treatments-xml/data/AF/26/B3/AF26B35D777B69DDA71CCAE5EDE511B7.xml

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<document ID-CLB-Dataset="35472" ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416" ID-PMC="PMC3577090" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-245-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" ID-PubMed="23431087" ID-Zenodo-Dep="578462" ModsDocID="1313-2970-245-1" checkinTime="1425642919252" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Bousquet, Yves" docDate="2012" docId="AF26B35D777B69DDA71CCAE5EDE511B7" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 245: 1-1722" docOrigin="ZooKeys 245" docPubDate="2012-11-28" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.245.3416" docTitle="Philodes LeConte 1861" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" id="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" lastPageNumber="683" masterDocId="FFFF52503A0AFF882450FFB66D45FF8E" masterDocTitle="Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico" masterLastPageNumber="1722" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="683" updateTime="1736396794539" updateUser="felipe">
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<mods:title id="E26DB84F40E0EF3B65CF57AB8AFF7048">Catalogue of Geadephaga (Coleoptera, Adephaga) of America, north of Mexico</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7F37BC8E43C0CEBE999A9FCACA6E0814">Bousquet, Yves</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="18291035C0E950647504D5ED8FA83298">Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="AF26B35D777B69DDA71CCAE5EDE511B7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127866005" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AF26B35D777B69DDA71CCAE5EDE511B7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AF26B35D777B69DDA71CCAE5EDE511B7" lastPageNumber="683" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">
<subSubSection id="C4D1C6292C9CCA3869676AC0E97C40B3" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="E430D47C2642EB9559F4C72EF052F9A5" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="6E7530EA91CD5A19E2AE42E40CDEE449" ID-CoL="8KY6Q" ID-ENA="2109484" LSID="AF26B35D-777B-69DD-A71C-CAE5EDE511B7" authority="LeConte, 1861" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Philodes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodes LeConte, 1861</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="149366E0D453CE3FD2CDE8F36AF2155B" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="0D3A63FD50E0B48B36CB51DC540B5F0D" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">
<taxonomicName id="72E7407CFE151DE23D8E4A4EE5B9F04A" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Philodes</taxonomicName>
LeConte, 1861a: 33. Type species:
<taxonomicName id="D21ADBD189332980054FD92E33E018D2" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="alternans">
<emphasis id="5CF650BD590B7FEFD842695772FB264C" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Stenolophus alternans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
LeConte, 1853 designated by Lindroth (1968: 927). Etymology. Uncertain, possibly from the Greek
<emphasis id="0239C989FE3E4DA4F4BD7232B6386201" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">philos</emphasis>
(beloved) and the suffix -
<emphasis id="B988FFBADA2A9376ED201AEA7782849C" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">odes</emphasis>
(likeness) [masculine].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BD7FFB26FA1B3333F68EF83BA4E3A8D0" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" type="diversity">
<paragraph id="A03D77F347216274B18D7435F85C74FF" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Diversity.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="BB52ECA2561B729EE7F2C529AC9C3D55" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Four North American species, one of them extending into the Bahamas, placed in two subgenera.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6F2C31DA44358DF5561169F38B05A216" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" type="identification">
<paragraph id="7891F0962BD570D8E2CC039029DAF9E1" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Identification.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="29D6576F83ECD60AFD500F8C8A9D9267" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">
Lindroth (1968: 925-926) treated all currently recognized species in his key to Canadian
<taxonomicName id="668A5D7B5CD163758519E7B1C5CA6C1C" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Acupalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="99CC271E39E58E211F9E49CA6B1FE748" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Acupalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7E96A579BE6FFD29FCCD71D530146BCE" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" type="taxonomic note">
<paragraph id="7F1439F9052EED215F23BC8F0033CCDA" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Taxonomic Note.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="99E5186D4856F6119724632565863F1A" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">
This taxon has been treated as a subgenus of
<taxonomicName id="D86DF6547005E23BCC9D33681F4E9047" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Acupalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A30337A975EB5FE65F9A347CE943751C" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Acupalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by North American students since Ball (1960b: 147). However, members of the group are characteristic in having three or more discal setae on the third elytral interval and the endophallus with four large, curved spines and a basal pillow of pigmented hairs. To my knowledge, all other acupalpines have one or no discal seta on the third elytral interval. The situation regarding the sclerites in the endophallus is more complex. While most species of
<taxonomicName id="9E0595DFA8EE5DECC26D434011110B06" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Acupalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="34681BDB059545A37A652819A969D432" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Acupalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="2313BE919C9D2CC847533BEF06F1A8D3" authorityName="Motschoulsky" authorityYear="1850" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Anthracus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1818936D0C8168AEA837FEE066ACC1C7" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Anthracus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are described as having the internal sac unarmed, there are exceptions. Jeannel (1948a: 720) reported that the endophallus of the Madagascan
<taxonomicName id="3AF087ECC07A7E1FAB3112FD1F1C7B3F" authorityName="Jeannel" authorityYear="1948" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Anthracus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="madecassus">
<emphasis id="E27D1BFF232070996C5F973261A8F205" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Anthracus madecassus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Jeannel has some large spines (
<emphasis id="09DADE56CB657544B4627ECA8BF1F149" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">quelques grosses dents visibles par transparence</emphasis>
), Habu (1981: 44) described the endophallus of
<taxonomicName id="87262EFA9663C54D0A5280B6B8D7B468" authorityName="Tschitscherine" authorityYear="1899" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Acupalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hilaris">
<emphasis id="CC5E9C4C172A1E09E4E178C5C538DC4F" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Acupalpus hilaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="B804FD78B2A37984496101FE765975A6" originalValue="Tschitschérine">Tschitscherine</normalizedToken>
as having &quot;four large thorn-like copulatory pieces,&quot; and Antoine (1959: 451) stated that the internal sac of
<taxonomicName id="8E5BAA0016FF5CC952EFCDB2C98F0A8A" baseAuthorityName="Dejean" baseAuthorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Acupalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">
<emphasis id="84F834834E9470631F525707B0C3B1EB" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Acupalpus elegans</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Dejean has 18 large hooks arranged in two rows (
<emphasis id="90A96119AB8E529006E9445F674AB166" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">
18 grands crochets
<normalizedToken id="5837B97D81B348EBF73694E338D27861" originalValue="à">a</normalizedToken>
base ovale
<normalizedToken id="6D6C15F7FC387B41A2BFF5B2A10D62F9" originalValue="régulièrement">regulierement</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken id="A180EEADA8B8EEBA7C570CAFE7F861CA" originalValue="disposés">disposes</normalizedToken>
sur deux rangs, un droit et un gauche
</emphasis>
) reminiscent of the condition found in members of
<taxonomicName id="5E2D765074264119702811BA0386D018" authorityName="Dejean" authorityYear="1821" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Stenolophus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="47521F1232CBC95D908A440275C07DA0" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Stenolophus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. However, in members of
<taxonomicName id="B988AFCEC99B5E1F3090D6B942644E0A" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B022C2A0A20D78A163A89BC191746E60" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Philodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the four endophallus structures are proportionally bigger than in any of these species. At this time, I prefer to regard
<taxonomicName id="C593610822EB359E42D5220E16E607BA" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="11FD594EAFDBADDB42727C9BF16D78E3" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Philodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as generically distinct from
<taxonomicName id="9D7A4752D9145C878F4B32C245F5FBEF" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Acupalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B19C52908B6A9C0E9FDDC2024EE06ECC" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Acupalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
even though
<taxonomicName id="A750D2B275F047ACF1995F80CB0B32A4" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1829" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Acupalpus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A422077CBB7361617BA472D8CB90740E" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Acupalpus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may eventually be shown to be paraphyletic in regard to
<taxonomicName id="E0997A5FB6B4F78054B510C206C67205" authorityName="LeConte" authorityYear="1861" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Philodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Coleoptera" pageId="682" pageNumber="683" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F18F92D484CBE0CD13F73187F74E0B37" italics="true" pageId="682" pageNumber="683">Philodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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