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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.330.5852" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f9602278-08da-4939-93dd-c27411b58799" ID-PMC="PMC3800804" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-330-27" ID-PubMed="24146554" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2013" ModsDocID="1313-2970-330-27" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 330" ModsDocTitle="Systematics of a widely distributed western North American springsnail, Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with descriptions of three new congeners" checkinTime="1451246967179" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hershler, Robert, Liu, Hsiu-Ping &amp; Bradford, Corbin" docDate="2013" docId="ACEEA6A9DF77DC107936A6A7E9340DD2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 330: 27-52" docOrigin="ZooKeys 330" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.330.5852" docTitle="Pyrgulopsis sanchezi Hershler, Liu &amp; Bradford, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="0D16A727FFC8FFB1FFC7FFA2FFDEFFA5" masterDocTitle="Systematics of a widely distributed western North American springsnail, Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with descriptions of three new congeners" masterLastPageNumber="52" masterPageNumber="27" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1668156417481" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Systematics of a widely distributed western North American springsnail, Pyrgulopsis micrococcus (Caenogastropoda, Hydrobiidae), with descriptions of three new congeners</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hershler, Robert</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Liu, Hsiu-Ping</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Bradford, Corbin</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2013</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>330</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>27</mods:start>
<mods:end>52</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.330.5852</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.330.5852</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-330-27</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152047536" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DA1A41D8-E257-466B-B28E-E500E89D16A9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/ACEEA6A9DF77DC107936A6A7E9340DD2" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/DA1A41D8-E257-466B-B28E-E500E89D16A9" authority="Hershler, Liu &amp; Bradford" class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis sanchezi" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sanchezi">Pyrgulopsis sanchezi Hershler, Liu &amp; Bradford</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="8" pageNumber="35">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 4
<normalizedToken originalValue="EF">E-F</normalizedToken>
, 7
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis micrococcus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="micrococcus">Pyrgulopsis micrococcus</taxonomicName>
. -
<bibRefCitation author="Hershler, R" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="776 - 843" title="Springsnails (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) of Ash Meadows, Amargosa basin, California-Nevada." volume="100" year="1987">Hershler and Sada 1987</bibRefCitation>
(in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis micrococcus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="micrococcus">Pyrgulopsis micrococcus</taxonomicName>
. -
<bibRefCitation author="Hershler, R" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" pageId="17" pageNumber="44" pagination="176 - 248" title="Springsnails (Gastropoda: Hydrobiidae) of Owens and Amargosa River (exclusive of Ash Meadows) drainages, Death Valley system, California-Nevada." volume="102" year="1989">Hershler 1989</bibRefCitation>
(in part).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis micrococcus" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="micrococcus">Pyrgulopsis micrococcus</taxonomicName>
clade E. -
<bibRefCitation author="Liu, H-P" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Ecology" pageId="18" pageNumber="45" pagination="2771 - 2782" title="Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal extensive cryptic diversity within a western American springsnail." url="10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01949.x" volume="12" year="2003">Liu et al. (2003)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="types">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Types.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
United States: Holotype, USNM 850333 (a dry shell), Purgatory Spring, Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada,
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.472">36.47200°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.31617">116.31617°W</geoCoordinate>
, 26 February 1985, R. Hershler and D.W. Sada. Paratypes, USNM 1204735 (from same lot).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35" type="referred material">
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="35">Referred material.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="8" pageNumber="35">
CALIFORNIA.
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="36" start="start">Inyo</pageBreakToken>
County: USNM 853505, USNM 853506, USNM 854609, USNM 854610, Grapevine Springs, spring brook on travertine bench above
<normalizedToken originalValue="Scottys">Scotty's</normalizedToken>
Ranch, Death Valley (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.01921">37.019210°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.38649">117.38649°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 857964, USNM 883372, USNM 1152507, Grapevine Springs, spring outflow at
<normalizedToken originalValue="Scottys">Scotty's</normalizedToken>
Ranch, Death Valley (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.0183">37.01830°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.3877">117.38770°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 1197772, Grapevine Springs, spring outflow below
<normalizedToken originalValue="Scottys">Scotty's</normalizedToken>
Ranch, Death Valley (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.0176">37.01760°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.3942">117.39420°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 853503, Grapevine Springs, northern-most spring complex, outflow below base of hill, Death Valley (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.0197">37.01970°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.39288">117.39288°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 894331, Grapevine Springs, third stream north of ranch, Death Valley (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="37.01867">37.01867°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-117.389">117.38900°W</geoCoordinate>
), BellMNH 21116, USNM 853501, USNM 857962, USNM 894335, USNM 1152506, Shoshone Spring, (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.98022">35.98022°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.27308">116.27308°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 853502, USNM 857963, USNM 873153, USNM 883366, USNM 894354, Tecopa Hot Springs, northern-most spring, (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.88011">35.88011°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.22992">116.22992°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 874035, Spring brook north of Tecopa, (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.85346">35.85346°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.22361">116.22361°W</geoCoordinate>
). San Bernardino County: USNM 123904, USNM 883365, USNM 899902, USNM 1008345, USNM 1008725, USNM 1011485, USNM 1152503, Saratoga Springs, Death Valley (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="35.68099">35.68099°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.42245">116.42245°W</geoCoordinate>
). NEVADA. Nye County: USNM 850339, USNM 859183, USNM 1122825, Shaft Spring, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.45109">36.45109°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.31552">116.31552°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 850340, USNM 1122826, Chalk Spring, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.44913">36.44913°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.31497">116.31497°W</geoCoordinate>
), BellMNH 20664, School Spring, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.42741">36.42741°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.30397">116.30397°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 1204746, Rogers Spring, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.47931">36.47931°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.32632">116.32632°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 850335, USNM 859180, USNM 859181, USNM 204755, USNM 1122554, springs south of Rogers Spring, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.47467">36.47467°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.32747">116.32747°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 850337, USNM 850338, Five Springs, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.46476">36.46476°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.32023">116.32023°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 859182, USNM 1122821, spring south of Five Springs, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.45109">36.45109°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.31552">116.31552°W</geoCoordinate>
), BellMNH 20666, BellMNH 20743, BellMNH 21149, USNM 850341, USNM 850342, USNM 859195, USNM 1204752, spring ca. 100 m north of Collins Ranch, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.42038">36.42038°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.29921">116.29921°W</geoCoordinate>
), BellMNH 20741, USNM 859179, USNM 883361, USNM 894337, USNM 1074313, USNM 1122759, USNM 1152498, Purgatory Spring, Ash Meadows, USNM 1204738, USNM 1197773, spring east of Crystal Reservoir, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.4079">36.40790°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.31297">116.31297°W</geoCoordinate>
), USNM 859187, USNM 1204744, spring east of Crystal Reservoir, Ash Meadows (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="36.40742">36.40742°N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-116.31197">116.31197°W</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">A small to medium-sized congener (maximum shell height, 2.9 mm) having an ovate to narrow conic shell. Differentiated from similar regional species by its short, strongly tapering penial filament.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
Shell (Fig. 7
<normalizedToken originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
) ovate to narrow conic, whorls 3.5-4.75. Teleoconch whorls medium convex, sometimes strongly shouldered, last 0.25-0.50 whorl sometimes slightly loosened. Aperture ovate, sometime strongly angled adapically, parietal lip complete, narrowly adnate or slightly disjunct, umbilicus usually narrow. Apertural lip sometimes rather thickened and/or slightly reflected, outer lip orthocline or prosocline.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
Figure 7. Shells, opercula and radula,
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis sanchezi" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sanchezi">Pyrgulopsis sanchezi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A Holotype, USNM 850333
<normalizedToken originalValue="BD">B-D</normalizedToken>
Shells, USNM 853505, USNM 1204755, USNM 853501 E, F Opercula (outer, inner sides), USNM 883361 G Portion of radular ribbon, USNM 883361 H Central teeth, USNM 883361 I Lateral and inner marginal teeth, USNM 883361. Scale bars
<normalizedToken originalValue="AD">A-D</normalizedToken>
1.0 mm; E, F 100
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; G 20
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
; H, I 10
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
Operculum (Fig. 7
<normalizedToken originalValue="EF">E-F</normalizedToken>
) as for genus; outer side smooth or with last 0.5 whorl weakly frilled; inner side smooth or slightly thickened along a small portion of the muscle attachment margin. Radula (Fig. 7
<normalizedToken originalValue="GI">G-I</normalizedToken>
) as for genus; dorsal edge concave, lateral cusps
<normalizedToken originalValue="threesix">three-six</normalizedToken>
, basal cusp one. Lateral teeth having
<normalizedToken originalValue="onefour">one-four</normalizedToken>
cusps on inner sides and
<normalizedToken originalValue="twosix">two-six</normalizedToken>
cusps on outer sides. Inner marginal teeth with 10-26 cusps, outer marginal teeth with 12-33 cusps. Radula data are from BellMNH 21116, USNM 857963, USNM 883361, USNM 883365, USNM 883372.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
Penis (Fig. 4
<normalizedToken originalValue="EF">E-F</normalizedToken>
) medium-sized; filament short, broad, strongly tapering, oblique; lobe short, rectangular, horizontal or slightly oblique; small (terminal) ovate gland almost always present on ventral surface of lobe (92/93 specimens), gland usually positioned horizontally, rarely borne on a raised swelling (one specimen), one specimen had a second, dot-like gland on the ventral surface of the lobe. Penial data are from BellMNH 2116, USNM 857963, USNM 857964, USNM 883361, USNM 883666.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="C70E0DF53CB14B416CA31C9D7AC94F59" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C70E0DF53CB14B416CA31C9D7AC94F59" pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
Table 3. Shell parameters for
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis sanchezi" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sanchezi">Pyrgulopsis sanchezi</taxonomicName>
. Measurements are in mm. &lt;br/&gt;
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
<table pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
<tr pageId="9" pageNumber="36">
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">WH</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">SH</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">SW</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">HBW</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">WBW</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">AH</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">AW</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">SW/SH</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">HBW/SH</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="36" rowspan="1">AH/SH</th>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="10" pageNumber="37" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="37">
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="37" start="start">Distribution</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="37">
Distributed in five separate groundwater discharge areas of the Amargosa River basin: Grapevine Springs (M2), Ash Meadows (M8, M51, M53, M57), Tecopa (M25), Shoshone (M26), Saratoga Spring (SS) (Fig. 2). The type locality (Fig. 5B) is a flowing well that was drilled into a small spring mound (
<bibRefCitation author="Dudley, WW Jr" journalOrPublisher="United States Geological Survey Professional Paper" pageId="16" pageNumber="43" pagination="1 - 52" title="Effect of irrigation pumping on Desert pupfish habitats in Ash Meadows, Nye County, Nevada." volume="927" year="1976">Dudley and Larson 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="10" pageNumber="37">
This species is named for Peter G. Sanchez, who spearheaded early efforts to protect and conserve regional springsnails and their associated aquatic
<pageBreakToken pageId="11" pageNumber="38" start="start">habitats</pageBreakToken>
while serving as a Resource Management Specialist in the Death Valley National Monument (now National Park) and Chair of the Desert Fishes Council (1978-1980).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="11" pageNumber="38" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="38">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis sanchezi" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sanchezi">Pyrgulopsis sanchezi</taxonomicName>
was resolved as sister to
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis arizonae" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arizonae">Pyrgulopsis arizonae</taxonomicName>
(Gila River basin, Arizona) in the Bayesian analysis (Fig. 1). The five geographically separated groups of
<taxonomicName class="Gastropoda" family="Hydrobiidae" genus="Pyrgulopsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pyrgulopsis sanchezi" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="sanchezi">Pyrgulopsis sanchezi</taxonomicName>
populations are genetically differentiated-e.g., mean genetic distance is 1.5+/-0.3% (ranging from 1.3-2.3%) for COI and 2.1+/-0.6% (ranging from 1.8-3.2%) for NDI, however we have not found consistent morphological differences to support their recognition as distinct species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>