309 lines
34 KiB
XML
309 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="2F6438DD0D15C9CE1C81082838BB04CE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.210165" ID-GBIF-Dataset="90f5f5d1-4ae3-4cc0-87b6-fb2ed5263ef5" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="210165" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460516665735" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt" docDate="2012" docId="B47487DD80338147F9F1F995FA371D94" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03452p046.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3452" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Paratrichodorus minor" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="484DFFA580108163F966FF8DFFAA1B35" masterDocTitle="Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA" masterLastPageNumber="46" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698314172864" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="D428EF99CCDA4BA82D643DA71021EB4E">Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="74D13B9387C5A4A880F13E43F855A746">Zeng, Yongsan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="85BEAEB5D99A7AD5D831550CC101E359">Ye, Weimin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F901D2AA1B84FA943C001780602B835E">Tredway, Lane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="72E7CB637AE3CDF1296FD5B4156B75E9">Martin, Samuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="600D1C260DF1A508AF805E8BDF3420C6">Martin, Matt</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="533095F91EC3A4698BBC502E23DF3643">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C7D0650DFB44DE5F909BA5CB9F2474E3">3452</mods:number>
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<treatment id="B47487DD80338147F9F1F995FA371D94" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6171870" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119524501" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6171870" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B47487DD80338147F9F1F995FA371D94" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B47487DD80338147F9F1F995FA371D94" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="74C7654080338140F9F1F995FE8E1D66" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB80338140F9F1F995FE041D07" blockId="35.[151,430,1560,1619]" box="[151,430,1560,1586]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="672A81A780338140F9F1F995FE041D07" bold="true" box="[151,430,1560,1586]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880338140F9F1F995FE041D07" box="[151,430,1560,1586]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Paratrichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140F9F1F995FE041D07" bold="true" box="[151,430,1560,1586]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Paratrichodorus minor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB80338140F9F1F9B6FE8E1D66" blockId="35.[151,430,1560,1619]" box="[151,292,1595,1619]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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(
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<figureCitation id="A4E62A4E80338140F9F9F9B6FF481D66" box="[159,226,1595,1619]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="35.[151,250,1409,1432]" captionTargetBox="[181,1432,520,1398]" captionTargetId="figure@35.[151,1436,518,1400]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="FIGURE 9. Micrographs of Paratrichodorus allius, Paratrichodorus minor from turfgrasses in NC and SC (Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B-F = 20 µm). A. Female entire body of P. allius. B. Female esophageal region of P. allius. C. Female tail region of P. allius. D. Female esophageal region of P. m i n o r. E. Vulva and tail region of P. m i n o r. F. Female tail region of P. m i n o r." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/210174/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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D–F)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="74C7654080338140F9F1F90CFE411DAD" box="[151,491,1664,1689]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB80338140F9F1F90CFE411DAD" blockId="35.[151,1436,1664,2035]" box="[151,491,1664,1689]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140F9F1F90CFEEC1DAC" bold="true" box="[151,326,1665,1689]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Measurements</emphasis>
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. See
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<tableCitation id="715F037080338140F8E2F90DFE4D1DAD" box="[388,487,1664,1688]" captionStart="TABLE 16" captionStartId="36.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,229,1232]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="TABLE 16. Paratrichodorus spp.: morphometrics of females mounted in formalin-glycerin. All measurements in μm" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/68A2664380348147F9F1FF1AFA361B9B" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" tableUuid="68A2664380348147F9F1FF1AFA361B9B">Table 16</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="74C7654080338147F9A1F929FA371D94" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB80338140F9A1F929FCA51CC6" blockId="35.[151,1436,1664,2035]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140F9A1F929FE911D89" bold="true" box="[199,315,1700,1724]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Remarks.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880338140F822F92EFDE11D8E" box="[324,587,1699,1723]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Paratrichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140F822F92EFDE11D8E" box="[324,587,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Paratrichodorus minor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described from Queensland,
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<collectingCountry id="44CA765B80338140FAB7F92EFB921D8E" box="[977,1080,1699,1723]" name="Australia" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Australia</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A80338140FD2FF92EFB401D8E" author="Colbran" box="[1097,1258,1699,1723]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Colbran, R. C. (1956) Studies of plant and soil nematodes. 1. Two new species from Queensland. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science, 13, 123 - 126." type="journal article" year="1956">Colbran 1956</bibRefCitation>
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). The
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<typeStatus id="E366886980338140FC52F929FACE1D89" box="[1332,1380,1700,1724]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">type</typeStatus>
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host was not indicated. The names of this species have changed from
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880338140FA08F94BFBF01DEB" box="[878,1114,1734,1758]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Trichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="christiei">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140FA08F94BFBF01DEB" box="[878,1114,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Trichodorus christiei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880338140FD18F94BFA361DEB" box="[1150,1436,1734,1758]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Paratrichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="christiei">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140FD18F94BFA361DEB" box="[1150,1436,1734,1758]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Paratrichodorus christiei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140F9D5F965FD9E1C35" box="[179,564,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880338140F9D5F965FEC41C35" box="[179,366,1768,1792]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Paratrichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Paratrichodorus</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880338140F812F965FD9E1C35" box="[372,564,1768,1792]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Nanidorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="minor">Nanidorus minor</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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to
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880338140FB30F965FC581C35" authority="Rafael Rodriguez" authorityName="Rafael Rodriguez" box="[598,1010,1768,1792]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Nanidorus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="minor">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140FB30F965FCBC1C35" box="[598,790,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Nanidorus minor</emphasis>
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(Rafael Rodriguez)
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</taxonomicName>
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to
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140FD73F965FAB41C35" box="[1045,1310,1768,1792]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880338140FD73F965FAB11C35" box="[1045,1307,1768,1792]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Paratrichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="minor">Paratrichodorus minor</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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It has been documented in many countries worldwide, including
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<quantity id="FB259B2E80338140FB8BF886FC8F1C16" box="[749,805,1803,1827]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
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Europe,
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<quantity id="FB259B2E80338140FAEFF886FC6B1C16" box="[905,961,1803,1827]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="in" value="11.0">11 in</quantity>
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Asia,
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<quantity id="FB259B2E80338140FD6CF886FBE81C16" box="[1034,1090,1803,1827]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.302" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" unit="in" value="13.0">13 in</quantity>
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Africa, two in North
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<collectingCountry id="44CA765B80338140FC53F886FA321C16" box="[1333,1432,1803,1827]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
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, five in Central
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<collectingCountry id="44CA765B80338140F859F8A3FE0A1C73" box="[319,416,1838,1862]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
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and Caribbean, six in South
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<collectingCountry id="44CA765B80338140FB87F8A3FCEE1C73" box="[737,836,1838,1862]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">America</collectingCountry>
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, and four in Oceania (CABI 2002). In the
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<collectingCountry id="44CA765B80338140FC7DF8A3FAFC1C73" box="[1307,1366,1838,1862]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">USA</collectingCountry>
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, it has been found in 22 states (CABI 2002;
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A80338140FB21F8DDFD7F1C5D" author="Crow" box="[583,725,1872,1896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Crow, W. T. (2005 c) Diagnosis of Trichodorus obtusus and Paratrichodorus minor on turfgrasses in the Southeastern United States. Plant Health Progress; St. Paul: Plant Management Network, 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="2005" yearSuffix="c">Crow 2005c</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A80338140FB84F8DCFCD01C5D" author="Hooper" box="[738,890,1872,1896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Hooper, D. J. (1977) Paratrichodorus (Nanidorus) minor. Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology Descriptions of Plant- Parasitic Nematodes, set 7, no. 103. St. Albans, England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux." type="journal volume" year="1977">Hooper 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A80338140FAEEF8DDFB3B1C5D" author="Karanastasi" box="[904,1169,1872,1896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Karanastasi, E., Neilson, R. & Decraemer, W. (2006) First record of two trichodorid nematode species Paratrichodorus minor and Trichodorus sparsus (Nematoda: Trichodoridae Thorne 1935) from Greece. Annals of the Benaki Phytopathological Institute, 20, 129 - 133." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Karanastasi
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140FD75F8DCFBEC1C5D" box="[1043,1094,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A80338140FDF8F8DDFA951C5D" author="Li" box="[1182,1343,1872,1896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Li, X., Guo, K., Zhang, Y., Yan, X. & Zheng, J. (2010) First report of the stubby root nematode, Paratrichodorus minor, in Mainland China. Plant Disease, 94, 376." type="journal article" year="2010">
|
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Li
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140FDA6F8DCFB591C5D" box="[1216,1267,1872,1896]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this survey,
|
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980338140F98BF8F9FEED1CBE" box="[237,327,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">P. m i n o r</emphasis>
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was found in 121 turfgrass samples taken in 33 counties in both states. It was common in three turf management zones (green, fairway and tee) and three grass species (bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, zoysiagrass) in both states. The morphology and morphometrics of the identified population did not differ from previously described populations (
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<bibRefCitation id="584C4B3A80338140FB7EF856FCA81CC6" author="Bell" box="[536,770,2011,2035]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refString="Bell, N. L. & Watson, R. N. (2001) Identification and host range assessment of Paratylenchus nanus (Tylenchida: Tylenchulidae) and Paratrichodorus minor (Triplonchida: Trichodoridae). Nematology, 3, 483 - 490." type="journal article" year="2001">Bell & Watson 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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<caption id="68A2664380348147F9F1FF1AFA361B9B" ID-Table-UUID="68A2664380348147F9F1FF1AFA361B9B" box="[151,1436,150,175]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/68A2664380348147F9F1FF1AFA361B9B" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" targetBox="[151,1436,229,1232]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="36">
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB80348147F9F1FF1AFA361B9B" blockId="36.[151,1436,150,207]" box="[151,1436,150,175]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147F9F1FF1AFEB31B9A" bold="true" box="[151,281,151,175]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">TABLE 16.</emphasis>
|
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<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147F845FF15FE7F1B9A" box="[291,469,152,175]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Paratrichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147F845FF15FE7F1B9A" box="[291,469,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Paratrichodorus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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spp.: morphometrics of females mounted in formalin-glycerin. All measurements in μm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="3C6236CB80348147F9F1FF35FD961BFA" blockId="36.[151,1436,150,207]" box="[151,572,184,207]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">and in the format: mean ± S.D. (range).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3C6236CB80348147F9C3FF68FEB11FE5" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<table id="4EDDC46B80347E9CF9F1FF68FA361FE5" box="[151,1436,229,1232]" gridcols="3" gridrows="10" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FF68FA361A29" box="[151,1436,229,284]" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FF68FE0C1A29" box="[151,422,229,284]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147F9C3FF68FF5A1BCF" bold="true" box="[165,240,229,250]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Species</emphasis>
|
||
Lab ID
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFF68FCB31A29" box="[653,793,229,284]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FBCEFF68FD521BCF" bold="true" box="[680,760,229,250]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. m i n o r</emphasis>
|
||
11-30365
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFF68FA361A29" box="[1132,1436,229,284]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FDEFFF68FB791BCF" bold="true" box="[1161,1235,229,250]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. a ll i u s</emphasis>
|
||
11-30383
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FEA7FA361A54" box="[151,1436,298,353]" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FEA7FE0C1A54" box="[151,422,298,353]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Host Location</th>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFEA7FCB31A54" box="[653,793,298,353]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Bermudagrass Kershaw, SC</td>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFEA7FA361A54" box="[1132,1436,298,353]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Bentgrass Avery, NC</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FEE2FA361AF3" box="[151,1436,367,454]" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FEE2FE0C1AF3" box="[151,422,367,454]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">n L</th>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFEE2FCB31AF3" box="[653,793,367,454]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">15 692.9 ± 50.6 (646.8–763.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFEE2FA361AF3" box="[1132,1436,367,454]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">15 636.4 ± 13.5 (619.3–652.3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FE59FA36197E" box="[151,1436,468,587]" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FE59FE0C197E" box="[151,422,468,587]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">a b’</th>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFE59FCB3197E" box="[653,793,468,587]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">16.9 ± 2.9 (13.8–20.9) 6.4 ± 1.0 (5.6–7.8)</td>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFE59FA36197E" box="[1132,1436,468,587]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">15.0 ± 1.1 (13.7–16.3) 5.7 ± 0.3 (5.3–6.0)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FDD4FA3619B8" box="[151,1436,601,653]" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FDD4FE0C19B8" box="[151,422,601,653]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">c</th>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFDD4FCB319B8" box="[653,793,601,653]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">194.0 ± 1.5 (192.3–196.0)</td>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFDD4FA3619B8" box="[1132,1436,601,653]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">176.5 ± 14.2 (160.0–194.7)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FD16FA3619E5" box="[151,1436,667,720]" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FD16FE0C19E5" box="[151,422,667,720]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">c’</th>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFD16FCB319E5" box="[653,793,667,720]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">0.3 ± 0.0 (0.3–0.4)</td>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFD16FA3619E5" box="[1132,1436,667,720]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">0.3 ± 0.0 (0.3–0.3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FD53FA361827" box="[151,1436,734,786]" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FD53FE0C1827" box="[151,422,734,786]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">V</th>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFD53FCB31827" box="[653,793,734,786]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">52.4 ± 0.4 (52.0–52.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFD53FA361827" box="[1132,1436,734,786]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">54.3 ± 0.7 (53.5–55.3)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FCADFA3618A2" box="[151,1436,800,919]" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FCADFE0C18A2" box="[151,422,800,919]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Body width Stylet length</th>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFCADFCB318A2" box="[653,793,800,919]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">41.6 ± 4.2 (36.6–46.9) 32.7 ± 1.2 (31.1–33.9)</td>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFCADFA3618A2" box="[1132,1436,800,919]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">42.8 ± 4.0 (38.0–47.7) 46.5 ± 2.2 (43.4–48.5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FC28FA361F6B" box="[151,1436,933,1118]" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FC28FE0C1F6B" box="[151,422,933,1118]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Pharynx length (Head to metacorpus base) Anal body width Tail length</th>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFBEBFC28FCB31F6B" box="[653,793,933,1118]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">109.3 ± 8.8 (97.6–118.7) 10.7 ± 0.8 (9.6–11.4) 3.6 ± 0.3 (3.3–4.0)</td>
|
||
<td id="C13C5DF580347E9CFD0AFC28FA361F6B" box="[1132,1436,933,1118]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">112.1 ± 6.0 (106.6– 120.4) 11.7 ± 0.8 (10.8–12.8) 3.6 ± 0.2 (3.3–3.9)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="82ED348980347E9CF9F1FB3BFA361FE5" box="[151,1436,1206,1232]" gridrow="9" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="C13C5DF580347E9CF9F1FB3BFE0C1FE5" box="[151,422,1206,1232]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3C6236CB80348147F9F1FB70FB1B1D24" blockId="36.[151,1437,1277,1698]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
This survey revealed that turfgrasses including bermudagrass, creeping bentgrass, and zoysiagrass in NC and SC support a wide variety of plant-parasitic nematodes. Twenty nine nematode species were identified from turfgrasses in the Carolinas. Among them, 11 species (
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FA7FFACAFB0F1E68" box="[793,1189,1349,1374]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FA7FFACAFC021E6B" box="[793,936,1351,1374]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hemicycliophoridae" genus="Hemicaloosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Panagrolaimida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="graminis">M. graminis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FAD1FACAFB8A1E6B" box="[951,1056,1351,1374]" class="Secernentea" family="Heteroderidae" genus="Meloidogyne" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="naasi">M. naasi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FD49FAC8FB0F1E68" box="[1071,1189,1349,1373]" class="Secernentea" family="Heteroderidae" genus="Cactodera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">Cactodera</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FD87FACAFBBE1EB7" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FD87FACAFADB1E6B" box="[1249,1393,1351,1374]" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Pratylenchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="penetrans">P. penetrans</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FCE7FACAFF4C1EB7" class="Secernentea" family="Criconematidae" genus="Hemicycliophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="conida">H. conida</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147F995FAE6FED71EB7" box="[243,381,1387,1410]" class="Chromadorea" family="Hemicycliophoridae" genus="Hemicaloosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Panagrolaimida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="graminis">H. graminis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147F8ECFAE6FDB31EB7" box="[394,537,1386,1410]" class="Secernentea" family="Criconematidae" genus="Mesocriconema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="xenoplax">M. xenoplax</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FB40FAE6FCAB1EB7" box="[550,769,1386,1410]" class="Secernentea" family="Criconematidae" genus="Mesocriconema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="sphaerocephala">M. sphaerocephala</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FA68FAE7FC0F1EB7" box="[782,933,1386,1410]" class="Secernentea" family="Criconematidae" genus="Ogma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="floridense">O. floridense</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FAD4FAE6FBBA1EB7" box="[946,1040,1386,1410]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Paratrichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="allius">P. allius</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FD28FAE6FAB61EB7" box="[1102,1308,1386,1410]" class="Secernentea" family="Heteroderidae" genus="Dolichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="heterocephalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FD28FAE6FAB61EB7" box="[1102,1308,1386,1410]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">D. heterocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were new records from turfgrass in both states; five (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FB17FA03FD5B1E93" box="[625,753,1422,1446]" class="Secernentea" family="Heteroderidae" genus="Heterodera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FB17FA03FD5B1E93" box="[625,753,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Heterodera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FA43FA02FAC71E93" box="[805,1389,1422,1446]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FA43FA02FC651E93" box="[805,975,1422,1446]" class="Secernentea" family="Criconematidae" genus="Hemicycliophora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="thienemanni">L. thienemanni</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FABFFA02FBC11E93" box="[985,1131,1423,1446]" class="Secernentea" family="Criconematidae" genus="Mesocriconema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="curvatum">M. curvatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FD10FA02FAC31E93" box="[1142,1385,1422,1446]" class="Adenophorea" family="Longidoridae" genus="Longidorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="paralongicaudatus">L. paralongicaudatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147F9F1FA3EFE9B1EFF" box="[151,305,1458,1482]" class="Secernentea" family="Tylenchidae" genus="Tylenchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cylindricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147F9F1FA3EFE9B1EFF" box="[151,305,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">F. cylindricus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were new in SC; and three (
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FBE9FA3EFC2C1EFF" box="[655,902,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FBE9FA3EFCA51EFF" box="[655,783,1459,1482]" class="Secernentea" family="Criconematidae" genus="Hemicriconemoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="wessoni">H. wessoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FA7BFA3EFC2C1EFF" box="[797,902,1458,1482]" class="Adenophorea" family="Longidoridae" genus="Xiphinema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dorylaimida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="bakeri">X. bakeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FAA5FA3FFB271EFF" box="[963,1165,1458,1482]" class="Secernentea" family="Aphelenchoididae" genus="Aphelenchoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Aphelenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="myceliophagus">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FAA5FA3FFB271EFF" box="[963,1165,1458,1482]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">A. myceliophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were new in NC. The results also revealed a relatively wide distribution of eight species including
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FD57FA5AFC941D27" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FD57FA5AFB5D1EDB" box="[1073,1271,1494,1518]" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Belonolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudatus">B. longicaudatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FC6EFA5AFAC71EDB" box="[1288,1389,1495,1518]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichodoridae" genus="Paratrichodorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Triplonchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="minor">P. minor</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FC1BFA5AFF571D27" class="Chromadorea" family="Hemicycliophoridae" genus="Hemicaloosia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Panagrolaimida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="graminis">M. graminis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147F86EFA76FE3C1D27" box="[264,406,1530,1554]" class="Secernentea" family="Criconematidae" genus="Mesocriconema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="xenoplax">M. xenoplax</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147F8C7FA76FD841D27" box="[417,558,1530,1554]" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Helicotylenchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="dihystera">H. dihystera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FB5FFA76FD181D27" box="[569,690,1530,1554]" class="Secernentea" family="Belonolaimidae" genus="Tylenchorhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="claytoni">T. claytoni</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FBDBFA76FC941D27" box="[701,830,1530,1554]" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Hoplolaimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="galeatus">H. galeatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FBDD4D4880348147FA12FA76FC541D27" box="[884,1022,1531,1554]" class="Secernentea" family="Hoplolaimidae" genus="Pratylenchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tylenchida" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="penetrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FA12FA76FC541D27" box="[884,1022,1531,1554]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">P. penetrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in golf courses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3C6236CB80348147F9A1F990FA371D94" blockId="36.[151,1437,1277,1698]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
|
||
This survey clarified the identity of the soil-inhabiting nematodes that parasitize golf course turf in the Carolinas. The prevalence, population level, and distribution map of each nematode species, hazard species, damage threshold and standard management recommendations were presented in Ye
|
||
<emphasis id="0EA9EAD980348147FD2BF9EAFB2F1D48" box="[1101,1157,1637,1662]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2012). This work was a first step for future study to provide more precise and effective management options to golf-course superintendents.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |