subgenus of Psila, and redefinition of Psila sensu lato (Diptera: Psilidae). European Journal of Entomology, 103, 183 - 192. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.021" type="journal article" year="2006">Buck &amp; Marshall (2006a</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFB3AFAB4DD54A025" author="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A." box="[1207,1281,1377,1404]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="193 - 219" refId="ref77333" refString="Buck, M. &amp; Marshall, S. A. (2006 b) Revision of New World Loxocera (Diptera: Psilidae), with phylogenetic redefinition of Holarctic subgenera and species groups. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 193 - 219. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.022" type="journal article" year="2006">2006b</bibRefCitation>
). Illustrations and descriptions of immature stages of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFDD7FA50DA86A0C6" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[602,723,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFC80FA50DB33A0C6" box="[781,870,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
are also available in
<bibRefCitation id="512DE58B6A67FF9DFBD6FA50DCA0A0C6" author="Ferrar, P." box="[1115,1269,1413,1439]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="1 - 478" refId="ref80807" refString="Ferrar, P. (1987) A guide to breeding habits and immature stages of Diptera Cyclorrhapha. Entomonograph, 8 (1), 1 - 478. [E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press, Leiden, Copenhagen]" type="journal article" year="1987">Ferrar (1987)</bibRefCitation>
, who provides references to original sources in the literature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7DA6CBF16A67FF9BFF4AFA19DAC1A1B2" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="3503987A6A67FF9DFF4AFA19DBDCA209" blockId="27.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFF4AFA19D9DBA0BE" bold="true" box="[199,398,1484,1511]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Adult Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Medium-sized, often narrow-bodied; dorsum with shallow to deep pits at base of setae and setulae, at least on notum. Orange to yellow with brown to black pattern, or predominantly dark. Antenna elbowed; pedicel with dorsal seam; first flagellomere slightly to very elongate. Face usually with angled ventromedial plate with transverse striations; sometimes strongly receding ventrally (very broadly so in some
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFB1FF9ECDCA5A30D" box="[1170,1264,1593,1620]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
); ocelli slightly shifted anteriorly, distant from postocellar; ocellar tubercle and space anterior to postocellars with patch of setulae. Vibrissa absent; ocellar seta usually very long when present. Anterior spiracle in ovate depression with grooves sometimes forming a pit (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A67FF9DFE3AF970DA5FA3E6" box="[439,522,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
); thorax covered with long, dense setulae (also
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFB90F970DC2CA3E6" authorityName="Schiner" authorityYear="1868" box="[1053,1145,1701,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Somatiidae" genus="Somatia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFB90F970DC2CA3E6" box="[1053,1145,1701,1727]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Somatia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFB0AF970DD69A399" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[1159,1340,1701,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
), at least dorsally but sometimes also laterally and ventrally. Cell br narrowed on distal section (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A67FF9DFBFEF91CDD41A3BA" box="[1139,1300,1736,1763]" captionStart="FIGURES 395–402" captionStartId="146.[151,264,1508,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@146.[151,1436,174,1489]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="FIGURES 395–402. Wings; 395: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), female paratype; 396: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae); 397: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 398: Loxocera cylindrica Say (Psilidae); 399: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 400: N. biguttatus Wulp; 401: Somatia aestiva (Fabricius) (Somatiidae); 402: Gobrya sp. (Gobryidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670874/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs 395–398</figureCitation>
); costa with subcostal break; subcosta continuing to costa at near right angle as hyaline weakening in membrane; similar to
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A67FF9DFF1AF8C4D97CA272" box="[151,297,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Opomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Opomyzidae</taxonomicName>
, vein R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A67FF9DFEF3F8F7D9D3A269" attach="left" box="[382,390,1826,1840]" fontSize="6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1</subScript>
distal to subcostal insertion usually long and slightly to more broadly arched (exaggerated in Chylzinae (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A67FF9DFE95F8E0D92FA209" box="[280,378,1845,1872]" captionStart="FIGURES 395–402" captionStartId="146.[151,264,1508,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@146.[151,1436,174,1489]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="FIGURES 395–402. Wings; 395: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), female paratype; 396: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae); 397: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 398: Loxocera cylindrica Say (Psilidae); 399: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 400: N. biguttatus Wulp; 401: Somatia aestiva (Fabricius) (Somatiidae); 402: Gobrya sp. (Gobryidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670874/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 396</figureCitation>
), narrow and straight in Belobackenbardiinae).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A67FF9DFF4AF88DDA87A286" blockId="27.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="07C844686A67FF9DFF4AF88DD9DFA22A" bold="true" box="[199,394,1880,1907]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Adult Definition</emphasis>
. Medium-sized, often narrow-bodied flies (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A67FF9DFCE3F88CDBB5A22A" box="[878,992,1881,1907]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–9" captionStart-1="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId-0="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionStartId-1="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId-0="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId-1="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId-0="93" captionTargetPageId-1="94" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." captionText-1="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs 1–18</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A67FF9DFC66F88CDC60A22A" box="[1003,1077,1881,1907]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–55" captionStartId="99.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetId="figure@99.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="99" captionText="FIGURES 47–55. Fig. 47: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont), ex lab culture. Fig. 48: Chyliza sp., Ontario, Canada. Figs 49–53: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 49: head, anterior; 50: lateral; 51: dorsal; 52: ventral; 53: holotype male. Fig. 54: Nothybus sumatranus Enderlein. Fig. 55: Nothybus absens Lonsdale &amp; Marshall, holotype, male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670776" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670776/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">47–48</figureCitation>
); body length 3.0–12.0mm. Surface well-sclerotized with shallow to deep pits (sometimes forming transverse striations) dorsally at base of setae and setulae, at least on notum. Orange to yellow with brown to black pattern, or predominantly dark with halter often pale (knob rarely dark); arista black to white.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A60FF9AFF4AFF4CDAD0A7AA" blockId="28.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFF4AFF4CD912A5EA" box="[199,327,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Chaetotaxy</emphasis>
: 1 inner vertical; 1–2 outer verticals; 0–2 fronto-orbitals; 0–1 ocellar (often very long when present, potentially extending to eye margin); 0–1 postocellar (divergent); vibrissa absent. Pedicel often densely setulose, sometimes with longer marginal seta(e) dorsally and ventrally. Frontal vitta with numerous scattered rows of setulae, often inclinate and/or proclinate medially and anteriorly, continuing posteriorly onto occiput and postgena, dense in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFE8DFEFCD92CA41A" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[256,377,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFE01FEFCD981A41A" box="[396,468,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
); vitta sometimes velvety; ocellar tubercle setulose, separated from postovertical by similarly setulose patch; parafacial and/or sides of face microtomentose; venter of gena and parafacial with row of setulae. 0 presutural intra-alar; 0–1 postpronotal; 0 anterior notopleural; 0–1 posterior notopleural; 2 posterior supra-alar; 0 posterior intra-alar; 1–4 dorsocentrals; 0–1 acrostichals; 2–3 scutellars (uncommonly 1 or 4); 0 proepisternal; 0 anepisternal; 0 katepisternal. Body largely covered with dense, short setulae; proepisternum with patch of white microtrichia (restricted to ventral margin or extending to encompass ventral half of sclerite, and sometimes extending to spiracle; absent in Belobackenbardiinae); setulae on scutum with partings and crowns that are distinct as in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFF59FDF0D9D1A766" authorityName="Hendel" authorityYear="1913" box="[212,388,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Megamerinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Megamerinidae</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFE1EFDF0DA5BA766" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[403,526,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFD93FDF0DA0AA766" box="[542,607,549,575]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
)) or inconspicuous to absent; pleuron sparsely setulose posterior to wing base, mostly densely setulose anterior to wing base with bare patches, sometimes with conspicuously downturned patch of setulae along venter of anepisternum. Scutellum bare to sparsely setulose or microtomentose; remainder of metanotum microtomentose to setulose, with katatergite most conspicuously and densely haired and mediotergite sometimes bare. Mid tibia with one distinct ventroapical seta, sometimes accompanied by additional smaller seta; hind tibia sometimes with ventroapical seta.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A60FF9AFF4AFD28DA03A126" blockId="28.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFF4AFD28D951A64E" box="[199,260,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Head</emphasis>
. Antenna elbowed (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFE68FD28DA7FA64E" box="[485,554,764,791]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
); pedicel with dorsal seam; arista pubescent to short plumose, rarely flattened, inserted subbasally to medially; first flagellomere slightly (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFCBBFCF4DB2FA662" box="[822,890,800,827]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) to considerably elongate (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFB3DFCF4DCA3A665" box="[1200,1270,801,828]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
), length rarely less than 1.5 times width but sometimes exceeding seven times width; scape and pedicel sometimes also slightly elongate. Frons setulose with ocellar triangle bare and elongate (sometimes attaining anterior margin); ocelli slightly shifted anteriorly, divided from postocellar by setulose patch. Face usually with angled ventral plate impressed with slight to deep transverse striations; facial plate most distinct and projecting in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFBCCFC64DCEFA692" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1089,1210,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFB47FC64DD5BA692" box="[1226,1294,945,971]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), sometimes short to absent in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFED2FC00D9CCA6B6" authorityName="Meigen" authorityYear="1803" box="[351,409,981,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Psila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFED2FC00D9CCA6B6" box="[351,409,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Psila</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFE25FC00D9AFA6B6" box="[424,506,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
) and absent in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFD28FC03DB5AA6B6" authorityName="in Meijere" authorityYear="1941" box="[677,783,982,1007]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFD28FC03DB5AA6B6" box="[677,783,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFC92FC00DB37A6B6" box="[799,866,981,1007]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
), but transverse striations still faintly evident; face gradually or abruptly receding ventrally in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFD0EFC2CDA8AA14A" box="[643,735,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
, making head subtriangular in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFB5BFC2CDD7EA14A" box="[1238,1323,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
). Clypeus well-developed, nearly flat and plate like with anterior margin truncated or with medial emargination; palpus varying from small and subcylindrical to large and laterally compressed; labium with short setulae densely to sparsely arranged or restricted to ventral margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A60FF9AFF4AFB5CDA61A00E" blockId="28.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFF4AFB5CD94DA1FA" box="[199,280,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Thorax</emphasis>
. Katatergite slightly (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFD9AFB5CDA20A1FA" box="[535,629,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFD09FB5CDA8CA1FA" box="[644,729,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
), modestly (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFCE0FB5CDD5AA1FA" authority=", Belobackenbardiinae" authorityName="Belobackenbardiinae" box="[877,1295,1161,1187]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Electrochyliza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFCE0FB5CDC5BA1FA" box="[877,1038,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Electrochyliza</emphasis>
, Belobackenbardiinae
</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFA93FB5CDD27A1FA" box="[1310,1394,1161,1187]" captionStart="FIGURES 10–18" captionStartId="94.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1770]" captionTargetId="figure@94.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="94" captionText="FIGURES 10–18. Figs 10–16: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), paratypes; 10: male dorsal; 11: male ventral; 12: male lateral; 13: male head, lateral; 14: male terminalia, ventral; 15: female dorsal; 16: female lateral. Figs 17–18: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 17: lateral; 18: head." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670766" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670766/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
) or strongly (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFE8FFB78D9D5A19E" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[258,384,1197,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFE06FB78D999A19E" box="[395,460,1196,1223]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) bulging. Precoxal bridge absent; postmetacoxal bridge absent or present (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFA9CFB78DDC4A191" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1297,1425,1197,1224]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
). Prosternum small, weakly sclerotized and bilobed, with narrow, lightly sclerotized strip running anterior to sclerites; posterior surface raised. Spiracles subcircular, setulose; posterior spiracle angled dorsally; one or two grooves extending ventrally from anterior spiracle, sometimes ending in a pit. Metanotum with small, laterally directed dorsolateral lobes meeting abdomen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A60FF9AFF4AFAB7D9DBA3E6" blockId="28.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFF4AFAB7D954A022" box="[199,257,1378,1403]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Wing</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFE98FAB4D9E5A022" box="[277,432,1376,1403]" captionStart="FIGURES 395–402" captionStartId="146.[151,264,1508,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@146.[151,1436,174,1489]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="FIGURES 395–402. Wings; 395: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), female paratype; 396: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae); 397: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 398: Loxocera cylindrica Say (Psilidae); 399: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 400: N. biguttatus Wulp; 401: Somatia aestiva (Fabricius) (Somatiidae); 402: Gobrya sp. (Gobryidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670874/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 395–398</figureCitation>
) Clear to lightly infuscated or with slight patterning, often along veins. Anal lobe and alula well-developed, sometimes slightly reduced. Cell br narrowed on distal section; costa with subcostal break; subcosta usually continuing to costa at near right angle as hyaline weakening in membrane, and sc cell past this break elongate and usually at least faintly arched, but strongly bulging in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFC1FFA18DC5EA0BE" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[914,1035,1485,1511]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
(less pronounced than state seen in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFF1AFA24D97EA355" box="[151,299,1521,1548]" class="Insecta" family="Opomyzidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Opomyzidae</taxonomicName>
); in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFED3FA24DA7DA352" authorityName="Shatalkin. Shatalkin" authorityYear="2002" box="[350,552,1521,1547]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Belobackenbardia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Belobackenbardia</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFDB4FA24DACEA352" box="[569,667,1520,1547]" captionStart="FIGURES 395–402" captionStartId="146.[151,264,1508,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@146.[151,1436,174,1489]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="FIGURES 395–402. Wings; 395: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), female paratype; 396: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae); 397: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 398: Loxocera cylindrica Say (Psilidae); 399: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 400: N. biguttatus Wulp; 401: Somatia aestiva (Fabricius) (Somatiidae); 402: Gobrya sp. (Gobryidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670874/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 395</figureCitation>
), cell sc straight and sharply narrowing apically, and subcostal vein abutting vein R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A60FF9AFECEF9F3D91EA36D" attach="left" box="[323,331,1574,1588]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">1</subScript>
on distal half (perhaps fused), indistinct apically where it is only distinct as hyaline weakening cutting across much shallower sc cell. Veins R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A60FF9AFDF5F99FDAC7A301" attach="left" box="[632,658,1610,1624]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">4+5</subScript>
and M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A60FF9AFD50F99FDAB0A301" attach="left" box="[733,741,1610,1624]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">1</subScript>
subparallel; M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A60FF9AFC06F99FDBC6A301" attach="left" box="[907,915,1610,1624]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">1</subScript>
strongly arched in some
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFB2AF9ECDD55A30A" box="[1191,1280,1593,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFA83F9ECDD03A30A" box="[1294,1366,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–9" captionStartId="93.[151,264,1819,1844]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetId="figure@93.[151,1436,193,1799]" captionTargetPageId="93" captionText="FIGURES 1–9. Figs 1–4: Chyliza leguminicola Melander (Psilidae); 1: dorsal; 2: lateral; 3: head, anterior; 4: head, dorsal. Fig. 5: Chyliza erudita Melander, lateral. Figs 6–9: Loxocera sp.; 6: dorsal; 7: lateral; 8: head, anterior; 9: head, dorsal." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670764" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670764/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 7</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFAEFF9ECDDC5A30A" box="[1378,1424,1593,1619]" captionStart="FIGURES 395–402" captionStartId="146.[151,264,1508,1533]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,174,1479]" captionTargetId="figure@146.[151,1436,174,1489]" captionTargetPageId="146" captionText="FIGURES 395–402. Wings; 395: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin (Psilidae), female paratype; 396: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae); 397: Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont) (Psilidae); 398: Loxocera cylindrica Say (Psilidae); 399: Nothybus longicollis (Walker) (Nothybidae); 400: N. biguttatus Wulp; 401: Somatia aestiva (Fabricius) (Somatiidae); 402: Gobrya sp. (Gobryidae)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670874" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670874/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">398</figureCitation>
). Cells bm and cu
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFEC3F98BD909A32E" box="[334,348,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">p</emphasis>
reaching, or nearly reaching, level of apex of R
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A60FF9AFCFAF9BADB28A324" attach="left" box="[887,893,1647,1661]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">s</subScript>
, with cell
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFC78F98BDC5AA32E" box="[1013,1039,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">cu</emphasis>
a slightly (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFB0BF988DCB7A321" box="[1158,1250,1629,1656]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
) to substantially (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFF12F954D949A3C5" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[159,284,1665,1692]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
) shorter. Vein CuA straight. M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A60FF9AFDE0F947DA20A3F9" attach="left" box="[621,629,1682,1696]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">4</subScript>
and CuA+CuP not reaching wing margin. Upper calypter with hairs long to moderate in length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A60FF9AFF4AF91FD9D6A25E" blockId="28.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFF4AF91FD8A9A3BA" box="[199,252,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Legs</emphasis>
. Hind femur of
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFE3EF91FDA48A3BA" authorityName="in Meijere" authorityYear="1941" box="[435,541,1738,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFE3EF91FDA48A3BA" box="[435,541,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
usually with patch of ventral subapical pile,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFB95F91CDCC4A3BA" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1048,1169,1737,1763]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
usually with small, microtrichose ovate pit.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A60FF9AFF4AF8C4D9EAA22A" blockId="28.[151,1437,153,2016]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFF4AF8C4D964A272" box="[199,305,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Abdomen</emphasis>
. Tergites and sternites separate, sternites not narrowed. Setae pronounced posterolaterally on tergites. Sternite 1 bare or nearly so. Spiracles
<quantity id="F244359F6A60FF9AFDB6F8E0DAD7A216" box="[571,642,1845,1871]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.016" metricValueMax="1.778" metricValueMin="0.254" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="4.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="1.0">1–7 in</quantity>
membrane, 7
<superScript id="C2C935326A60FF9AFC94F8E1DB73A21B" attach="left" box="[793,806,1844,1858]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">th</superScript>
embedded in tergite in Belobackenbardiinae; 7
<superScript id="C2C935326A60FF9AFABFF8E1DD6AA21B" attach="left" box="[1330,1343,1844,1858]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">th</superScript>
spiracle sometimes absent in male.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A60FF9BFF4AF8A8DDC8A73A" blockId="28.[151,1437,153,2016]" lastBlockId="29.[151,1437,153,1259]" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="07C844686A60FF9AFF4AF8A8D927A2CE" box="[199,370,1917,1943]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Male genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A60FF9AFE00F8A8D9B2A2CE" box="[397,487,1917,1943]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–25" captionStartId="95.[151,264,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,174,1775]" captionTargetId="figure@95.[151,1436,174,1785]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURES 19–25. Figs 19–25: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype, male abdomen; 19: segment 4 to genitalia, lateral; 20: same, ventral; 21: external genitalia, lateral; 22: same, anterior; 23: internal genitalia, ventral; 24: same, dorsal; 25: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670768/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Figs 19</figureCitation>
–39) S6 separate, symmetrical, sometimes with posteromedial emargination that may nearly divide sclerite. S8 dorsal, sometimes bare, reduced (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFCF4F874DB80A2E5" box="[889,981,1953,1980]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
) to absent (Belobackenbardiinae,
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A60FF9AFAD1F874D88AA2B9" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
); sometimes fused to T6; sometimes with additional vestiges laterally that (in part) may represent S7 (posi- tioned left laterally in other families). Epandrium and surstylus largely immobile, strongly secured to membrane laterally. Epandrium broad, shallow. Cerci simple, sometimes fused. Surstylus present or absent (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFB7EFF68DD07A581" box="[1267,1362,189,216]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
). Subepandrial sclerite absent (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFE33FF34DA69A5A2" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[446,572,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
, some
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFD02FF34DABFA5A5" box="[655,746,225,252]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
) or composed of two flat, separate lobes (large and basally confluent in Belobackenbardiinae). Hypandrium well-developed, with several medial setae (except Belobackenbardiinae); sometimes with posterolateral apodeme (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFD7FFEFCDB27A41D" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[754,882,297,324]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
); arms usually fused posterodorsally. Some
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFAFCFEFCD898A43E" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
with medial portion of hypandrium removed as floating ventral plate (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFC72FE98DC03A43E" box="[1023,1110,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURES 33" captionStartId="97.[151,264,1799,1824]" captionTargetBox="[156,1429,186,1771]" captionTargetId="figure@97.[151,1436,174,1780]" captionTargetPageId="97" captionText="FIGURES 33–39. Psila hennigi (Thompson &amp; Pont), male abdomen; 33: external terminalia and ventral plate of hypandrium, left lateral; 34: sternites 6–8 and ventral plate of hypandrium, ventral; 35: external genitalia, posterior; 36: same, anterior; 37: sternites 1–2; 38: internal genitalia, ventral (note central portion of hypandrium is a separate “hypandrial plate” that floats ventrally next to S6; the phallapodeme is partially fused to the remaining lateral arms of the hypandrium); 39: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670772" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670772/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 33</figureCitation>
–34), with phallapodeme assuming its original position to form “phallapodemic plate” (see Figs 38–39); phallapodeme otherwise rod-like, sometimes folded longitudinally (Belobackenbardiinae;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFC98FE40DB3CA4F6" box="[789,873,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–25" captionStartId="95.[151,264,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,174,1775]" captionTargetId="figure@95.[151,1436,174,1785]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURES 19–25. Figs 19–25: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype, male abdomen; 19: segment 4 to genitalia, lateral; 20: same, ventral; 21: external genitalia, lateral; 22: same, anterior; 23: internal genitalia, ventral; 24: same, dorsal; 25: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670768/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
), sometimes widened near base (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFB69FE40DD37A4F6" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1252,1378,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFAFDFE40D8E0A48A" captionStart="FIGURES 26–32" captionStartId="96.[151,264,1778,1803]" captionTargetBox="[160,1433,182,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,174,1759]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURES 26–32. Figs 26–32: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae), male abdomen; 26: segment 6 to genitalia, ventral; 27: same, lateral; 28: external genitalia, lateral; 29: same, anterior; 30: segments 1–5, ventral; 31: internal genitalia, ventral; 32: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670770/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
), sometimes fused to remainder of hypandrium to form broad, flat plate that may be flat, folded, curved, Tshaped or bifurcate (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFE08FE08D9B6A4AE" box="[389,483,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
; Fig. 38). Pregonite thin and band-like (
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFC39FE08DC67A4AE" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[948,1074,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
;
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFBCCFE08DCC1A4AE" box="[1089,1172,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURES 26–32" captionStartId="96.[151,264,1778,1803]" captionTargetBox="[160,1433,182,1751]" captionTargetId="figure@96.[151,1436,174,1759]" captionTargetPageId="96" captionText="FIGURES 26–32. Figs 26–32: Chyliza notata Loew (Psilidae), male abdomen; 26: segment 6 to genitalia, ventral; 27: same, lateral; 28: external genitalia, lateral; 29: same, anterior; 30: segments 1–5, ventral; 31: internal genitalia, ventral; 32: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670770" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670770/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 31</figureCitation>
) to large and lobe-like (Belobackenbardiinae (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFE2EFDD4D9A8A742" box="[419,509,512,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 19–25" captionStartId="95.[151,264,1804,1829]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,174,1775]" captionTargetId="figure@95.[151,1436,174,1785]" captionTargetPageId="95" captionText="FIGURES 19–25. Figs 19–25: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype, male abdomen; 19: segment 4 to genitalia, lateral; 20: same, ventral; 21: external genitalia, lateral; 22: same, anterior; 23: internal genitalia, ventral; 24: same, dorsal; 25: same, left lateral." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670768/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
),
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFD95FDD4DA24A742" box="[536,625,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 38)); sometimes absent. Postgonite absent. Epiphallus absent. Phallus composed of fused basiphallus and distiphallus; shape flat and linear, bifid, pouch-like or globose; sometimes fused to base of phallapodeme. Ejaculatory apodeme very small with duct sometimes extremely widened.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A61FF9BFF4AFDB8DDC3A16E" blockId="29.[151,1437,153,1259]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="07C844686A61FF9BFF4AFDB8D9D3A7DE" box="[199,390,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Female genitalia</emphasis>
. (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFE11FDB8DA49A7D1" box="[412,540,621,648]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–46" captionStartId="98.[151,264,1663,1688]" captionTargetBox="[163,1429,188,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[151,1436,174,1644]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURES 40–46. Fig 40: Loxocera collaris Loew (Psilidae), female sternites 1–2. Figs 41–44: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype female abdomen; 41: sternite 6 to cerci, left lateral; 42: same, ventral; 43: same, dorsal; 44: internal genitalia. Fig. 45: Loxocera cylindrica Say, female internal genitalia. Fig. 46: Chyliza notata Loew, female internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670774/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 40–46</figureCitation>
) Membrane between segments 7 and 8 long, narrow, only short and unmodified in Belobackenbardiinae (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFE21FD44DA78A7F2" box="[428,557,657,683]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–46" captionStartId="98.[151,264,1663,1688]" captionTargetBox="[163,1429,188,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[151,1436,174,1644]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURES 40–46. Fig 40: Loxocera collaris Loew (Psilidae), female sternites 1–2. Figs 41–44: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype female abdomen; 41: sternite 6 to cerci, left lateral; 42: same, ventral; 43: same, dorsal; 44: internal genitalia. Fig. 45: Loxocera cylindrica Say, female internal genitalia. Fig. 46: Chyliza notata Loew, female internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670774/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Figs 41–43</figureCitation>
). Except for Belobackenbardiinae, segments 8 and 10 narrow, telescoped within segment 7 at rest, with minute longitudinal grooves; these segments usually distinct from each other, with segment 8 longer and sclerites sometimes divided longitudinally; S8 and T8 mostly undifferentiated; Belobackenbardiinae with S8 narrow and T8 high, laterally compressed.
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFD59FD2BDB6BA64E" authorityName="in Meijere" authorityYear="1941" box="[724,830,766,791]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Loxocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A61FF9BFD59FD2BDB6BA64E" box="[724,830,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Loxocera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
abdomen variably modified apically, including lateral compression past segment 6. Cerci short, separate to mostly fused, subcylindrical to compressed; sometimes fused to T10; lateral peg-like sensillae absent in
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFDFDFC90DC5FA606" authority=", Belobackenbardiinae" authorityName="Belobackenbardiinae" box="[624,1034,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" genus="Electrochyliza" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="07C844686A61FF9BFDFDFC90DB42A606" box="[624,791,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Electrochyliza,</emphasis>
Belobackenbardiinae
</taxonomicName>
and some
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFB0FFC90DC8BA606" box="[1154,1246,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
. Internal components weakly sclerotized and unpigmented (base partially so in Belobackenbardiinae on spermatheca (duct?) and accessory glands); Belobackenbardiinae (
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFDE8FC58DAE3A6FE" box="[613,694,909,935]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–46" captionStartId="98.[151,264,1663,1688]" captionTargetBox="[163,1429,188,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[151,1436,174,1644]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURES 40–46. Fig 40: Loxocera collaris Loew (Psilidae), female sternites 1–2. Figs 41–44: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype female abdomen; 41: sternite 6 to cerci, left lateral; 42: same, ventral; 43: same, dorsal; 44: internal genitalia. Fig. 45: Loxocera cylindrica Say, female internal genitalia. Fig. 46: Chyliza notata Loew, female internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670774/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
) with spermathecae and ducts represented by short narrow, basally pigmented tubules, ventral receptacle perhaps represented by cluster of subspherical swellings apically;
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFAAEFC64DDC9A692" baseAuthorityName="Rondani" baseAuthorityYear="1876" box="[1315,1436,945,971]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chylizinae">Chylizinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFF2DFC00D8A4A6A9" box="[160,241,981,1008]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–46" captionStartId="98.[151,264,1663,1688]" captionTargetBox="[163,1429,188,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[151,1436,174,1644]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURES 40–46. Fig 40: Loxocera collaris Loew (Psilidae), female sternites 1–2. Figs 41–44: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype female abdomen; 41: sternite 6 to cerci, left lateral; 42: same, ventral; 43: same, dorsal; 44: internal genitalia. Fig. 45: Loxocera cylindrica Say, female internal genitalia. Fig. 46: Chyliza notata Loew, female internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670774/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 46</figureCitation>
) with spermathecae sac-like, distal section of duct wider with basal grooves, and ventral receptacle (or accessory gland?) flagellar with filamentous apical tubule;
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFCAFFC2CDB2EA14A" box="[802,891,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Psilinae">Psilinae</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="AD8784FF6A61FF9BFC06FC2CDB8AA14A" box="[907,991,1016,1043]" captionStart="FIGURES 40–46" captionStartId="98.[151,264,1663,1688]" captionTargetBox="[163,1429,188,1632]" captionTargetId="figure@98.[151,1436,174,1644]" captionTargetPageId="98" captionText="FIGURES 40–46. Fig 40: Loxocera collaris Loew (Psilidae), female sternites 1–2. Figs 41–44: Belobackenbardia cornicula Shatalkin, paratype female abdomen; 41: sternite 6 to cerci, left lateral; 42: same, ventral; 43: same, dorsal; 44: internal genitalia. Fig. 45: Loxocera cylindrica Say, female internal genitalia. Fig. 46: Chyliza notata Loew, female internal genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3670774" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3670774/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
) genitalia of uncertain homology, with spermathecae perhaps reduced to apical swellings on widened genital chamber, and ventral receptacle not evident.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3503987A6A61FF9BFF4AFB94DAC1A1B2" blockId="29.[151,1437,153,1259]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="07C844686A61FF9BFF4AFB94D9BCA102" box="[199,489,1089,1115]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Variation—Electrochyliza</emphasis>
(fossil). Differs from other
<taxonomicName id="F2BCE3F96A61FF9BFCAFFB94DB2EA102" authorityName="Macquart" authorityYear="1835" box="[802,891,1089,1115]" class="Insecta" family="Psilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Psilidae</taxonomicName>
as follows: frons with minute longitudinal wrinkles following angle of ocellar triangle, which does not attain anterior margin; ventral facial plate, semicircular, height ¼ medial width, with two transverse striations; M
<subScript id="A9389A3F6A61FF9BFCA0FB4FDB60A1F1" attach="left" box="[813,821,1178,1192]" fontSize="6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">1</subScript>
shallowly arched; longitudinal grooves on ovipositor apparently absent.The following structures could not be observed: thoracic sternites, postabdominal spiracles, surstylus and male and female internal genitalia.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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