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<document id="02C4FB736DCE01E0D22E6D6C1ABC29C5" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.157848" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d8cd1fd3-0d47-423c-ae7e-39fd0111adf6" ID-ISSN="1175­5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="157848" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461012540927" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Triggiani, Oreste, Ek, Zdenek Mrá Č &amp; Reid, Alex" docDate="2004" docId="AE6F4B07C27BFFBEFEAD055D945456B0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00460.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 460" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Steinernema apuliae Triggiani, Ek &amp; Reid, 2004, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="11" masterDocId="5256337FC279FFB4FFA5043B96205216" masterDocTitle="Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern Italy" masterLastPageNumber="12" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1698567753432" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="1A1D263E9618C55E600430084374DDA5" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="EF0123A42D9BEE675DB038C8FF2DA36E">Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern Italy</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="03F5FA397C86C67A1CF1C3FBCEFD4BB9">Triggiani, Oreste</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BC50F5EC1A6F03557568A441E7BDF69D">Ek, Zdenek Mrá Č</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A0F8A2866BDFEBF24692F9DFEC56C043">Reid, Alex</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="78AE292C1AAD4C4357819C61DCF23B05">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D3B491037F074F13E241AE0E7AAA427B">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="AC6BA137BB8E80CE69A568AF3826B716">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="95A7F6214BCA57312EC69BAF4AE83C1F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.157848</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0002C8D53CA4EFA64FC19A3B2C190B1B" type="ISSN">1175­5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B91FE713BB542F8512890A8B036E6FE8" type="Zenodo-Dep">157848</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="AE6F4B07C27BFFBEFEAD055D945456B0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5619141" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600586" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5619141" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AE6F4B07C27BFFBEFEAD055D945456B0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AE6F4B07C27BFFBEFEAD055D945456B0" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC27BFFB6FEAD055D94D75396" box="[264,759,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FEAD055D94D75396" blockId="2.[264,759,358,384]" box="[264,759,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<heading id="7D314D7DC27BFFB6FEAD055D94D75396" bold="true" box="[264,759,358,384]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" reason="1">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FEAD055D94D75396" bold="true" box="[264,759,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27BFFB6FEAD055D94215396" box="[264,513,358,384]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FEAD055D94215396" bold="true" box="[264,513,358,384]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27BFFB6FDAD055D946A5396" box="[520,586,358,384]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27BFFB6FDFC055D94CD5396" box="[601,749,358,384]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1. A" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2. A" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId-0="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionStartId-1="6.[264,368,920,944]" captionStartId-2="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox-1="[264,1322,313,919]" captionTargetBox-2="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[250,905,307,915]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Figures 1–3</figureCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC27BFFBCFEAD058A94C75060" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FEAD058A94855055" blockId="2.[264,1324,433,579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FEAD058A979253DC" box="[264,434,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Measurements</emphasis>
: Morphometrics of first and second generation
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FC7A058A926453DD" box="[991,1092,433,459]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
males of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27BFFB6FB10058A930B53DC" box="[1205,1323,433,458]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FB10058A930B53DC" box="[1205,1323,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27BFFB6FEAD05E2976753E5" box="[264,327,473,499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
are given in Table 1, morphometrics of first and second generation
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FBC005E292EA53E5" box="[1125,1226,473,499]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
females in
<tableCitation id="6B44CFAAC27BFFB6FE83063A975E500D" box="[294,382,513,539]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetBox="[280,1288,380,1003]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometrics of first­ and second­generation paratype females of Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343">Table 2</tableCitation>
and morphometrics of the
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FD19063A9503500D" box="[700,803,513,539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(third­stage infective juvenile) and of thirdstage
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FEE9061297915055" box="[332,433,553,579]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
juveniles in
<tableCitation id="6B44CFAAC27BFFB6FDE2061294805055" box="[583,672,553,579]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,352,1057,1081]" captionTargetBox="[280,1297,1153,1796]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 3: Morphometrics of infective­stage juveniles of Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" tableUuid="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D">Table 3</tableCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FEAD069A926850CB" blockId="2.[264,1323,673,733]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FEAD069A975550AF" bold="true" box="[264,373,673,697]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">TABLE 1</emphasis>
: Morphometrics of first­ and second­generation
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C27BFFB6FC20069A95C150AE" box="[901,993,673,696]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
males of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27BFFB6FBEB0699930B50AF" box="[1102,1323,674,697]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27BFFB6FBEB0699930B50AF" box="[1102,1323,674,697]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27BFFB6FEAD06FE976150CA" box="[264,321,709,732]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FE28073F92E95503" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<table id="54C608B1C27B004BFE8D073F92D95503" box="[296,1273,772,1813]" gridcols="3" gridrows="25" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D073F92D9510F" box="[296,1273,772,793]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D073F946F510F" box="[296,591,772,793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Character</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B073F95B4510F" box="[670,916,772,793]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">First generation (n = 20)</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51073F92D9510F" box="[1012,1273,772,793]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Second generation (n = 20)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D071592D95155" box="[296,1273,814,835]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0715946F5155" box="[296,591,814,835]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Body length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B071595B45155" box="[670,916,814,835]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1412 ± 114 (1272 ­ 1616)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51071592D95155" box="[1012,1273,814,835]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1135 ± 112 (929 – 1394)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D076292D95178" box="[296,1273,857,878]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0762946F5178" box="[296,591,857,878]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Greatest diameter</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B076295B45178" box="[670,916,857,878]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">104 ± 10.6 (86 – 124)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51076292D95178" box="[1012,1273,857,878]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">76 ± 4.1 (70 – 89)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D07B892D9518E" box="[296,1273,899,920]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D07B8946F518E" box="[296,591,899,920]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stoma length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B07B895B4518E" box="[670,916,899,920]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3.5 ± 0.3 (3.2 – 4)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5107B892D9518E" box="[1012,1273,899,920]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3 ± 0.4 (2.4 –3.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D079592D951D5" box="[296,1273,942,963]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0795946F51D5" box="[296,591,942,963]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Stoma width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B079595B451D5" box="[670,916,942,963]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">10.3 ± 0.7 (8.7 ­ 12.2)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51079592D951D5" box="[1012,1273,942,963]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6 ± 0.6 (4.8 ­ 6.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D07E392D951FB" box="[296,1273,984,1005]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D07E3946F51FB" box="[296,591,984,1005]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Anterior end to Excretory pore</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B07E395B451FB" box="[670,916,984,1005]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">141 ± 8.6 (124 – 153)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5107E392D951FB" box="[1012,1273,984,1005]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">135 ± 2.9 (113 – 162)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D003892D9560E" box="[296,1273,1027,1048]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0038946F560E" box="[296,591,1027,1048]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B003895B4560E" box="[670,916,1027,1048]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">175 ± 9.7 (156 – 188)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51003892D9560E" box="[1012,1273,1027,1048]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">184 ± 9.4 (164 – 199)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D001592D95655" box="[296,1273,1070,1091]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0015946F5655" box="[296,591,1070,1091]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Tail length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B001595B45655" box="[670,916,1070,1091]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">38 ± 2.3 (33 – 41)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51001592D95655" box="[1012,1273,1070,1091]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">36 ± 2.8 (33 – 45)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D006392D9567B" box="[296,1273,1112,1133]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0063946F567B" box="[296,591,1112,1133]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Anal body width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B006395B4567B" box="[670,916,1112,1133]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">44 ± 2.4 (41 – 48)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51006392D9567B" box="[1012,1273,1112,1133]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">41± 3 (37 – 48)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D00B892D9568E" box="[296,1273,1155,1176]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D00B8946F568E" box="[296,591,1155,1176]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Mucron length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B00B895B4568E" box="[670,916,1155,1176]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5100B892D9568E" box="[1012,1273,1155,1176]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D009692D956D4" box="[296,1273,1197,1218]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0096946F56D4" box="[296,591,1197,1218]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Spicule length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B009695B456D4" box="[670,916,1197,1218]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">72 ± 5(64 – 80)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51009692D956D4" box="[1012,1273,1197,1218]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">66 ± 3.1 (60 – 72)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D00E392D956FB" box="[296,1273,1240,1261]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D00E3946F56FB" box="[296,591,1240,1261]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Manubrium length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B00E395B456FB" box="[670,916,1240,1261]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">21 ± 1.9 (18 – 24)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5100E392D956FB" box="[1012,1273,1240,1261]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">21 ± 1.4 (18 – 22)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D013992D95701" box="[296,1273,1282,1303]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0139946F5701" box="[296,591,1282,1303]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Manubrium width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B013995B45701" box="[670,916,1282,1303]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">13 ± 1.3 (11 – 16)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51013992D95701" box="[1012,1273,1282,1303]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">12 ± 1 (10 – 13)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D011692D95754" box="[296,1273,1325,1346]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0116946F5754" box="[296,591,1325,1346]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Calomus</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B011695B45754" box="[670,916,1325,1346]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9.8 ± 1 (8 – 12)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51011692D95754" box="[1012,1273,1325,1346]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9 ± 0.7 (8– 10.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D016C92D9577A" box="[296,1273,1367,1388]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D016C946F577A" box="[296,591,1367,1388]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Velum length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B016C95B4577A" box="[670,916,1367,1388]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">25 ± 8 (18 – 26)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51016C92D9577A" box="[1012,1273,1367,1388]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">23 ± 1.6 (21 – 25)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D01B992D95781" box="[296,1273,1410,1431]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D01B9946F5781" box="[296,591,1410,1431]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gubernaculum length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B01B995B45781" box="[670,916,1410,1431]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">50 ± 2.5 (46 – 54)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5101B992D95781" box="[1012,1273,1410,1431]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">47 ± 1.4 (45 – 49)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D019792D957D7" box="[296,1273,1452,1473]" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0197946F57D7" box="[296,591,1452,1473]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Gubernaculum width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B019795B457D7" box="[670,916,1452,1473]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">9.7 ± 0.4 (9.5 – 10.3)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51019792D957D7" box="[1012,1273,1452,1473]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">8.3 ± 0.8 (6 – 9.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D01EC92D957FA" box="[296,1273,1495,1516]" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D01EC946F57FA" box="[296,591,1495,1516]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">A</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B01EC95B457FA" box="[670,916,1495,1516]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">14 ± 1.3 (11 – 16)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5101EC92D957FA" box="[1012,1273,1495,1516]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">15 ± 1.1 (13 – 17)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D023A92D95400" box="[296,1273,1537,1558]" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D023A946F5400" box="[296,591,1537,1558]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">B</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B023A95B45400" box="[670,916,1537,1558]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">8.1 ± 0.7 (7.1 –10)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51023A92D95400" box="[1012,1273,1537,1558]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">6.1 ± 0.7 (4.9 –7.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D021792D95457" box="[296,1273,1580,1601]" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0217946F5457" box="[296,591,1580,1601]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B021795B45457" box="[670,916,1580,1601]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">38 ± 3.8 (31 – 48)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51021792D95457" box="[1012,1273,1580,1601]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">31 ± 2.7 (26 – 37)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D026D92D9547D" box="[296,1273,1622,1643]" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D026D946F547D" box="[296,591,1622,1643]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">C'</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B026D95B4547D" box="[670,916,1622,1643]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3.8 ± 0.1 (3.3 – 4.3)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51026D92D9547D" box="[1012,1273,1622,1643]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">3.7 ± 0.3 (3.1 –4.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D02BA92D95480" box="[296,1273,1665,1686]" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D02BA946F5480" box="[296,591,1665,1686]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">D %</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B02BA95B45480" box="[670,916,1665,1686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">81 ± 0.9 (75 – 92)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5102BA92D95480" box="[1012,1273,1665,1686]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">74 ± 8.6 (61 – 90)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D029792D954D7" box="[296,1273,1708,1729]" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D0297946F54D7" box="[296,591,1708,1729]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">SW*</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B029795B454D7" box="[670,916,1708,1729]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.6 ± 0.03 (1.5 – 1.8)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51029792D954D7" box="[1012,1273,1708,1729]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.6 ± 0.1 (1.4 – 1.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D02ED92D954FD" box="[296,1273,1750,1771]" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D02ED946F54FD" box="[296,591,1750,1771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">GS**</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B02ED95B454FD" box="[670,916,1750,1771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0.7 ± 0.01 (0.7 – 0.8)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC5102ED92D954FD" box="[1012,1273,1750,1771]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">0.7 ± 0.03 (0.7 –0.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27B004BFE8D033B92D95503" box="[296,1273,1792,1813]" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
<th id="DB27912FC27B004BFE8D033B946F5503" box="[296,591,1792,1813]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Manubrium length/width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFD3B033B95B45503" box="[670,916,1792,1813]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.6 ± 0.2 (1.2 – 1.7)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27B004BFC51033B92D95503" box="[1012,1273,1792,1813]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">1.8 ± 0.1 (1.6– 2)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27BFFB6FEAD030393265559" blockId="2.[264,1286,1848,1871]" box="[264,1286,1848,1871]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">* spicule length divided by anal body width, ** gubernaculum length divided by spicule length.</paragraph>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" ID-Table-UUID="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[280,1288,380,1003]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" blockId="3.[264,1323,283,341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27AFFB7FEAD0520975A5325" bold="true" box="[264,378,283,307]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
Morphometrics of first­ and second­generation paratype females of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27AFFB7FBF50527930B5325" box="[1104,1323,284,307]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27AFFB7FBF50527930B5325" box="[1104,1323,284,307]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27AFFB7FEAD050597615343" box="[264,321,318,341]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FE2D054792F851FD" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<table id="54C608B1C27A004BFEBD0547932851FD" box="[280,1288,380,1003]" gridcols="3" gridrows="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD054793285385" box="[280,1288,380,403]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD054794405385" box="[280,608,380,403]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Character</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220547958B5385" box="[647,939,380,403]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">First generation (n = 15)</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43054793285385" box="[998,1288,380,403]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Second generation (n = 20)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD059C932853A8" box="[280,1288,423,446]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD059C944053A8" box="[280,608,423,446]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Body length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD22059C958B53A8" box="[647,939,423,446]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5086 ± 1700 (2828 – 9474)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43059C932853A8" box="[998,1288,423,446]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2362 ± 433 (1818 – 3192)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD05E9932853FF" box="[280,1288,466,489]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD05E9944053FF" box="[280,608,466,489]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Greatest diameter</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2205E9958B53FF" box="[647,939,466,489]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">271 ± 40 (227 – 383)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4305E9932853FF" box="[998,1288,466,489]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">144 ± 25 (105 – 196)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD05C693285002" box="[280,1288,509,532]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD05C694405002" box="[280,608,509,532]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stoma length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2205C6958B5002" box="[647,939,509,532]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8.1 ± 1.1 (6.4 – 11.5)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4305C693285002" box="[998,1288,509,532]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">5.5 ± 0.6 (4.7 – 6.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD061393285029" box="[280,1288,552,575]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD061394405029" box="[280,608,552,575]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Stoma width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220613958B5029" box="[647,939,552,575]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14 ± 1.2 (11 – 16)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43061393285029" box="[998,1288,552,575]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">9.3 ± 0.8 (7.9 – 10.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD06689328507C" box="[280,1288,595,618]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD06689440507C" box="[280,608,595,618]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anterior end to Excretory pore</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220668958B507C" box="[647,939,595,618]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">184 ± 15 (141 – 199)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4306689328507C" box="[998,1288,595,618]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">158 ± 18 (129 – 187)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD064693285082" box="[280,1288,637,660]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD064694405082" box="[280,608,637,660]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220646958B5082" box="[647,939,637,660]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">229 ± 11 (207 – 246)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43064693285082" box="[998,1288,637,660]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">225 ± 24 (196 – 266)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD0693932850A9" box="[280,1288,680,703]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0693944050A9" box="[280,608,680,703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tail length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220693958B50A9" box="[647,939,680,703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">62 ± 8.2 (47 – 74)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC430693932850A9" box="[998,1288,680,703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">61 ± 4.4 (51 – 67)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD06E8932850FC" box="[280,1288,723,746]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD06E8944050FC" box="[280,608,723,746]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anal body width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2206E8958B50FC" box="[647,939,723,746]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">69 ± 6.2 (54 – 78)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4306E8932850FC" box="[998,1288,723,746]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">46 ± 9.7 (35 – 70)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD06C593285103" box="[280,1288,766,789]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD06C594405103" box="[280,608,766,789]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2206C5958B5103" box="[647,939,766,789]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">19 ± 5.7 (11 – 33)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4306C593285103" box="[998,1288,766,789]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16 ± 1.6 (12 – 19)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD071293285156" box="[280,1288,809,832]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD071294405156" box="[280,608,809,832]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220712958B5156" box="[647,939,809,832]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">22 ± 6.8 (13 – 39)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43071293285156" box="[998,1288,809,832]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14 ± 2.1 (12 – 21)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD076F9328517D" box="[280,1288,852,875]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD076F9440517D" box="[280,608,852,875]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD22076F958B517D" box="[647,939,852,875]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">82 ± 29 (52 – 173)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43076F9328517D" box="[998,1288,852,875]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">46 ± 5.6 (40 – 64)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD074593285183" box="[280,1288,894,917]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD074594405183" box="[280,608,894,917]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C'</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220745958B5183" box="[647,939,894,917]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3 ± 0.3 (2.4 – 3.6)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC43074593285183" box="[998,1288,894,917]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.3 ± 0.1 (1 – 1.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD0792932851D6" box="[280,1288,937,960]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0792944051D6" box="[280,608,937,960]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">V</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD220792958B51D6" box="[647,939,937,960]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">55 ± 1.8 (50 – 58)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC430792932851D6" box="[998,1288,937,960]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">57 ± 1.9 (55 – 61)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD07EF932851FD" box="[280,1288,980,1003]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD07EF944051FD" box="[280,608,980,1003]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D %</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD2207EF958B51FD" box="[647,939,980,1003]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">80 ± 4.7 (68 – 87)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC4307EF932851FD" box="[998,1288,980,1003]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">70 ± 5.1 (60 – 78)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" ID-Table-UUID="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[280,1297,1153,1796]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" blockId="3.[264,1323,1057,1115]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27AFFB7FEAD001A9756562F" bold="true" box="[264,374,1057,1081]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">TABLE 3</emphasis>
: Morphometrics of infective­stage juveniles of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27AFFB7FCD8001A927A562E" box="[893,1114,1057,1080]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27AFFB7FCD8001A927A562E" box="[893,1114,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27AFFB7FBC7001A92BD562E" box="[1122,1181,1057,1080]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FED800BA92FE5512" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<table id="54C608B1C27A004BFEBD00BA93315512" box="[280,1297,1153,1796]" gridcols="4" gridrows="16" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD00BA93315680" box="[280,1297,1153,1174]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD00BA941F5680" box="[280,575,1153,1174]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Character</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC300BA949F5680" box="[614,703,1153,1174]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Holotype</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7900BA959E5680" box="[732,958,1153,1174]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paratypes (n = 19)</th>
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7800BA93315680" box="[989,1297,1153,1174]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Laboratory populations (n = 20)</th>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD0092933156A8" box="[280,1297,1193,1214]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0092941F56A8" box="[280,575,1193,1214]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Body length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC30092949F56A8" box="[614,703,1193,1214]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1192</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD790092959E56A8" box="[732,958,1193,1214]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1064 ± 66 (945 – 1212)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC780092933156A8" box="[989,1297,1193,1214]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1063 ± 81 (869 – 1192)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD00EA933156F0" box="[280,1297,1233,1254]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD00EA941F56F0" box="[280,575,1233,1254]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Greatest diameter</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC300EA949F56F0" box="[614,703,1233,1254]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">38</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7900EA959E56F0" box="[732,958,1233,1254]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">37 ± 1.9 (34 – 41)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7800EA933156F0" box="[989,1297,1233,1254]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">36 ± 1.8 (33 – 40)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD00C293315718" box="[280,1297,1273,1294]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD00C2941F5718" box="[280,575,1273,1294]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anterior end to Excretory pore</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC300C2949F5718" box="[614,703,1273,1294]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">100</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7900C2959E5718" box="[732,958,1273,1294]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">95 ± 4.2 (86 – 102)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7800C293315718" box="[989,1297,1273,1294]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">93 ± 21 (41 – 57)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD011B93315723" box="[280,1297,1312,1333]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD011B941F5723" box="[280,575,1312,1333]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anterior end to Nerve ring</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC3011B949F5723" box="[614,703,1312,1333]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">119</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD79011B959E5723" box="[732,958,1312,1333]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">111 ± 5.3 (103 – 104)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78011B93315723" box="[989,1297,1312,1333]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">109 ± 6.7 (100 – 122)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD01739331574B" box="[280,1297,1352,1373]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0173941F574B" box="[280,575,1352,1373]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Pharynx length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC30173949F574B" box="[614,703,1352,1373]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">146</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD790173959E574B" box="[732,958,1352,1373]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">145 ± 6.4 (137 – 159)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7801739331574B" box="[989,1297,1352,1373]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">147 ± 8.5 (134 – 164)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD014B93315793" box="[280,1297,1392,1413]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD014B941F5793" box="[280,575,1392,1413]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Tail length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC3014B949F5793" box="[614,703,1392,1413]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">73</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD79014B959E5793" box="[732,958,1392,1413]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">71 ± 5.4 (63 – 80)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78014B93315793" box="[989,1297,1392,1413]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">74 ± 6.6 (64 – 83)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD01A3933157BB" box="[280,1297,1432,1453]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD01A3941F57BB" box="[280,575,1432,1453]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Hyaline tail length</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC301A3949F57BB" box="[614,703,1432,1453]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">33</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7901A3959E57BB" box="[732,958,1432,1453]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">30 ± 2.7 (25 – 34)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7801A3933157BB" box="[989,1297,1432,1453]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">31 ± 2.6 (27 – 35)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD01FA933157CE" box="[280,1297,1473,1496]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD01FA941F57CE" box="[280,575,1473,1496]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Anal body width</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC301FA949F57CE" box="[614,703,1473,1496]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">25</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7901FA959E57CE" box="[732,958,1473,1496]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">23 ± 1.4 (20 – 26)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7801FA933157CE" box="[989,1297,1473,1496]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">23 ± 1.2 (21 – 25)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD01D793315415" box="[280,1297,1516,1539]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD01D7941F5415" box="[280,575,1516,1539]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">A</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC301D7949F5415" box="[614,703,1516,1539]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">31</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7901D7959E5415" box="[732,958,1516,1539]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29 ± 1.4 (26 – 31)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7801D793315415" box="[989,1297,1516,1539]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29 ± 2 (26 – 30)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD022D9331543B" box="[280,1297,1558,1581]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD022D941F543B" box="[280,575,1558,1581]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">B</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC3022D949F543B" box="[614,703,1558,1581]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">8.2</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD79022D959E543B" box="[732,958,1558,1581]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.3 ± 0.3 (6.8 – 7.8)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78022D9331543B" box="[989,1297,1558,1581]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">7.2 ± 0.6 (6.5 – 7.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD027A9331544E" box="[280,1297,1601,1624]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD027A941F544E" box="[280,575,1601,1624]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC3027A949F544E" box="[614,703,1601,1624]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">16.3</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD79027A959E544E" box="[732,958,1601,1624]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">15 ± 0.7 (14 – 17)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78027A9331544E" box="[989,1297,1601,1624]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">14 ± 0.7 (14 – 16)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD025793315495" box="[280,1297,1644,1667]" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD0257941F5495" box="[280,575,1644,1667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">C'</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC30257949F5495" box="[614,703,1644,1667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">2.9</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD790257959E5495" box="[732,958,1644,1667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.0 ± 0.2 (2.7 – 3.3)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC78025793315495" box="[989,1297,1644,1667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">3.3 ± 0.3 (2.8 – 3.8)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD02AC933154B8" box="[280,1297,1687,1710]" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD02AC941F54B8" box="[280,575,1687,1710]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">E</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC302AC949F54B8" box="[614,703,1687,1710]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.4</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7902AC959E54B8" box="[732,958,1687,1710]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.3 ± 0.1 (1.2 – 1.5)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7802AC933154B8" box="[989,1297,1687,1710]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1.3 ± 0.1 (1.1 – 1.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD02F9933154CF" box="[280,1297,1730,1753]" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD02F9941F54CF" box="[280,575,1730,1753]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">H % *</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC302F9949F54CF" box="[614,703,1730,1753]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">46</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7902F9959E54CF" box="[732,958,1730,1753]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">42 ± 2.6 (38 – 47)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7802F9933154CF" box="[989,1297,1730,1753]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">41 ± 2.5 (35 – 45)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="98F6F853C27A004BFEBD02D693315512" box="[280,1297,1773,1796]" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<th id="DB27912FC27A004BFEBD02D6941F5512" box="[280,575,1773,1796]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">D %**</th>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFDC302D6949F5512" box="[614,703,1773,1796]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">68</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFD7902D6959E5512" box="[732,958,1773,1796]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">66 ± 2.3 (63 – 70)</td>
<td id="DB27912FC27A004BFC7802D693315512" box="[989,1297,1773,1796]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">66 ± 0.05 (58 – 77)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27AFFB7FEAD031C92FF552A" blockId="3.[264,1247,1831,1852]" box="[264,1247,1831,1852]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">* Hyaline tail length in % of total tail length.**Anterior end to excretory pore in % of pharynx length.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27DFFB0FEAD052797B95323" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" box="[264,409,284,309]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27DFFB0FEAD052797B95323" box="[264,409,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Morphology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27DFFB0FE9D057F97EF5708" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27DFFB0FE9D057F9464534B" box="[312,580,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">First generation males</emphasis>
: body curved ventrally posteriorly, tapering toward lip region, J­shaped in heat­relaxed specimens. Cuticle with very faint transverse striae, lateral fields absent. Head rounded, almost continuous with body. Six lips fused at base, each lip bearing a labial papilla. Outer circle of four cephalic papillae present. Amphids distinct, located laterally between labial and cephalic circle of papillae (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FBA405DF926653E8" box="[1025,1094,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
B). Excretory pore (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FEB4063797745030" box="[273,340,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
C) variable in position, rarely slightly anterior, mostly at, and sometimes posterior to nerve ring (ranging from 75% to 92% of the length from anterior body end to base of pharynx). Stoma short, shallow, cheilorhabdions distinct, sclerotized, followed by the sclerotized smaller, sometimes indistinct prorhabdions. Pharynx muscular with procorpus extending into slightly swollen nonvalvate metacorpus, a narrower isthmus region surrounded by a nerve ring, and a rounded basal bulb. Cardia rather long, intestine generally with a wide lumen. Distinct, papilliform deirids situated at or slightly behind pharyngeal bulb. Well developed and reflexed testis. Paired symmetrical, slightly curved spicules and light brown in colour, distally bluntly pointed (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FCEE077795B15170" box="[843,913,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
G). Spicule manubrium distinctly elongated, with length: width ratio of 1.2–1.7:1; manubrium less then one third of spicule length (about 29%); calomus distinct, lamina slightly arched, ventral rostrum absent; velum narrow, indistinct, parallelly arched with lamina, extending from calomus to distal part of lamina. Gubernaculum boat­shaped in lateral view, distally much attenuated, proximal part varying from straight and bluntly pointed to slightly bent­like (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FB24002F92E65638" box="[1153,1222,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
H). Tail bluntly conoid, usually concave at ventral side, mucron absent. There are 23 genital papillae comprising 11 pairs and a single ventral papilla located just in front of the cloacal opening. Of the paired papillae, 6 pairs are located precloacal. Of these 5 pairs situated subventrally and 1 pair laterally. Five pairs postcloacal. Of these 2 pairs located adcloacal and subventral, very close to each other. The last 3 pairs are consistently located near the tail tip (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FEC1013F97855708" box="[356,421,1284,1310]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27DFFB0FE9D011794BE57A8" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27DFFB0FE9D011794405753" box="[312,608,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Second generation males</emphasis>
: similar to the first­generation males, but slightly smaller in the body length and other measurements (Table 1;
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FCD6016F95F45778" box="[883,980,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="6.[264,368,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,919]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[250,905,307,915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Greatest body width much smaller. Excretory pore located more anterior than in the first generation (Table 1;
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FB580147971057A8" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="6.[264,368,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,919]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[250,905,307,915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
). Tail mucron absent (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FD91019F945B57A8" box="[564,635,1444,1470]" captionStart="FIGURE 2. A" captionStartId="6.[264,368,920,944]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,313,919]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[250,905,307,915]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. A, SEM second generation male of S. apuliae sp. n, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27DFFB1FE9D01F794445348" blockId="4.[264,1325,284,1870]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1322,284,350]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27DFFB0FE9D01F7947D57F3" box="[312,605,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">First generation females</emphasis>
: body long, usually C­shaped on heat relaxation (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FB1901F7933C57F0" box="[1212,1308,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1A</figureCitation>
). Cuticle only faintly striated. Head bluntly rounded, slightly tapering anteriorly. Morphology of head region and pharynx similar to the males (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27DFFB0FC05022792215420" box="[928,1025,1564,1590]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Excretory pore located rarely anterior, mostly at, and sometimes posterior to the nerve ring. Genital tract amphidelphic with reflexed ovaries. Vulva asymmetrical and oblique slit to symmetrical and transverse slit, slightly (3 µm) to distinctly (35 µm) protruding from the body contour (depending on the age). Slant and short vagina, leading into paired uteri. Narrow rectum, distinct anal opening. Tail of mature females short and obtuse, with small postanal lobe, almost long as is wide; in young females a longer tail with conical­like tip, which is more prominent in older females with the obtuse tail. The tip bears one large and two or three minute protuberances or papillae protruding from the body contour (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27CFFB1FB8A052792565320" box="[1071,1142,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
B, 3C and 3D). Pigmy forms rarely observed.
</paragraph>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27CFFB1FEAD028B94495571" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27CFFB1FEAD028B94495571" blockId="5.[264,1323,1712,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27CFFB1FEAD028B97AA54DE" bold="true" box="[264,394,1712,1736]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
A, first generation female of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27CFFB1FD62028B951254D1" box="[711,818,1712,1735]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27CFFB1FD62028B951254D1" box="[711,818,1712,1735]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27CFFB1FC9C028B955454D1" box="[825,884,1712,1735]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27FFFB2FEAD07A394EB5606" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168929/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[264,1322,313,919]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27FFFB2FEAD07A394EB5606" blockId="6.[264,1322,920,1040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FEAD07A397AA51A6" bold="true" box="[264,394,920,944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
A, SEM second generation male of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27FFFB2FCB407A2955B51A6" box="[785,891,921,944]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FCB407A2955B51A6" box="[785,891,921,944]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27FFFB2FC2607A2959751A6" box="[899,951,921,944]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species">sp. n</taxonomicNameLabel>
, dorsal view of posterior region of male and 2 pairs of adcloacal papillae (a and b), 3 pairs of papillae near tail tip; B, second generation male, Nomarski LM, esophagus and excretory pore; C, second generation male, Nomarski LM, mail tale with spicules and gubernaculum.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27FFFB2FE9D007A946D5735" blockId="6.[264,1323,1089,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FE9D007A9454564C" box="[312,628,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Second generation females</emphasis>
: similar to first generation females in general morphology, but smaller in dimension (
<tableCitation id="6B44CFAAC27FFFB2FDE5005294BC5695" box="[576,668,1129,1155]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[264,352,283,307]" captionTargetBox="[280,1288,380,1003]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphometrics of first­ and second­generation paratype females of Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD052092675343">Table 2</tableCitation>
). Excretory pore located more anterior than in the first generation females. Vulva distinctly asymmetrical and oblique slit in all observed specimens (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27FFFB2FEFF0082978256C5" box="[346,418,1209,1235]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
E and 3F). Conical, pointed tail, with a short protuberance or papilla­like structures on its tip, but not mucronated; tail longer than body width at anus (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27FFFB2FB1900DA932456ED" box="[1212,1284,1249,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
G). Pygmy forms not observed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27FFFB2FE9D010A93095545" blockId="6.[264,1323,1089,1875]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FE9D010A94BA575C" box="[312,666,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Infective third­stage juveniles</emphasis>
: body of heat­relaxed specimens slightly C­shaped to almost straight, slender, slightly tapering towards anterior and posterior ends. Morphometrics of infective­stage juveniles are reported on
<tableCitation id="6B44CFAAC27FFFB2FC9201BA95B0578D" box="[823,912,1409,1435]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="3.[264,352,1057,1081]" captionTargetBox="[280,1297,1153,1796]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 3: Morphometrics of infective­stage juveniles of Steinernema apuliae sp. n. (mean, standard deviation of the mean, range; all measurements in µm)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" tableUuid="72B9AA99C27AFFB7FEAD001A95AC564D">Table 3</tableCitation>
. Specimens from
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27FFFB2FBC601BA92E6578C" box="[1123,1222,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27FFFB2FBC601BA92E6578C" box="[1123,1222,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Galleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cultures often enclosed in second­stage cuticle that is indistinctly annulated and 1.5 to 2 µm thick in midbody region. Lateral fields at midbody region with eight equally distributed ridges (i.e. nine lines); all ridges and lines distinct and at approximately even distances (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27FFFB2FB1A01C293245405" box="[1215,1284,1529,1555]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
H). Phasmids weekly developed, posterior to the anus, with their opening approximately 40% of tail length located at ventral edge of the lateral fields. Head portion finely rounded, mostly slightly off­set from body contour by a depression of 11–13 µm wide (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27FFFB2FB1A024A9324549D" box="[1215,1284,1649,1675]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
E). Four cephalic papillae and amphids indistinct. Papilliform deirids situated slightly behind pharyngeal bulb. Closed stoma. Pharynx with slightly expanded procorpus, narrower isthmus and subpyriform basal bulb with weakly developed valve apparatus. Basal bulb usually slightly displaced towards dorsal side by the excretory gland. Lentil­like hemizonid, about 5 µm long, mostly varying in position from beginning of bulb to its midsection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27EFFB3FEAD052795275058" blockId="7.[264,1323,284,590]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Excretory pore posterior to mid­pharynx region (on average about 66% of the length from the anterior end to the base of the pharynx), cuticularized, about 1 µm wide, excretory duct extending posteriorly to the cardia region (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27EFFB3FCA4055795685390" box="[769,840,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Fig.
<date id="5278DCD1C27EFFB3FC9C055795685390" box="[825,840,364,390]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">3</date>
</figureCitation>
I). Intestine separated from pharynx by a long cardia, which is followed by a slender bacterial vesicle. Gut filled with numerous fat globules, lumen not visible. Straight rectum, almost as long as anal body diameter. Anus 4­ 5 µm wide, sickle­shaped. Tail relatively wide (low ratio C'), conoid, straight, with terminus finely pointed, tip devoid of refractive inclusion (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27EFFB3FC25063795E25030" box="[896,962,524,550]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="5.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionText="FIGURE 1. A, first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., bar represents 1000 µm; B, first generation male, arrangement of labial and cephalic papillae, and amphids; C, male pharynx and excretory pore, bar represents 72 µm; D, male tail with an arrangement of genital papillae, bar represents 38 µm; E, infective juvenile, rounded head, bar represents 25 µm; F, infective juvenile, anus and hyaline portion, bar represents 17 µm; G, spicules variability, bar represents 31 µm; H, gubernaculum variability, bar represents 28 µm." pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
F). Hyaline portion occupying on average 41–42% of tail length (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C27EFFB3FD3B060F94C35058" box="[670,739,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 3. A" captionStartId="7.[264,368,1609,1633]" captionTargetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[580,922,939,1212]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. A, SEM of first generation female of S. apuliae sp. n., head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
L).
</paragraph>
<caption id="72B9AA99C27EFFB3FEAD027294965576" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168930/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[288,1322,654,1592]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C27EFFB3FEAD027294965576" blockId="7.[264,1323,1609,1888]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27EFFB3FEAD027297AA5477" bold="true" box="[264,394,1609,1633]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
A, SEM of first generation female of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C27EFFB3FC86027195AE5477" box="[803,910,1610,1633]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C27EFFB3FC86027195AE5477" box="[803,910,1610,1633]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C27EFFB3FC30027295F05476" box="[917,976,1609,1632]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, head with 6 labial and 4 cephalic papillae; B, first generation female, Nomarski LM, tail with apical papillae or protuberance; C, SEM of first generation female, tail with apical papillae or protuberances; D, SEM of first generation female, lateral view of tail with conical­like tip and apical papilla or protuberance; E, second generation female, Nomarski LM, asymmetrical vulva; F, SEM of second generation female, asymmetrical vulva; G, SEM of second generation female, ventral view of tail with an apical protuberance; H, SEM of infective juvenile, lateral field with 8 identical ridges; I, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, esophageal portion with excretory pore and hemizonid; L, infective juvenile, Nomarski LM, tail with hyaline portion.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C271FFBCFEAD0527978A5323" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,630]" box="[264,426,284,309]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFEAD0527978A5323" box="[264,426,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">DNA analysis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C271FFBCFE9D057F94C75060" blockId="8.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
The RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) profiles yielded by digestion of the ITS region with 17 restriction enzymes for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFC9D0557920A5393" box="[824,1066,364,389]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFC9D0557920A5393" box="[824,1066,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C271FFBCFB97055792525390" box="[1074,1138,364,390]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
(
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C271FFBCFB21055792EB5390" box="[1156,1227,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[469,1127,682,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[393,1173,668,1687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. RFLP profiles for (A) Steinernema apuliae sp. n., (B) S. arenarium and (C) S. glaseri. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from S. feltiae (UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau 3 A I; 16, Sau 96 I; 17, Xba I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A) were compared to a database containing over 50 different
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFC2E05AF923D53BB" box="[907,1053,404,429]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFC2E05AF923D53BB" box="[907,1053,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Steinernema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
isolates (including 22 described species). Examination of the RFLP profiles showed
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFBB7058792AD53C3" box="[1042,1165,444,469]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFBB7058792AD53C3" box="[1042,1165,444,469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C271FFBCFB3F058792FE53C0" box="[1178,1246,444,470]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
to be unique.
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFEC205DF97FD53EB" box="[359,477,484,509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFEC205DF97FD53EB" box="[359,477,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C271FFBCFE4605DF940253E8" box="[483,546,484,510]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFCC105DF95DB53EB" box="[868,1019,484,509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFCC105DF95DB53EB" box="[868,1019,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C271FFBCFBA905DF927353E8" box="[1036,1107,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[469,1127,682,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[393,1173,668,1687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. RFLP profiles for (A) Steinernema apuliae sp. n., (B) S. arenarium and (C) S. glaseri. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from S. feltiae (UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau 3 A I; 16, Sau 96 I; 17, Xba I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B) by 9/17 restriction enzymes (Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hha I,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C271FFBCFCB0063795705030" box="[789,848,524,550]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hind</collectingCountry>
III, Hinf I, Pvu II,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C271FFBCFB9F063792465030" box="[1082,1126,524,550]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rsa</collectingCountry>
I and Sal I) and from
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFEEC060F9798505B" box="[329,440,564,589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFEEC060F9798505B" box="[329,440,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C271FFBCFE6C060F942F5058" box="[457,527,564,590]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[264,368,1697,1721]" captionTargetBox="[469,1127,682,1673]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[393,1173,668,1687]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. RFLP profiles for (A) Steinernema apuliae sp. n., (B) S. arenarium and (C) S. glaseri. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from S. feltiae (UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau 3 A I; 16, Sau 96 I; 17, Xba I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C) by 11/17 enzymes (Alu I, Dde I, Hae III, Hha I,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C271FFBCFBC9060F92865058" box="[1132,1190,564,590]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Hind</collectingCountry>
III, Hinf I, Hpa II, Pvu II,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C271FFBCFE1C066797C55060" box="[441,485,604,630]" name="South Africa" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Rsa</collectingCountry>
I, Sal I and Sau3A I).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="72B9AA99C271FFBCFEAD029A976A5570" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/168931/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" targetBox="[469,1127,682,1673]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C271FFBCFEAD029A976A5570" blockId="8.[264,1323,1697,1894]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFEAD029A97AA54AF" bold="true" box="[264,394,1697,1721]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
RFLP profiles for (A)
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFD270299957E54AF" box="[642,862,1698,1721]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFD270299957E54AF" box="[642,862,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C271FFBCFCC1029A95BF54AE" box="[868,927,1697,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
, (B)
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFC730299924054AF" box="[982,1120,1698,1721]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFC730299924054AF" box="[982,1120,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and (C)
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFB1A0299930454AF" box="[1215,1316,1698,1721]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFB1A0299930454AF" box="[1215,1316,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. M molecular weight markers (band sizes shown in base pairs); Sf, the ITS region from
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C271FFBCFB6E02FF930A54CD" box="[1227,1322,1732,1755]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="feltiae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C271FFBCFB6E02FF930A54CD" box="[1227,1322,1732,1755]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">S. feltiae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(UK site 76) digested with Alu I; lanes 1 to 17 the ITS region for each isolate digested with the following restriction enzymes; 1, Alu I; 2, BstO I; 3, Dde I; 4, EcoR I; 5, Hae III; 6, Hha I; 7, Hind III; 8, Hinf I; 9, Hpa II; 10, Kpn I; 11, Pst I; 12, Pvu II; 13, Rsa I; 14, Sal I; 15, Sau3A I; 16, Sau96 I; 17, Xba I.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC270FFBDFEAD05279428512B" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFEAD0527940F5323" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,430]" box="[264,559,284,309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFEAD0527940F5323" box="[264,559,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFEAD0527971F5323" box="[264,319,284,309]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
of locality and host
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D057F930953B8" blockId="9.[264,1323,284,430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
The
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFED4057F97845348" box="[369,420,324,350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">type</typeStatus>
population was collected by using
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFCFC057F9264534B" box="[857,1092,324,349]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mellonella">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFCFC057F9264534B" box="[857,1092,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Galleria mellonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(L.) larvae as bait from a soil sample picked up from a saltpan near Margherita di Savoia, in the district of Bari at an altitude of
<quantity id="E13E57F4C270FFBDFDA505AF941C53B8" box="[512,572,404,430]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
above sea level, in
<date id="5278DCD1C270FFBDFC8105AF95E853B8" box="[804,968,404,430]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" value="1996-10">October 1996</date>
. The natural host is unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFEAD05DF97E853EB" blockId="9.[264,1323,484,750]" box="[264,456,484,509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFEAD05DF97E853EB" box="[264,456,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFEAD05DF971F53EB" box="[264,319,484,509]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
of material
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D063795ED50F8" blockId="9.[264,1323,484,750]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFE9D063797855030" box="[312,421,524,550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
infective juvenile,
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFD2E063794D05030" box="[651,752,524,550]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
third­stage juveniles, males and females of first and second generations are deposited in the Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Č eské Budĕjovice. Additional
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFBCD066792F85060" box="[1128,1240,604,630]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(thirdstage juveniles, males and females) are at the Department of Biology and Chemistry, Section of Entomology and Zoology, University of Bari;
<typeStatus id="F97D44B3C270FFBDFC26069795C850D0" box="[899,1000,684,710]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
third­stage juveniles are in the Nematode Collection of
<collectionCode id="40D762D4C270FFBDFDF006EF94BB50F8" box="[597,667,724,750]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/zvf2-zx2b" name="CABI Genetic Resource Collection" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">CABI</collectionCode>
Bioscience, Egham,
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C270FFBDFC3606EF95ED50F8" box="[915,973,724,750]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">U.K.</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFEAD071F9428512B" blockId="9.[264,1325,804,1870]" box="[264,520,804,829]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFEAD071F9428512B" box="[264,520,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Differential diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC270FFBDFE9D0777952256D8" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="description">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D0777952256D8" blockId="9.[264,1325,804,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE9D0777940D5173" box="[312,557,844,869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE9D0777940D5173" box="[312,557,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C270FFBDFD9D0777945B5170" box="[568,635,844,870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is mainly characterized by the following morphological characteristics: males with light brown, slightly curved spicules with longitudinally shaped manubrium and absence of a tail mucron in both generations. Females possess a characteristically asymmetrical oblique slit vulva distinctly behind the mid­body. Position of excretory pore is mostly posterior in both sexes. One distinct and two or three minute protuberances or papillae are located on the first female tail tip. Third­stage juveniles have long body, on average over 1000 µm. Hyaline tail portion is medium long, slightly over 40% of the tail length. Excretory pore is near the posterior­pharynx region (58­77%). Lip region broad, continuous, and rounded. Lateral fields with equally developed eight ridges (equivalent to nine lines) at even distances.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC270FFBDFE9D00E7930A5558" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D00E795895448" blockId="9.[264,1325,804,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE9D00E7940856E3" box="[312,552,1244,1269]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE9D00E7940856E3" box="[312,552,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Steinernema glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFDC900E7952A56E3" box="[620,778,1244,1269]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFDC900E7952A56E3" box="[620,778,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are the only described
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB9200E792E956E3" box="[1079,1225,1244,1269]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB9200E792E956E3" box="[1079,1225,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Steinernema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species found in Europe closely resembling
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFD11013F950A570B" box="[692,810,1284,1309]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFD11013F950A570B" box="[692,810,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C270FFBDFC94013F95505708" box="[817,880,1284,1310]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
in morphometrics and other morphological characters (
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C270FFBDFE40011794A05750" author="Poinar" box="[485,640,1324,1350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" refString="Poinar, G. O. (1978). Generation polymorphism in Neoaplectana glaseri Steiner (Steinernematidae: Nematoda), redescribed from Strigoderma arboricola (Fab.) (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera) in North Carolina. Nematologica, 24, 105 - 114." type="journal article" year="1978">Poinar, 1978</bibRefCitation>
; de
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C270FFBDFD0A011795F65750" author="Doucet" box="[687,982,1324,1350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" refString="de Doucet, M. M. A. &amp; Gabarra, R. (1994) On the occurrence of Steinernema glaseri (Steiner, 1929) (Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, 1976 (Heterorhabditidae) in Catalogne, Spain. Fundamental and applied Nematology, 17, 441 - 443." type="journal article" year="1994">Doucet &amp; Gabarra, 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C270FFBDFC47011792EC5750" author="Mracek" box="[994,1228,1324,1350]" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" refString="Mracek, Z., Becvar, S. &amp; Kindlmann, P. (1999) Survey of entomopathogenic nematodes from the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nematoda: Rhabditid) in the Czech Republic. Folia Parasitologica, 46, 145 - 148." type="journal article" year="1999">
Mráček
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFBE6011792575753" box="[1091,1143,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
., 1999
</bibRefCitation>
). However, females of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE73016F946F577B" box="[470,591,1364,1389]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE73016F946F577B" box="[470,591,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C270FFBDFDFE016F94BD5778" box="[603,669,1364,1390]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
have an asymmetrical, oblique slit vulva, whereas
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFAB1016F97795783" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFAB1016F97795783" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE310147940D5783" box="[404,557,1404,1429]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE310147940D5783" box="[404,557,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females have a more symmetrical and transverse slit vulva. Vulval opening is slightly posterior in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFD61019F951F57AB" box="[708,831,1444,1469]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFD61019F951F57AB" box="[708,831,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
females. Males of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB93019F928B57AB" box="[1078,1195,1444,1469]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB93019F928B57AB" box="[1078,1195,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possess a hooked spicule tip that was never observed in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC9901F7959457F3" box="[828,948,1484,1509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC9901F7959457F3" box="[828,948,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC5701F792AC57F3" box="[1010,1164,1484,1509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC5701F792AC57F3" box="[1010,1164,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Hyaline tail portion of IJs of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE6A01CF9465541B" box="[463,581,1524,1549]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE6A01CF9465541B" box="[463,581,1524,1549]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
seems to be slightly shorter. Pair of marginal ridges is slightly annulated in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE03022794395423" box="[422,537,1564,1589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE03022794395423" box="[422,537,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and smooth in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFD7E022795565423" box="[731,886,1564,1589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFD7E022795565423" box="[731,886,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC100227920F5423" box="[949,1071,1564,1589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC100227920F5423" box="[949,1071,1564,1589]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Finally, PCR­RFLP analysis can be used to clearly differentiate these species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C270FFBDFE9D0257930A5558" blockId="9.[264,1325,804,1870]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">
More species, such as
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFDE6025792B55490" authority="Mracek, Hernandez &amp; Boemare 1994" authorityName="Mracek, Hernandez &amp; Boemare" authorityYear="1994" box="[579,1173,1644,1670]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cubanum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFDE6025794ED5493" box="[579,717,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. cubanum</emphasis>
Mráček, Hernández &amp; Boemare 1994
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB070257945654B8" authority="Roman &amp; Figueroa 1994" authorityName="Roman &amp; Figueroa" authorityYear="1994" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="puertoricense">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB070257976954BB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. puertoricense</emphasis>
Roman &amp; Figueroa 1994
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFD2402AF920554B8" authority="Shen &amp; Wang 1992" authorityName="Shen &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1992" box="[641,1061,1684,1710]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFD2402AF951754BB" box="[641,823,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. longicaudum</emphasis>
Shen &amp; Wang 1992
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB9402AF978354C0" authority="Waturu, Hunt &amp; Reid 1997" authorityName="Waturu, Hunt &amp; Reid" authorityYear="1997" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="karii">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB9402AF92A654BB" box="[1073,1158,1684,1709]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. karii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C270FFBDFB2902AF978354C0" author="Waturu" pageId="9" pageNumber="12" refString="Hominick, W. M., Briscoe, B. R., del Pino, F. G., Heng, J., Hunt, D. J., Kozodoy, E., Mracek, Z., Nguyen, K. B., Reid, A. P., Spiridonov, S., Stock, P., Sturhan, D., Waturu, C., &amp; Yoshida, M. (1997) Biosystematics of entomopathogenic nematodes: current status, protocols, and definition. Journal of Helminthology, 71, 271 - 298." type="journal article" year="1997">Waturu, Hunt &amp; Reid 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE150287954B54C0" authority="Phan, Nguyen &amp; Moens, 2001" authorityName="Phan, Nguyen &amp; Moens" authorityYear="2001" box="[432,875,1724,1750]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="loci">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE15028797DB54C3" box="[432,507,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. loci</emphasis>
Phan, Nguyen &amp; Moens, 2001
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC010287976654E8" authority="Nguyen &amp; Duncan, 2002" authorityName="Nguyen &amp; Duncan" authorityYear="2002" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="diaprepesi">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC010287921D54C3" box="[932,1085,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. diaprepesi</emphasis>
Nguyen &amp; Duncan, 2002
</taxonomicName>
, belong to the “glaseri­group”. There is an important zoogeographical barrier for torrid species of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFE10033794615533" box="[437,577,1804,1829]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cubanum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFE10033794615533" box="[437,577,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. cubanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFDF6033795355533" box="[595,789,1804,1829]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="puertoricense">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFDF6033795355533" box="[595,789,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. puertoricense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC830337955E5533" box="[806,894,1804,1829]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="karii">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC830337955E5533" box="[806,894,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. karii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC60033792315533" box="[965,1041,1804,1829]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="loci">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC60033792315533" box="[965,1041,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. loci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The infective juvenile ratio (D%) is very low for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFDE7030F94B7555B" box="[578,663,1844,1869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="karii">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFDE7030F94B7555B" box="[578,663,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. karii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(56.6%) and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFC93030F95A0555B" box="[822,896,1844,1869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="loci">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFC93030F95A0555B" box="[822,896,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. loci</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(57%), whereas 66% for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C270FFBDFB0B030F9303555B" box="[1198,1315,1844,1869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C270FFBDFB0B030F9303555B" box="[1198,1315,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC273FFBEFEAD052797AA5198" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFEAD0527940C5390" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The ratio c´for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE65052794565323" box="[448,630,284,309]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="longicaudum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE65052794565323" box="[448,630,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. longicaudum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
IJs is very high (4.22) due to the tail length over 90 µm tail length, as it is for
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE4F057F948B534B" box="[490,683,324,349]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="puertoricense">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE4F057F948B534B" box="[490,683,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. puertoricense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFD19057F9578534B" box="[700,856,324,349]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="diaprepesi">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFD19057F9578534B" box="[700,856,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. diaprepesi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has shorter IJs, about 1000 µm, and a ratio (D%) close to 50%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFE9D05AF94615060" blockId="10.[264,1323,284,630]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
The morphology of males is similar among these species; however,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFBD005AF92CE53BB" box="[1141,1262,404,429]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFBD005AF92CE53BB" box="[1141,1262,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
possesses a strongly asymmetrical vulva that differs from that with a double flapped epiptygma of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE2605DF946653EB" box="[387,582,484,509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="puertoricense">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE2605DF946653EB" box="[387,582,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. puertoricense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFDFF05DF94C753EB" box="[602,743,484,509]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="cubanum">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFDFF05DF94C753EB" box="[602,743,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. cubanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is morphologically and morphometrically very similar to
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE20063797DD5033" box="[389,509,524,549]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE20063797DD5033" box="[389,509,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, its vulva position is about 50% that of the body length whereas in
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE29060F9421505B" box="[396,513,564,589]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE29060F9421505B" box="[396,513,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is significantly, behind the mid­body, varying mostly between 55% to 57% of the body length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFEAD0697947750D3" blockId="10.[264,1323,684,910]" box="[264,599,684,709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFEAD0697947750D3" box="[264,599,684,709]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Life cycle and crossbreeding</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFE9D06EF97AA5198" blockId="10.[264,1323,684,910]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE9D06EF940950FB" box="[312,553,724,749]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE9D06EF940950FB" box="[312,553,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C273FFBEFD9406EF945050F8" box="[561,624,724,750]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
is easily reared on
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFCF306EF95D350FB" box="[854,1011,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mellonella">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFCF306EF95D350FB" box="[854,1011,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">G. mellonella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae in the laboratory at 20 to 22°C. The
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE6F06C7940D5103" box="[458,557,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Galleria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE6F06C7940D5103" box="[458,557,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Galleria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae were killed after two days of exposition to IJs; first generation of adults appeared three days after host death occurred and new IJs started to emerge after one week. There were no positive interbreedings of
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFC0A077792065173" box="[943,1062,844,869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFC0A077792065173" box="[943,1062,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFBCF077792FA5173" box="[1130,1242,844,869]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="glaseri">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFBCF077792FA5173" box="[1130,1242,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. glaseri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFAB1077797A3519B" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="arenarium">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFAB1077797A3519B" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">S. arenarium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EDCA99AC273FFBEFEAD07FF945456B0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFEAD07FF940D51CB" blockId="10.[264,1323,964,1190]" box="[264,557,964,989]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFEAD07FF940D51CB" box="[264,557,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Distribution and ecology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="2679FA11C273FFBEFE9D07D7945456B0" blockId="10.[264,1323,964,1190]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFE9D07D7940A5613" box="[312,554,1004,1029]" class="Secernentea" family="Steinernematidae" genus="Steinernema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="apuliae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFE9D07D7940A5613" box="[312,554,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Steinernema apuliae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="0F819B78C273FFBEFD9707D794515610" box="[562,625,1004,1030]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
has been found exclusively in southern
<collectingCountry id="5ED1BA81C273FFBEFBF407D792A75610" box="[1105,1159,1004,1030]" name="Italy" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Italy</collectingCountry>
in the Apulia and Basilicata regions (
<figureCitation id="BEFDE694C273FFBEFD86002F944B5638" box="[547,619,1044,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="10.[264,368,1838,1862]" captionTargetBox="[558,1025,1286,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[527,1055,1259,1858]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 5. Map of collecting sites. Solid circles are the sites where S. apuliae was found." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/157852/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="425787E0C273FFBEFD23002F95EB5638" author="Triggiani" box="[646,971,1044,1070]" pageId="10" pageNumber="12" refString="Triggiani, O., Tarasco, E. (2002) Long Nematode strains from Italy. COST 850 Biocontrol Symbiosis - WG &quot; Biotechnology &quot; Workshop and Meeting (title: Molecular Identification and Taxonomy of Undescribed Species of &quot; Long-dauer Juvenile Phenotype from Europe and Southern Mediterranean Regions &quot;). Budapest and Debrecen, Hungary, April 4 - 6, 2002." type="journal article" year="2002">Triggiani &amp; Tarasco, 2002</bibRefCitation>
). Isolates were only found in sandy soil with one exception in silty soil (Table 4). They prevailed on seacoast with scant vegetation and a pinewood forests where
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFD49005F920A566B" box="[748,1066,1124,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" genus="Thaumetopoea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pityocampa">
<emphasis id="14B22603C273FFBEFD49005F920A566B" box="[748,1066,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Thaumetopoea pityocampa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species (
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFB31005F93075668" box="[1172,1319,1124,1150]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="E1C68192C273FFBEFEAD00B797FC56B0" box="[264,476,1164,1190]" class="Insecta" family="Thaumetopoeidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Thaumetopoeidae</taxonomicName>
) is common.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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