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<mods:title id="B226CB8580ACD51EF1A4F32AD8EC5373">Revision of the genus-group Hystricella R. T. Lowe, 1855 from Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago), with descriptions of new recent and fossil taxa (Gastropoda, Helicoidea, Geomitridae)</mods:title>
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<subSubSection id="7F7C0B6C8D9111E6808BDABFAAF92E55" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<taxonomicName id="33A8AABABA15CEFC04ACAB0F09047959" ID-CoL="3P6HX" authority="G. B. Sowerby I, 1824" authorityName="G. B. Sowerby I" authorityYear="1824" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata (G. B. Sowerby I, 1824)</taxonomicName>
Figs 31-32, 33-37, 38-45, 46-53, 54
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="6EE798CCA49479772DF942B10F26A03F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="list of synonyms">
<paragraph id="80B99F1571A8C873996BB87C05E90870" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">List of synonyms.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="54CDF00D86F035BAEFCBFD9FD73F5395" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1824 
<taxonomicName id="3B2A2E8CCD1B5C66F87DAF25EBBDC667" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
G. B. Sowerby I: 58, pl. 3 fig. 7.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AACD7F1792A9A5A64171D2F015C15966" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1828 
<taxonomicName id="8FF323EEB372912BEE97B335910A5B48" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Wood: pl. 8 fig. 85.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A799AC032AF0C27D9DDAC73A9089502" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1831 
<taxonomicName id="1F32E82EA1685F335CABDEE4F3123B4A" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix duplicata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="duplicata">Helix duplicata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe: 58, pl. 6 fig. 30 [unjustified replacement name for 
<taxonomicName id="D188305C638238B56C28A84688479E83" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
Sowerby I, 1824 [non 
<taxonomicName id="4D159EB6855C46E9815F11918B84C8AD" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Helix</taxonomicName>
C.[ochlitoma] 
<taxonomicName id="0B5B263CE9CB94FA676010951D84497A" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicinidae" genus="Helicoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helicoidea bicarinata" order="Cycloneritida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">bicarinata</taxonomicName>
J. 
<normalizedToken id="2B46103E7BB8218AF7A9A3DD3635388B" originalValue="Férussac">Ferussac</normalizedToken>
, 1821, a secondary homonym of 
<taxonomicName id="0377318EB69C2C0FCA6007736F34F2EF" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Bulimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bulimus bicarinatus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinatus">Bulimus bicarinatus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="FBA1815BDC679E7E88EBFBCFEC6E4EC3" originalValue="Bruguière">Bruguiere</normalizedToken>
, 1792 = 
<taxonomicName id="5226187538ECE3DD01EF5C9D50CAFFC0" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Archachatina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Archachatina bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Archachatina bicarinata</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="8B81DDFBC09E720A521B1FDD709D6751" originalValue="Bruguière">Bruguiere</normalizedToken>
, 1792). See Taxonomic Remarks below].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="27FC87EEEC725B769C9D41FE1282BEF5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1846 
<taxonomicName id="6FF446C6447A797858CDA747A2C2E9EB" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- L. Pfeiffer: 141, pl. 91 figs 8-11.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="AB46DB493D706DA10D79E1793E72844D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1847 
<taxonomicName id="D9A7096B9E893225DF108067B5CFCFF9" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- L. Pfeiffer in L. 
<bibRefCitation id="78FD843170622F57BA790B1DC0D1F32F" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pfeiffer 1847-1848</bibRefCitation>
: 190.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C171B0DA68E400FF4CC7B41CF2A90A44" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1854 
<taxonomicName id="A18D8423C116F142C8D29630DA2659E6" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Reeve in 
<bibRefCitation id="59D08816F8F1291E22321738540D09CB" author="Reeve, LA" journalOrPublisher="Reeve, London" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" title="Monograph of the genus Helix. Conchologia Iconica: or, illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals." year="1851 - 1854">Reeve 1851-1854</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 142 figs 908-909.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81AD29DE0570407EB22A31CA95313A8E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1854 
<taxonomicName id="1FC706379628C38FA62A7BAA145426BA" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Ochthephila) bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata" subGenus="Ochthephila">Helix (Ochthephila) bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Albers: pl. 9 figs 1-4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1BBF5197D2B0BA5A77671FA00A6DAECE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1855 
<taxonomicName id="7428272A4017237953B4BDFAFB9C2002" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Hystricella) bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata" subGenus="Hystricella">Helix (Hystricella) bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- R. T. Lowe: 186.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="81A94EA30C477CC73ACDB76ED91594ED" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1867 
<taxonomicName id="6FD26F1A57C0D25942535DF3256755DD" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Octephila) bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata" subGenus="Octephila">Helix (Octephila) bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Paiva: 45.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="12DA464482A33A441EAB74A66A7E752B" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1878 
<taxonomicName id="A14CDF8E1075F68EB00DEF043122B358" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Hystricella) bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata" subGenus="Hystricella">Helix (Hystricella) bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Wollaston: 161-163.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B5C9153D158688C031C75557AF031988" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1888 
<taxonomicName id="5401DED892A1B1654EE55743AD5AD117" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Tryon in 
<bibRefCitation id="8347A28D2EACD34309F7B3A2B641EAAE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Tryon and [Pilsbry] 1888</bibRefCitation>
: 33, pl. 7 fig. 90.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="790A1F4639368C9659BFF044EFB30786" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1894 
<taxonomicName id="DC3907077621BDD7D29FD17ADF029759" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Geomitra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geomitra bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Geomitra bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Pilsbry in 
<bibRefCitation id="1978D0167F003CE4B7DD579496D45CB2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Pilsbry 1893-1895</bibRefCitation>
: 242.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="14D2B60E6F64A05C3865010BD6263D31" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1931 
<taxonomicName id="C8829977854EE91E1E80125CB3F2A048" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Geomitra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geomitra (Actinella) bicarnata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarnata" subGenus="Actinella">Geomitra (Actinella) bicarnata</taxonomicName>
- Nobre: fig. 37.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E5F7D8DADCCBCA84C50B4B61F38A228A" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1950 
<taxonomicName id="D19197E931BF76170C02B1BE699A8BA7" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula (Hystricella) bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="bicarinata" subGenus="Hystricella" subSpecies="bicarinata">Discula (Hystricella) bicarinata bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- 
<bibRefCitation id="A193C43563BDBC84037038EFB0E6B4CA" author="Mandahl-Barth, G" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 93" title="Systematische Untersuchungen ueber die Heliciden-Fauna von Madeira." volume="469" year="1950">Mandahl-Barth 1950</bibRefCitation>
: 31, 55.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F8C7AA1573D722520D72B86FC086FA57" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1966 
<taxonomicName id="A9926F90CFEBA4410A622FDA3056F448" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula (Hystricella) bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata" subGenus="Hystricella">Discula (Hystricella) bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- S. G. A. Jaeckel: 53.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8F45D36CCD7C86BAFA1AC10DD57D10CC" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
1983 
<taxonomicName id="4484226D6EF84E78D64EF280A8193206" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula (Hystricella) bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="bicarinata" subGenus="Hystricella" subSpecies="bicarinata">Discula (Hystricella) bicarinata bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- 
<normalizedToken id="28F444541BE32C6B5057563A5F54C103" originalValue="Waldén">Walden</normalizedToken>
: 267.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1E629A1BA883C59233BAE3D1B1E83D95" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
2002 
<taxonomicName id="7C1165CD22F5AE82434F88DDD1D130BA" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Geomitra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geomitra bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subSpecies" species="bicarinata" subSpecies="bicarinata">Geomitra bicarinata bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Bank et al.: 124.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="00ACAFC1D88FC942180B6EBFE0D5550D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
2008 
<taxonomicName id="928D2ADBD0F0D68DB654E2F36552360D" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Seddon: 79, pl. 29 fig. E, map 178.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3BBF42F8874FCF6390D90CA5A27A9DC4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
2011 
<taxonomicName id="44E1511A44F9E3673B2184AEF97573A1" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
- Seddon: e.T6724A12800659.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="7773E1C484284BC55456800F9C968CE4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="type material">
<paragraph id="431896CB2CC4F90DCE958A2CAF1246AA" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type material.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="70E25A1386B413F09A8757309D0C7DC2" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Despite intensive research in multiple museum collections (NHM, NMW, MMUE, ANSP, NHC, NMS, OUMNH, RAM, SMF) that could have held the type material of the taxon, no such material could be traced and therefore we deem it reasonable to assume that the type material is lost. To stabilise the present interpretation of 
<taxonomicName id="8DAD33435EBA1782FC12E7D5DAE2CBCC" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
G. B. Sowerby I, 1824 and to clarify its taxonomic status we designate a neotype here, which is deposited in the collection of the SMF under the No. SMF 348936 (see Fig. 33). The original figures of 
<taxonomicName id="27DAE91D4D4E12947B0DBA3ECBB7ED44" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
G. B. Sowerby I, 1824 from 
<bibRefCitation id="26C1B0FF15CE19A93542B99515EB8F94" author="Sowerby, GB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="56 - 58" title="Descriptions, accompanied by figures of several Helices, discovered by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. at Porto Santo." volume="1" year="1824">Sowerby (1824</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 3 fig. 7) 32 and 
<taxonomicName id="B39A52564B8DDE315DD90B0B2169F561" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix duplicata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="duplicata">Helix duplicata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831 from R. T. 
<bibRefCitation id="90557ABFF2D04EB61C7B9474CF6E9CEF" author="Lowe, RT" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 70" title="Primitiae faunae et florae Maderae et Portus Sancti; sive species quaedam novae vel hactenus minus rite cognitae animalium et plantarum in his insulis degentium breviter descriptae." volume="4" year="1831">Lowe (1831</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 6 fig. 20) are depicted in Figs 31-32. The neotype (Fig. 33) is consistent with the figure in 
<bibRefCitation id="A86B0315462B99C47356E7A8A22AD287" author="Sowerby, GB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="56 - 58" title="Descriptions, accompanied by figures of several Helices, discovered by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. at Porto Santo." volume="1" year="1824">Sowerby (1824</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 3 fig. 7) and the original description (see below), especially with regard to size, shape and the presence of two keels on the body whorl. The taxon was originally described from Porto Santo without more detailed locality data, which is consistent with origin of the specimen selected as neotype.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EE8DE44ED3C95DDEA804B194ED5A10D0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
<paragraph id="612137E9FA4A49F769434515238BBF70" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Figures 31-32. 31 Original figure of 
<taxonomicName id="248F48E7B997033C60DFFF7CC9786137" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
G. B. Sowerby I, 1824 from 
<bibRefCitation id="DF3D65B260279EE66ACA5A514A1FDC00" author="Sowerby, GB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="56 - 58" title="Descriptions, accompanied by figures of several Helices, discovered by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. at Porto Santo." volume="1" year="1824">Sowerby (1824</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 3 fig. 7) 32 Original figure of 
<taxonomicName id="7A7616B2314FC6839D287F289579200C" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix duplicata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="duplicata">Helix duplicata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831 from R. T. 
<bibRefCitation id="16252B1165E406F175DD836EB4D24276" author="Lowe, RT" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 70" title="Primitiae faunae et florae Maderae et Portus Sancti; sive species quaedam novae vel hactenus minus rite cognitae animalium et plantarum in his insulis degentium breviter descriptae." volume="4" year="1831">Lowe (1831</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 6 fig. 20).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="EC1D3AA6837E24948F0459659DA7BA75" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="locus typicus">
<paragraph id="9FE3CF03701E32055443BA9055E6FC2C" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Locus typicus.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3DC704D2DDE3C3D5BBAAA2B4079E5DC4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Pico do Castelo, S slope around the Miradouro, under stones in pine wood, 
<geoCoordinate id="6F4301766CA3EADE8D5A04F1768AB1C3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07833">33°04'42&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="94EFD35D243E15DB06FE4896F7B3531D" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.333334">16°20'00&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 270 m (through the designation of the neotype).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E1DDC3D2FB4A97768A525AD28C3D8820" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="B795D430A1BB893F2A61BF2961AB74C8" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Further material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="90802C2C603899FB3057D33DA43C3B2D" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
All from Porto Santo, ANSP H 20185/13, NW slope of Pico Branco, 
<geoCoordinate id="0CFD6B7CA01D2F4858F3DAD9C1D741A9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09722">33°05'50&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="313242F9C4661613600AFCC34A9A308E" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.315832">16°18'57&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="B1056A95BE095E997E9942468452D1F1" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09778">33°05'52&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="9454B6EC09F3383852F56067CB9F6201" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.31361">16°18'49&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 150-200 m, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 8 1981; ANSP H 11776/2, NW slope of Pico de Juliana, 
<geoCoordinate id="94EED1BCEC51130C4B490AD2B39E44B4" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.092777">33°05'34&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="2BEE550F84ED7AEA13B9A5E67DABCB35" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.323612">16°19'25&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, up to 450 m, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 6 1981; CKG/12, Pico de Juliana, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="EFED5564ED99DC891BE1D23549BC7608" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09194">33°05'31&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="2108FFC70FB029DFB0A016744C4648E5" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.322224">16°19'20&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 365 m, leg. K. Groh, Jun. 23 1983; ANSP H 11788/11, CMN/3, SW slope of Pico do Juliana, 
<geoCoordinate id="7FB530DF1DB292B2673C2CE896C50541" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.091667">33°05'30&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="CB7529EEDDE6C664D6DAB93B3FCA6094" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.323057">16°19'23&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 360 m, leg. J. Gerber, K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Aug. 13 1985; CFW 11149/1, Pico Juliana, old quarry on the southern slope, 
<geoCoordinate id="864FC8C9331E73E9DD486BD0F7A68B44" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09111">33°05'28&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="DA2AE7BE9083FCF3EC1BD78656A29D57" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32139">16°19'17&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 330 m, leg. F. Walther &amp; E. M. Gryl, Apr. 3 2017; ANSP H 11769/3, Ribeiro das Esmoitadas (E Camacha), 
<geoCoordinate id="BCF3CA754581915C1B227EEC71D5BDC9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.09083">33°05'27&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="B09BBCBCCEBD27B3FD30DDF08382199E" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.338057">16°20'17&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 130 m, leg. J. Gerber, K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Aug. 13 1985; CKG/2, SW of Pico de Juliana, 
<geoCoordinate id="BBE6485299220810743174FBB412FFA9" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.08722">33°05'14&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="7913A69EE406DE08019E1A8750A1B5FF" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.325556">16°19'32&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 360 m, leg. K. &amp; C. Groh, Oct. 27 1980; CFW 11158/10, Pico do Facho, NW slope, 
<geoCoordinate id="5751535BAF5E86E9503E1825FC1BDE29" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.086666">33°05'12&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="6C0FE53BE308111AF43CD7FAA7F47CFF" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.327223">16°19'38&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 370 m, leg. F. Walther, Apr. 3 2017; ANSP H 20186/1, NE slope of Pico do Facho, 
<geoCoordinate id="711A917B1C2AA1B79E9127AB616AFB41" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.085278">33°05'07&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="CC96FF6FCDA0356040C755C34066B3DC" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.323057">16°19'23&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 430-450 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jun. 28 1983; CWDM/6, CMN/ 3, ridge between Pico do Facho and Pico da Gandaia, stone walls, 
<geoCoordinate id="BFC250FBA086713BDE08AE8B04EBE4E8" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.084442">33°05'04&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="1997850941D0F92A06841D5030161858" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.3225">16°19'21&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 460 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 25 2015; CWDM/15, N slope of Pico do Facho in 
<taxonomicName id="80A8B2A7810FE8D5E0FC0963D65E4581" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Tamaricaceae" genus="Tamarix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Tamarix" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Tamarix</taxonomicName>
wood, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="0A3A98EA09FA00353A31F72CA5BA595E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.084442">33°05'04&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="F43E0DB32BC5082BAFD3342D238BCB83" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.323612">16°19'25&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 475 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 25 2015; CKG/44, CMN/6, W of Pico do Facho, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="58C1B6885712056F3D669C081ADC7875" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.084442">33°05'04&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="3B53F4DEFCC85C045ECEAB2EB9F46983" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.325834">16°19'33&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 450 m, leg. K. Groh, Jun. 29 1983; ANSP H 11778/c. 40, SW slope of Pico do Facho, 
<geoCoordinate id="9ABDC7B0A0D36AC297E6355931F661DA" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.084164">33°05'03&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="DB9052A9E73999CBAEE00A98865DCE61" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32528">16°19'31&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 460-480 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jun. 28 1983; CKG/24, CMN/44, upper Ribeira Formosa between Covau and Serra de Fora, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="4193C242493A21257BF123BE730BC062" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.08389">33°05'02&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="D4FDB1CF9F8FFC984B601B4F35EE07D1" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.320557">16°19'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 140 m, leg. K. Groh, Jun. 19 1983; ANSP H 11775/13, W slope of Pico do Facho, 
<geoCoordinate id="5085788AEEB3C1B40EDCF7E54935C254" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.08389">33°05'02&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="F54A028B224A4D0FDB2D8CFC5B20F3FB" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.327223">16°19'38&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 6 1981; ANSP H 11834/19 [sub 
<taxonomicName id="1900AF0615A97804316824C425BBA381" lsidName="H. echinulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="echinulata">H. echinulata</taxonomicName>
], summit of Pico da Gandaia, 
<geoCoordinate id="61881AB1A4937BBA6F33F73C105DFEAE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.08361">33°05'01&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="C7284A89FEF365E6C143F9375DFB0D49" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.320557">16°19'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 440 m, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 6 1981; CWDM/11, CMN/7, Pico da Gandaia, southern rocky cliffs close to the top, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="1F1FB520F094CFBECFCD3D9387F6C774" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.08361">33°05'01&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="36A391CDA814C576325CC3B3114DE32C" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.320557">16°19'14&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 440 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 25 2015; ANSP H 11779/24, SW slope of Pico do Facho, 
<geoCoordinate id="B3362BED0D4E978B27E8FBCA2AB868FA" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.082222">33°04'56&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="6A7F8C994831AC3D1F8157686CE6BFEA" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.327501">16°19'39&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="AAFD3345F1B0DB37F844537AEB5AD62A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.08389">33°05'02&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="528C825E9BC2486E75AE40BBECD1FB66" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.325">16°19'30&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 300-450 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 1 1983; CWDM/15, CMN/3, N and E slopes and summit of Pico do Castelo, under stones in pine wood, 
<geoCoordinate id="CFBEC4D69D7BF334A53C4F9FD64A41D2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.081944">33°04'55&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="6B07F1A350306E7A3264A4AA15907AEB" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.335278">16°20'07&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 350 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 22 2015; CWDM/25, CMN/5, S slope of Pico do Facho, along path at the S border of the pine wood, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="74BD92372ABB7752E5DF7A43186924EB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.081112">33°04'52&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="34EE70EB67CB5E96CD4894F59D50DDF4" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32389">16°19'26&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 355 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 17 2015; CKG/8, Pico do Castelo, S slope around the Miradouro, under stones in pine wood, 
<geoCoordinate id="BA0BF45724457AD0C80D8F28EAC531E6" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.080833">33°04'51&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="E35F4CA722C6174B76B9C149BA2DD7F8" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.334167">16°20'03&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 420 m, leg. K. &amp; C. Groh, Oct. 27 1980; CWDM/22, CMN/4, Ribeira da Areia, serpentine 240 m NNW the quarry, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="4466D7E1A12A9561C98DCB6EE351B4F5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.080833">33°04'51&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="BDED621AED31B4FAAB6E056615623736" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.311388">16°18'41&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 140 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 21 2014; ANSP H 11787/c. 30, approx. 1 km NE Capela da 
<normalizedToken id="40518DC0D6496EA23DA4EF5E6FF19E19" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EA0F26A9A536393A86295A432AA1E151" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.080276">33°04'49&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="B7FFB743D1F55E6B9D0C5451E38A1878" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.31778">16°19'04&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 250 m, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 4 1981; CWDM/12, CMN/4, lake shore S of Ribeira da Serra de Dentro, under stones and in stone walls, 
<geoCoordinate id="D4A82E16466BD6177ACB5E8A16A38B8C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.079998">33°04'48&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="BD254FCCF2C83E55EFC58076A1D5C7E6" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.30861">16°18'31&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 70 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 22 2015; ANSP H 20187/1, NW slope of Pico do Concelho, 
<geoCoordinate id="9808828D1776494C5D921984AA5AD0D3" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.078888">33°04'44&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="3277BEEE852E09E74CED60D5F846CEC7" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.301111">16°18'04&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="BE1CDFD7572D1AC68AEDAE7B7A982B3D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07861">33°04'43&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="2CEBF65ED46E94544A96D32E40EBAE52" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.300278">16°18'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 250-300 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 29 1983; CKG/8, CMN/8, Pico do Concelho, NW of the top, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="47BB86916507071E07B8036F77B47312" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07861">33°04'43&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="DCB2D239C88FEF5A282A1B283417C776" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.29972">16°17'59&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 260 m, leg. K. Groh, Jun. 29 1983; ANSP H 11835/12 [sub 
<taxonomicName id="0A052F41AA884A2D4EDC0B9019FF1E2A" lsidName="H. echinulata" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="echinulata">H. echinulata</taxonomicName>
], NW slope of Pico do Concelho, 
<geoCoordinate id="A2849690FA99569E98533EBA1C4B4D1A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07861">33°04'43&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="AD8EE1EA724F98D1E0071E7E399CEFA2" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.300278">16°18'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, approx. 280 m, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 6 1981; ANSP H 12780/32, NW slope of Pico do Concelho, 
<geoCoordinate id="93B7E64FAA0C814B6CBE61BE80F585DE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07861">33°04'43&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="9C32EE141C21352E0E16FE24DF073292" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.300278">16°18'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 250-300 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jun. 6 1983; CWDM/15, CMN/2, summit of Pico do Concelho, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="980DD75821999FEFE1B18090D500D9FD" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07833">33°04'42&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="4097BB81602357152B658C76F2D74115" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.300278">16°18'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 280 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 18 2015; CWDM/18,CMN/4, Pico do Castelo, S slope around the Miradouro, under stones in pine wood, 
<geoCoordinate id="3895A7ABB4032A28D6B9169EBC2BAB6D" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07833">33°04'42&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="0D568B07C31CD3DC9EC22061C4B80CDB" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.333334">16°20'00&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 270 m, leg. 
<pageBreakToken id="A9280C12AA11CEE5AE72A911E19DEFF5" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" start="start">W</pageBreakToken>
. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, Feb. 12 2012; CMN/1, Pico do Castelo, S slope around the Miradouro, under stones in pine wood, N slope, 
<geoCoordinate id="D48CC02FA6118169194CF85C115E23CA" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07833">33°04'42&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="4405D673547225192258458C0ABE113F" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.333612">16°20'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="60368014C108C90C64ED61ED8E67439C" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.080833">33°04'51&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="1E92CA76D327572DFE42C980EB9DC90C" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.334167">16°20'03&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 300-430 m, leg. K. Groh Jul. 1 1983; ANSP H 11783/24, Pico do Castelo, 
<geoCoordinate id="98BD0543AA238B5A783AA2CDD8B15EA7" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07833">33°04'42&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="AD95FD8AD7D004C7982DA5D7ADE8D14D" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.333612">16°20'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="2D0571C57F13AB8FBF10E67E73008530" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.080833">33°04'51&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="EBB5E3E18392DF78D7EB47618C423914" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.334167">16°20'03&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 350-430 m, leg. K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jul. 1 1983; CWDM/8, CMN/4, path from Capela da 
<normalizedToken id="9F1D80C31FC473BEAF19118A810892B9" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
to Pico do Castelo along the Levada, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="5B8A2E2E377024EF11A19A2A142A5A46" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07722">33°04'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="85FA804B341C4535E112B2522EA27E43" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.330002">16°19'48&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 165 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 17 2015; CKG/3, CMN/68, Capela da 
<normalizedToken id="9F4CE7276F67C9B57047E842DB7C1638" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
up to Pico de Facho-Motos de Fora, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="8536A9054B3B16C5088CEF57E2D3D713" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07722">33°04'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="D929D223BC9E62E6A19303694886B75B" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.325834">16°19'33&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 200 m, leg. K. Groh, Jun. 23 1983; ANSP H 11785/9 spms, Ribeiro do Formoso, 
<geoCoordinate id="354213311E549D7665FAFB8916227B1E" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.076664">33°04'36&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="A4208037A3C663EBB555CE1CDC306A3D" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.31778">16°19'04&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 130 m, leg. J. Gerber, K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Aug. 13 1985; ANSP H 11777/12, approx. 1 km S Serra de Dentro, 
<geoCoordinate id="1E079963B0F4F88313B8F4F17B81699A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.075832">33°04'33&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="EF2E40B2E6B82EAC1ED1D7C0A2DF8FFF" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.306944">16°18'25&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 160 m, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 8 1981; ANSP H 11782/c. 30, slope between the SE slope of Pico do Castelo and Capela da 
<normalizedToken id="1E684985E723385D603D2CB11B38D884" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="8AE09A7D15297D9A364F0C156154F3AE" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.075554">33°04'32&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="A86E7E08C1092E1E54A7AFB61A0945AD" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.327223">16°19'38&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 160 m, 
<pageBreakToken id="E708979C2C7A1C56ED81D7B9564DDF4F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" start="start">leg</pageBreakToken>
. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 4 1981; CFW 11161/7, Casinhas, N of Capela da 
<normalizedToken id="94F5270B8669A94DC02DFCF8DE088885" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C6FE5AFE294ED89DD520627966B20FBF" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.074165">33°04'27&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="7520B8DFF9B9A850243EA491B596AA17" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.324167">16°19'27&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 150 m, leg. F. Walther, Apr. 4 2017; CKG/11, CMN/1, Pico do Baixo, 
<geoCoordinate id="F946B56B178718A9977B9E4CB0223DBB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.073887">33°04'26&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="380426F7352E21F3E9589645B719689C" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32889">16°19'44&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="F52B47BC1A380A2516BE9B0F01515863" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.079445">33°04'46&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="CCB30F17CC2A4EE79AB3254C2A0A70F1" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32889">16°19'44&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 100-250 m, leg. K. Groh, Jul. 11, 1983; CWDM/23, Engula, under stones, 
<geoCoordinate id="80829DC105825DCB4569B73F3BD2D393" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.071945">33°04'19&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="77FB61F6A7CA0FC02B9BBED285035BEC" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.316946">16°19'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 150 m, leg. W. De Mattia &amp; J. Macor, May 18 2015; CFW 11159/&gt;10, E slope of Rocha de Nossa Senhora, 
<geoCoordinate id="8E66D89115BC1CAF6B3F3F04C2D1E78F" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.071945">33°04'19&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="8D341023A27EFC55C28C05E06FF2FD50" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.316946">16°19'01&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 150 m, leg. F. Walther, Apr. 3 2017 ANSP H 11771/18, N of Portela (E of Vila Baleira), 
<geoCoordinate id="EF0952F082EDE94B365873D443D2294A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.06861">33°04'07&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="C8A39CF1EE01FB4744C419872F5EA294" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.32139">16°19'17&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 120 m, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jan. 4 1981; CKG/2, CMN/1, Capela da 
<normalizedToken id="A687307A916173ED81D9B91A92709B2A" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
up to Pico do Facho-Motos de Fora, N slope, 
<geoCoordinate id="F493C2BB59448D8B6141B12164680FB2" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.07722">33°04'38&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="DECA6E63FE57668EB6E5380534977EB1" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.325834">16°19'33&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
to 
<geoCoordinate id="8CFA5753169655D36E152E02D4F1E5FB" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.084442">33°05'04&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="C0C95A1279C33CFDF2873EF452F7C2E5" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.325834">16°19'33&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, approx. 200-450 m, leg. J. Gerber, K. Groh &amp; J. Hemmen, Jun. 28 1985; ZMH 120610/2, foot of Pico do Castelo, c. 
<geoCoordinate id="50DD55048CD4B90BF694DBDD4851AAE5" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.076942">33°04'37&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="15B5EF19ADC5E0D430DB88711A17E486" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.330278">16°19'49&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 170 m, ex coll. W. Fauer, leg. J. &amp; C. Hemmen, Jul. 11 1983; ZMH 110165/68, slopes of Pico do Facho, under stones; c. 
<geoCoordinate id="075DAD72898ACDAB1140E213D0A75D0A" direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="33.083054">33°04'59&quot;N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate id="68F2FCFD090FE343EA3BA54AD50F8FC5" direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-16.323612">16°19'25&quot;W</geoCoordinate>
, 430 m a.s.l., leg. E. Clauss, Sep. 22 1992; ZMH 24288/2, Madeira Archipelago, without exact locality data, ex coll. Altonaer Museum; ZMH, 24289/1, Porto Santo, without exact locality data, ex coll. Museum Klagenfurt; ZMH 24290/3, Porto Santo, without exact locality data, ex coll. Altonaer Museum, ex coll. O. Semper, ex coll. Dohrn.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="12DAB36C90A01146F0F688C8B7EB9C0C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="F822FB2C8E83066275C9B169A2DAE2F7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Original description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B49954521B1993EBDCB80E3EC85E40DF" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
From 
<bibRefCitation id="44838FF267D6A5BB1BB109697F0D6545" author="Sowerby, GB" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="56 - 58" title="Descriptions, accompanied by figures of several Helices, discovered by T. E. Bowdich, Esq. at Porto Santo." volume="1" year="1824">Sowerby (1824)</bibRefCitation>
: testa subglobosa, spira breviuscula, subconica; anfractibus quinque quadratis, mediane carinis duabus, superiore obtusiuscula: apertura integra, rotunda, peristomate distincto: umbilico parvo. Axis 3∕16, diam. 
<normalizedToken id="8F4C8924456AAB6F7290009CEF315800" originalValue="¼">1/4</normalizedToken>
unc.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="FBF3282AB65321C67369F802710EDD4C" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="diagnostic features of the shell">
<paragraph id="0E8E765FA94A0A54C067C3ADC0FD44E8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Diagnostic features of the shell.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C921215F10A9E37064635696786D6DCE" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Shell as in the genus description. The main diagnostic feature is the presence of two well-developed keels along the penultimate and body whorl. The lower keel is usually slightly stronger and more evident than the upper one along both whorls. The overall shape of the shell of 
<taxonomicName id="9A07A8801DB4908884F94EEECCF35109" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
is always conical and scalariform by virtue of a 
<normalizedToken id="63DD1C10C4AF96BC02F7E1854F4D9560" originalValue="“shoulder”">&quot;shoulder&quot;</normalizedToken>
that lets the contour of the whorls appear markedly angular. The sutures are deep and well-marked (see Figs 33-37).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7D801836052310EC1296D0285B8A92E7" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<paragraph id="7F3C725BDA1F60AE2C3E6B165207709F" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
Figures 33-37. Shells of 
<taxonomicName id="30D0FB17BC014DDF664917A08957FFB6" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
. 33 neotype of 
<taxonomicName id="34B5E5F56B050EA5ABB87F036B6C9748" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
, Pico do Castelo, S slope around the Miradouro, SMF 348936 34 syntype of 
<taxonomicName id="F04A140096478E2442A8717C6235100B" lsidName="H. duplicata" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species" species="duplicata">H. duplicata</taxonomicName>
R. T. 
<bibRefCitation id="ACB01F42A2335CC4C72A11B9A6AE1971" author="Lowe, RT" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 70" title="Primitiae faunae et florae Maderae et Portus Sancti; sive species quaedam novae vel hactenus minus rite cognitae animalium et plantarum in his insulis degentium breviter descriptae." volume="4" year="1831">Lowe 1831</bibRefCitation>
, NHM 1948.7.8.34; Shells of 
<taxonomicName id="7F8966471A090E2326E509D489CBDA0A" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
35 Capela da 
<normalizedToken id="B6515975C600B77686B0BEF6C77939B2" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
36 Pico do Castelo, S slope around the Miradouro 37 Pico da Gandaia. Scale bar 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="826D717828DF3EEB95C0EAAA257958CD" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
<paragraph id="86C3D77F89664F227CE5DF155B02D29D" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Measurements.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6E072D0C6B57F36311AD8E728C795334" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
D 4.9 
<normalizedToken id="7E52E3D39EC1511561A9322062CADFA6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 mm (range 4.4-5.3 mm); H 3.8 
<normalizedToken id="4A3F4F1BB46B406350735B8C0AB5AFA1" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 mm (range 3.4-4.2 mm); FW 2.4 
<normalizedToken id="72DBA774A3EE5DD3136563C3B9A63129" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.2 mm; PA 53.5 
<normalizedToken id="82BD7652A3D149394E7BD17E83A27BBC" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
2.4°; DU 0.4 
<normalizedToken id="9D235B6249CA9DACC3912415E9DF57A6" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.09 mm; NT 21 
<normalizedToken id="21B68C64C21A53E6CBED93107850306B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
6; NW 5.6 
<normalizedToken id="178991A9F270A7049A81ED73DDF30C5B" originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
0.1 (range 5.1-5.75) (n = 40). Ratio D/H 1.3; ratio FW/H 0.6.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0C8D5220E6BFD98AE4D4A55868DC0733" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="body">
<paragraph id="40BF98EE14096E31CA5C964512CAE1E9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Body.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="D492CEE51DEEAAF786CA1C84B0E26917" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Body as in the genus description.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E5CDDAADF37B550A89BB7E800CB4436E" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="genital anatomy">
<paragraph id="32291416C72C20DAB2CA54950D409EC3" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Genital anatomy.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="E43CBB00C81A70025DCAD9491A12C2EE" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
As in the genus description. The albumen gland is long and connected to an equally long sperm-oviduct. The prostatic part extends into a thin vas deferens that is twice as long as the sperm-oviduct. The free oviduct is somewhat variable in length, but is usually three to four times shorter than the vagina. The duct of the bursa copulatrix is usually wide, slightly shorter than the penis, opening out into a roundish, small bursa copulatrix. One tuft of digitiform glands consisting of two, more rarely three never branching glands. The inner ornamentation of the vagina consists of very wide, low, and smooth pleats running longitudinally as far as the genital atrium. The penial flagellum is short, remarkably cylindrical and with a blunt apex. It is usually as long as the epiphallus. Its internal walls are completely smooth. The epiphallus is short and its internal walls are smooth. The penis lacks any muscular or glandular sheath. It is thick-walled and approximately four times longer than the flagellum. It 
<pageBreakToken id="BE473233C2399E6A33570806B3EB6664" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" start="start">is</pageBreakToken>
cylindrical and sometimes slightly swollen in its distal part. The inner walls of the penis are usually smooth or with very smooth, little elevated and spaced pleats which run longitudinally and reach the genital atrium (see Figs 38-53).
</paragraph>
<caption id="BFC4E32D92B513947AB50F3AD0039984" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="A2DCEFE39D538D29EA0ADAF9C2DD5D99" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Figures 38-45. Genitalia and anatomy of 
<taxonomicName id="CEA31776AFF757AD31EABD09C7AB3C8B" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
. Pico do Castelo, S slope around the Miradouro: 38 whole genitalia excluding part of OSD, AG and gonads 39 ornamentation of the inner walls of the distal penis, the vagina and the genital atrium 40 transverse section of penial papilla. Pico da Gandaia: 41 whole genitalia excluding gonads 42 ornamentation of the inner walls of the flagellum, the penial complex, the vagina and the genital atrium. Ribeira de Serra de Dentro: 43 jaw. Pico da Gandaia: 44 mantle border. Ribeira de Serra de Dentro: 45 whole genitalia excluding part of OSD, AG and gonads. Scale bars 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="2928A5D0A1FC61FD7261063A65F8985B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="321A85C21C47D79DA4E974AD1014BB35" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Figures 46-53. Genitalia and anatomy of 
<taxonomicName id="7FC7DB51354AF573A21C8590B23BF09A" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
. Capela de 
<normalizedToken id="2A0F2B6A0C5DC92837308F753BB895FC" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
: 46 whole genitalia excluding part of OSD, AG and gonads 47 penial papilla 48 longitudinal section of the penial papilla 49 ornamentation of the inner walls of the flagellum, the penial complex, the vagina and the genital atrium. Ridge between Pico do Facho and Pico da Gandaia: 50 whole genitalia excluding part of OSD, AG and gonads. NE slopes of Pico do Castelo: 51 section of vagina. Capela da 
<normalizedToken id="31E90567F07C3A3CD46323794E5FC99D" originalValue="Graça">Graca</normalizedToken>
: 52 jaw. S slopes Pico do Facho: 53 mantle border. Scale bars 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BC73324262A8929C6489826D172F106C" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="39131C3BF7C7EC849E4187D7130BE290" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="B1AB522E07A00B8BCC51B8C499A5DC59" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="9A01E479850C9ADCE8904E2F3AEF6913" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
is endemic to the island of Porto Santo (Madeiran Archipelago, Portugal) (Fig. 54). The species is restricted to the eastern, mountainous part of the island and is present only in the central section of this area. It is commonly found on the slopes of Pico do Castelo, Pico do Facho, Pico de Juliana, Pico da Gandaia, Rocha de Nossa Senhora, and the western slopes of Pico do Concelho. It is also commonly found at lower elevations of the Serra de Dentro, Barranco Branco, and Lombo de Paredes. It is not present on the small islets surrounding the main island, namely 
<normalizedToken id="8C0DBAF34498D45AE0B7AD2F1FF170F1" originalValue="Ilhéu">Ilheu</normalizedToken>
de Cima, 
<normalizedToken id="D2867CE3E5F5F273929E141500BBA066" originalValue="Ilhéu">Ilheu</normalizedToken>
de Baixo, and 
<normalizedToken id="DB9A1A6677FD9C92F826429B1182A234" originalValue="Ilhéu">Ilheu</normalizedToken>
de Ferro. Subfossil representatives of 
<taxonomicName id="0E71F6EA4FBD30648CD87AC1665AAE50" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
are not known. 
<bibRefCitation id="9B95F8C422783C154C38616A115CE459" author="Seddon, MB" journalOrPublisher="Biotir Reports" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 196" title="The landsnails of Madeira. An illustrated compendium of the landsnails and slugs of the Madeiran archipelago." volume="2" year="2008">Seddon (2008</bibRefCitation>
: 181) depicts the distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="14FBB1BF12683B9EF252C254CDEAB7C0" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
. The four southernmost points indicate the presence of the species also for the southern ridge of eastern Porto Santo. We here infer that these localities are based upon misidentifications with other species, probably some representatives of 
<taxonomicName id="CE646C2160747B6BFB7E268858E66C85" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Wollastonia</taxonomicName>
, i.e., 
<taxonomicName id="D9555FDB925D837A20534C5A56667BE0" lsidName="W. jessicae" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="jessicae">W. jessicae</taxonomicName>
sp. n. or 
<taxonomicName id="528C19F0B5C0FAF6E9A0324371119771" lsidName="W. klausgrohi" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="klausgrohi">W. klausgrohi</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</paragraph>
<caption id="EF4830C17DC7F00DF8BDB782E87D0FF3" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<paragraph id="5622AE0A84E59234C8F37CA3B9B5A6C5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
Figure 54. Distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="6CD03B5E0FFE8DF1641E2538E834497E" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="F319A034EA0578908EB2DB2045C9D23B" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="ecology">
<paragraph id="4A19FBF3A4534376B31CF6A611AD3775" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Ecology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4C7F78C0BF7A5FB2895D20186194CADD" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="91B54DA56FCC47D6A390C82EBBF35D43" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
is commonly found under volcanic rocks scattered on grassland in open fields that are more or less sloping. It has also been found under stones in pine woods (Pico do Castelo) or in cracks and crevices on rocky walls (Pico da Gandaia) or terraced areas (southern slopes of Pico do Castelo). The specimens aestivate on the lower surfaces of stones or rocks, frequently forming large clusters of 40 to 50 individuals attached one to another. Under a single stone of roughly 60 
<normalizedToken id="3761298F380A716B27D4BBFF753C88E6" originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
40 cm approximately 200 individuals were observed (southern slopes of Pico do Facho).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="372016DB805040EEB9B044667A2F7202" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="comparisons">
<paragraph id="1D852A860B77F4FE8D0EEDB012ACD4A0" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Comparison and comments.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="4BEF0AAF29666B5C091322B17710D160" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
The presence of two keels along the body whorl easily distinguishes 
<taxonomicName id="34AEA8C0971BBBA0CC7FDB9890A1BB6C" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="14A6AC16AD0728E44ABBA1639778B15E" lsidName="H. echinulata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="echinulata">H. echinulata</taxonomicName>
. Where both taxa come into contact in the northern to northeastern part of Porto Santo (Fig. 4) intermediate populations exist however, suggesting a possible hybrid zone (see below).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A71E5F6586FFBA8D7E8DA38F0ECE7195" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
At first glance, and due to the small dimensions, 
<taxonomicName id="E6EF783A57E63A3D3361A9EE803B3898" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
can be confused with the fossil species 
<taxonomicName id="A213BED5D578B0BE561613F2BD9470F8" lsidName="H. aucta" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="aucta">H. aucta</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="88053005B05FCE637C69C410F8E4CFD9" lsidName="H. microcarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="microcarinata">H. microcarinata</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (see Fig. 74). However, a closer analysis reveals major differences in many features of the shell. 
<taxonomicName id="3DE56FC1A04786A91DDF8D76B3B6EDF1" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella aucta" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="aucta">Hystricella aucta</taxonomicName>
has a more solid shell with two, almost equally developed keels along the body whorl. The penultimate and the third whorl have a single strong upper keel only. The tubercles in 
<taxonomicName id="D10ADFD9A03EA3941F2AE8C6924963D3" lsidName="H. aucta" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="aucta">H. aucta</taxonomicName>
are much smaller and finer than in 
<taxonomicName id="0F92CBAB852D5B173E02702F3B3688A9" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
(see Figs 71-73).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="66AE729A41495C928528C0DE0E771781" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="911879E610E0FB6F70125684B538ED0A" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella microcarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="microcarinata">Hystricella microcarinata</taxonomicName>
sp. n. resembles 
<taxonomicName id="B6A49F1CB2AEA1297126697EE938F44E" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
with regard to dimensions and overall shape; however, the weak keels along the penultimate and body whorl and the well-developed and rather elevated growth lines allow the separation of the two species. Moreover, the tubercles in 
<taxonomicName id="FD60497EADA0EA66486B203B07135F17" lsidName="H. microcarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="microcarinata">H. microcarinata</taxonomicName>
sp. n. are somewhat smaller and more scattered.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="1B9D835E93E570A34477C5D0020CBB1E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<taxonomicName id="2869F06C899B63333EEBB4DC4BBE8950" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Hystricella bicarinata</taxonomicName>
can also resemble some of the species included in the newly described genus 
<taxonomicName id="9E7B96A5715AE6C30C08AF2071EF6E64" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Wollastonia</taxonomicName>
gen. n. Species such as 
<taxonomicName id="C0C871A870A11C70C22EB5C196FED155" lsidName="W. turricula" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="turricula">W. turricula</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4013A80C4E79E81F8C7C600D1CF6E938" lsidName="W. leackociana" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="leackociana">W. leackociana</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="38C8F2DB8FA307C66106EB6558036393" lsidName="W. oxytropis" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="oxytropis">W. oxytropis</taxonomicName>
differ in the very fine granulation present on the 
<normalizedToken id="3FA3A34DC6C0B808827DDDD552B3E0AA" originalValue="shell’s">shell's</normalizedToken>
surface. These species do not possess evident tubercles but only small granules that are remarkably smaller in dimension than the tubercles of 
<taxonomicName id="3E7EBAACA306362D345831A41EC93FD9" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
. Moreover, the overall shape of all three above-mentioned species is different from that of 
<taxonomicName id="9BCB56E3C8B0CE21EA8FD2C15142FDCF" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
(see e.g. Figs 100, 119, 130). Other 
<pageBreakToken id="A9D27D1B9EC32710A91FB39F05C9D277" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
sub-) species assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="49D5C8643F4851F6E8C84BE160A4F1AC" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Wollastonia</taxonomicName>
gen. n. such as 
<taxonomicName id="377D29568562A3C3FAD7BC31F7A63D97" lsidName="W. vermetiformis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="vermetiformis">W. vermetiformis</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="BF7F560E88903A2865130BF6C607A6D2" lsidName="W. jessicae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subSpecies" species="jessicae" subSpecies="jessicae">W. jessicae jessicae</taxonomicName>
sp. n., 
<taxonomicName id="14DA13F2E718B49228234A124B7A8F03" lsidName="W. jessicae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="subSpecies" species="jessicae" subSpecies="monticola">W. jessicae monticola</taxonomicName>
ssp. n., and 
<taxonomicName id="F5DF15DFE72FD877A0B7638EAF70077D" lsidName="W. klausgrohi" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="klausgrohi">W. klausgrohi</taxonomicName>
sp. n. (see Figs 118-120, 147-149, 159-161, 168-170) are somewhat similar to and could be confused with 
<taxonomicName id="E21C2D913A12FBBC4E2851F891C7D4B7" lsidName="H. bicarinata" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species" species="bicarinata">H. bicarinata</taxonomicName>
. These 
<pageBreakToken id="D026F66679E6F00879E49842A189C0B8" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" start="start">taxa</pageBreakToken>
can be readily distinguished, however, by their more scalariform shape, somewhat stronger keels, and the sparser arrangement of the tubercles. Moreover, the distributional ranges of 
<taxonomicName id="E40486DE39B7F4AFA7AFCF1CE1EEB8B4" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Hystricella</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="5C21DA28F1ECD19EA1036E09EDE4C846" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Wollastonia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Wollastonia" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Wollastonia</taxonomicName>
gen. n. do not significantly overlap and molecular data strongly supports differentiation at the genus-level (thus also at species level).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C6D26781F5C4AE527138CF5F1753148B" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclatural and taxonomic remarks">
<paragraph id="0A509D6FD724735F8ECAFB4FEB919085" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Nomenclatural and taxonomic remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7E35B99DFDC34A82AA7E1DC40CB28C7D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
We report below a statement sent to us by Ruud Bank referring to the erroneously introduced name 
<taxonomicName id="957BD1D2FEA36CAD00BFE338B12606DC" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix duplicata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="duplicata">Helix duplicata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831. &quot;The name 
<taxonomicName id="D37C79B95E8B41FDFFF02013E55A6047" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Helix</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="532283302B10B79918BCEA03F6021DE8" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Cochlitoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cochlitoma" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Cochlitoma</taxonomicName>
] 
<taxonomicName id="D7B2EE27EF26906AEB10996543CC885D" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicinidae" genus="Helicoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helicoidea bicarinata" order="Cycloneritida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">bicarinata</taxonomicName>
A. 
<normalizedToken id="74061539A1B042497702800B6C9B2D3B" originalValue="Férussac">Ferussac</normalizedToken>
, 1821 does not exist! 
<normalizedToken id="8A9DC9263EE773BC61BFFB23433B771C" originalValue="Férussac">Ferussac</normalizedToken>
simply reclassified 
<taxonomicName id="C6EDFCDC89E27445E6F77E9590FD4B32" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Bulimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bulimus bicarinatus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinatus">Bulimus bicarinatus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="BAE81DEE5F9234E5BF1DFB127447DEC9" originalValue="Bruguière">Bruguiere</normalizedToken>
, 1792 under 
<taxonomicName id="6312D62A5BE57A5E9FB3B43BAB53860A" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix (Cochlitoma)" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cochlitoma">Helix (Cochlitoma)</taxonomicName>
. Thus, 
<taxonomicName id="5D8B418F51B5A1C5DA71D096282E69DC" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
G. B. Sowerby I, 1824 was at that time (and only for a very short period of time) a secondary homonym of 
<taxonomicName id="DFB4DE1C3644F19E8DCA216EC6AD2B7E" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix bicarinata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinata">Helix bicarinata</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken id="B215994880E04667C001C42FA68E966C" originalValue="Bruguière">Bruguiere</normalizedToken>
, 1792). 
<taxonomicName id="4FAED6841995C2A44036893FFE33B7F0" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicidae" genus="Helix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helix duplicata" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="duplicata">Helix duplicata</taxonomicName>
R. T. Lowe, 1831 was introduced to replace the name of Sowerby due to homonymy with the 
<normalizedToken id="2681E86745B1B9DC4FA4A76E20C2618A" originalValue="Férussac">Ferussac</normalizedToken>
name, but as stated above, 
<normalizedToken id="B711C9E28469CF0A9AACA228F1BA6BAC" originalValue="Férussac">Ferussac</normalizedToken>
did not introduce such a name, it was simply a generic change for 
<taxonomicName id="8E199A2FF6D95079D602CDB83AAC03FE" class="Gastropoda" family="Achatinidae" genus="Bulimus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Bulimus bicarinatus" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="bicarinatus">Bulimus bicarinatus</taxonomicName>
<normalizedToken id="8957848DACD1B941DBA3B551DF4059BB" originalValue="Bruguière">Bruguiere</normalizedToken>
. In my opinion, the name 
<taxonomicName id="078B731E358FA10F75850992DE3EE074" class="Gastropoda" family="Helicinidae" genus="Helicoidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Helicoidea duplicata" order="Cycloneritida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="duplicata">duplicata</taxonomicName>
cannot be considered a nomen novum. It would have been only a nomen novum when R. T. Lowe mentioned 
<normalizedToken id="0392104EB316C1F369BCB91EE871AB12" originalValue="Bruguière">Bruguiere</normalizedToken>
as the author of the senior taxon - what he 
<normalizedToken id="12EF2A998D370729AA62ED1428671578" originalValue="didn’t">didn't</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="72EB084B2FF4E77E7E66EBF6F93D0117" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<bibRefCitation id="58AF4FA8B48A8920207E78B99778F9E6" author="Mandahl-Barth, G" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="1 - 93" title="Systematische Untersuchungen ueber die Heliciden-Fauna von Madeira." volume="469" year="1950">Mandahl-Barth (1950)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="2755C435279CA804751818E5FED4E9AF" author="Jaeckel, SH" journalOrPublisher="Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde Berlin (NF)" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" pagination="50 - 58" title="Zoologische Beobachtungen auf der Insel Porto Santo." volume="6" year="1966">Jaeckel (1966)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="C8284DCD149BE3110650422C2C5C5945" author="Walden, HW" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="255 - 275" title="Systematic and biogeographical studies on the terrestrial gastropoda of Madeira. With an annotated Check-list." volume="20" year="1983">
<normalizedToken id="CB62ECF9AD35795B44396564E7B29AD7" originalValue="Waldén">Walden</normalizedToken>
(1983)
</bibRefCitation>
placed this taxon in 
<taxonomicName id="842557084DF5D4BBE1B115C6DAF0EB08" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Discula</taxonomicName>
and considered 
<taxonomicName id="B2379C725CE1725785C573E7E35CDC97" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Hystricella</taxonomicName>
as a subgenus. 
<bibRefCitation id="73C560104A35F9358D83F828C077D4C0" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Bank et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
considered the species to belong to a distinct genus (under the name 
<taxonomicName id="7615512861A62B083F1844F2879804C4" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Geomitra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Geomitra" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Geomitra</taxonomicName>
). Only recently 
<bibRefCitation id="90944AD23173230D39EAEDD07E1920F5" author="Seddon, MB" journalOrPublisher="Biotir Reports" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" pagination="1 - 196" title="The landsnails of Madeira. An illustrated compendium of the landsnails and slugs of the Madeiran archipelago." volume="2" year="2008">Seddon (2008)</bibRefCitation>
appointed this species to the genus 
<taxonomicName id="CB0EC5815AE7C79A4750C1596E86B9DE" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Hystricella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hystricella" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Hystricella</taxonomicName>
and emphasised anatomical differences with the genus 
<taxonomicName id="98A86BF2AAE5E17046A38CD8E1B47EE9" class="Gastropoda" family="Geomitridae" genus="Discula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Discula" order="Stylommatophora" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">Discula</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3C2D0DA7FC7CE636395C25E80278664A" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="status and conservation">
<paragraph id="C3CCF3D17FB0E1AAD492C5461129438F" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Status and conservation.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="A3603F1CE454471E202C1D3488097470" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
The opinion of 
<bibRefCitation id="E096D0636DC6FFE81D589EFAE329556A" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Seddon (2011a)</bibRefCitation>
&quot;[Hystricella bicarinata] has a total extent of occurrence of 10 km2 but is present over the eastern part of the island and in these sites it is abundant&quot; has been confirmed by our field researches. For this reason, we think that the assessment as Near Threatened (NT) is appropriate at present.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>