147 lines
18 KiB
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147 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="07FE8216B0A628FDCD1B23A273EE3768" ID-CLB-Dataset="34877" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.276.4786" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c8f51a00-c823-4313-b379-24dd38b96021" ID-PMC="PMC3677342" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-276-55" ID-PubMed="23794816" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-276-55" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 276" ModsDocTitle="Distinguishing Bolboceras inaequale Westwood, 1848 and two new relatives from India (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae, Bolboceratinae)" checkinTime="1451247576187" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Krikken, Jan" docDate="2013" docId="B262F428A861CD11F0006A3771D50ABA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 276: 55-66" docOrigin="ZooKeys 276" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.276.4786" docTitle="Bolboceras inaequale Westwood 1848" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="61" masterDocId="FFB2ED31FFDDFFACDF09FF97FFA5FFD4" masterDocTitle="Distinguishing Bolboceras inaequale Westwood, 1848 and two new relatives from India (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae, Bolboceratinae)" masterLastPageNumber="66" masterPageNumber="55" pageNumber="58" updateTime="1732833068396" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="B273C0E9A02006750F9EACBD36B73261">Distinguishing Bolboceras inaequale Westwood, 1848 and two new relatives from India (Coleoptera, Geotrupidae, Bolboceratinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="AD9CC4A907A04C74540D34DE3ABA9D65">Krikken, Jan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="D8F8E9024ABD2D79616C66A3B465FC5F">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="87A4360E7EC0EBCD6E341B0A57751843">276</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="73E0B71A9DDE5EEFAEA2752128C6B900">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.276.4786</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="FE161BF95CE5D250434E678452040A7C">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="C57F46557A3A6B40C9674F0D5F0AE094" type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.276.4786</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3CE888EC3EA10ACE8EA023DCEF86454B" type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-276-55</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B262F428A861CD11F0006A3771D50ABA" ID-GBIF-Taxon="152041483" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B262F428A861CD11F0006A3771D50ABA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B262F428A861CD11F0006A3771D50ABA" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" scope_family="Geotrupidae" scope_order="Coleoptera" scope_subFamily="Bolboceratinae">
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<subSubSection id="88DBEE5E521B07BD877114312BABDB4F" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0034B7B282BD709423E3E090D1594720" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="5D974E3C7576B4232E8DEE36A7AD50AA" ID-CoL="5WMTC" LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Bolboceras_inaequale" authority="Westwood, 1848" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1848" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras inaequale" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequale">Bolboceras inaequale Westwood, 1848</taxonomicName>
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Figures 1
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<normalizedToken id="7451D9C87352C2289A26622C97829B88" originalValue="–49–">-49-</normalizedToken>
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10, 1316-19
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="DD5F3B8A7ADE91ADAB1D11F272D4DA5F" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D9BCD028E2ACF2F6CFE879347FA94B9D" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="26D3D1D59183EE6BA1923F177E2943D8" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras inaequalis" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequalis">Bolboceras inaequalis</taxonomicName>
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Westwood, 1848: 386 (description); 1952: 24 (description), pl. IV: figs 14, 14a.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BB8A963753544DFD2A499C2BE4DE64AE" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="2E45A46D4A050190B55757E0DEF818B4" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras inaequale" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequale">Bolboceras inaequale</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="20F02DED736FCF67F9628B2FFA1F2041" author="Paulian, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie et Botanie africaines" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 71" title="Coprophaga Africana: Deuxieme note. Revision des Bolboceras africains." volume="35" year="1941">Paulian 1941</bibRefCitation>
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: 11, 33 (records from Sudan, Senegal).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F6B4CA43E04920938EDEACA32FBC28CF" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="A864D298C107168127B1E2A90EB33BEF" genus="Indobolbus" lsidName="Indobolbus inaequalis" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" rank="species" species="inaequalis">Indobolbus inaequalis</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="CC9FFA15ADB656923D13D9410A9412D0" author="Krikken, J" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" pagination="23 - 45" title="A generic reclassification of the Afrotropical Bolboceratini (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae)." volume="58" year="1984">Krikken 1984</bibRefCitation>
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: 34 (recombination in checklist).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="28A1001DCDBE38D4289497F9353B9B5B" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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<taxonomicName id="5ECF994BC4A346C5DD671543E7ED3BE2" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras inaequale" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequale">Bolboceras inaequale</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="8FF0EC5988B63729B6D1841820DEA265" author="Krikken, J" journalOrPublisher="Koleopterologische Rundschau" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" pagination="237 - 242" title="A new Kenyan species of Bolboceras (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae: Bolboceratinae)." volume="81" year="2011">Krikken 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: 239, 240 (transfer to original combination).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="04203FCD88BAD3FF10D998F49A312C6C" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="58" type="material examined">
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<paragraph id="3073B57AC57D777BA0214328DF6F346D" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="AE4C30E1C4670D22BDFF9779E66AD1D0" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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Syntype, unsexed, from "Centr Ind \ [J.B.] Hearsey" (handwritten), and two more specimens from
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<normalizedToken id="7DC935B70C78F91F40D08A3C61C506C9" originalValue="Westwood’s">Westwood's</normalizedToken>
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collection(OUMNH, see comments below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F96CC5557FF8C3F31DBBE917F09BD884" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">Non-type material (specimens without data excluded). Bangladesh: Dhaka: Dacca [Dhaka], ex Pascoe coll., 1 spm., in BMNH. Dinajpur: Dhanjuri, v/1963, Mapelli, 2 spm., in MHNG. vi/1963, Mapelli, 2 spm., in MHNG. Rajshahi: Andharkota, vii/1963, Mapelli, 1 spm., in MHNG.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="09B24904BB41DEA0A0114DECB9EF2522" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="3" pageNumber="58">
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India: Bihar: Buxar, ex Felsche coll., 1 spm., in SMTD. Chapra, Mackenzie, 6 spm., in BMNH. Pusa, 03/viii/1926, Pillai, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. Pusa, 1913, Fletcher TB, 1 spm., in BPBM. 19/vi/1911, TMH, 1 spm., in BMNH. 30/vii/1915, Bahadur U, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. 28/vii/1928, Sarkar SC, 1 spm., in BMNH. 20/vii/1908, TNS, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. 24/vii/1919, Austin GD, verandah 1-10 PM, 1 spm., in BMNH. 08/vii/1915, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. 12/vii/1915, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. 05/vii/1924, Mukerjee, 1 spm., in BMNH. 31/vii/1918,
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<pageBreakToken id="1D8EE9C45D4B4EE539DA0B343A0F82AE" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" start="start">Ghosh</pageBreakToken>
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, underground, 1 spm., in BMNH. 15/viii/1908, RDD, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. 20/viii/1919, Austin GD, 1 spm., in BMNH. 08/ix/1912, NML, 1 spm., in BMNH. 27/ix/1915, Bahadur U, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. 04/ix/1915, Bahadur U, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. 04/x/1915, Bahadur U, at light, 1 spm., in BMNH. 18/xi/1920, Sarkar SC, 1 spm., in BMNH. Tamil Nadu: Madras [Chennai; to be confirmed], ex Felsche coll., 2 spm., in SMTD. Uttar Pradesh: Allahabad, ex Bowring coll., 1 spm., in BMNH. Sitapur, HGC [Champion HG], 4 spm., in BMNH. West Bengal: Calcutta [Kolkata], 1 spm., in BMNH. Kalkutta [Kolkata], ex Felsche coll., 5 spm., in SMTD.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="4A27E0C2B97508ED22F4A7767D11B6E2" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Bengal: unspecified, Parish HM, 1 spm., in BMNH. unspecified, ex Gillet coll., 1 spm., in IRSNB.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="A63EA1FDE9C43BC8C24F9EC858A78215" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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India:
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<normalizedToken id="F45A399DE150927DF377F58F3D3A7EC4" originalValue="“Inde”">"Inde"</normalizedToken>
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, unspecified, ex Boucomont coll., 1 spm., in MNHN. unspecified, 1 spm., in USNM.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="24B72495A02BDBFE0C41F66902BF9FB4" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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Total 47 males and females, 33 collection records, and
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<normalizedToken id="0DD2105AEABA9255785C14718858CA21" originalValue="Westwood’s">Westwood's</normalizedToken>
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material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="73E420F113C32D2D48012CB4CE94144A" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="767761B8EEF737C17154425C95365621" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2B32849E63A857BEAB7EDA0A8E871D78" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Ridge (or saddle) separating discomedian and discolateral concavities on pronotum narrow, lowered in relation to surrounding discal surface; discoparamedian tubercles approximated (connected by saddle), their tip subacute; discolateral concavity in major males extending down, onto anterolateral surface. Posterior edge of discomedian concavity usually distinctly W-shaped in major individuals, in minors the pronotal ornamentation may be only just distinct (in oblique view); bottom of concavities more or less sericeous. Interocular ridge low, not reaching paraocular ridge on either side, situated between posterior part of eyes. Anterolateral corners of clypeus usually protuberant (in majors intervening ridge concave in axial view). Scutellum usually closely punctate. Intermesocoxal lobe of metasternum anteriorly with arcuate ridge. Aedeagus (Fig. 13) with acuminate parameres, median apparatus with pair of strongly sclerotized lateral stalks, their tip broad, shortly recurved-hooked. Colour uniformly brown. Body length usually 11-13, some series down to ca 9 mm or less (see next section).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1848C805CA3F519B7A51AB419FA7E949" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="variation">
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<paragraph id="8F6EC27170BA9A36B684C5A463DA85A4" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Variation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5FA720D17EA5BEDB722F618174E020A0" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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There are small individuals (minors) from Northeast India and Bangladesh (a male from Dhanjuri in Bangladesh pictured here, ca 9 mm long, Figs 3-4, 10, 18-19), characterized by a minimal set of pronotal protrusions and impressions, but still with distinct traces of the basic pattern - and also with a smaller, but externally quite similar aedeagus. Some intermediates between these minors and the real majors (including the type) were seen. At this moment I find no morphological support for ranking the minors as a separate taxon - informative material from different locations required.
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<bibRefCitation id="C9BDC89C13111A5A42883AC0B7BEBAE1" author="Paulian, R" journalOrPublisher="Revue de Zoologie et Botanie africaines" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" pagination="1 - 71" title="Coprophaga Africana: Deuxieme note. Revision des Bolboceras africains." volume="35" year="1941">Paulian (1941)</bibRefCitation>
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mentions a length range for
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<taxonomicName id="CC74FAC101734439A3C5B318B2FD00AB" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras inaequale" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequale">Bolboceras inaequale</taxonomicName>
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of 7-12 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1D6C546FD281E6F46C43389D335FD891" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="sexual dimorphism">
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<paragraph id="63BCCAA8EE01EA5183D1ADAAC40834B5" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Sexual dimorphism.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="893BFDB512851ECD543BCF0FBF15F399" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Apparently no notable sexual dimorphism.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="378481608024D718A803D5A3FBADDD8C" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" type="comments">
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<paragraph id="D5A6F70C7B251CA7EC4DD01E5E860B9F" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">Comments.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9B9016A10B966C5A0B07724DD1DB453A" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="4" pageNumber="59">
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Note the recent retransfer of this species from
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<taxonomicName id="902E03411EE528365237569C69D82140" genus="Indobolbus" lsidName="Indobolbus" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" rank="genus">Indobolbus</taxonomicName>
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Nikolajev, 1979, to
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<taxonomicName id="873588E0705F2B331D8EEEEBBA76F7C1" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bolboceras</taxonomicName>
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Kirby, 1819, and the ensuing suffix change of the species-group name, following the
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<bibRefCitation id="73A81FA6DDAD2C1C3720A1C2A3D4F14E" author="ICZN," journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature" pageId="9" pageNumber="64" pagination="62 - 64" title="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Opinion 2138 (Case 3097). Bolboceras Kirby, 1819 (July) (Insecta, Coleoptera): not conserved; priority maintained for Odonteus Samouelle, 1819 (June)." volume="63" year="2006">ICZN (2006)</bibRefCitation>
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ruling. The specimen of
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<taxonomicName id="A417D2260C3FDC88245BD0D319FAC0D1" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras inaequale" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequale">Bolboceras inaequale</taxonomicName>
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labelled as the type (OUMNH) cannot be considered the holotype, as there are two more historical specimens having the usual large (pale blue) rhomboid label with
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<pageBreakToken id="BD81637084B0F0E0D428C5CCAD16D508" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" start="start">"</pageBreakToken>
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W" (meaning
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<normalizedToken id="E5857EB68C6E33A721AD602A514439EB" originalValue="Westwood’s">Westwood's</normalizedToken>
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original collection), one of them with this label only. The specimen here qualified as syntype has a curatorial label of the 1960s, indicating its registration as
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<taxonomicName id="89FD51EBA9197E826349C288D72A0E87" genus="Coleoptera" lsidName="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="60" rank="genus">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
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type 516, plus additional post-Westwood labels. The three
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<pageBreakToken id="F00A94102B5B5CEDEBE9B18A54324755" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" start="start">specimens</pageBreakToken>
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are considered conspecific, and consequently, at this moment, an explicit lectotype designation appears unnecessary.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7982BEFE85D770A955933D409B73920" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="81C4EE8C4D3C3986590A090742E18EFC" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="584A1C13AB728B3E31B80EE345ED2FBD" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">India (southern occurrences to be confirmed), Bangladesh; northern sub-Saharan Africa (needs confirmation).</paragraph>
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<caption id="F9A8A5DA20EEFCC3A9C45516882A0DE0" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
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<paragraph id="A6F53F39F9201BEEFDCB025B055A0A12" pageId="6" pageNumber="61">
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Figures 1-8. Oblique and lateral habitus views of
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<taxonomicName id="F8709639ABFF188C486B07F67F8EB53A" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Bolboceras</taxonomicName>
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: 1-4
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<taxonomicName id="3DC05114DFF927186C3BE078AC79FF29" class="Insecta" family="Geotrupidae" genus="Bolboceras" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bolboceras inaequale" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="61" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inaequale">Bolboceras inaequale</taxonomicName>
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(1-2 major specimen from Kolkata, length 11 mm 3-4 minor specimen from Dhanjuri, length 9 mm) 5-6duplicatum, holotype 7-8orissicum, holotype. Scale lines 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |