treatments-xml/data/B8/13/97/B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-9-e69374" ID-Pensoft-UUID="91A33656E61E53B589978E006B8050B6" ModsDocID="1314-2828-9-e69374" checkinTime="1629125362331" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Verhaegen, Gerlien, Cimoli, Emiliano &amp; Lindsay, Dhugal" docDate="2021" docId="B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 9: e69374" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 9" docPubDate="2021-08-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374" docTitle="Solmundella bitentaculata" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="91A33656E61E53B589978E006B8050B6" lastPageNumber="69374" masterDocId="91A33656E61E53B589978E006B8050B6" masterDocTitle="Life beneath the ice: jellyfish and ctenophores from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with an image-based training set for machine learning" masterLastPageNumber="69374" masterPageNumber="69374" pageNumber="69374" updateTime="1629125362331" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>Life beneath the ice: jellyfish and ctenophores from the Ross Sea, Antarctica, with an image-based training set for machine learning</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Verhaegen, Gerlien</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8942-8112</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Advanced Science-Technology Research (ASTER) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">gerlienverhaegen@hotmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cimoli, Emiliano</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7964-2716</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia &amp; Discipline of Geography and Spatial Sciences, School of Technology, Environments and Design, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lindsay, Dhugal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Advanced Science-Technology Research (ASTER) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-08-16</mods:number>
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<mods:number>9</mods:number>
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<taxonomicName LSID="B8139797-14CE-5599-9F80-7BBBE4F716DB" authority="(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmundaeginidae" genus="Solmundella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solmundella bitentaculata" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">Solmundella bitentaculata (Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833)</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Materials</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-11-27" collectingMethod="NIKON D 500 camera equipped with a TAMRON SP 90 mm F 2.8 Di Macro VC USD F 017 N lens" collectorName="Identification, Dhugal Lindsay, Event, Di Macro VC, Record Level, StillImage, Emiliano Cimoli" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" determinerName="Dhugal Lindsay" latitude="-77.637" location="Occurrence" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Type status:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2018-11-27" collectingMethod="NIKON D 500 camera equipped with a TAMRON SP 90 mm F 2.8 Di Macro VC USD F 017 N lens" collectorName="Identification, Dhugal Lindsay, Event, Di Macro VC, Record Level, StillImage, Emiliano Cimoli" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" determinerName="Dhugal Lindsay" latitude="-77.637" location="Occurrence" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Other material">
<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Other material</typeStatus>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:9447D39C9234BBC522A1377841956697" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Occurrence">Occurrence</location>
:
</emphasis>
individualID: MCMEC2018_ 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:AA2A2B10DA9A8EE8E5689570755655B6" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Solmundella">Solmundella</location>
_bitentaculata_a; lifeStage: 
<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">adult</specimenType>
; associatedMedia: http://morphobank.org/permalink/?P3993; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:513FCFD4E15D245D54752DC21AC5CB01" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Taxon">Taxon</location>
:
</emphasis>
scientificName: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:D2283461894A1903C3D4871D99961A40" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Solmundella">Solmundella</location>
bitentaculata; kingdom: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:C7B3425462EFD838553B961ED29E0CD6" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Animalia">Animalia</location>
; phylum: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:E4E048750EB215761093C019BBA852C0" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</location>
; class: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:F1FF164AA02D1C54984EBD5FDFD1596D" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Hydrozoa">Hydrozoa</location>
; order: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:CBDCB3640D6570B9D08C32D1884394EB" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Narcomedusae">Narcomedusae</location>
; family: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:EA0FEDDF98E0E84BEE513BE33951AB07" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Solmundaeginidae">Solmundaeginidae</location>
; genus: 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B813979714CE55999F807BBBE4F716DB:B3D530E151CBBD570A486769E05A7B46" country="Antarctica" county="McMurdo Sound" latitude="-77.637" longitude="166.401" municipality="Location" name="Solmundella">Solmundella</location>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectingMunicipality>Location</collectingMunicipality>
:
</emphasis>
continent: 
<collectingCountry name="Antarctica">Antarctica</collectingCountry>
; waterBody: 
<collectingCounty>McMurdo Sound</collectingCounty>
; maximumElevationInMeters: 1; decimalLatitude: 
<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" value="-77.637">-77.637</geoCoordinate>
; decimalLongitude: 
<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" value="166.401">166.401</geoCoordinate>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Identification</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
identifiedBy: 
<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Dhugal Lindsay</collectorName>
</determinerName>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Event</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
samplingProtocol: 
<collectingMethod pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
NIKON D500 camera equipped with a TAMRON SP 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" unit="mm" value="90.0">90mm</quantity>
F2.8 
<collectorName>Di Macro VC</collectorName>
USD F017N lens
</collectingMethod>
; eventDate: 
<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" value="2018-11-27">2018-11-27</collectingDate>
; 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
<collectorName>Record Level</collectorName>
:
</emphasis>
type: 
<collectorName>StillImage</collectorName>
; language: en; rightsHolder: 
<collectorName>Emiliano Cimoli</collectorName>
</materialsCitation>
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Cosmopolitan (
<bibRefCitation author="Neppi, V" journalOrPublisher="Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Instituten der Universitaet Wien und der Zoologischen Station in Triest." pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049794" refString="OBIS Ocean Biodiversity Information System. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO www.iobis.org 2020-11-11T00:00:00+02:00" year="1913">OBIS 2020</bibRefCitation>
). In the Southern Ocean: in the McMurdo Sound (
<bibRefCitation author="Foster, Brian A." journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="431 - 435" refId="B7049023" refString="Foster, Brian A., 1989. Time and depth comparisons of sub-ice zooplankton in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Polar Biology 9 (7): 431 - 435" title="Time and depth comparisons of sub-ice zooplankton in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica" volume="9" year="1989">Foster 1989</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Larson, R. J." journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="19 - 25" refId="B7049163" refString="Larson, R. J., Harbison, G. R., 1990. Medusae from Mcmurdo Sound, Ross Sea including the descriptions of two new species, Leuckartiara brownei and Benthocodon hyalinus. Polar Biology 11 (1): 19 - 25" title="Medusae from Mcmurdo Sound, Ross Sea including the descriptions of two new species, Leuckartiara brownei and Benthocodon hyalinus" volume="11" year="1990">Larson and Harbison 1990</bibRefCitation>
), in the Bellingshausen Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp, Paul Lassenius" journalOrPublisher="University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7048723" refString="Kramp, Paul Lassenius, 1957. Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections. University Press, Cambridge" title="Hydromedusae from the Discovery collections" year="1957">Kramp 1957a</bibRefCitation>
), Croker Passage (
<bibRefCitation author="Panasiuk-Chodnicka, Anna A." journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1131 - 1143" refId="B7048269" refString="Panasiuk-Chodnicka, Anna A., Zmijewska, Maria I., 2010. Cnidaria from the Croker Passage (Antarctic Peninsula) with a special focus on Siphonophorae. Polar Biology 33 (8): 1131 - 1143" title="Cnidaria from the Croker Passage (Antarctic Peninsula) with a special focus on Siphonophorae" volume="33" year="2010">
Panasiuk-Chodnicka and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Żmijewska">Zmijewska</normalizedToken>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), in the Weddell Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Pages, Francesc" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Marine Systems" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="231 - 248" refId="B7049573" refString="Pages, Francesc, Schnack-Schiel, Sigrid B., 1996. Distribution patterns of the mesozooplankton, principally siphonophores and medusae, in the vicinity of the Antarctic Slope Front (eastern Weddell Sea). Journal of Marine Systems 9 (3-4): 231 - 248" title="Distribution patterns of the mesozooplankton, principally siphonophores and medusae, in the vicinity of the Antarctic Slope Front (eastern Weddell Sea)" volume="9" year="1996">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pagès">Pages</normalizedToken>
and Schnack-Schiel 1996
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Grossmann, Mary M" journalOrPublisher="Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049467" refString="Grossmann, Mary M, 2010. A study of the gelatinous mesozooplankton (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) of Eastern Antarctica, summer 2008. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris" title="A study of the gelatinous mesozooplankton (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) of Eastern Antarctica, summer 2008" year="2010">Grossmann 2010</bibRefCitation>
), in Prydz Bay (
<bibRefCitation author="Hosie, G" journalOrPublisher="Australian Antarctic Data Centre" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049810" refString="Hosie, G, 2012. Nella Dan: SIBEX II Cruise - Krill and zooplankton data. Australian Antarctic Data Centre" title="Nella Dan: SIBEX II Cruise - Krill and zooplankton data" year="2012">Hosie 2012</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Hosie, G" journalOrPublisher="Australian Antarctic Division" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049802" refString="Hosie, G, 1999. Nella Dan: AAMBER Cruise - Zooplankton and Krill data. Australian Antarctic Division" title="Nella Dan: AAMBER Cruise - Zooplankton and Krill data" year="1999">Hosie 1999c</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Hosie, G" journalOrPublisher="Australian Antarctic Data Centre" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049778" refString="Hosie, G, 1999. Aurora Australis Voyage 7 (KROCK) 1992-93 Zooplankton Data. Australian Antarctic Data Centre" title="Aurora Australis Voyage 7 (KROCK) 1992 - 93 Zooplankton Data" year="1999">Hosie 1999a</bibRefCitation>
), off 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Adélie">Adelie</normalizedToken>
Land (
<bibRefCitation author="Toda, Ryoji" journalOrPublisher="Polar Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="269 - 289" refId="B7048558" refString="Toda, Ryoji, Lindsay, Dhugal J., Fuentes, Veronica L., Moteki, Masato, 2014. Community structure of pelagic cnidarians off Adelie Land, East Antarctica, during austral summer 2008. Polar Biology 37 (2): 269 - 289" title="Community structure of pelagic cnidarians off Adelie Land, East Antarctica, during austral summer 2008" volume="37" year="2014">Toda et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
) and eastern Southern Ocean (south of 35°S, between 15°W and 160°E) (
<bibRefCitation author="Navas-Pereira, D" journalOrPublisher="Pesquisa Antartica Brasileira" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="101 - 141" refId="B7049709" refString="Navas-Pereira, D, Vannucci, M, 1990. Antarctic Hydromedusae and Water Masses. Pesquisa Antartica Brasileira 2 (1): 101 - 141" title="Antarctic Hydromedusae and Water Masses" volume="2" year="1990">Navas-Pereira and Vannucci 1990</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Original description after 
<bibRefCitation author="Quoy, J R C" journalOrPublisher="Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7048433" refString="Quoy, J R C, Gaimard, J P, 1833. Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe: execute par ordre du roi, pendant les annees 1826-1827-1828-1829. Paris" title="Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe: execute par ordre du roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829." year="1833">Quoy and Gaimard (1833)</bibRefCitation>
(basionym 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" authorityYear="1833" class="Cubozoa" family="Carybdeidae" genus="Carybdea" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carybdea bitentaculata" order="Carybdeida" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Carybdea bitentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
A): umbrella consisting of two parts, with a heart-like, marquee-shaped upper part and a more flared, undulated (i.e. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“limbe”">&quot;limbe&quot;</normalizedToken>
in the original French version), lower part; two thin, long, rigid tentacles, with inside looking hollow, bending like horns and leaving from the junction between the two umbrella parts, penetrating deep inside the umbrella; large stomach, located deep in the umbrella, harbouring eight manubrial pouches; colour of the bottom of the medusa white or a red-gold yellow; colour of the tentacles reddish at the tip, greenish in the middle. Type locality: Ambon Bay, Indonesia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Additional information from specimens from the Southern Ocean: There is currently only one species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Haeckel" authorityYear="1879" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmundaeginidae" genus="Solmundella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solmundella" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Solmundella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though historically they were long dissociated into the species 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bitentaculata" order="Leptomedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">S. bitentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1833) and 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. mediterranea" order="Leptomedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
, 1851), which were subsequently synonymised (
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp, Paul Lassenius" journalOrPublisher="Danish Science Press" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="239 - 324" refId="B7049045" refString="Kramp, Paul Lassenius, 1955. The medusae of the Tropical West Coast of Africa. Danish Science Press 3: 239 - 324" title="The medusae of the Tropical West Coast of Africa" volume="3" year="1955">Kramp 1955</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Thiel, M E" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher: Abteilungfur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 92" refId="B7048531" refString="Thiel, M E, 1936. Systematische Studien an den Trachylinae der Meteorexpedition, zugleich ein Beitrag zu einer Revision der Trachylinae. Zoologische Jahrbucher : Abteilungfur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 69: 1 - 92" title="Systematische Studien an den Trachylinae der Meteorexpedition, zugleich ein Beitrag zu einer Revision der Trachylinae" volume="69" year="1936">Thiel 1936</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp, P. L." journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="7 - 382" refId="B7049299" refString="Kramp, P. L., 1961. Synopsis of the Medusae of the World. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 40: 7 - 382" title="Synopsis of the Medusae of the World" volume="40" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
). From 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">McMurdo Sound</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Browne, E T" journalOrPublisher="Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B7050623" refString="Browne, E T, 1910. Coelenterata V. Medusae. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904. Natural History 5: 1 - 62" title="Coelenterata V. Medusae. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904" volume="5" year="1910">Browne 1910</bibRefCitation>
), reported as &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. mediterranea" order="Leptomedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
&quot;, umbrella (up to seven mm wide) little broader than high, with a rather flat top, about on the level of the exit of the tentacles. Many small clusters of ectodermal cells scattered over the ex-umbrella, especially noticeable near the margin of the umbrella, containing many well-defined granules and generally harboured amongst those cells are a number of nematocysts. Four peronial grooves in the wall of the umbrella, cutting deep into the jelly at the margin of the umbrella, but of variable length and depth, with very conspicuous rudimentary grooves in each of the perradii without tentacles. The peronial band in each of the perradii without tentacles, runs alongside the sub-umbrella and turns off at the level of the stomach to the ex-umbrella, where there is a small funnel-shaped pit, showing a fair amount of variation. Gonads confined to the pouches of the stomach, but can extend over the lower part of to the stomach, nearly up to the mouth. Mouth circular. Tentacles 4-7 times as long as the umbrella diameter, of max. 40 mm in length. Margin of the umbrella invariably curled up. Up to eight sensory organs. Four minute interradial bulbs on the margin; from 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Gauss Station</emphasis>
as 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bitentaculata" order="Leptomedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">S. bitentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, up to nine mm in diameter, one sensory organ (i.e. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“Sinneshöcker”">&quot;Sinneshoecker&quot;</normalizedToken>
in the German original version) per quadrant, flanked by two or three rhopali [sic] (
<bibRefCitation author="Vanhoeffen, Ernst" journalOrPublisher="Deutsche Suedpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="351 - 395" refId="B7350690" refString="Vanhoeffen, Ernst, 1912. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition 1901-1903. Deutsche Suedpolar-Expedition 1901-1903 Zoologie 5 (I): 351 - 395" title="Die Craspedoten Medusen der Deutschen Suedpolar-Expedition 1901 - 1903" volume="Zoologie 5" year="1912">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Vanhöffen">Vanhoeffen</normalizedToken>
1912
</bibRefCitation>
) (DL comment: probably a mis-interpretation and there was actually one tentacle bulb per quadrant, flanked by two or three statocysts).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Additional information from specimens from outside the Southern Ocean: 
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Quoy &amp; Gaimard" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmundaeginidae" genus="Solmundella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solmundella bitentaculata" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Solmundella bitentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a cosmopolitan species, which may actually be composed of multiple cryptic species (
<bibRefCitation author="Lindsay, Dhugal John" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biology Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="494 - 512" refId="B7048446" refString="Lindsay, Dhugal John, Grossmann, Mary Matilda, Bentlage, Bastian, Collins, Allen Gilbert, Minemizu, Ryo, Hopcroft, Russell Ross, Miyake, Hiroshi, Hidaka-Umetsu, Mitsuko, Nishikawa, Jun, 2017. The perils of online biogeographic databases: a case study with the 'monospecific' genus Aegina (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Narcomedusae). Marine Biology Research 13 (5): 494 - 512" title="The perils of online biogeographic databases: a case study with the ' monospecific' genus Aegina (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Narcomedusae)" volume="13" year="2017">Lindsay et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
). We, therefore, only give here a non-exhaustive list of descriptions of specimens from localities outside the Southern Ocean: in the 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Mediterranean Sea</emphasis>
as 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Muller" authorityYear="1851" class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmundaeginidae" genus="Aeginopsis" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aeginopsis mediterranea" order="Narcomedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Aeginopsis mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Mueller, J" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="272 - 277" refId="B7048315" refString="Mueller, J, 1851. Ueber eine eigenthuemliche Meduse des Mittelmeeres und ihren Jugendzustand. Archiv fuer Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin 1851: 272 - 277" title="Ueber eine eigenthuemliche Meduse des Mittelmeeres und ihren Jugendzustand" volume="1851" year="1851">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
1851
</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
E) and 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. mediterranea" order="Leptomedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Metchnikoff, Elie" journalOrPublisher="A. Holder, Vienna" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7048211" refString="Metchnikoff, Elie, 1886. Embryologische Studien an Medusen: Ein Beitrag zur Genealogie der Primitiv-organe. A. Holder, Vienna" title="Embryologische Studien an Medusen: Ein Beitrag zur Genealogie der Primitiv-organe" year="1886">Metchnikoff 1886</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August" journalOrPublisher="Das system der Medusen: erster theil einer Monographie der Medusen" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049392" refString="Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August, 1879. . Das system der Medusen: erster theil einer Monographie der Medusen 1" volume="1" year="1879">Haeckel 1879</bibRefCitation>
) and in the Adriatic Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Neppi, V" journalOrPublisher="Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Instituten der Universitaet Wien und der Zoologischen Station in Triest." pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7048789" refString="Neppi, V, Stiasny, G, 1913. . Arbeiten aus dem Zoologischen Instituten der Universitaet Wien und der Zoologischen Station in Triest. 20" volume="20" year="1913">Neppi and Stiasny 1913</bibRefCitation>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Atlantic Ocean</emphasis>
: Canary Islands as 
<taxonomicName class="Malacostraca" family="Caprellidae" genus="Aeginella" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Aeginella bitentaculata" order="Amphipoda" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Aeginella bitentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August" journalOrPublisher="Das system der Medusen: erster theil einer Monographie der Medusen" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049392" refString="Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich Philipp August, 1879. . Das system der Medusen: erster theil einer Monographie der Medusen 1" volume="1" year="1879">Haeckel 1879</bibRefCitation>
), West Africa (only size of specimens given) (
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp, Paul Lassenius" journalOrPublisher="Expedition oceanographique belge dans les eaux cotieres africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948 - 49)" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7048894" refString="Kramp, Paul Lassenius, 1959. . Expedition oceanographique belge dans les eaux cotieres africaines de l'Atlantique Sud (1948-49) 3" volume="3" year="1959">Kramp 1959</bibRefCitation>
), Florida current as 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" family="Solmundaeginidae" genus="Solmundella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Solmundella henseni" order="Siphonophorae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="henseni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Solmundella henseni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, Otto" journalOrPublisher="Lipsius &amp; Tischer, Kiel &amp; Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7048353" refString="Maas, Otto, 1893. Die craspedoten Medusen. Lipsius &amp; Tischer, Kiel &amp; Leipzig" title="Die craspedoten Medusen" year="1893">Maas 1893</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
G), Tortugas, Florida (
<bibRefCitation author="Mayer, Alfred Goldsborough" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 230" refId="B7350578" refString="Mayer, Alfred Goldsborough, 1910. Medusae of the World. Volume I The Hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington 109: 1 - 230" title="Medusae of the World. Volume I The Hydromedusae" volume="109" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
D), in Straits of Florida (
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow, B" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zooelogy at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="365 - 442" refId="B7350335" refString="Bigelow, B, 1918. Some Medusae and Siphonophorae from the western Atlantic. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zooelogy at Harvard College LXII (8): 365 - 442" title="Some Medusae and Siphonophorae from the western Atlantic" volume="LXII" year="1918">Bigelow 1918</bibRefCitation>
) and middle and Southern Atlantic (between the latitudes 12°N - 63°S and longitudes 68°W - 21°E) (
<bibRefCitation author="Thiel, M E" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Jahrbucher: Abteilungfur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 92" refId="B7048531" refString="Thiel, M E, 1936. Systematische Studien an den Trachylinae der Meteorexpedition, zugleich ein Beitrag zu einer Revision der Trachylinae. Zoologische Jahrbucher : Abteilungfur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 69: 1 - 92" title="Systematische Studien an den Trachylinae der Meteorexpedition, zugleich ein Beitrag zu einer Revision der Trachylinae" volume="69" year="1936">Thiel 1936</bibRefCitation>
); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Pacific Ocean</emphasis>
: Indonesia (
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, O" journalOrPublisher="Siboga- Expeditie" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 84" refId="B7049076" refString="Maas, O, 1905. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga- Expeditie 10: 1 - 84" title="Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Expedition." volume="10" year="1905">Maas 1905</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
B), Sea of Okhotsk and East China Sea (size only) (
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow, Henry B" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 119" refId="B7350361" refString="Bigelow, Henry B, 1913. Medusae and Siphonophorae collected by the U.S. fisheries steamer &quot;Albatross&quot; in the Northwestern Pacific, 1906. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 44 (1946): 1 - 119" title="Medusae and Siphonophorae collected by the U. S. fisheries steamer &quot; Albatross &quot; in the Northwestern Pacific, 1906." volume="44" year="1913">Bigelow 1913</bibRefCitation>
), Yellow Sea (
<bibRefCitation author="Ling, S-W" journalOrPublisher="Peking Natural History Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="351 - 365" refId="B7048371" refString="Ling, S-W, 1937. Studies on Chinese Hydrozoa. I. On some Hydromedusae from the Chekiano Coast. Peking Natural History Bulletin 2 (4): 351 - 365" title="Studies on Chinese Hydrozoa. I. On some Hydromedusae from the Chekiano Coast" volume="2" year="1937">Ling 1937</bibRefCitation>
), Japan (
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="73 - 97" refId="B7049818" refString="Uchida, T, 1928. Studies on Japanese Hydromedusae. 2. Trachomedusae and Narcomedusae. Japanese Journal of Zoology 2 (1): 73 - 97" title="Studies on Japanese Hydromedusae. 2. Trachomedusae and Narcomedusae." volume="2" year="1928">Uchida 1928</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
F), north-east Australia (size only) (
<bibRefCitation author="Blackburn, M" journalOrPublisher="Marine and Freshwater Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="410 - 428" refId="B7049280" refString="Blackburn, M, 1955. Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae of South-East Australian Waters. Marine and Freshwater Research 6 (3): 410 - 428" title="Trachymedusae and Narcomedusae of South-East Australian Waters" volume="6" year="1955">Blackburn 1955</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp, P L" journalOrPublisher="Acta Universitatis Lundensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7049114" refString="Kramp, P L, 1953. Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928-29 Scientific Reports Volume 6 1938-1958." title="Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928 - 29 Scientific Reports Volume 6 1938 - 1958" year="1953">Kramp 1953</bibRefCitation>
), Chile (size only) (
<bibRefCitation author="Kramp, P L" journalOrPublisher="Acta Universitatis Lundensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 19" refId="B7350490" refString="Kramp, P L, 1952. Medusae collected by the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948-49. Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948-49. Acta Universitatis Lundensis 47 (7): 1 - 19" title="Medusae collected by the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948 - 49. Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948 - 49." volume="47" year="1952">Kramp 1952</bibRefCitation>
) and Eastern Pacific (
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow, Henry B" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 243" refId="B7049136" refString="Bigelow, Henry B, 1909. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer &quot;Albatross&quot;, from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. The Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243" title="Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. The Medusae." volume="37" year="1909">Bigelow 1909</bibRefCitation>
) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
C); 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">Indian Ocean</emphasis>
: Chagos Archipelago and Seychelles as 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. mediterranea" order="Leptomedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="mediterranea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">S. mediterranea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Browne, E T" journalOrPublisher="Second Series- Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="171 - 210" refId="B7048885" refString="Browne, E T, 1916. Medusae from the Indian Ocean. Second Series- Zoology XVII: 171 - 210" title="Medusae from the Indian Ocean" volume="XVII" year="1916">Browne 1916</bibRefCitation>
) and off Madras, India (
<bibRefCitation author="Menon, M G K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, new series, Natural History Section" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 32" refId="B7049329" refString="Menon, M G K, 1932. The Hydromedusae of Madras. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, new series, Natural History Section 3 (2): 1 - 32" title="The Hydromedusae of Madras." volume="3" year="1932">Menon 1932</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">
Characteristics of the observed material differing with previous descriptions (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
G-I): N = 1 in 2018. The shape of the bell (height 2/3 of width) was similar to the original description (i.e. upper marquee-shaped part and lower flatter part) (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
A) and, therefore, also similar to the drawings of 
<bibRefCitation author="Maas, O" journalOrPublisher="Siboga- Expeditie" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 84" refId="B7049076" refString="Maas, O, 1905. Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Expedition. Siboga- Expeditie 10: 1 - 84" title="Die Craspedoten Medusen der Siboga-Expedition." volume="10" year="1905">Maas (1905)</bibRefCitation>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
B, from Indonesia) and 
<bibRefCitation author="Mayer, Alfred Goldsborough" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 230" refId="B7350578" refString="Mayer, Alfred Goldsborough, 1910. Medusae of the World. Volume I The Hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington 109: 1 - 230" title="Medusae of the World. Volume I The Hydromedusae" volume="109" year="1910">Mayer (1910)</bibRefCitation>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
D, Florida), but differed from the rounder bell shape drawn by 
<bibRefCitation author="Mueller, J" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="272 - 277" refId="B7048315" refString="Mueller, J, 1851. Ueber eine eigenthuemliche Meduse des Mittelmeeres und ihren Jugendzustand. Archiv fuer Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin 1851: 272 - 277" title="Ueber eine eigenthuemliche Meduse des Mittelmeeres und ihren Jugendzustand" volume="1851" year="1851">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müller">Mueller</normalizedToken>
(1851)
</bibRefCitation>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
E, Mediterranean Sea), by 
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="73 - 97" refId="B7049818" refString="Uchida, T, 1928. Studies on Japanese Hydromedusae. 2. Trachomedusae and Narcomedusae. Japanese Journal of Zoology 2 (1): 73 - 97" title="Studies on Japanese Hydromedusae. 2. Trachomedusae and Narcomedusae." volume="2" year="1928">Uchida (1928)</bibRefCitation>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
F, Japan) and the photograph in 
<bibRefCitation author="Bigelow, Henry B" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 243" refId="B7049136" refString="Bigelow, Henry B, 1909. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer &quot;Albatross&quot;, from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. The Medusae. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 37: 1 - 243" title="Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to the eastern tropical Pacific, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer &quot; Albatross &quot;, from October, 1904, to March, 1905. XVI. The Medusae." volume="37" year="1909">Bigelow (1909)</bibRefCitation>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F7048105" captionText="Figure 4. Solmundella bitentaculata. A. Drawing from the original description as Carybdea bitentaculata from Indonesia (Quoy and Gaimard 1833); B. Drawing of another specimen from Indonesia (Maas 1905); C. Photographed specimen from Eastern Pacific (bell diameter 3.5 mm) (Bigelow 1909); D. Drawing of a female specimen as Solmundella mediterranea from Florida (Mayer 1910); E. Drawing of a specimen as Aeginopsis mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea (Mueller 1851); F. Drawing of a specimen from Japan (height 8.5 mm) (Uchida 1928); G. Drawing of a specimen as Solmundella henseni from Florida (Maas 1893); H-I. Specimen MCMEC 2018 _ Solmundella _ bitentaculata _ a observed on 27 / 11 / 2018: lateral view (H) and oral-lateral view (I). I-J photos courtesy: E. Cimoli." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.9.e69374.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/538690" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">4</figureCitation>
C, Eastern Pacific). Length of tentacles ca. four times bell height. Our specimen had stomach pouches showing jagged edges, whereas the shape of the stomach pouches of all previously described 
<taxonomicName class="Hydrozoa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="S. bitentaculata" order="Leptomedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="bitentaculata">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374">S. bitentaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and synonyms was either omitted (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Menon, M G K" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, new series, Natural History Section" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 32" refId="B7049329" refString="Menon, M G K, 1932. The Hydromedusae of Madras. Bulletin of the Madras Government Museum, new series, Natural History Section 3 (2): 1 - 32" title="The Hydromedusae of Madras." volume="3" year="1932">Menon 1932</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Browne, E T" journalOrPublisher="Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B7050623" refString="Browne, E T, 1910. Coelenterata V. Medusae. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904. Natural History 5: 1 - 62" title="Coelenterata V. Medusae. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904" volume="5" year="1910">Browne 1910</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Quoy, J R C" journalOrPublisher="Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" refId="B7048433" refString="Quoy, J R C, Gaimard, J P, 1833. Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe: execute par ordre du roi, pendant les annees 1826-1827-1828-1829. Paris" title="Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe: execute par ordre du roi, pendant les annees 1826 - 1827 - 1828 - 1829." year="1833">Quoy and Gaimard 1833</bibRefCitation>
) or represented with smooth edges (e.g. 
<bibRefCitation author="Uchida, T" journalOrPublisher="Japanese Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="73 - 97" refId="B7049818" refString="Uchida, T, 1928. Studies on Japanese Hydromedusae. 2. Trachomedusae and Narcomedusae. Japanese Journal of Zoology 2 (1): 73 - 97" title="Studies on Japanese Hydromedusae. 2. Trachomedusae and Narcomedusae." volume="2" year="1928">Uchida 1928</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Mayer, Alfred Goldsborough" journalOrPublisher="Carnegie Institution of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 230" refId="B7350578" refString="Mayer, Alfred Goldsborough, 1910. Medusae of the World. Volume I The Hydromedusae. Carnegie Institution of Washington 109: 1 - 230" title="Medusae of the World. Volume I The Hydromedusae" volume="109" year="1910">Mayer 1910</bibRefCitation>
). Although hard to discern, it seems there are four tentacle buds with two statocysts between each one, matching the description by 
<bibRefCitation author="Browne, E T" journalOrPublisher="Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="69374" pagination="1 - 62" refId="B7050623" refString="Browne, E T, 1910. Coelenterata V. Medusae. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901-1904. Natural History 5: 1 - 62" title="Coelenterata V. Medusae. National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904" volume="5" year="1910">Browne (1910)</bibRefCitation>
. The ex-umbrella was comprised of a pointed apical portion and a flared bell rim. No yellow or red colouration was observable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>