745 lines
90 KiB
XML
745 lines
90 KiB
XML
<document id="BC58BBEE1F795BCD73E9EF7655F1C60E" ID-DOI="10.3391/mbi.2023.14.1.03" ID-ISSN="1989-8649" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11975981" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718642522455" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Rim, Hojun, Lee, Minhyun & Song, Uhram" docDate="2023" docId="B25F87AAFFE6FFAADA0AF8848CFD32D1" docLanguage="en" docName="ManageBiolInv.14.1.63-79.pdf" docOrigin="Management of Biological Invasions 14 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2023.14.1.03" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C6AF80B392C8E0B76C651816174E9925.2:ManageBiolInv.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="C6AF80B392C8E0B76C651816174E9925" docStyleName="ManageBiolInv.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Solidago altissima subsp. areas" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="72" masterDocId="4E66FFD2FFE2FFA3D81AFF9A8F08352A" masterDocTitle="Mowing inhibits the invasion of the alien species Solidago altissima and is an effective management strategy" masterLastPageNumber="79" masterPageNumber="63" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1727382997787" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="2BDE51942D7BE2DDED23D0B74431008C">
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<mods:title id="265819D004DA605E0F7BEE3ABC79341E">Mowing inhibits the invasion of the alien species Solidago altissima and is an effective management strategy</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="88F88EC4A20901D9ED90DC9B615DCD73" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F1D3CA51481FAA785A21F5B3EF26FAE4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9A5ECD1824AA4C912B51A1D0BFB2568A">Rim, Hojun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0E0A9E27C060A4BE076EC4AA8A9B435C">Crop Protection Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Korea</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="708BAEE2E32BE68F1D32292A7E666F8B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0E50FB6FFF49AC1E5B09930289332E4B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A1BEFDA1A8FBBD40FE7DF86A3560124C">Lee, Minhyun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="8E01868766E6F98357DD1CE47D0A524F">* & Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690 - 756, Korea</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="6B72510E12338E07857CE1D3BF5B9D5C" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3EB51806DC6CF2663CA5DE53ECF273E0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="CCB2481C0E1611B9ED20B96F8D8721A7">Song, Uhram</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="4D72ED70F93305857D82EFC95F958FA1">* & Department of Biology, Jeju National University, Jeju, 690 - 756, Korea</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="65E7C543F52C03AC93526380641585B1">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="89CDAAFF2A980B39E0D08DAE860D508B">
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<mods:title id="3212E8B283015B5E9904D95552FD19ED">Management of Biological Invasions</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="874E0C4985658BC9A8B88F8AFE15A5BE">
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<mods:date id="500EDBCC83726EDFF41EB13118E5CB9E">2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C9221412144607555EF9C2947F227C58">2022-12-26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="53C3A2805E619256A1DD2466FE71C9FC">14</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="99DCA17A8395262139DF035B33CFEC6C" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="5461D126C2DCD63A69B6BC99CAA52E8E">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="AD08259873205FAEE371365733A31B9B">63</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="11C85899A6FB803188160C6950505C7B">79</mods:end>
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<mods:url id="782FDCBCBD9ADD7541CE2515EF29322E">http://dx.doi.org/10.3391/mbi.2023.14.1.03</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="797B6C0D09428AE02F0AA707BFEB9FAD">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F22F7F69244DF65204CE450162679EEE" type="DOI">10.3391/mbi.2023.14.1.03</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="87FD381ED51F3B350A46A33EA05ABAA6" type="ISSN">1989-8649</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="373CC5BBAC651096C50C5FE454420866" type="Zenodo-Dep">11975981</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B25F87AAFFE6FFAADA0AF8848CFD32D1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B25F87AAFFE6FFAADA0AF8848CFD32D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B25F87AAFFE6FFAADA0AF8848CFD32D1" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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<subSubSection id="72EC6537FFE6FFA7DA0AF8848DE9324C" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE6FFA7DA0AF8848DE9324C" blockId="4.[528,1377,1822,1894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="610181D0FFE6FFA7DA0AF8848DE9324C" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE6FFA7DA0AF8848DE9324C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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Comparison of vegetation between
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE6FFA7DBD2F8848BD63211" authority="L." box="[968,1246,1822,1851]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="altissima" subSpecies="areas">S. altissima-dominant</taxonomicName>
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areas and uninvaded areas
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="72EC6537FFE6FFAADA0AF81E8CFD32D1" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE6FFA6DA0AF81E8A5833D8" blockId="4.[528,1454,1923,2038]" lastBlockId="5.[528,1454,1577,2034]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">
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In the area dominated by
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE6FFA7DB4FF81E8CE8328A" box="[853,992,1923,1952]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
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<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE6FFA7DB4FF81E8CE8328A" box="[853,992,1923,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="67">S. altissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, we detected 44 and 37 plant species in 2018 and 2019, respectively (
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<tableCitation id="77740307FFE6FFA7DB67F8348CED32E1" box="[893,997,1966,1995]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[528,589,658,679]" captionTargetBox="[593,1420,705,940]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2. Heights of S. altissima before mowing treatment in May 2019." pageId="4" pageNumber="67">Table S2</tableCitation>
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). Many species belonged to
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE6FFA7DD30F8348AA232E1" box="[1322,1450,1966,1995]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
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, followed by Gramineae and
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE6FFA7DB99F8438CF632DF" box="[899,1022,2009,2037]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="4" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
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. The most dominant species was
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DA0AF9B08D92336C" box="[528,666,1577,1606]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
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<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DA0AF9B08D92336C" box="[528,666,1577,1606]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in this area. In the area dominated by native species, we found 53 plant species in 2018 (
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<tableCitation id="77740307FFE7FFA6DB4AF9CE8CC8335B" box="[848,960,1620,1649]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[528,589,658,679]" captionTargetBox="[593,1420,705,940]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2. Heights of S. altissima before mowing treatment in May 2019." pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Table S2</tableCitation>
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). Many species belonged to
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DD38F9CE8AA1335B" box="[1314,1449,1620,1649]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
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, followed by Gramineae and
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DB9CF9E48CF133B1" box="[902,1017,1662,1691]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
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. The most dominant species was
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DA0AF9338DAE33EC" box="[528,678,1705,1734]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Glycine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="soja">
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<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DA0AF9338DAE33EC" box="[528,678,1705,1734]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Glycine soja</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in this area. All species detected in the areas dominated by
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DA0AF94F8D9133DB" box="[528,665,1748,1777]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
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<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DA0AF94F8D9133DB" box="[528,665,1748,1777]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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or native species in 2018 and 2019 are listed in
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<tableCitation id="77740307FFE7FFA6DCFAF94E8A4333D8" box="[1248,1355,1748,1778]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[528,589,658,679]" captionTargetBox="[593,1420,705,940]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2. Heights of S. altissima before mowing treatment in May 2019." pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Table S2</tableCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="6E896634FFE7FFA6D8A6FF5C8CF735F1" box="[188,1023,197,219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" startId="5.[188,249,198,219]" targetBox="[266,1419,245,480]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
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||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6D8A6FF5C8CF735F1" blockId="5.[188,1023,197,219]" box="[188,1023,197,219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6D8A6FF5C8E1B35F0" bold="true" box="[188,275,197,219]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Table 1.</emphasis>
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Heights of dead shoots of
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<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DA0FFF5C8D8C35F0" box="[533,644,197,219]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
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<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DA0FFF5C8D8C35F0" box="[533,644,197,219]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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after 1 year of treatment in April 2019.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6D909FF6F8A8D34F9" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<table id="48F6C41CFFE7005CD910FF6F8A8334CA" box="[266,1419,245,480]" gridcols="6" gridrows="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CD910FF6F8A833421" box="[266,1419,245,267]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD910FF6F8E493421" box="[266,321,245,267]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site</th>
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD9A8FF6F8D373421" box="[434,575,245,267]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Control</th>
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA91FF6F8C043421" box="[651,780,245,267]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 1</th>
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB44FF6F8CD73421" box="[862,991,245,267]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 2</th>
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC2DFF6F8BA43421" box="[1079,1196,245,267]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 3</th>
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDCE4FF6F8A833421" box="[1278,1419,245,267]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Eco 200</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CD910FE958A833400" box="[266,1419,271,298]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD910FE958E493400" box="[266,321,271,298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 1</th>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CD9A8FE958D373400" box="[434,575,271,298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">162.8 ± 6.62a</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA91FE958C043400" box="[651,780,271,298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">85.7 ± 5.52b</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB44FE958CD73400" box="[862,991,271,298]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">29.5 ± 2.74c</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC2DFE958BA43400" box="[1079,1196,271,298]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">21.3 ± 2.09c</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDCE4FE958A833400" box="[1278,1419,271,298]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">77.9 ± 8.94b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CD910FEB78A833463" box="[266,1419,301,329]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD910FEB78E493463" box="[266,321,301,329]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 2</th>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CD9A8FEB78D373463" box="[434,575,301,329]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">213.2 ± 12.08a</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA91FEB78C043463" box="[651,780,301,329]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">87.1 ± 7.33c</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB44FEB78CD73463" box="[862,991,301,329]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">38.4 ± 2.17d</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC2DFEB78BA43463" box="[1079,1196,301,329]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">29.0 ± 2.01d</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDCE4FEB78A833463" box="[1278,1419,301,329]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">144.8 ± 9.57b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CD910FED18A83344D" box="[266,1419,331,359]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD910FED18E49344D" box="[266,321,331,359]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 3</th>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CD9A8FED18D37344D" box="[434,575,331,359]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">163.4 ± 7.31a</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA91FED18C04344D" box="[651,780,331,359]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">66.3 ± 4.55c</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB44FED18CD7344D" box="[862,991,331,359]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">40.7 ± 2.57d</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC2DFED18BA4344D" box="[1079,1196,331,359]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">33.4 ± 2.11d</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDCE4FED18A83344D" box="[1278,1419,331,359]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">143.4 ± 7.13b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CD910FEF08A8334AF" box="[266,1419,362,389]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD910FEF08E4934AF" box="[266,321,362,389]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 4</th>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CD9A8FEF08D3734AF" box="[434,575,362,389]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">191.6 ± 3.84a</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA91FEF08C0434AF" box="[651,780,362,389]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">160.8 ± 7.90b</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB44FEF08CD734AF" box="[862,991,362,389]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">59.2 ± 1.66d</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC2DFEF08BA434AF" box="[1079,1196,362,389]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">81.9 ± 6.50c</td>
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<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDCE4FEF08A8334AF" box="[1278,1419,362,389]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">166.9 ± 12.33b</td>
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</tr>
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<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CD910FE128A833489" box="[266,1419,392,419]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
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<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD910FE128E493489" box="[266,321,392,419]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 5</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CD9A8FE128D373489" box="[434,575,392,419]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">181.7 ± 4.76a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA91FE128C043489" box="[651,780,392,419]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">114.7 ± 2.90b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB44FE128CD73489" box="[862,991,392,419]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">89.5 ± 10.23c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC2DFE128BA43489" box="[1079,1196,392,419]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">46.6 ± 5.12d</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDCE4FE128A833489" box="[1278,1419,392,419]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">183.8 ± 9.00a</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CD910FE3C8A8334EB" box="[266,1419,422,449]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD910FE3C8E4934EB" box="[266,321,422,449]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 6</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CD9A8FE3C8D3734EB" box="[434,575,422,449]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">174.8 ± 4.34a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA91FE3C8C0434EB" box="[651,780,422,449]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">82.9 ± 4.49c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB44FE3C8CD734EB" box="[862,991,422,449]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">39.7 ± 2.51d</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC2DFE3C8BA434EB" box="[1079,1196,422,449]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">31.6 ± 2.47d</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDCE4FE3C8A8334EB" box="[1278,1419,422,449]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">153.3 ± 3.12b</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CD910FE5F8A8334CA" box="[266,1419,453,480]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CD910FE5F8E4934CA" box="[266,321,453,480]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 7</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CD9A8FE5F8D3734CA" box="[434,575,453,480]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">165.5 ± 4.79a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA91FE5F8C0434CA" box="[651,780,453,480]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">91.2 ± 6.02b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB44FE5F8CD734CA" box="[862,991,453,480]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">64.7 ± 3.24c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC2DFE5F8BA434CA" box="[1079,1196,453,480]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">44.0 ± 3.67d</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDCE4FE5F8A8334CA" box="[1278,1419,453,480]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">153.8 ± 7.25a</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6D8A6FE628CD23749" blockId="5.[188,1453,504,611]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<tableNote id="C7103732FFE7FFA6D8A6FE628CD23749" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" targetBox="[266,1419,245,480]" targetPageId="5">* Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September; Eco 200: 30% of shoots in the quadrats were cut near the ground, and the cut surfaces were covered with the Eco 200 block. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 20 replicates. Means within a row followed by different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test). Units: cm.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E896634FFE7FFA6DA0AFD088BCE378D" box="[528,1222,657,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" startId="5.[528,589,658,679]" targetBox="[593,1420,705,940]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6DA0AFD088BCE378D" blockId="5.[528,1222,657,680]" box="[528,1222,657,680]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DA0AFD088D6F378D" bold="true" box="[528,615,657,679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Heights of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DAC2FD088C4F378D" box="[728,839,658,679]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DAC2FD088C4F378D" box="[728,839,658,679]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
before mowing treatment in May 2019.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6DA40FD5B8A8E36B5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<table id="48F6C41CFFE7005CDA4BFD5B8A843686" box="[593,1420,705,940]" gridcols="5" gridrows="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFD5B8A8437FD" box="[593,1420,705,727]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFD5B8D8037FD" box="[593,648,705,727]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site</th>
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF6FD5B8C6837FD" box="[748,864,705,727]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Control</th>
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDBBBFD5B8B1537FD" box="[929,1053,705,727]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 1</th>
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC40FD5B8BDE37FD" box="[1114,1238,705,727]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 2</th>
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFD5B8A8437FD" box="[1303,1420,705,727]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 3</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFD418A8437DC" box="[593,1420,731,758]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFD418D8037DC" box="[593,648,731,758]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 1</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF6FD418C6837DC" box="[748,864,731,758]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">101.0 ± 3.2a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDBBBFD418B1537DC" box="[929,1053,731,758]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">101.0 ± 3.0a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC40FD418BDE37DC" box="[1114,1238,731,758]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">81.1 ± 2.6b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFD418A8437DC" box="[1303,1420,731,758]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">64.9 ± 3.1c</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFD608A84363F" box="[593,1420,762,789]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFD608D80363F" box="[593,648,762,789]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 2</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF6FD608C68363F" box="[748,864,762,789]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">116.5 ± 4.7a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDBBBFD608B15363F" box="[929,1053,762,789]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">111.8 ± 4.7a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC40FD608BDE363F" box="[1114,1238,762,789]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">82.9 ± 4.1b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFD608A84363F" box="[1303,1420,762,789]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">72.5 ± 6.6b</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFC828A843619" box="[593,1420,792,819]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFC828D803619" box="[593,648,792,819]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 4</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF6FC828C683619" box="[748,864,792,819]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">89.1 ± 2.2a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDBBBFC828B153619" box="[929,1053,792,819]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">74.8 ± 2.2b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC40FC828BDE3619" box="[1114,1238,792,819]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">49.5 ± 3.1d</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFC828A843619" box="[1303,1420,792,819]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">59.8 ± 1.6c</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFCAC8A84367B" box="[593,1420,822,849]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFCAC8D80367B" box="[593,648,822,849]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 5</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF6FCAC8C68367B" box="[748,864,822,849]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">93.5 ± 2.5a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDBBBFCAC8B15367B" box="[929,1053,822,849]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">99.5 ± 2.3a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC40FCAC8BDE367B" box="[1114,1238,822,849]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">78.0 ± 2.0b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFCAC8A84367B" box="[1303,1420,822,849]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">77.1 ± 2.0b</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFCCE8A84365A" box="[593,1420,852,880]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFCCE8D80365A" box="[593,648,852,880]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 6</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF6FCCE8C68365A" box="[748,864,852,880]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">125.3 ± 5.2a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDBBBFCCE8B15365A" box="[929,1053,852,880]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">117.0 ± 3.0a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC40FCCE8BDE365A" box="[1114,1238,852,880]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">86.5 ± 3.0c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFCCE8A84365A" box="[1303,1420,852,880]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">105.0 ± 3.4b</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFCE98A8436A4" box="[593,1420,883,910]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFCE98D8036A4" box="[593,648,883,910]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 7</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF6FCE98C6836A4" box="[748,864,883,910]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">123.3 ± 3.3a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDBBBFCE98B1536A4" box="[929,1053,883,910]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">119.3 ± 2.9ab</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC40FCE98BDE36A4" box="[1114,1238,883,910]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">111.3 ± 2.8bc</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFCE98A8436A4" box="[1303,1420,883,910]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">110.3 ± 3.1c</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFC0B8A843686" box="[593,1420,913,940]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFC0B8D803686" box="[593,648,913,940]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 8</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF6FC0B8C683686" box="[748,864,913,940]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">96.0 ± 4.0a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDBBBFC0B8B153686" box="[929,1053,913,940]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">94.5 ± 4.1ab</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC40FC0B8BDE3686" box="[1114,1238,913,940]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">84.5 ± 3.3bc</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFC0B8A843686" box="[1303,1420,913,940]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">81.0 ± 3.1c</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6DA0AFC5E8B483105" blockId="5.[528,1453,964,1072]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<tableNote id="C7103732FFE7FFA6DA0AFC5E8B483105" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" targetBox="[593,1420,705,940]" targetPageId="5">* Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 10 replicates. Means within a row followed by different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test). Units: cm.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E896634FFE7FFA6DA0AFBC48BA83159" box="[528,1184,1118,1140]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" startId="5.[528,589,1118,1139]" targetBox="[593,1420,1165,1400]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6DA0AFBC48BA83159" blockId="5.[528,1184,1118,1140]" box="[528,1184,1118,1140]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DA0AFBC48D6F3159" bold="true" box="[528,615,1118,1139]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Table 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Heights of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DAC2FBC48C4F3159" box="[728,839,1118,1139]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DAC2FBC48C4F3159" box="[728,839,1118,1139]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
before mowing in September 2019.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6DA40FB178A843041" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<table id="48F6C41CFFE7005CDA4BFB178A843052" box="[593,1420,1165,1400]" gridcols="5" gridrows="8" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFB178A843189" box="[593,1420,1165,1187]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFB178D803189" box="[593,648,1165,1187]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site</th>
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF9FB178C613189" box="[739,873,1165,1187]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Control</th>
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB84FB178B283189" box="[926,1056,1165,1187]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 1</th>
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC4DFB178BD13189" box="[1111,1241,1165,1187]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 2</th>
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFB178A843189" box="[1303,1420,1165,1187]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Mowing 3</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFB3D8A8431E8" box="[593,1420,1191,1218]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFB3D8D8031E8" box="[593,648,1191,1218]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 1</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF9FB3D8C6131E8" box="[739,873,1191,1218]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">168.0 ± 3.27a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB84FB3D8B2831E8" box="[926,1056,1191,1218]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">64.0 ± 3.32c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC4DFB3D8BD131E8" box="[1111,1241,1191,1218]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">100.5 ± 9.14b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFB3D8A8431E8" box="[1303,1420,1191,1218]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">67.5 ± 3.1c</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFB5C8A8431CB" box="[593,1420,1222,1249]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFB5C8D8031CB" box="[593,648,1222,1249]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 2</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF9FB5C8C6131CB" box="[739,873,1222,1249]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">192.0 ± 11.3a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB84FB5C8B2831CB" box="[926,1056,1222,1249]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">79.0 ± 4.07c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC4DFB5C8BD131CB" box="[1111,1241,1222,1249]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">111.0 ± 6.9b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFB5C8A8431CB" box="[1303,1420,1222,1249]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">73.0 ± 7.61c</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFB7E8A8431D5" box="[593,1420,1252,1279]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFB7E8D8031D5" box="[593,648,1252,1279]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 3</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF9FB7E8C6131D5" box="[739,873,1252,1279]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">159.0 ± 4.99a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB84FB7E8B2831D5" box="[926,1056,1252,1279]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">123.0 ± 7.12b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC4DFB7E8BD131D5" box="[1111,1241,1252,1279]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">84.5 ± 5.89c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFB7E8A8431D5" box="[1303,1420,1252,1279]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">47.0 ± 2.71d</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFA988A843037" box="[593,1420,1282,1309]" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFA988D803037" box="[593,648,1282,1309]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 4</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF9FA988C613037" box="[739,873,1282,1309]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">190.0 ± 2.98a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB84FA988B283037" box="[926,1056,1282,1309]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">102.0 ± 3.89b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC4DFA988BD13037" box="[1111,1241,1282,1309]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">112.5 ±8.07b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFA988A843037" box="[1303,1420,1282,1309]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">62.0 ± 5.33c</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFABB8A843016" box="[593,1420,1313,1340]" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFABB8D803016" box="[593,648,1313,1340]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 5</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF9FABB8C613016" box="[739,873,1313,1340]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">217.0 ±10.23a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB84FABB8B283016" box="[926,1056,1313,1340]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">87.5 ± 4.9c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC4DFABB8BD13016" box="[1111,1241,1313,1340]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">137.0 ± 4.96b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFABB8A843016" box="[1303,1420,1313,1340]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">62.5 ± 3.1d</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFAA58A843070" box="[593,1420,1343,1370]" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFAA58D803070" box="[593,648,1343,1370]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 6</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF9FAA58C613070" box="[739,873,1343,1370]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">177.5 ± 6.76a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB84FAA58B283070" box="[926,1056,1343,1370]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">97.5 ± 5.44c</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC4DFAA58BD13070" box="[1111,1241,1343,1370]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">120.5 ± 4.97b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFAA58A843070" box="[1303,1420,1343,1370]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">60.0 ± 2.58d</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFE7005CDA4BFAC78A843052" box="[593,1420,1373,1400]" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFE7005CDA4BFAC78D803052" box="[593,648,1373,1400]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Site 7</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDAF9FAC78C613052" box="[739,873,1373,1400]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">143.5 ± 12.2a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDB84FAC78B283052" box="[926,1056,1373,1400]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">81.0 ± 2.77b</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDC4DFAC78BD13052" box="[1111,1241,1373,1400]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">138.5 ± 3.5a</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFE7005CDD0DFAC78A843052" box="[1303,1420,1373,1400]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">62.0 ± 4.67b</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA6DA0AFA0A8B4830D1" blockId="5.[528,1453,1424,1532]" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<tableNote id="C7103732FFE7FFA6DA0AFA0A8B4830D1" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" targetBox="[593,1420,1165,1400]" targetPageId="5">* Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 10 replicates. Means within a row followed by different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test). Units: cm.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE7FFA5DA34F9658B8A36EA" blockId="5.[528,1454,1577,2034]" lastBlockId="6.[528,1454,846,1218]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">
|
||
The average relative coverage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DBD2F89A8B5B3236" box="[968,1107,1791,1820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DBD2F89A8B5B3236" box="[968,1107,1791,1820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was 74.77% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DD02F89A8AAA3236" box="[1304,1442,1791,1820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DD02F89A8AAA3236" box="[1304,1442,1791,1820]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- dominant sites, compared with 5.65% at sites dominated by native species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFE7FFA6DA03F8CE8D913258" box="[537,665,1876,1906]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[528,599,721,743]" captionTargetBox="[489,1457,156,707]" captionTargetId="figure-413@6.[532,1454,188,699]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. (a) Coverage of S. altissima and (b) the average number of species per quadrat in the S. altissima-dominant areas or uninvaded areas. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (Student’s t-test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11975993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11975993/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Figure 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The average number of total species per quadrat differed significantly between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DB06F81A8CAD32B6" box="[796,933,1919,1948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DB06F81A8CAD32B6" box="[796,933,1919,1948]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-dominated and native species-dominated areas (i.e., 6.02 and 7.82, respectively) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFE7FFA6DBEDF8308B7A32ED" box="[1015,1138,1962,1991]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[528,599,721,743]" captionTargetBox="[489,1457,156,707]" captionTargetId="figure-413@6.[532,1454,188,699]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. (a) Coverage of S. altissima and (b) the average number of species per quadrat in the S. altissima-dominant areas or uninvaded areas. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (Student’s t-test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11975993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11975993/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">Figure 1b</figureCitation>
|
||
). The average number of native species also differed significantly between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE7FFA6DC40F84C8BE832D8" box="[1114,1248,2005,2034]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE7FFA6DC40F84C8BE832D8" box="[1114,1248,2005,2034]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="68">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-dominated and native species-dominated areas (i.e., 4.44 and 6.01, respectively) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFE4FFA5DD3CFCD48A963641" box="[1318,1438,846,875]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="6.[528,599,721,743]" captionTargetBox="[489,1457,156,707]" captionTargetId="figure-413@6.[532,1454,188,699]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Figure 1. (a) Coverage of S. altissima and (b) the average number of species per quadrat in the S. altissima-dominant areas or uninvaded areas. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (Student’s t-test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11975993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11975993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Figure 1b</figureCitation>
|
||
). The proportion of non-native species was 26.2% in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DC87FCE38A2036BC" box="[1181,1320,889,918]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DC87FCE38A2036BC" box="[1181,1320,889,918]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-dominant areas and 23.3% in native species-dominated areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E896634FFE4FFA5DA0AFD4B8A95360A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11975993" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11975993" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11975993/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" startId="6.[528,599,721,743]" targetBox="[489,1457,156,707]" targetPageId="6" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE4FFA5DA0AFD4B8A95360A" blockId="6.[528,1453,721,801]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DA0AFD4B8D7937CC" bold="true" box="[528,625,721,743]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Figure 1.</emphasis>
|
||
(a) Coverage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DB0CFD488C8D37CC" box="[790,901,721,743]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DB0CFD488C8D37CC" box="[790,901,721,743]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and (b) the average number of species per quadrat in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DA0AFD748D893629" box="[528,641,750,771]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DA0AFD748D893629" box="[528,641,750,771]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-dominant areas or uninvaded areas. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (Student’s t-test).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE4FFA5DA34FC558BD831E8" blockId="6.[528,1454,846,1218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||
In the area dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DB69FC558CF636C1" box="[883,1022,974,1003]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DB69FC558CF636C1" box="[883,1022,974,1003]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the importance value was highest for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DA27FC608DC1313C" box="[573,713,1017,1046]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DA27FC608DC1313C" box="[573,713,1017,1046]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.409), followed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DBCEFC608B9C313C" box="[980,1172,1017,1046]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pueraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DBCEFC608B9C313C" box="[980,1172,1017,1046]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Pueraria lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.141) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DD2CFC608D7C316B" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="princeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DD2CFC608D7C316B" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Artemisia princeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.087) in
|
||
<date id="4E48107CFFE4FFA5DB19FBBE8C71316B" box="[771,889,1060,1089]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" value="2018-07">July 2018</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="77740307FFE4FFA5DB91FBBE8CF5316B" box="[907,1021,1060,1089]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="5.[528,589,1118,1139]" captionTargetBox="[593,1420,1165,1400]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 3. Heights of S. altissima before mowing in September 2019." pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Table S3</tableCitation>
|
||
). In the area dominated by native species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DA61FBD58C1B3146" box="[635,787,1103,1132]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Glycine" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="soja">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DA61FBD58C1B3146" box="[635,787,1103,1132]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Glycine soja</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.166),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DB91FBCA8CF53146" box="[907,1021,1103,1132]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Pueraria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lobata">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DB91FBCA8CF53146" box="[907,1021,1103,1132]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">P. lobata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.158), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DCAFFBCA8AA53146" box="[1205,1453,1103,1132]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Erigeron" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DCAFFBCA8AA53146" box="[1205,1453,1103,1132]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Erigeron canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(0.154) had the highest importance values. The importance value for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DA0AFB3F8D9131E8" box="[528,665,1189,1218]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DA0AFB3F8D9131E8" box="[528,665,1189,1218]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was 0.104, ranking 6
|
||
<superScript id="CD839BF4FFE4FFA5DB81FB388CA33199" attach="left" box="[923,939,1186,1203]" fontSize="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">th</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="4E48107CFFE4FFA5DBCBFB3F8B4C31E8" box="[977,1092,1189,1218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" value="2018-07">July 2018</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="77740307FFE4FFA5DC49FB3F8BCA31E8" box="[1107,1218,1189,1218]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="9.[528,589,940,961]" captionTargetBox="[577,1400,1015,1069]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 4. Change in areas occupied by S. altissima in patch-type communities from March 2018 to March 2019." pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Table S4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE4FFA5DA0AFB688CE43010" blockId="6.[528,1436,1265,1338]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||
<heading id="610181D0FFE4FFA5DA0AFB688CE43010" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DA0AFB688DDF3027" box="[528,727,1265,1294]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Management of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DAC4FB6B8C653024" ID-CoL="4Y752" box="[734,877,1265,1294]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">S. altissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DB76FB688CE43010" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">-dominated community by repeated mowing and eco-friendly herbicide application</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE4FFA5DA0AFACD8A493363" blockId="6.[528,1454,1367,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||
The coverages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DAF1FACD8C7D305E" box="[747,885,1367,1396]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DAF1FACD8C7D305E" box="[747,885,1367,1396]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not differ significantly between 2018 and 2019, regardless of the treatment applied to quadrats (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFE4FFA5DC93FA1B8BF630B5" box="[1161,1278,1409,1439]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[528,599,718,740]" captionTargetBox="[520,1457,168,701]" captionTargetId="figure-449@7.[532,1454,188,696]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Number of shoots of S. altissima in March 2018 and April 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September; Eco 200: 30% of shoots in the quadrats were cut near the ground, and the cut surfaces were covered with Eco 200 block. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976011/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">Figure S2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The quadrats that were mowed three times in 2018 had a lower
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DC90FA378A1D30E3" box="[1162,1301,1452,1481]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DC90FA378A1D30E3" box="[1162,1301,1452,1481]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
coverage in 2019 than in 2018; however, the variance was high and the difference was not statistically significant. Therefore, mowing treatment for 1 year did not affect the coverage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DB01F9B78CAB3363" box="[795,931,1580,1609]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DB01F9B78CAB3363" box="[795,931,1580,1609]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, regardless of mowing frequency.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE4FFA5DA34F9C28CD033DE" blockId="6.[528,1454,1367,2037]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||
The importance value for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DB75F9C28CFF335F" box="[879,1015,1624,1653]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DB75F9C28CFF335F" box="[879,1015,1624,1653]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
changed significantly after mowing treatment for 1 year. The importance value for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DC6FF9198A0A33B5" box="[1141,1282,1666,1695]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DC6FF9198A0A33B5" box="[1141,1282,1666,1695]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was
|
||
<quantity id="FD0E9B59FFE4FFA5DD5DF9198AA533B5" box="[1351,1453,1666,1696]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03886" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="in" value="0.409">0.409 in</quantity>
|
||
2018 and decreased to
|
||
<quantity id="FD0E9B59FFE4FFA5DB32F9378C8233E0" box="[808,906,1709,1738]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1534" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" unit="in" value="0.321">0.321 in</quantity>
|
||
2019. Consistent results were obtained at all sites subjected to mowing (Table
|
||
<collectionCode id="5CE7AE79FFE4FFA5DBB3F94D8CB233DE" box="[937,954,1751,1780]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE4FFA4DA34F8998B26315C" blockId="6.[528,1454,1367,2037]" lastBlockId="7.[528,1454,944,2039]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="70" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">
|
||
In
|
||
<date id="4E48107CFFE4FFA5DA4BF8988DCE3235" box="[593,710,1794,1823]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" value="2018-07">July 2018</date>
|
||
, 2 months after the first treatment (mowing or Eco200), the height of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DA9DF8B48C193260" box="[647,785,1837,1866]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DA9DF8B48C193260" box="[647,785,1837,1866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the mowing group was significantly different from that of the control group, with no difference in the height of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE4FFA5DD3BF8C38AA5325F" box="[1313,1453,1880,1909]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE4FFA5DD3BF8C38AA5325F" box="[1313,1453,1880,1909]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="69">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
between the Eco 200 treatment and control group (Table
|
||
<collectionCode id="5CE7AE79FFE4FFA5DCFBF8198BFA328A" box="[1249,1266,1923,1952]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
6). After 1 year of mowing or Eco 200 treatment, in
|
||
<date id="4E48107CFFE4FFA5DBE8F8378B7432E0" box="[1010,1148,1965,1994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="69" value="2019-04">April 2019</date>
|
||
, the height of the dead shoots differed significantly between the control group and the Mowing 1, Mowing 2, and Mowing 3 groups (
|
||
<tableCitation id="77740307FFE5FFA4DBAAFC2A8B0336E7" box="[944,1035,944,973]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[188,249,198,219]" captionTargetBox="[266,1419,245,480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Heights of dead shoots of S. altissima after 1 year of treatment in April 2019." pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). In particular, the average heights in the Mowing 2 and Mowing 3 groups were one-tenth that of the control group (
|
||
<tableCitation id="77740307FFE5FFA4DA7DFB9F8DC93108" box="[615,705,1029,1058]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="5.[188,249,198,219]" captionTargetBox="[266,1419,245,480]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 1. Heights of dead shoots of S. altissima after 1 year of treatment in April 2019." pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). However, the height of the dead shoots in the Eco 200 group was not significantly different from that in the control group and was larger than those in the mowing treatment groups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E896634FFE5FFA4DA0AFD548C883658" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976011" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11976011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976011/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" startId="7.[528,599,718,740]" targetBox="[520,1457,168,701]" targetPageId="7" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE5FFA4DA0AFD548C883658" blockId="7.[528,1454,718,882]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE5FFA4DA0AFD548D7837C9" bold="true" box="[528,624,718,740]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Number of shoots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE5FFA4DB52FD548CB037C9" box="[840,952,718,739]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE5FFA4DB52FD548CB037C9" box="[840,952,718,739]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in March 2018 and April 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September; Eco 200: 30% of shoots in the quadrats were cut near the ground, and the cut surfaces were covered with Eco 200 block. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE5FFA4DA34FB1F8A18330B" blockId="7.[528,1454,944,2039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||
We continued the experiment to determine the effects of mowing on the growth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE5FFA4DA85FB2A8C3C31E6" box="[671,820,1199,1228]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE5FFA4DA85FB2A8C3C31E6" box="[671,820,1199,1228]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in 2019. We measured the height of shoots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE5FFA4DA0AFB418D9231DD" box="[528,666,1242,1271]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE5FFA4DA0AFB418D9231DD" box="[528,666,1242,1271]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in May, July, and September, before each mowing treatment. The height of the shoot already differed between the control and Mowing 2 or Mowing 3 groups in
|
||
<date id="4E48107CFFE5FFA4DB28FAAA8CA53067" box="[818,941,1328,1357]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" value="2019-05">May 2019</date>
|
||
, before mowing (
|
||
<tableCitation id="77740307FFE5FFA4DC98FAAA8BEA3067" box="[1154,1250,1328,1357]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="5.[528,589,658,679]" captionTargetBox="[593,1420,705,940]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 2. Heights of S. altissima before mowing treatment in May 2019." pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). Height did not differ between the Mowing 1 and control groups. In July, heights in the Mowing 2 and Mowing 3 groups were significantly different from that in the control group, with no difference between the Mowing 1 and control groups (Table
|
||
<collectionCode id="5CE7AE79FFE5FFA4DACBFA408DEA30DD" box="[721,738,1498,1527]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
7). In September, heights in all treatment groups were significantly different from that in the control group (
|
||
<tableCitation id="77740307FFE5FFA4DCBBF99E8A08330B" box="[1185,1280,1540,1569]" captionStart="Table 3" captionStartId="5.[528,589,1118,1139]" captionTargetBox="[593,1420,1165,1400]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Table 3. Heights of S. altissima before mowing in September 2019." pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE5FFA4DA34F9B58DF83266" blockId="7.[528,1454,944,2039]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||
The number of shoots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE5FFA4DB70F9AA8CFB3366" box="[874,1011,1583,1612]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE5FFA4DB70F9AA8CFB3366" box="[874,1011,1583,1612]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
did not differ significantly between groups in
|
||
<date id="4E48107CFFE5FFA4DA96F9C08C16335D" box="[652,798,1626,1655]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" value="2018-03">March 2018</date>
|
||
before the experiment started (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFE5FFA4DC87F9C08A0E335D" box="[1181,1286,1626,1655]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[528,599,718,740]" captionTargetBox="[520,1457,168,701]" captionTargetId="figure-449@7.[532,1454,188,696]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Number of shoots of S. altissima in March 2018 and April 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September; Eco 200: 30% of shoots in the quadrats were cut near the ground, and the cut surfaces were covered with Eco 200 block. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976011/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). After 1 year of mowing or Eco 200 treatment, the number of shoots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE5FFA4DCF6F91F8A7E3388" box="[1260,1398,1669,1698]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE5FFA4DCF6F91F8A7E3388" box="[1260,1398,1669,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was significantly lower in the Mowing 3 group than in the control group in
|
||
<date id="4E48107CFFE5FFA4DA0AF9408D9E33DD" box="[528,662,1754,1783]" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" value="2019-04">April 2019</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFE5FFA4DAB2F9408C1E33DD" box="[680,790,1754,1783]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="7.[528,599,718,740]" captionTargetBox="[520,1457,168,701]" captionTargetId="figure-449@7.[532,1454,188,696]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figure 2. Number of shoots of S. altissima in March 2018 and April 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September; Eco 200: 30% of shoots in the quadrats were cut near the ground, and the cut surfaces were covered with Eco 200 block. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976011" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976011/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">Figure 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mowing 1, Mowing 2, and Eco 200 treatments did not reduce the number of shoots compared with the number observed in the control group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFE5FFABDA34F8C08B98365D" blockId="7.[528,1454,944,2039]" lastBlockId="8.[528,1454,816,1143]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="71" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">
|
||
The number of leaves was lower in mowing treatment groups than in the control group (Table
|
||
<collectionCode id="5CE7AE79FFE5FFA4DB07F81E8C26328B" box="[797,814,1924,1953]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
8). Mowing 3 (mowed twice before harvesting) had the fewest leaves between the control and treatment groups. The aboveground biomass of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFE5FFA4DA80F8408C2832DD" box="[666,800,2010,2039]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="70" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFE5FFA4DA80F8408C2832DD" box="[666,800,2010,2039]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="70">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also significantly lower in the mowing treatment groups than in the control group. However, there were no significant differences between mowing treatments (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFEAFFABDC13FCC08B8A365D" box="[1033,1154,858,887]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[528,599,634,656]" captionTargetBox="[469,1457,163,623]" captionTargetId="figure-438@8.[532,1454,188,612]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. (a) Aboveground biomass of S. altissima in September 2019. (b) Biomass of rhizomes of S. altissima in September 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976019/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Figure 3a</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E896634FFEAFFABDA0AFDE08BCB3628" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976019" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11976019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976019/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" startId="8.[528,599,634,656]" targetBox="[469,1457,163,623]" targetPageId="8" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEAFFABDA0AFDE08BCB3628" blockId="8.[528,1453,634,770]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDA0AFDE08D7837BA" bold="true" box="[528,624,634,656]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
(a) Aboveground biomass of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEAFFABDB95FDE18CF337BA" box="[911,1019,635,656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDB95FDE18CF337BA" box="[911,1019,635,656]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in September 2019. (b) Biomass of rhizomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEAFFABDA30FD0D8D923786" box="[554,666,663,684]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDA30FD0D8D923786" box="[554,666,663,684]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in September 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEAFFABDA34FC1F8A4D315D" blockId="8.[528,1454,816,1143]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||
The biomass of rhizomes was significantly affected by mowing treatment and by the frequency of mowing after 2 years (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFEAFFABDC4EFC2A8BC736E7" box="[1108,1231,944,973]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[528,599,634,656]" captionTargetBox="[469,1457,163,623]" captionTargetId="figure-438@8.[532,1454,188,612]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. (a) Aboveground biomass of S. altissima in September 2019. (b) Biomass of rhizomes of S. altissima in September 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976019/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Figure 3b</figureCitation>
|
||
). Plants subjected to mowing once a year had
|
||
<quantity id="FD0E9B59FFEAFFABDB60FC408CDE36DD" box="[890,982,986,1015]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.336" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" unit="g" value="933.6">933.6 g</quantity>
|
||
/m
|
||
<superScript id="CD839BF4FFEAFFABDBE3FC4D8B0A36C2" attach="left" box="[1017,1026,983,1000]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">2</superScript>
|
||
rhizomes, similar to the rhizome content of control plants (
|
||
<quantity id="FD0E9B59FFEAFFABDB40FB9F8CB03108" box="[858,952,1029,1058]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.877" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" unit="g" value="987.7">987.7 g</quantity>
|
||
/m
|
||
<superScript id="CD839BF4FFEAFFABDBC1FB988CEC3139" attach="right" box="[987,996,1026,1043]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">2</superScript>
|
||
). However, plants that were mowed two or three times had 732.0 g/m
|
||
<superScript id="CD839BF4FFEAFFABDBDCFBB68CC73117" attach="left" box="[966,975,1068,1085]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">2</superScript>
|
||
or
|
||
<quantity id="FD0E9B59FFEAFFABDBE5FBB58B543166" box="[1023,1116,1071,1100]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.353" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" unit="g" value="535.3">535.3 g</quantity>
|
||
/m
|
||
<superScript id="CD839BF4FFEAFFABDC65FBB68B803117" attach="left" box="[1151,1160,1068,1085]" fontSize="7" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">2</superScript>
|
||
rhizomes, respectively, which were significantly lower than the estimate for control plants.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEAFFABDA0AFB3C8BFD31E9" blockId="8.[528,1269,1190,1219]" box="[528,1269,1190,1219]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<heading id="610181D0FFEAFFABDA0AFB3C8BFD31E9" box="[528,1269,1190,1219]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDA0AFB3C8BFD31E9" box="[528,1269,1190,1219]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Effects of mowing frequency on reproductive characteristics</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEAFFABDA0AFB7B8AA03082" blockId="8.[528,1454,1248,1448]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||
We found that flowering rates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEAFFABDBAAFB7B8B3231D7" box="[944,1082,1248,1277]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDBAAFB7B8B3231D7" box="[944,1082,1248,1277]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were affected by mowing. All individuals in the Mowing 1 group had flowers and a flowering rate significantly higher than the flowering rate of the control group (93 ± 7%). However, the flowering rates in the Mowing 2 (0%) and Mowing 3 groups (20%) were significantly lower than that in the control group in Fall 2019 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFEAFFABDD29FA108A923082" box="[1331,1434,1418,1448]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="9.[528,599,741,763]" captionTargetBox="[529,1457,172,721]" captionTargetId="figure-460@9.[532,1455,188,719]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 4. Effects of control practices on flowering rates of S. altissima in October 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976034/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEAFFABDA0AFA4D8B23330A" blockId="8.[528,1447,1495,1568]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||
<heading id="610181D0FFEAFFABDA0AFA4D8B23330A" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDA0AFA4D8C2B3335" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Effects of mowing frequency and eco-friendly herbicide application on the early establishment of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEAFFABDB30F9998CB0330A" box="[810,952,1539,1568]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">S. altissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDBDAF99E8B23330A" box="[960,1067,1540,1568]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">invasion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEAFFABDA0AF9A68A74322E" blockId="8.[528,1454,1596,2052]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||
Although there were no statistically significant differences in cover between the control and treatment groups due to high variances, patches of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEAFFABDA0AF9088D943385" box="[528,668,1682,1711]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDA0AF9088D943385" box="[528,668,1682,1711]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed the greatest expansion in the control group, followed by the 20% Eco 200 and 100% Eco 200 groups (
|
||
<tableCitation id="77740307FFEAFFABDC4AF9268BB833F0" box="[1104,1200,1724,1754]" captionStart="Table 4" captionStartId="9.[528,589,940,961]" captionTargetBox="[577,1400,1015,1069]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Table 4. Change in areas occupied by S. altissima in patch-type communities from March 2018 to March 2019." pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). In particular, 100% mowing and Eco 200 treatment decreased the patch area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEAFFABDCF6F9728A7D322E" box="[1260,1397,1767,1796]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDCF6F9728A7D322E" box="[1260,1397,1767,1796]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEAFFABDA34F8888BBE3D2E" blockId="8.[528,1454,1596,2052]" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">
|
||
The flowering rate decreased with the frequency of mowing in the patches (sites 8–10) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEAFFABDB29F8A48CB73270" box="[819,959,1853,1882]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="71" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEAFFABDB29F8A48CB73270" box="[819,959,1853,1882]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFEAFFABDBCBF8A78B463270" box="[977,1102,1853,1882]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[528,599,634,656]" captionTargetBox="[469,1457,163,623]" captionTargetId="figure-438@8.[532,1454,188,612]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. (a) Aboveground biomass of S. altissima in September 2019. (b) Biomass of rhizomes of S. altissima in September 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976019/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Figure S3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most individuals flowered in the control quadrats. The flowering rate in the Mowing 3 group was 13%, which was significantly lower than that in the control group. The flowering rate in Eco 20% group had higher than Mowing 3 group and Eco 100% patches had no flowering individuals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="A2CD2A39FFEAFFABDC35F87D8BA03D2E" box="[1071,1192,2023,2052]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="8.[528,599,634,656]" captionTargetBox="[469,1457,163,623]" captionTargetId="figure-438@8.[532,1454,188,612]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="Figure 3. (a) Aboveground biomass of S. altissima in September 2019. (b) Biomass of rhizomes of S. altissima in September 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976019" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976019/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="71">Figure S3</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="6E896634FFEBFFAADA0AFD7F8DE23647" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11976034" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11976034" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11976034/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" startId="9.[528,599,741,763]" targetBox="[529,1457,172,721]" targetPageId="9" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEBFFAADA0AFD7F8DE23647" blockId="9.[528,1454,741,877]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADA0AFD7F8D7837D1" bold="true" box="[528,624,741,763]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Effects of control practices on flowering rates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADC9AFD7C8BFD37D0" box="[1152,1269,741,763]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADC9AFD7C8BFD37D0" box="[1152,1269,741,763]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in October 2019. Mowing 1: mowed once in July; Mowing 2: mowed twice in May and September; Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of 14 replicates. Bars with different letters are significantly different at p <0.05 (ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="6E896634FFEBFFAADA0AFC368DAB36F7" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" startId="9.[528,589,940,961]" targetBox="[577,1400,1015,1069]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="9" targetType="table">
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEBFFAADA0AFC368DAB36F7" blockId="9.[528,1453,939,990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADA0AFC368D6F36EB" bold="true" box="[528,615,939,961]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Table 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Change in areas occupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADB92FC368CFF36EA" box="[904,1015,939,961]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADB92FC368CFF36EA" box="[904,1015,939,961]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in patch-type communities from March 2018 to March 2019.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEBFFAADA45FC6D8A703106" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<table id="48F6C41CFFEB005CDA5BFC6D8A703107" box="[577,1400,1015,1069]" gridcols="4" gridrows="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFEB005CDA5BFC6D8A703127" box="[577,1400,1015,1037]" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFEB005CDA5BFC6D8DCE3127" box="[577,710,1015,1037]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Control</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFEB005CDB2EFC6D8CAA3127" box="[820,930,1015,1037]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Mowing 3</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFEB005CDC0CFC6D8B873127" box="[1046,1167,1015,1037]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Eco 20%</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFEB005CDCE7FC6D8A703127" box="[1277,1400,1015,1037]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Eco 100%</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="84C634FEFFEB005CDA5BFB8C8A703107" box="[577,1400,1046,1069]" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<th id="C7175D82FFEB005CDA5BFB8C8DCE3107" box="[577,710,1046,1069]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">205.2 ± 107.3</th>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFEB005CDB2EFB8C8CAA3107" box="[820,930,1046,1069]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">24.7 ± 44.0</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFEB005CDC0CFB8C8B873107" box="[1046,1167,1046,1069]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">104.5 ± 85.2</td>
|
||
<td id="C7175D82FFEB005CDCE7FB8C8A703107" box="[1277,1400,1046,1069]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADCE7FB8C8A023107" box="[1277,1290,1046,1069]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">−</emphasis>
|
||
31.7 ± 13.0
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEBFFAADA0AFBDF8BCF31BE" blockId="9.[528,1453,1093,1172]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<tableNote id="C7103732FFEBFFAADA0AFBDF8BCF31BE" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" targetBox="[577,1400,1015,1069]" targetPageId="9">Mowing 3: mowed three times in May, July, and September; Eco 20%: 20% of shoots were mowed and treated with Eco 200; Eco 100%: 100% of shoots were mowed and treated with Eco 200. Data are presented as means ± standard errors of six replicates.</tableNote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEBFFAADA0AFB798CAD302A" blockId="9.[528,933,1251,1280]" box="[528,933,1251,1280]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<heading id="610181D0FFEBFFAADA0AFB798CAD302A" box="[528,933,1251,1280]" fontSize="12" level="2" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADA0AFB798C0731D5" box="[528,783,1251,1280]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Allelopathic effect of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADB0CFB798CAD302A" box="[790,933,1251,1280]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">S. altissima</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3A4936BCFFEBFFAADA0AFA878CFD32D1" blockId="9.[528,1454,1309,2043]" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADA0AFA878DF23010" box="[528,762,1309,1338]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADA0AFA878DF23010" box="[528,762,1309,1338]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Solidago altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract adversely affected the germination rates of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADA0AFAD08DCB304C" box="[528,707,1354,1382]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADA0AFAD08DCB304C" box="[528,707,1354,1382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Lactuca sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADB36FAD38B06304C" box="[812,1038,1353,1382]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Oenothera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADB36FAD38B06304C" box="[812,1038,1353,1382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Oenothera biennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
L. (Table
|
||
<collectionCode id="5CE7AE79FFEBFFAADC82FAD38BA1304C" box="[1176,1193,1353,1382]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
9). For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADD13FAD08A7C304C" box="[1289,1396,1354,1382]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADD13FAD08A7C304C" box="[1289,1396,1354,1382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">L. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the germination rate was 32.9% at 3 days and increased to 44.3% at 6 days in the control group. For
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADB31FA388CAE3094" box="[811,934,1441,1470]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Oenothera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADB31FA388CAE3094" box="[811,934,1441,1470]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">O. biennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the germination rate was 45.7% at 6 days and increased to 65.7% at 12 days in the control group. However, when treated with the extract of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADB70FA608CFF333C" box="[874,1015,1529,1558]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADB70FA608CFF333C" box="[874,1015,1529,1558]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the germination of seeds of both plants was delayed or did not occur.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADBCCF9BC8B353368" box="[982,1085,1574,1602]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADBCCF9BC8B353368" box="[982,1085,1574,1602]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">L. sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seeds did not germinate until 9 days after treatment with a 20% dilution of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADC93F9C88A1D3344" box="[1161,1301,1617,1646]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADC93F9C88A1D3344" box="[1161,1301,1617,1646]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract and did not germinate at all when treated with a 50% dilution of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADD39F9E48AA533B1" box="[1315,1453,1662,1691]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADD39F9E48AA533B1" box="[1315,1453,1662,1691]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract. The seeds of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADB39F9318CAA33ED" box="[803,930,1706,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Oenothera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADB39F9318CAA33ED" box="[803,930,1706,1735]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">O. biennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed similar responses to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADD05F9318AA533ED" box="[1311,1453,1706,1735]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADD05F9318AA533ED" box="[1311,1453,1706,1735]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract, although small numbers of seeds germinated, even when treated with 50%
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADA90F8998C1C3235" box="[650,788,1794,1823]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADA90F8998C1C3235" box="[650,788,1794,1823]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract (Table
|
||
<collectionCode id="5CE7AE79FFEBFFAADBD4F8988CD73235" box="[974,991,1794,1823]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
9). The growth of roots of both plants was also significantly reduced by treatment with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADCA4F8B58A443261" box="[1214,1356,1838,1867]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADCA4F8B58A443261" box="[1214,1356,1838,1867]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract (Table
|
||
<collectionCode id="5CE7AE79FFEBFFAADA71F8C18D743252" box="[619,636,1883,1912]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
10).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADAA9F8C18C6E325D" box="[691,870,1883,1911]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADAA9F8C18C6E325D" box="[691,870,1883,1911]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">Lactuca sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seedlings showed root elongation of only
|
||
<quantity id="FD0E9B59FFEBFFAADD93F8C18D4B3289" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
12 days after treatment with a 20% dilution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADC92F81D8A1A328E" box="[1160,1298,1927,1956]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADC92F81D8A1A328E" box="[1160,1298,1927,1956]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract. The roots of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADA67F8298DF432FA" box="[637,764,1971,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Onagraceae" genus="Oenothera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="biennis">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADA67F8298DF432FA" box="[637,764,1971,2000]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">O. biennis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seedlings did not grow when treated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FDF64D3FFFEBFFAADD3BF8298AA532FA" box="[1313,1453,1971,2000]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Solidago" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="72" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="altissima">
|
||
<emphasis id="0882EAAEFFEBFFAADD3BF8298AA532FA" box="[1313,1453,1971,2000]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="72">S. altissima</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
extract, regardless of the concentration.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |