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<mods:title id="98A9FFB2120EB04847DAE512A68A22DD">Spratelloides atrofasciatus Schultz, 1943, a valid species of round herring (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97D8ACF12B9CFD77EDF5041FA205D544">Hidaka, Kouichi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="13A1EE5BBF171F8A4AC1315BBFD02188">Yamamuro, Taihei</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="AC2A87FC882DBA47FF64FA8543635420" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5662816" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119641685" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5662816" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:AC2A87FC882DBA47FF64FA8543635420" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/AC2A87FC882DBA47FF64FA8543635420" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="536" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">
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<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882DBA4FFF64FA8543CB5317" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" authority="Schultz, 1943" authorityName="Schultz" authorityYear="1943" box="[151,644,1301,1327]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882DBA4FFF64FA8543CB5317" bold="true" box="[151,644,1301,1327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882DBA4FFF64FA8540985317" bold="true" box="[151,471,1301,1327]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882DBA4FFE2DFA8543CB5317" author="Schultz" box="[478,644,1301,1327]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1943) Fishes of the Phoenix and Samoan Islands collected in 1939 during the expedition of the United States Steamer &quot; Bushnell &quot;. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 180, x + 316 pp., 9 pls." type="book" year="1943">Schultz, 1943</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="243C36EA882DBA4FFF64FAA7436D534D" blockId="1.[151,785,1301,1469]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">(English name: Small-banded Round Herring) (Japanese name: Ryukyu-kibinago)</paragraph>
<paragraph id="243C36EA882DBA4FFF64FAEF40C85384" blockId="1.[151,785,1301,1469]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">
(Okinawan local name: Baka-jyako, Sururu, Sururugwa) (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882DBA4FFF6CFA3441AD5384" box="[159,226,1444,1469]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,244,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1728]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A) Original illustration of Spratelloides atrofasciatus (Fig. 1 in Schultz 1943): (B) holotype (USNM 115099, 31.7 mm SL) of S. atrofasciatus, photographed by Jennifer L Willett, Division of Fishes, Smithsonian Institution; (C) Original illustration of Spratelloides gracilis (PL CVIII fig. 2 in Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846) (right and left reversed); (D) Lectotype (RMNH 3260 a 94 mm SL) of S. gracilis, photographed by Seishi Kimura, Mie University." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233326/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A, B, 
<tableCitation id="69010351882DBA4FFED8FA3440335384" box="[299,380,1444,1469]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,578,601]" captionTargetBox="[159,1407,734,1981]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Meristics and proportional measurements expressed as percentage of standard length (SL), of the type and non-type specimens of Spratelloides atrofasciatus and S. gracilis. (Figures in parentheses indicate mean values; a = data from Schultz 1943; b = data from lectotype description of Boeseman 1947)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" tableUuid="70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6C996561882DBA4FFF64FA7C40CE5066" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="243C36EA882DBA4FFF64FA7C40CE5066" blockId="1.[151,1436,1516,1630]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">
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<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882DBA4FFF64FA7C4308503A" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" authority="Schulz 1943: 8" authorityName="Schulz" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="1943" box="[151,583,1516,1538]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882DBA4FFF64FA7C40E9503A" box="[151,422,1516,1538]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="A52210FB882DBA4FFE5EFA7C4308503A" author="Schulz" box="[429,583,1516,1538]" page="8" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" year="1943">
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882DBA4FFE5EFA7C4360503A" author="Schulz" box="[429,559,1516,1538]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1943) Fishes of the Phoenix and Samoan Islands collected in 1939 during the expedition of the United States Steamer &quot; Bushnell &quot;. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 180, x + 316 pp., 9 pls." type="book" year="1943">Schulz 1943</bibRefCitation>
: 8
</treatmentCitation>
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, fig. 1 (
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locality: Fagasa Bay, Tutuila I., 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A882DBA4FFBE3FA7C458C503A" box="[1040,1219,1516,1538]" name="American Samoa" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">American Samoa</collectingCountry>
); 
<treatmentCitation id="A52210FB882DBA4FFB26FA7C406C5018" author="Schulz" page="27" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882DBA4FFB26FA7C41B25018" author="Schulz" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" refString="Schultz, L. P. &amp; Welander, A. D. (1953) Family Dussumieridae. In: Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. A., Welander, A. D. &amp; Woods, A. L. (Eds.), Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 202 (1), pp. 23 - 29." type="journal article" year="1953">Schulz &amp; Welander 1953</bibRefCitation>
: 27
</treatmentCitation>
, 
<tableCitation id="69010351882DBA4FFEDFF99A40375018" box="[300,376,1546,1568]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,578,601]" captionTargetBox="[159,1407,734,1981]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Meristics and proportional measurements expressed as percentage of standard length (SL), of the type and non-type specimens of Spratelloides atrofasciatus and S. gracilis. (Figures in parentheses indicate mean values; a = data from Schultz 1943; b = data from lectotype description of Boeseman 1947)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" tableUuid="70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1">Table 1</tableCitation>
, fig. 7 (Bikini Atoll &amp; Rongelap Atoll, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A882DBA4FFCFAF99A422C5018" box="[777,867,1546,1568]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Marshall</collectingCountry>
Is.); 
<treatmentCitation id="A52210FB882DBA4FFC64F99A45DE5018" author="Nishijimamoto" box="[919,1169,1546,1568]" page="69" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" year="1963">
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882DBA4FFC64F99A45245018" author="Nishijimamoto" box="[919,1131,1546,1568]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" refString="Nishijimamoto, S. (1963) Round herrings (Family Dussumieridae) found in the Ryukyu Islands. Bulletin of Arts and Science Division, University of the Ryukyus, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 6, 64 - 72." type="journal article" year="1963">Nishijimamoto 1963</bibRefCitation>
: 69
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, Table II, fig. 4 (Yonaguni I., Miyako I., Motobu, Okinawa I., Ryukyu Is.); 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882DBA4FFD4CF9BA42DF5007" author="Uyeno" box="[703,912,1577,1599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" refString="Uyeno, T. &amp; Sato, Y. (1984, 1988) Spratelloidinae. In: Masuda, H. et al., (Eds.), The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 19, pls. 21 &amp; 337 - G." type="journal article" year="1984">Uyeno &amp; Sato 1984</bibRefCitation>
, 1988: 19, pl. 337-G (Okinawa I.); 
<treatmentCitation id="A52210FB882DBA4FFAF0F9BA41BF5066" author="Aonuma" page="244" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" year="2002">
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882DBA4FFAF0F9BA44D65007" author="Aonuma" box="[1283,1433,1577,1599]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" refString="Aonuma, Y. (2002) Clupeidae. In: Nakabo, T. (Ed.), Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. English Edition. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, pp. 243 - 247 &amp; pp. 1463." type="journal article" year="2002">Aonuma 2002</bibRefCitation>
: 244
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, (Okinawa I.).
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="6C996561882DBA4FFF64F91A4319516F" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="243C36EA882DBA4FFF64F91A4319516F" blockId="1.[151,1437,1674,2023]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882DBA4FFF64F91A405E509B" bold="true" box="[151,273,1674,1699]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A species of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882DBA4FFE5BF91A4373509B" box="[424,572,1674,1699]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882DBA4FFE5BF91A4373509B" box="[424,572,1674,1699]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Spratelloides</emphasis>
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with the following combination of characters: Dorsal fin rays 10–14; anal fin rays 10–13; pectoral fin rays 10–14 (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882DBA4FFDCCF93E43CB50FF" box="[575,644,1710,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[179,1411,210,1922]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[161,1426,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Frequency distributions of dorsal, anal and pectoral fin rays in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open), Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle), Lectotype of S. gracilis (solid triangle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233328/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
); vertebrae 43–47 (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882DBA4FFC95F93E42E450FF" box="[870,939,1710,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,879,901]" captionTargetBox="[170,1418,207,842]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,193,857]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Frequency distributions of total vertebrae in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open). Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233329/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
) and lower gill rakers 20–24 (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882DBA4FFAFAF93E440050FF" box="[1289,1359,1710,1735]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1637,1659]" captionTargetBox="[169,1422,995,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,981,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Frequency distributions of lower gill rakers in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open). Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233330/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
); head length short 19.3–24.1% SL (mean 22.2%); upper jaw length short 7.0–9.3% SL (8.3%); snout length equal or slightly shorter than eye diameter, its length 5.9–7.4% SL (6.7%); lateral band usually wider than eye diameter, its width 5.7–7.9% SL (6.7%) (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882DBA4FFE29F88A436F510B" box="[474,544,1818,1843]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[340,1256,207,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[314,1273,193,1931]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Proportions of head length, greatest width of lateral band, upper jaw length, and snout length, in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (Holotype: solid circle, Non-types: open circles) and S. gracilis (Lectotype: solid triangle, Non-types: open triangles)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233327/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
); numerous black pigment spots on inner side of gill opening visible from the outside in preserved specimens (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882DBA4FFDF0F8AE4307516F" box="[515,584,1854,1879]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1777,1799]" captionTargetBox="[328,1257,351,1745]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[318,1268,337,1756]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 6. Head and inner side of right gill cover in two species of Spratelloides. A S. atrofasciatus URM-P 44311, 41.4 mm SL. B S. gracilis, URM-P 44265, 52.4 mm SL." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233331/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6C996561882DBA4AFF34F8F243CD56C0" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="531" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" type="description">
<paragraph id="243C36EA882DBA4CFF34F8F2456B5420" blockId="1.[151,1437,1674,2023]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="529" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882DBA4FFF34F8F240165143" bold="true" box="[199,345,1890,1915]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Description.</emphasis>
Counts and measurements of the 
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, 
<typeStatus id="FB388848882DBA4FFCA4F8F342F55143" box="[855,954,1891,1915]" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
, and non-type specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882DBA4FFAFBF8F2406751A7" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882DBA4FFAFBF8F2406751A7" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are given in 
<tableCitation id="69010351882DBA4FFE4BF816434351A7" box="[440,524,1926,1951]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,578,601]" captionTargetBox="[159,1407,734,1981]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Meristics and proportional measurements expressed as percentage of standard length (SL), of the type and non-type specimens of Spratelloides atrofasciatus and S. gracilis. (Figures in parentheses indicate mean values; a = data from Schultz 1943; b = data from lectotype description of Boeseman 1947)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1" pageId="1" pageNumber="528" tableUuid="70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1">Table 1</tableCitation>
. Frequency distributions of selected counts (dorsal fin rays, pectoral fin rays, anal fin rays, total vertebrae, and lower gill rakers) are shown in 
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882DBA4FFCBFF83A42F851FB" box="[844,951,1962,1987]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,879,901]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1637,1659]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1411,210,1922]" captionTargetBox-1="[170,1418,207,842]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,1422,995,1609]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[161,1426,193,1932]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,193,857]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1435,981,1615]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Frequency distributions of dorsal, anal and pectoral fin rays in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open), Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle), Lectotype of S. gracilis (solid triangle)." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Frequency distributions of total vertebrae in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open). Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle)." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Frequency distributions of lower gill rakers in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open). Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/233328/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/233329/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/233330/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="528">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
. Characters stated in the diagnosis are not repeated. Body elongated, subcylindrical, slightly compressed; body depth less than head length; snout pointed; eye diameter greater than interorbital width; upper jaw longer than snout; maxillary extending posteriorly to a vertical through front of eye but not through front of pupil; nasal openings separated by a dermal flap; two supramaxillae, the posterior with the lower part of the expanded portion larger than the upper part; lower jaw slightly projecting; gill rakers long and slender; pseudobranch with basal part of filaments covered by membrane; frontalparietal region smooth; posterior frontal fontanelles broadly divided anteriorly by a wedge of bone; rear of isthmus with usual notch and fleshy lobe on shoulder girdle; scale in lateral series from rear of head to base of caudal fin usually 42–45; vertical striae on scales discontinuous and posterior margin of scales not toothed; upper and lower lobes of caudal fin each with a pair of elongate scales on both sides; belly without scutes except a single W-shaped abdominal scute at the pelvic fin base; origin of dorsal fin equidistant between snout and caudal base or just nearer to snout than to caudal base; pelvic insertion under middle of dorsal fin base; anus immediately in front of anal fin origin; origin of anal fin a little closer to caudal fin base than to pelvic insertions.
</paragraph>
<caption id="70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1" ID-Table-UUID="70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1" pageId="2" pageNumber="529" targetBox="[159,1407,734,1981]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="243C36EA882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1" blockId="2.[151,1435,578,665]" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882EBA4CFF64FDD240435461" bold="true" box="[151,268,578,601]" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Meristics and proportional measurements expressed as percentage of standard length (SL), of the type and non-type specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882EBA4CFE7CFDF143E35441" box="[399,684,609,633]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882EBA4CFE7CFDF143E35441" box="[399,684,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882EBA4CFD13FDF242035441" box="[736,844,609,633]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882EBA4CFD13FDF242035441" box="[736,844,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. (Figures in parentheses indicate mean values; 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882EBA4CFAB5FDF2441C5441" bold="true" box="[1350,1363,610,633]" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">a</emphasis>
= data from Schultz 1943; 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882EBA4CFE98FD12403554A1" bold="true" box="[363,378,642,665]" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">b</emphasis>
= data from lectotype description of Boeseman 1947).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="243C36EA882EBA4AFDBAFD2543CD56C0" blockId="2.[585,1315,693,715]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,2016]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="531" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882EBA4DFDBAFD25436D51BF" italics="true" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="530" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882EBA4CFDBAFD25421754F3" box="[585,856,693,715]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882EBA4CFBB9FD25446C54F3" authority="Color" authorityName="Color" box="[1098,1315,693,715]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">Spratelloides gracilis</taxonomicName>
Color of preserved specimens
</emphasis>
: Head and upper and lower surfaces of body light brown; midlateral band blackish brown (silver outlined above by a thin blackish line when fresh); tip of snout, tip of lower jaw, dorsal surface of brain with black pigment, numerous black pigment spots on inner side of operculum visible from outside in preserved specimens (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882FBA4DFE5EF84B40B451CB" box="[429,507,2011,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,244,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1728]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A) Original illustration of Spratelloides atrofasciatus (Fig. 1 in Schultz 1943): (B) holotype (USNM 115099, 31.7 mm SL) of S. atrofasciatus, photographed by Jennifer L Willett, Division of Fishes, Smithsonian Institution; (C) Original illustration of Spratelloides gracilis (PL CVIII fig. 2 in Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846) (right and left reversed); (D) Lectotype (RMNH 3260 a 94 mm SL) of S. gracilis, photographed by Seishi Kimura, Mie University." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233326/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F882FBA4DFDFAF84B435651CC" box="[521,537,2011,2036]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1637,1659]" captionTargetBox="[169,1422,995,1609]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1435,981,1615]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Frequency distributions of lower gill rakers in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open). Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233330/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">5</figureCitation>
); dorsal margin of iris with a black blotch in some specimens (not visible in the 
<typeStatus id="FB3888488828BA4AFF64FF0741B65688" box="[151,249,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="FB3888488828BA4AFEC2FF0840D95688" box="[305,406,152,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
); mid-dorsal line with a double row of black pigment cells from occiput to caudal fin base, the line irregular along base of dorsal fin; dorsolateral scale pockets fringed with black; ventral edge of abdomen pigmented; scales on caudal not pigmented.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph id="243C36EA882EBA4CFDBAFD4E443051A6" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<table id="5683C44A882E45B1FF6CFD4E44305185" box="[159,1407,734,1981]" gridcols="5" gridrows="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CFD4E443054CC" box="[159,1407,734,756]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CFD4E43E854CC" box="[159,679,734,756]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">Holotype</th>
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29FD4E427B54CC" box="[730,820,734,756]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">Paratype</th>
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82FD4E455554CC" box="[881,1050,734,756]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">non-types</th>
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAFD4E45E054CC" box="[1097,1199,734,756]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">Lectotype</th>
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25FD4E443054CC" box="[1238,1407,734,756]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">non-types</th>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CFC9844305504" box="[159,1407,776,828]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CFC9843E85504" box="[159,679,776,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">USNM 115099</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29FC98427B5504" box="[730,820,776,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">USNM 115100</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82FC9845555504" box="[881,1050,776,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">n = 110</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAFC9845E05504" box="[1097,1199,776,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">RMNH 3260a</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25FC9844305504" box="[1238,1407,776,828]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">n = 105</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CFCC044305580" box="[159,1407,848,952]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CFCC043E85580" box="[159,679,848,952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
Standard length (mm) 31.7 a 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882EBA4CFF6CFCE941A355B7" bold="true" box="[159,236,889,911]" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">Counts</emphasis>
- dorsal-fin rays 11 a - pectoral-fin rays 12 a
</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29FCC0427B5580" box="[730,820,848,952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">30.5 a 12 a –</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82FCC045555580" box="[881,1050,848,952]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">27.0–45.2 10–14 10–13</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAFCC045E05580" box="[1097,1199,848,952]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">94.0 11 b 14 b</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25FCC044305580" box="[1238,1407,848,952]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">31.0–93.3 12–15 12–14</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CFC5C4430520C" box="[159,1407,972,1076]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CFC5C43E8520C" box="[159,679,972,1076]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">- pelvic-fin rays 8 a - anal-fin rays 11 a - lower gill rakers 21</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29FC5C427B520C" box="[730,820,972,1076]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">8 a 10 a 19 a</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82FC5C4555520C" box="[881,1050,972,1076]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">8–9 10–14 20–24</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAFC5C45E0520C" box="[1097,1199,972,1076]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">8 b 14 b –</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25FC5C4430520C" box="[1238,1407,972,1076]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">8 12–14 30–39</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CFBD844305314" box="[159,1407,1096,1324]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CFBD843E85314" box="[159,679,1096,1324]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
- scales 44 a - vertebrae 44 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882EBA4CFF6CFB0B40D05289" bold="true" box="[159,415,1178,1201]" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">Measurements as % SL</emphasis>
- head length 24 a - body depth 14.5 a - body width – - eye diameter 7.3 a
</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29FBD8427B5314" box="[730,820,1096,1324]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">42 a – 24.3 a 14.7 a – 7.2 a</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82FBD845555314" box="[881,1050,1096,1324]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">– 43–47 19.3–24.1 (22.2) 12.2–16.3 (14.0) 4.8–7.9 (6.2) 5.4–7.5 (6.3)</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAFBD845E05314" box="[1097,1199,1096,1324]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">– – 21.2 – – –</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25FBD844305314" box="[1238,1407,1096,1324]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">– 47–50 20.8–26.9 (22.9) 11.6–18.2 (15.4) 4.8–7.3 (6.1) 4.4–8.6 (6.2)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CFAD044305390" box="[159,1407,1344,1448]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CFAD043E85390" box="[159,679,1344,1448]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">- snout length 7.3 a - interorbital width 2.8 a - upper jaw length 8.8 a</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29FAD0427B5390" box="[730,820,1344,1448]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">7.2 a 2.9 a 9.8 a</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82FAD045555390" box="[881,1050,1344,1448]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">5.9–7.4 (6.7) 3.1–5.2 (4.0) 7.0–9.3 (8.3)</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAFAD045E05390" box="[1097,1199,1344,1448]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">7.2 – 8.1</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25FAD044305390" box="[1238,1407,1344,1448]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">6.6–9.0 (8.0) 3.2–4.9 (3.9) 7.7–10.5 (8.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CFA2C4430501C" box="[159,1407,1468,1572]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CFA2C43E8501C" box="[159,679,1468,1572]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">- greatest width of lateral band – - predorsal length 45.7 a - prepectoral length –</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29FA2C427B501C" box="[730,820,1468,1572]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">– 47.5 a –</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82FA2C4555501C" box="[881,1050,1468,1572]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">5.7–7.9 (6.7) 41.1–51.2 (47.0) 21.5–25.1 (23.3)</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAFA2C45E0501C" box="[1097,1199,1468,1572]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">6.4 – –</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25FA2C4430501C" box="[1238,1407,1468,1572]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">3.8–7.5 (6.3) 46.4–50.9 (48.3) 21.3–28.2 (23.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CF9A844305098" box="[159,1407,1592,1696]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CF9A843E85098" box="[159,679,1592,1696]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">- prepelvic length 52.1 a - preanal length 79 a - dorsal-fin base 9.5 a</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29F9A8427B5098" box="[730,820,1592,1696]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">53 a 81.3 a 9.8 a</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82F9A845555098" box="[881,1050,1592,1696]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">49.7–58.4 (53.7) 76.2–83.5 (80.3) 7.9–12.6 (10.5)</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAF9A845E05098" box="[1097,1199,1592,1696]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">– – –</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25F9A844305098" box="[1238,1407,1592,1696]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">53.6–58.9 (56.5) 77.5–84.6 (82.5) 8.4–12.3 (10.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CF924443050F2" box="[159,1407,1716,1738]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CF92443E850F2" box="[159,679,1716,1738]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">- anal-fin base 9.5 a</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29F924427B50F2" box="[730,820,1716,1738]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">9.8 a</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82F924455550F2" box="[881,1050,1716,1738]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">8.3–13.6 (10.3)</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAF92445E050F2" box="[1097,1199,1716,1738]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">–</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25F924443050F2" box="[1238,1407,1716,1738]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">7.9–11.8 (10.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CF97D4430513B" box="[159,1407,1773,1795]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CF97D43E8513B" box="[159,679,1773,1795]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">- length of depressed dorsal fin 16.4 a</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29F97D427B513B" box="[730,820,1773,1795]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">16.4 a</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82F97D4555513B" box="[881,1050,1773,1795]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">13.3–18.2 (15.9)</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAF97D45E0513B" box="[1097,1199,1773,1795]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">–</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25F97D4430513B" box="[1238,1407,1773,1795]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">13.1–18.2 (15.5)</td>
</tr>
<tr id="9AB334A8882E45B1FF6CF88744305185" box="[159,1407,1815,1981]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">
<th id="D9625DD4882E45B1FF6CF88743E85185" box="[159,679,1815,1981]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">- length of depressed anal fin – - length from pectoral-fin insertion to 30 a pelvic-fin insertion - length from pelvic insertion to anal-fin 24.3 a origin</th>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FD29F887427B5185" box="[730,820,1815,1981]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">– 30.2 a 26.2 a</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FC82F88745555185" box="[881,1050,1815,1981]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">10.9–16.5 (13.9) 13.3–34.6 (30.2) 10.9–29.8 (26.5)</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FBBAF88745E05185" box="[1097,1199,1815,1981]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">– – –</td>
<td id="D9625DD4882E45B1FB25F88744305185" box="[1238,1407,1815,1981]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="529">11.3–16.0 (13.7) 29.8–39.8 (33.5) 23.9–29.8 (27.0)</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption id="70FC6662882FBA4DFF64F9454562517F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233326/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="530" targetBox="[184,1414,244,1595]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="243C36EA882FBA4DFF64F9454562517F" blockId="3.[151,1436,1749,1863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882FBA4DFF64F945405D50D2" bold="true" box="[151,274,1749,1771]" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
(A) Original illustration of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882FBA4DFDD9F945427750D3" box="[554,824,1749,1771]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882FBA4DFDD9F945427750D3" box="[554,824,1749,1771]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 1 in Schultz 1943): (B) holotype (USNM 115099, 31.7 mm SL) of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882FBA4DFEE4F96540F75132" box="[279,440,1780,1802]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882FBA4DFEE4F965406B5132" box="[279,292,1781,1802]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882FBA4DFEC7F96440F75132" box="[308,440,1780,1802]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, photographed by Jennifer L Willett, Division of Fishes, Smithsonian Institution; (C) Original illustration of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882FBA4DFEDAF883434C5111" box="[297,515,1811,1833]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882FBA4DFEDAF883434C5111" box="[297,515,1811,1833]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">Spratelloides gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(PL CVIII fig. 2 in Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846) (right and left reversed); (D) Lectotype (RMNH 3260a 94 mm SL) of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882FBA4DFE38F8A2437B517F" box="[459,564,1841,1863]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="530" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882FBA4DFE38F8A24097517F" box="[459,472,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882FBA4DFE17F8A1437B517F" box="[484,564,1841,1863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="530">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, photographed by Seishi Kimura, Mie University.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="6C9965618828BA4AFF34FE944534529B" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="243C36EA8828BA4AFF34FE94406654CB" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF34FE9443165725" bold="true" box="[199,601,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Distribution and ecological notes.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFD91FE94424E5724" author="Schulz" box="[610,769,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1943) Fishes of the Phoenix and Samoan Islands collected in 1939 during the expedition of the United States Steamer &quot; Bushnell &quot;. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 180, x + 316 pp., 9 pls." type="book" year="1943">Schulz (1943)</bibRefCitation>
stated that the 
<typeStatus id="FB3888488828BA4AFC43FE94455D5725" box="[944,1042,260,285]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFBC8FE9444275724" box="[1083,1384,260,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFBC8FE9444275724" box="[1083,1384,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected from Fagasa Bay, Tutuila 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFDBBFEB743C05778" box="[584,655,295,320]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFD52FEB742215778" box="[673,878,295,320]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">American Samoa</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFC8CFEB7459C5778" author="Schulz" box="[895,1235,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Schultz, L. P. &amp; Welander, A. D. (1953) Family Dussumieridae. In: Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. A., Welander, A. D. &amp; Woods, A. L. (Eds.), Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 202 (1), pp. 23 - 29." type="journal article" year="1953">Schulz and Welander (1953)</bibRefCitation>
also reported 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFA74FEB84067575C" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFA74FEB844DA5707" box="[1415,1429,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF64FEDC4067575C" box="[151,296,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Bikini, Rongelap and Rongerik Atolls, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFCAEFEDC456D575D" box="[861,1058,332,357]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Marshall Islands</collectingCountry>
. We collected specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFA74FEDD406757B0" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFA74FEDD44DA575C" box="[1415,1429,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF64FEE0406757B0" box="[151,296,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Ryukyu Islands: from south to north, Hatoma 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFC5CFEFF42B957B0" box="[943,1014,367,392]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Island</collectingCountry>
, Ishigaki 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFB94FEFF45E157B0" box="[1127,1198,367,392]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Island</collectingCountry>
, Miyako 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFAEFFEFF442C57B0" box="[1308,1379,367,392]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Island</collectingCountry>
, Ohjima, Okinawa 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFEB8FE0440DD5795" box="[331,402,404,429]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Island</collectingCountry>
, and Takara-jima. A series of 
<specimenCount id="3285FD638828BA4AFD0FFE0442D45795" box="[764,923,404,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="generic">24 specimens</specimenCount>
, NSMT-P 106605, 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFB72FE0444675794" box="[1153,1320,404,429]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8200000000000003" metricValueMax="2.0100000000000002" metricValueMin="1.6300000000000001" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="18.2" valueMax="20.1" valueMin="16.3">16.3–20.1 mm</quantity>
SL, from Palikoulo bay, Espiritu 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE57FE2840AB57F7" box="[420,484,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Santo</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFE1EFE27437B57E8" box="[493,564,439,464]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Island</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFDB2FE2843EF57F7" box="[577,672,440,463]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
, 
<date id="503D102A8828BA4AFD5EFE28423057E8" box="[685,895,439,464]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" value="1964-11-09">9 November 1964</date>
, collected by RV Shunyo, were identified as 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFA74FE28406757CC" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFA74FE2844DA57F7" box="[1415,1429,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF64FE4C406757CC" box="[151,296,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in this study. Despite our two decades of search efforts, 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFC3CFE4D45CF57CC" box="[975,1152,476,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFC3CFE4D429257CC" box="[975,989,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFC1CFE4C45CF57CC" box="[1007,1152,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still not known from Kyushu (including Nagasaki, the 
<typeStatus id="FB3888488828BA4AFDFDFD9043715420" box="[526,574,512,536]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFD4DFD9042605420" box="[702,815,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD4DFD904383542F" box="[702,716,512,535]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD29FE6F42605420" box="[730,815,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), Shikoku, nor Honshu, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFBB0FD9045C9542F" box="[1091,1158,512,535]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Thus the present known distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFEB5FDB540B85404" box="[326,503,548,572]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFEB5FDB5401B5404" box="[326,340,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE95FDB440B85404" box="[358,503,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is restricted to the 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFD11FDB4427E5404" box="[738,817,548,572]" name="Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Samoa</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFCB2FDB442E85405" box="[833,935,548,573]" name="Marshall Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Marshall</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFC45FDB5455A5404" box="[950,1045,549,572]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
, and Ryukyu Islands, and Takara 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFF64FDD741945458" box="[151,219,583,608]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Island</collectingCountry>
in the Tokara Islands is the most northern distribution. Direct microscopic examinations of one specimen of URM-P 44245, 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFEBFFDFE40FE54BF" box="[332,433,622,647]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.62" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="36.2">36.2 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<date id="503D102A8828BA4AFE1BFDFE43CC54BF" box="[488,643,622,647]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" value="2004-08-16">16 Aug. 2004</date>
; three stained and cleared specimens of URM-P 20001 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFB0AFDFF44D354BF" box="[1273,1436,623,647]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.53" metricValueMax="3.79" metricValueMin="3.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="35.3" valueMax="37.9" valueMin="32.7">32.7–37.9 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<date id="503D102A8828BA4AFF36FD03402E5493" box="[197,353,658,683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" value="1961-06-01">1st June 1961</date>
; and one specimen of URM-P 44248, 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFCFFFD02423F5492" box="[780,880,658,683]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="45.2">45.2 mm</quantity>
SL, 
<date id="503D102A8828BA4AFC56FD0345775493" box="[933,1080,658,683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" value="2003-07-17">17 July 2003</date>
, revealed they were gravid with 0.9–1.0 mm diameter ripe eggs. Maximum size of these specimens was 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFC48FD26455754F7" box="[955,1048,694,719]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="45.2">45.2mm</quantity>
SL and minimum mature size was 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFF64FD4B41B454CA" box="[151,251,731,755]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="32.7">32.7 mm</quantity>
SL.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="243C36EA8828BA4AFF34FD6E45A255F3" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF34FD6E4023552F" bold="true" box="[199,364,766,791]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Comparisons.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFE87FD6E43C5552F" box="[372,650,766,791]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatulus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE87FD6E43C5552F" box="[372,650,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Spratelloides delicatulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFD31FD6F4272552F" box="[706,829,766,791]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robustus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD31FD6F439F552E" box="[706,720,767,790]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD2DFD6E4272552F" box="[734,829,766,791]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">robustus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are omitted from this comparison by lacking a lateral stripe and having continues striae on body scales. Striped round herrings, 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFC20FCB345CF5503" box="[979,1152,803,827]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFC20FCB345CF5503" box="[979,1152,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFB7CFCB3444F5503" box="[1167,1280,802,827]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFB7CFCB345D25502" box="[1167,1181,803,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFB58FCB2444F5503" box="[1195,1280,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFAC4FCB344D75503" box="[1335,1432,802,827]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewisi">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFAC4FCB3440A5502" box="[1335,1349,803,826]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFAA7FCB244D75503" box="[1364,1432,802,827]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">lewisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are similar to one another in general body appearance, especially in having a midlateral band and discontinuous vertical striae on their scales. 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFE17FCFA438E55BB" box="[484,705,874,899]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewisi">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE17FCFA438E55BB" box="[484,705,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Spratelloides lewisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguishable from 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFC23FCFB453255BB" box="[976,1149,875,899]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFC23FCFB429155BA" box="[976,990,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFC1FFCFB453255BB" box="[1004,1149,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFB47FCFB446A55BB" box="[1204,1317,874,899]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFB47FCFB458D55BA" box="[1204,1218,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFB23FCFA446A55BB" box="[1232,1317,874,899]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having an incomplete midlateral band that fades anteriorly near the tips of the pectoral fins and in the number of lower gill rakers (
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFF1FFC2340D755F3" box="[236,408,947,971]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF1FFC2340D755F3" box="[236,408,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 20–24, 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFE0FFC23431755F3" box="[508,600,946,971]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lewisi">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE0FFC23431755F3" box="[508,600,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. lewisi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 28–32, 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFD4FFC23426255F3" box="[700,813,946,971]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD4FFC23426255F3" box="[700,813,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 30–39) (
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFC69FC2345AF55F3" author="Wongratana" box="[922,1248,946,971]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Wongratana, T. (1983) Diagnoses of 24 new species and proposals for new names of Indo-Pacific clupeoid fishes. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology, 29, 385 - 407." type="journal article" year="1983">Wongratana 1983; this study</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="243C36EA8828BA4AFF34FC464534529B" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFF34FC4640BC55D7" box="[199,499,982,1007]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF34FC4640BC55D7" box="[199,499,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFD1CFC47422E55D7" box="[751,865,982,1007]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD1CFC4743B255D6" box="[751,765,983,1006]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFCFFFC46422E55D7" box="[780,865,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a wider lateral band (5.7–7.9 % vs. 3.8– 7.5%SL), and shorter head length (19.3–24.1% vs. 20.8–26.9%), upper jaw length (7.0–9.3% vs. 7.7–10.5%) and snout length (5.9–7.4% vs. 6.6–9.0%) (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F8828BA4AFDBEFB8E43C4520F" box="[589,651,1054,1079]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[340,1256,207,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[314,1273,193,1931]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Proportions of head length, greatest width of lateral band, upper jaw length, and snout length, in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (Holotype: solid circle, Non-types: open circles) and S. gracilis (Lectotype: solid triangle, Non-types: open triangles)" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233327/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Fig.2</figureCitation>
), and fewer dorsal fin rays (10–14 vs. 12–14), anal fin rays (10–13 vs. 12–15), pectoral fin rays (10–14 vs. 12–14), total vertebrae (43–47 vs. 47–50), and lower gill rakers (20–24 vs. 30– 39) (
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F8828BA4AFF3FFBF640755247" box="[204,314,1126,1151]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1953,1975]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,250,879,901]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1637,1659]" captionTargetBox-0="[179,1411,210,1922]" captionTargetBox-1="[170,1418,207,842]" captionTargetBox-2="[169,1422,995,1609]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[161,1426,193,1932]" captionTargetId-1="figure@7.[151,1436,193,857]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[151,1435,981,1615]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Frequency distributions of dorsal, anal and pectoral fin rays in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open), Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle), Lectotype of S. gracilis (solid triangle)." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Frequency distributions of total vertebrae in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open). Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle)." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Frequency distributions of lower gill rakers in Spratelloides atrofasciatus (solid) and S. gracilis (open). Holotype of S. atrofasciatus (solid circle)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/233328/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/233329/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/233330/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
). Numerous black pigment spots on the inner side of the operculum are visible from the outside on preserved specimens 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE75FB1B431F529B" box="[390,592,1163,1187]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">
of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFE50FB1B431F529B" box="[419,592,1163,1187]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">S. atrofasciatus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
that are absent in 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFCEEFB1B42C1529B" box="[797,910,1162,1187]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFCEEFB1B4264529A" box="[797,811,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFCCAFB1A42C1529B" box="[825,910,1162,1187]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="BCB82A6F8828BA4AFC6EFB1A42A9529B" box="[925,998,1162,1187]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1749,1771]" captionTargetBox="[184,1414,244,1595]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,1728]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A) Original illustration of Spratelloides atrofasciatus (Fig. 1 in Schultz 1943): (B) holotype (USNM 115099, 31.7 mm SL) of S. atrofasciatus, photographed by Jennifer L Willett, Division of Fishes, Smithsonian Institution; (C) Original illustration of Spratelloides gracilis (PL CVIII fig. 2 in Temminck &amp; Schlegel 1846) (right and left reversed); (D) Lectotype (RMNH 3260 a 94 mm SL) of S. gracilis, photographed by Seishi Kimura, Mie University." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233326/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
AB and 6A).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6C9965618828BA4AFF34FB3E41A35342" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="243C36EA8828BA4AFF34FB3E41A35342" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFF34FB3E40BA52FF" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[199,501,1198,1223]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF34FB3E40BA52FF" box="[199,501,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small species characterized by its minimum mature size of 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFB29FB3F440E52FF" box="[1242,1345,1199,1223]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="32.7">32.7 mm</quantity>
SL and maximum size of 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFE96FB42408452D2" box="[357,459,1234,1259]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="45.2">45.2 mm</quantity>
SL. By contrast, 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFD65FB4242C252D3" box="[662,909,1234,1259]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Shirafuji, N., Watanabe, Y., Takeda, Y. &amp; Kawamura, T. (2007) Maturation and spawning of Spratelloides gracilis Clupeidae in temperate waters off Cape Shionomisaki, central Japan. Fisheries Science, 73, 623 - 632. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1444 - 2906.2007.01375. x" type="journal article">
Shirafuji 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFCF3FB44427552D3" box="[768,826,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
reported mature 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFBA1FB43458A52D3" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[1106,1221,1234,1259]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFBA1FB43452F52D2" box="[1106,1120,1235,1258]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFB83FB42458A52D3" box="[1136,1221,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFAFEFB42443C52D2" box="[1293,1395,1234,1259]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.49" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="54.9">54.9 mm</quantity>
SL and growing to 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFEBBFB6740F55337" box="[328,442,1271,1295]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.009" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="100.9">100.9 mm</quantity>
SL in Wakayama, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFD7CFB6843805337" box="[655,719,1272,1295]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Japan</collectingCountry>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFCF6FB6842995337" box="[773,982,1270,1296]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Weng, J. S., Liu, K. M., Lee, S. C. &amp; Tsai, W. S. (2005) Reproductive biology of the blue sprat Spratelloides gracilis in the waters around Penghu, Central Taiwan Strait. Zoological Studies, 44, 475 - 486." type="journal article">
Weng 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFCBEFB6842CA5337" box="[845,901,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
reported mature 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFB64FB6744475337" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[1175,1288,1270,1295]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFB64FB6744475337" box="[1175,1288,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFABEFB6644D35337" box="[1357,1436,1270,1295]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity>
FL (about 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFEFDFA8A4011530A" box="[270,350,1306,1331]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
SL) and growing to 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFDB9FA8B43DD530B" box="[586,658,1307,1331]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="84.0">84mm</quantity>
FL (about 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFCE2FA8B4216530B" box="[785,857,1307,1331]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="80.0">80mm</quantity>
SL) in Penghu, central 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFB95FA8A45F7530B" box="[1126,1208,1306,1331]" name="Taiwan" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
Strait. In this study, five stained and cleared specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFDAEFAAF439C536F" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[605,723,1342,1367]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFDAEFAAF4324536E" box="[605,619,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD8DFAAE439C536F" box="[638,723,1342,1367]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(URM-P 17548, 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8828BA4AFC55FAAE4501536F" box="[934,1102,1342,1367]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.43" metricValueMax="4.95" metricValueMin="3.91" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" unit="mm" value="44.3" valueMax="49.5" valueMin="39.1">39.1–49.5 mm</quantity>
SL) examined were not yet mature.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6C9965618828BA4AFF34FA16423353FB" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="243C36EA8828BA4AFF34FA16423353FB" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF34FA16400353A7" bold="true" box="[199,332,1414,1439]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Discussion.</emphasis>
Non-types of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFE03FA1643AD53A7" box="[496,738,1414,1439]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE03FA1643AD53A7" box="[496,738,1414,1439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Spratelloides gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined here share the same morphological characters with the 
<typeStatus id="FB3888488828BA4AFF33FA3A406853FB" box="[192,295,1450,1475]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFEBFFA3B40F253FB" box="[332,445,1450,1475]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFEBFFA3B40F253FB" box="[332,445,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(RMNH 3260a, 94.0mm SL) (
<tableCitation id="690103518828BA4AFCE4FA3A422453FB" box="[791,875,1450,1475]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,578,601]" captionTargetBox="[159,1407,734,1981]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Meristics and proportional measurements expressed as percentage of standard length (SL), of the type and non-type specimens of Spratelloides atrofasciatus and S. gracilis. (Figures in parentheses indicate mean values; a = data from Schultz 1943; b = data from lectotype description of Boeseman 1947)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" tableUuid="70FC6662882EBA4CFF64FDD2428E54A1">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6C9965618828BA47FF34FA5E43635420" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="536" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="243C36EA8828BA4AFF34FA5E4046513F" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2016]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFF34FA5E40BB53DF" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[199,500,1486,1511]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF34FA5E40BB53DF" box="[199,500,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described by 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFCB3FA5E42A853DF" author="Schultz" box="[832,999,1486,1511]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1943) Fishes of the Phoenix and Samoan Islands collected in 1939 during the expedition of the United States Steamer &quot; Bushnell &quot;. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 180, x + 316 pp., 9 pls." type="book" year="1943">Schultz (1943)</bibRefCitation>
based on two specimens. Although in his original description 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFE54FA6243005033" author="Schultz" box="[423,591,1522,1547]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1943) Fishes of the Phoenix and Samoan Islands collected in 1939 during the expedition of the United States Steamer &quot; Bushnell &quot;. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 180, x + 316 pp., 9 pls." type="book" year="1943">Schultz (1943)</bibRefCitation>
did not give detailed comparisons with congeners, 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFB51FA6241AE5017" author="Schultz" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Schultz, L. P. &amp; Welander, A. D. (1953) Family Dussumieridae. In: Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. A., Welander, A. D. &amp; Woods, A. L. (Eds.), Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 202 (1), pp. 23 - 29." type="journal article" year="1953">Schultz and Welander (1953)</bibRefCitation>
mentioned the following diagnostic characters: fewer anal fin rays (10–11 vs. 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFBBEF987459A5017" ID-CoL="4ZDQ4" box="[1101,1237,1559,1583]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFBBEF987459A5017" box="[1101,1237,1559,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
= 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFB01F987442C5017" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[1266,1379,1558,1583]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFB01F987444F5016" box="[1266,1280,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFAFDF986442C5017" box="[1294,1379,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 12– 14), scales (41–42 vs. 44–49) and lower gill rakers (19–23 vs. 26–36), which distinguished it from 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFAFBF9AA404B504F" ID-CoL="4ZDQ4" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFAFBF9AA404B504F" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Spratelloides japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFEDDF9CF40EE504F" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[302,417,1630,1655]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFEDDF9CF40EE504F" box="[302,417,1630,1655]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFE49F9CE43FA504F" author="Nishijimamoto" box="[442,693,1630,1655]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Nishijimamoto, S. (1963) Round herrings (Family Dussumieridae) found in the Ryukyu Islands. Bulletin of Arts and Science Division, University of the Ryukyus, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, 6, 64 - 72." type="journal article" year="1963">Nishijimamoto (1963)</bibRefCitation>
reported the occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFC01F9CF45ED504F" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[1010,1186,1631,1655]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFC01F9CF45ED504F" box="[1010,1186,1631,1655]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and compared it with the other two species, 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFE68F913436850A3" ID-CoL="4ZDQ4" box="[411,551,1667,1691]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE68F91340E650A2" box="[411,425,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE49F914436850A3" box="[442,551,1668,1691]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">japonicus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFDA0F913438850A3" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[595,711,1666,1691]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFDA0F913432E50A2" box="[595,609,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD81F912438850A3" box="[626,711,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFCFFF91342E650A3" ID-CoL="4ZDQ2" box="[780,937,1666,1691]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="delicatulus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFCFFF913425550A2" box="[780,794,1667,1690]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFCD8F91242E650A3" box="[811,937,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">delicatulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, found in 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFBD2F913452B50A2" box="[1057,1124,1667,1690]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Almost all specimens that Nishijimamoto studied are damaged or lost, but fortunately the samples of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFC17F93745DD5087" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[996,1170,1703,1727]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFC17F93742BD5086" box="[996,1010,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFBF2F93745DD5087" box="[1025,1170,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected from Miyako 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFF64F95A419450DB" box="[151,219,1738,1763]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Island</collectingCountry>
were salvaged. Those specimens were registered in our collection as URM-P 20000 and URM-P 20001 and used here.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="243C36EA8828BA49FF34F88242F75151" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2016]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,1729,2006]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="534" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFF34F88240FD5113" box="[199,434,1810,1835]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFF34F88240FD5113" box="[199,434,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Sprateloides gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was originally described by 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFD0EF882451B5113" author="Temmick" box="[765,1108,1810,1835]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Temminck, G. J. &amp; Schlegel, H. (1846) Pisces, Part 13. In: de Siebold, P. F. (Ed.), P. F. de Sieboldt's Fauna Japonica. Muller, Amsterdam, pp. 227 - 247," type="book chapter" year="1846">Temmick and Schlegel (1846)</bibRefCitation>
from specimens collected at Nagasaki, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8828BA4AFEE6F8A840175177" box="[277,344,1848,1871]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">Japan</collectingCountry>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFE99F8A843785177" author="Boeseman" box="[362,567,1847,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Boeseman, M. (1947) Revision of the fishes collected by Burger and von Siebold in Japan. Zoologische Mededelingen, 28, 1 - 242. [Leiden]" type="journal article" year="1947">Boeseman (1947)</bibRefCitation>
designated the specimen RMNH 3060a as the 
<typeStatus id="FB3888488828BA4AFB72F8A645A75177" box="[1153,1256,1846,1871]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFAEFF8A744DB5177" box="[1308,1428,1846,1871]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFAEFF8A744655176" box="[1308,1322,1847,1870]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFACCF8A644DB5177" box="[1343,1428,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFF64F8CA402C514B" author="Whitehead" box="[151,355,1882,1907]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Whitehead, P. J. P. (1963) A revision of the recent round herrings (Pisces: Dussumieriidae). Bulletin of British Museum of Natural History, Zoology, 10, 305 - 380." type="journal article" year="1963">Whitehead (1963)</bibRefCitation>
treated 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFE33F8CB4321514B" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[448,622,1883,1907]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE33F8CB4081514A" box="[448,462,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFE2EF8CB4321514B" box="[477,622,1883,1907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a subspecies of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFCB9F8CB42F3514B" box="[842,956,1882,1907]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFCB9F8CB4217514A" box="[842,856,1883,1906]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFC94F8CA42F3514B" box="[871,956,1882,1907]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
based on fewer counts of lower gillrakers (19–23 vs. 26–36) mentioned by 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFDE7F8EE422F51AF" author="Schultz" box="[532,864,1918,1943]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Schultz, L. P. &amp; Welander, A. D. (1953) Family Dussumieridae. In: Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. A., Welander, A. D. &amp; Woods, A. L. (Eds.), Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 202 (1), pp. 23 - 29." type="journal article" year="1953">Schultz and Welander (1953)</bibRefCitation>
and assumed the fewer counts of lower gillrakers representing an ecophenotypic variation of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFD77F83343B85183" box="[644,759,1954,1979]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD77F83343DD5182" box="[644,658,1955,1978]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD51F83243B85183" box="[674,759,1954,1979]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Although 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8828BA4AFC89F833451B5183" author="Wongratana" box="[890,1108,1955,1979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" refString="Wongratana, T. (1980) Systematics of Clupeoid Fishes of The Indo-Pacific Region. Ph. D thesis, University of London, xii + 432 pp., 334 pls." type="book" year="1980">Wongratana (1980)</bibRefCitation>
examined the 
<typeStatus id="FB3888488828BA4AFB0EF83244105183" box="[1277,1375,1954,1979]" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFA74F833406751E7" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFA74F833406751E7" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he treated it as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFD3AF857427551E7" box="[713,826,1990,2015]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFD3AF857427551E7" box="[713,826,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because he found two specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698828BA4AFB26F857440851E7" box="[1237,1351,1990,2015]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="531" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88828BA4AFB26F857440851E7" box="[1237,1351,1990,2015]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="531">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with counts of fewer gill rakers from different areas of the Indo-West Pacific. 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882BBA49FBD3F95145BD50E2" author="Whitehead" box="[1056,1266,1729,1754]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" refString="Whitehead, P. J. P. (1985) FAO species catalogue, vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. Part 1 - Cherocentridae, Clupidae and Pristigasteridae. FAO, Rome, 303 pp." type="book" year="1985">Whitehead (1985)</bibRefCitation>
designated 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FA74F952406750C6" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FA74F95244DA50E1" box="[1415,1429,1730,1753]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FF64F976406750C6" box="[151,296,1766,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FDC5F97643E850C6" box="[566,679,1765,1790]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FDC5F976430B50C5" box="[566,580,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FDA1F97543E850C6" box="[594,679,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by following 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882BBA49FCB6F976456F50C6" author="Wongratana" box="[837,1056,1766,1790]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" refString="Wongratana, T. (1980) Systematics of Clupeoid Fishes of The Indo-Pacific Region. Ph. D thesis, University of London, xii + 432 pp., 334 pls." type="book" year="1980">Wongratana (1980)</bibRefCitation>
. Whitehead’s (1963) study lacked direct examination of specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FDB5F89A43B6511A" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[582,761,1802,1826]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FDB5F89A431B5119" box="[582,596,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FD9BF89A43B6511A" box="[616,761,1802,1826]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Two specimens showing counts of fewer gill rakers in 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882BBA49FF64F8BE403C517E" author="Wongratana" box="[151,371,1838,1862]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" refString="Wongratana, T. (1980) Systematics of Clupeoid Fishes of The Indo-Pacific Region. Ph. D thesis, University of London, xii + 432 pp., 334 pls." type="book" year="1980">Wongratana (1980)</bibRefCitation>
are here considered to be misidentifications of 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FC5BF8BE452E517E" box="[936,1121,1838,1862]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FC5BF8BE4513517E" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[936,1116,1838,1862]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">S. atrofasciatus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
because those data all fall within our counts of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FE73F8C243625152" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[384,557,1874,1898]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FE73F8C243625152" box="[384,557,1874,1898]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see Fig. 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F882BBA49FD6FF8C2439A5152" box="[668,725,1873,1898]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" unit="in" value="42.0">42 in</quantity>
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882BBA49FD2FF8C242E65152" author="Wongratana" box="[732,937,1874,1898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" refString="Wongratana, T. (1980) Systematics of Clupeoid Fishes of The Indo-Pacific Region. Ph. D thesis, University of London, xii + 432 pp., 334 pls." type="book" year="1980">Wongratana, 1980</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="70FC66628829BA4BFF64F83141B851CC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233327/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="532" targetBox="[340,1256,207,1911]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="243C36EA8829BA4BFF64F83141B851CC" blockId="5.[151,1436,1953,2036]" pageId="5" pageNumber="532">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88829BA4BFF64F831405A518E" bold="true" box="[151,277,1953,1975]" pageId="5" pageNumber="532">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Proportions of head length, greatest width of lateral band, upper jaw length, and snout length, in 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698829BA4BFAE5F831405451ED" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88829BA4BFAE5F831405451ED" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="532">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Holotype: solid circle, Non-types: open circles) and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698829BA4BFCACF850428551ED" box="[863,970,1983,2005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="532" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88829BA4BFCACF850422351ED" box="[863,876,1984,2005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="532">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88829BA4BFC8EF82F428551ED" box="[893,970,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="532">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lectotype: solid triangle, Non-types: open triangles)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70FC6662882ABA48FF64F831456851ED" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233328/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="533" targetBox="[179,1411,210,1922]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="243C36EA882ABA48FF64F831456851ED" blockId="6.[151,1435,1953,2005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="533">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882ABA48FF64F831405B518E" bold="true" box="[151,276,1953,1975]" pageId="6" pageNumber="533">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Frequency distributions of dorsal, anal and pectoral fin rays in 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882ABA48FC56F83145F9518F" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[933,1206,1953,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882ABA48FC56F83145F9518F" box="[933,1206,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="533">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid) and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882ABA48FAC7F83244D4518F" box="[1332,1435,1953,1975]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882ABA48FAC7F832440F518F" box="[1332,1344,1954,1975]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="533">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882ABA48FABDF83144D4518F" box="[1358,1435,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="533">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(open), Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882ABA48FE96F850434C51ED" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[357,515,1983,2005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882ABA48FE96F850434C51ED" box="[357,515,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="533">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid circle), Lectotype of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882ABA48FCEFF85042CC51ED" box="[796,899,1983,2005]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="533" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882ABA48FCEFF85042CC51ED" box="[796,899,1983,2005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="533">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid triangle).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70FC6662882BBA49FF64FCFF408E559B" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233329/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" targetBox="[170,1418,207,842]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="243C36EA882BBA49FF64FCFF408E559B" blockId="7.[151,1436,879,931]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FF64FCFF405D55BC" bold="true" box="[151,274,879,901]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Frequency distributions of total vertebrae in 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FD2EFCFF42A355BD" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[733,1004,879,901]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FD2EFCFF42A355BD" box="[733,1004,879,901]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid) and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FB95FCE0458355BD" box="[1126,1228,879,901]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FB95FCE0453C55BD" box="[1126,1139,880,901]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FB8CFCFF458355BD" box="[1151,1228,879,901]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(open). Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FF64FC1E407B559B" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[151,308,909,931]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FF64FC1E407B559B" box="[151,308,909,931]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid circle).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="70FC6662882BBA49FF64F9F5409250A2" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233330/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" targetBox="[169,1422,995,1609]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="243C36EA882BBA49FF64F9F5409250A2" blockId="7.[151,1435,1637,1690]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FF64F9F5405C5043" bold="true" box="[151,275,1637,1659]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
Frequency distributions of lower gill rakers in 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FD06F9F5454A5043" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[757,1029,1637,1659]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FD06F9F5454A5043" box="[757,1029,1637,1659]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid) and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FB73F9F645A85043" box="[1152,1255,1637,1659]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Sprateloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FB73F9F645C35043" box="[1152,1164,1638,1659]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FB69F9F545A85043" box="[1178,1255,1637,1659]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(open). Holotype of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FF41F915400050A2" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[178,335,1668,1690]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FF41F915400050A2" box="[178,335,1668,1690]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid circle).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="243C36EA882BBA46FF34F8E645995725" blockId="7.[151,1436,1729,2006]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="535" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">
We regard 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FEBBF8E543BB51B6" ID-CoL="WCNY" authority="Bleeker, 1849" authorityName="Bleeker" authorityYear="1849" box="[328,756,1909,1934]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Clupea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argyrotaeniata">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FEBBF8E5430551B5" box="[328,586,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">Clupea argyrotaeniata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882BBA49FDA7F8E543BB51B6" author="Bleeker" box="[596,756,1909,1934]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" refString="Bleeker, P. (1849) A contribution to the knowledge of the ichthyological fauna of Celebes. Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, 3, 65 - 74." type="journal article" year="1849">Bleeker, 1849</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FBEAF8E5444251B6" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[1049,1293,1909,1934]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FBEAF8E5444251B6" box="[1049,1293,1909,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">Spratelloides gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having a larger number of lower gill rakers (31) and its larger body size (
<quantity id="E37B9B0F882BBA49FCACF80942F1518A" box="[863,958,1945,1970]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.24" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" unit="mm" value="62.4">62.4mm</quantity>
SL), following 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882BBA49FB83F8094432518A" box="[1136,1405,1945,1970]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" refString="Whitehead, P. J. P., Boeseman. M., &amp; Wheeler, A. C. (1966) The types of Bleeker's Indo-Pacific Elopoid and Clupeoid fishes. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 84, 1 - 159 + plates 1 - 19." type="journal article">
Whitehead 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FB02F80A4466518A" box="[1265,1321,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">et al.</emphasis>
(1966)
</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B882BBA49FF34F82D40EB51EE" author="Arambourg" box="[199,420,1981,2006]" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" refString="Arambourg, C. (1927) Les poissons fossiles d'Oran. Materiaux pour la Carte geologique d'Algerie, Serie 1 re (Paleontologie), 6, 1 - 298 + Atlas." type="journal article" year="1927">Arambourg (1927)</bibRefCitation>
described a fossil species 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D69882BBA49FCF7F82D454551EE" box="[772,1034,1981,2006]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="534" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF8882BBA49FCF7F82D454551EE" box="[772,1034,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">Spratelloides lemoinei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Miocene, from 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A882BBA49FAAEF82E44D751EE" box="[1373,1432,1982,2006]" name="Algeria" pageId="7" pageNumber="534">Oran</collectingCountry>
, northwestern coast of 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8824BA46FE5AFF07434E5688" box="[425,513,151,176]" name="Algeria" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">Algeria</collectingCountry>
. In this study, we found that 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FC8CFF08454B5688" box="[895,1028,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FC8CFF08454B5688" box="[895,1028,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. lemoinei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily distinguishable from 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FA74FF08406756EC" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FA74FF0844DA5697" box="[1415,1429,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FF64FF2C406756EC" box="[151,296,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its larger size (
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8824BA46FDF3FF2C431D56EC" box="[512,594,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="82.0">82 mm</quantity>
SL) and larger number of anal fin rays (14). 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8824BA46FBAEFF2C444056EC" author="Gaudant" box="[1117,1295,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" refString="Gaudant, J. (1979) Observations complementaires sur l'ichthyofauna des marnes messiniennes des environs d'Alba (Piemont, Italie). Geobios, 12 (3), 411 - 421. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / S 0016 - 6995 (79) 80120 - 5" type="journal article" year="1979">Gaudant (1979)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8824BA46FAB9FF2C41AE56C0" author="Grande" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" refString="Grande, L. (1985) Recent and fossil Clupeomorph fishes with materials for revision of the subgroups of Clupeoids. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 181 (art. 2), 231 - 372." type="journal article" year="1985">Grande (1985)</bibRefCitation>
treated 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FEB3FF7040F056C0" box="[320,447,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FEB3FF7040F056C0" box="[320,447,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. lemoinei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a valid species, while 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8824BA46FD14FF4F42C256C0" author="Sorbini" box="[743,909,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" refString="Sorbini, L. (1987) Biogeography and climatology of Pliocene and Messinian fossil fish of Eastern-Central Italy. Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 14, 1 - 85." type="journal article" year="1987">Sorbini (1987)</bibRefCitation>
treated 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FC1FFF70452356C0" box="[1004,1132,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FC1FFF70452356C0" box="[1004,1132,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. lemoinei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FA74FF7041A35725" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FA74FF7041A35725" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The relationships between 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FDD4FE9543EC5725" box="[551,675,260,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemoinei">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FDD4FE9543EC5725" box="[551,675,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. lemoinei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FD29FE9542045725" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[730,843,260,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FD29FE9542045725" box="[730,843,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are beyond the scope of this study.
</paragraph>
<caption id="70FC66628824BA46FF64F961433C511D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/233331/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" targetBox="[328,1257,351,1745]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="243C36EA8824BA46FF64F961433C511D" blockId="8.[151,1435,1777,1829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FF64F961405D513E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1777,1799]" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Head and inner side of right gill cover in two species of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FCA0F9614297513F" ID-CoL="7LNL" box="[851,984,1777,1799]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FCA0F9614297513F" box="[851,984,1777,1799]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">Spratelloides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FC16F96142B8513E" bold="true" box="[997,1015,1777,1798]" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FC0EF96245D5513F" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[1021,1178,1777,1799]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FC0EF96245D5513F" box="[1021,1178,1777,1799]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
URM-P 44311, 41.4 mm SL. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FF32F880419D511D" bold="true" box="[193,210,1808,1829]" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FF2BF8804071511D" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[216,318,1807,1829]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FF2BF8804071511D" box="[216,318,1807,1829]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, URM-P 44265, 52.4 mm SL.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="243C36EA8824BA47FF34F8C245CD5795" blockId="8.[151,1436,1874,2007]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,151,536]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="536" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">
Little is known about the biology and ecology of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FCFFF8C245755153" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[780,1082,1874,1899]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FCFFF8C245755153" box="[780,1082,1874,1899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">Spratelloides atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8824BA46FBBFF8C244D35153" author="Schultz" box="[1100,1436,1874,1899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" refString="Schultz, L. P. &amp; Welander, A. D. (1953) Family Dussumieridae. In: Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. A., Welander, A. D. &amp; Woods, A. L. (Eds.), Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas Islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, No. 202 (1), pp. 23 - 29." type="journal article" year="1953">Schultz and Welander (1953)</bibRefCitation>
reported juveniles and male specimens with enlarged testes from Bikini Lagoon. In this study, minimum female maturation of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FECAF80B40A8518B" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[313,487,1947,1971]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FECAF80B40A8518B" box="[313,487,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8824BA46FDFFF80B433E518A" box="[524,625,1947,1971]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.27" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="32.7">32.7 mm</quantity>
and maximum size is 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8824BA46FC86F80A4295518A" box="[885,986,1946,1971]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.52" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="45.2">45.2 mm</quantity>
SL. By contrast, 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8824BA46FB57F80A44D3518B" box="[1188,1436,1946,1971]" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" refString="Shirafuji, N., Watanabe, Y., Takeda, Y. &amp; Kawamura, T. (2007) Maturation and spawning of Spratelloides gracilis Clupeidae in temperate waters off Cape Shionomisaki, central Japan. Fisheries Science, 73, 623 - 632. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1444 - 2906.2007.01375. x" type="journal article">
Shirafuji 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FAFCF80B4406518B" box="[1295,1353,1946,1971]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">et al.</emphasis>
(2007)
</bibRefCitation>
reported mature female 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698824BA46FE5BF82F435351EF" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[424,540,1982,2007]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FE5BF82F40F951EE" box="[424,438,1983,2006]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88824BA46FE35F82E435351EF" box="[454,540,1982,2007]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8824BA46FD90F82E438751EE" box="[611,712,1982,2007]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.49" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="54.9">54.9 mm</quantity>
SL and maximum size of 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8824BA46FC09F82F451651EE" box="[1018,1113,1983,2007]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="535" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
SL from Wakayama, 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8824BA46FAA6F82F44D751EE" box="[1365,1432,1983,2006]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="535">Japan</collectingCountry>
, and 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8825BA47FF34FF0840D65688" box="[199,409,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" refString="Weng, J. S., Liu, K. M., Lee, S. C. &amp; Tsai, W. S. (2005) Reproductive biology of the blue sprat Spratelloides gracilis in the waters around Penghu, Central Taiwan Strait. Zoological Studies, 44, 475 - 486." type="journal article">
Weng 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FEFCFF0940085688" box="[271,327,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">et al.</emphasis>
(2005)
</bibRefCitation>
reported the first maturation size of female 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FC7AFF0842B45688" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[905,1019,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FC7AFF0842D85697" box="[905,919,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FC55FF0742B45688" box="[934,1019,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8825BA47FBEDFF0745215697" box="[1054,1134,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 mm</quantity>
FL (about 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8825BA47FB1FFF0744745697" box="[1260,1339,151,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
SL) and maximum size about 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8825BA47FE7DFF2C40AF56EC" box="[398,480,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="90.0">90 mm</quantity>
SL from Penghu, central 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8825BA47FCFFFF2C421156ED" box="[780,862,188,213]" name="Taiwan" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
Strait. These reports indicate that 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FB1FFF2D44D356EC" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[1260,1436,188,212]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FB1FFF2D45B556EC" box="[1260,1274,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FAF8FF2C44D356EC" box="[1291,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
matures at a smaller size and does not grow to the minimum mature size of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FC2DFF70450056C0" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[990,1103,223,248]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FC2DFF70450056C0" box="[990,1103,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8825BA47FBAFFF4F447756C0" box="[1116,1336,223,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" refString="Milton, D. A., Blaber, S. J. &amp; Rawlinson, N. J. F. (1991) Age and growth of three species of tuna baitfish (genus: Spratelloides) in the tropical Indo-Pacific. Journal of Fish Biology, 39, 849 - 866. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1991. tb 04414. x" type="journal article">
Milton 
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FB5CFF7145A856C0" box="[1199,1255,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">et al.</emphasis>
(1991)
</bibRefCitation>
reported on the age and growth of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FE4FFE9543615725" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[444,558,260,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FE4FFE9543615725" box="[444,558,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8825BA47FD6CFE9442105725" box="[671,863,260,285]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
, near 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8825BA47FC57FE9442BF5724" box="[932,1008,260,284]" name="Samoa" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">Samoa</collectingCountry>
(the 
<typeStatus id="FB3888488825BA47FBDFFE9545135725" box="[1068,1116,261,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">type</typeStatus>
locality of 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FB2CFE9444DF5725" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[1247,1424,260,285]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">S. atrofasciatus</taxonomicName>
), and according to their study, 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FE11FEB8431A5778" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[482,597,295,320]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FE11FEB8431A5778" box="[482,597,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed two growth modes (slow and fast). From its estimated maximum size of 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8825BA47FF1BFEDC407F575C" box="[232,304,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.3" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="43.0">43mm</quantity>
SL, so-called ‘slow 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FDE4FEDD43C7575D" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[535,648,332,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FDE4FEDD43C7575D" box="[535,648,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ were probably 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FCB1FEDD42A0575C" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[834,1007,332,356]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FCB1FEDD42A0575C" box="[834,1007,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and from its estimated maximum size of 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8825BA47FF4FFEFF404957B0" box="[188,262,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="60.0">60mm</quantity>
, so-called ‘fast 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FE3AFEE0430D57B0" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[457,578,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FE3AFEE0430D57B0" box="[457,578,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’ were probably 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FCFEFEE042CB57B0" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[781,900,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FCFEFEE042CB57B0" box="[781,900,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thus, it appears that these two species are distributed sympatrically not only in the Ryukyu Islands, but also in the 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8825BA47FC33FE0445315795" box="[960,1150,404,429]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="243C36EA8825BA47FF34FE2743635420" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,536]" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">
<bibRefCitation id="40124B1B8825BA47FF34FE27435457E8" author="Mohan" box="[199,539,439,464]" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" refString="Mohan, M. &amp; Kunhikoya, K. K. (1985) Biology of the bait fishes Spratelloides delicatulus (Bennett) and S. japonicus (Houttuyn) from Minicoy waters. In: Silas, E. G. (Ed.), Tuna Fisheries of the exclusive economic zone of India: Biology and Stock Assessment. Bulletin of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, 36, pp. 155 - 216. [India]" type="journal article" year="1985">Mohan and Kunhikoya (1985)</bibRefCitation>
reported 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FD75FE2842DC57E8" ID-CoL="4ZDQ4" authority="Houttuyn" authorityName="Houttuyn" box="[646,915,440,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="japonicus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FD75FE28424057E8" box="[646,783,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. japonicus</emphasis>
(Houttuyn)
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FC49FE28456457E8" ID-CoL="4ZDQ3" box="[954,1067,439,464]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FC49FE28456457E8" box="[954,1067,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) matured from 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8825BA47FB2FFE27446B57E8" box="[1244,1316,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="45.0">45mm</quantity>
TL (about 
<quantity id="E37B9B0F8825BA47FF64FE4C41A857CC" box="[151,231,476,500]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
SL) in Minicoy (formerly part of the 
<collectingCountry id="5C94767A8825BA47FD69FE4C421C57CD" box="[666,851,476,501]" name="Maldives" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">Maldive Islands</collectingCountry>
). Their study also seems to include 
<taxonomicName id="E3834D698825BA47FB1EFE4D44D357CC" ID-CoL="4ZDPX" box="[1261,1436,476,500]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Clupeidae" genus="Spratelloides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clupeiformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="536" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atrofasciatus">
<emphasis id="16F7EAF88825BA47FB1EFE4D44D357CC" box="[1261,1436,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="536">S. atrofasciatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because of its small size at maturity.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>