230 lines
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230 lines
31 KiB
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<mods:title id="FD433DE2ED99784C436AA21D126286D3">Jurassic bivalves from the Spiti area of the Himalayas, northern India</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5B81866813A65ADFD72985201B2970B6">Fuersich, Franz T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="E0D7E08DDDAEFDCF07FE84568FBBAA4E">Universitaet Erlangen-Nuernberg, GeoZentrum Nordbayern, FG Palaeoumwelt, Lowenichstrasse 28, 91054 Erlangen, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="659188F878889112A99000DD71D4B464" type="email">franz.fuersich@fau.de</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E4A3C4CBAA35E03E2425D11255B85E3B">Alberti, Matthias</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="EF0992BEE92A9B1234997C712DE8BF13">State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Centre for Research and Education on Biological Evolution and Environment and Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B3F803F5C67C30FA2C04BF2F6EB89597">Pandey, Dhirendra K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="AE9BD5C1CA5F0765D8910C6D172E8A2F">Department of Earth and Environmental Science, KSKV Kachchh University, Bhuj, India</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7A8877807BE47EAA4C8302183B0ECAF3">Ayoub-Hannaa, Wagih S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D2A0454BBB4D8B02FFC08E1013103E18">Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Minufiya University, El-Minufiya, Shibin El Kom, Egypt</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="FC0E9912A7B48EA91D196248CC711A9D">Zitteliana</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="466655A55A892E4E771B0B7FE611AD48">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="973F2BD8D22D96D26E82DE895C0A76FD">96</mods:number>
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<treatment id="9ECE336303325CEBAC16B2A0C88D0DE7" ID-GBIF-Taxon="198975785" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9ECE336303325CEBAC16B2A0C88D0DE7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9ECE336303325CEBAC16B2A0C88D0DE7" lastPageNumber="153" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" scope_class="Bivalvia" scope_order="Nuculida" scope_subClass="Protobranchia">
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<subSubSection id="FFE2EEB9729CA670C467F2A607D59357" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0F0868C4253DE18AB2E4B7CAB321D67A" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="F0FD776B2EB39415E4FD24C497CD9683" ID-CoL="8TGVZ" LSID="9ECE3363-0332-5CEB-AC16-B2A0C88D0DE7" authority="(J. de C. Sowerby, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="J. de C. Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Palaeonucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaeonucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">Palaeonucula cuneiformis (J. de C. Sowerby, 1840)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="025C97B14CEC0938FF0B4318FEE01042" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" type="description">
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<paragraph id="535DF39F1403AF60CF338FC1DBF55518" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<figureCitation id="2B98D6943E3B49E39E1947BACAEEE772" captionStart="Plate 1" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Plate 1. (1, 2) Palaeonucula cuneiformis (J. de C. Sowerby, 1840). 1. Left valve from the lower member at Langza (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 26 a). 2. Left valve from the lower member at Langza (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 26 b). (3) Palaeonucula stoliczkai Cox, 1940. Laterally crushed articulated specimen, lower member at Langza (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 34); a, left valve view; b, right valve view. (4) Megacucullaea cf. kraussii (Tate, 1867). Internal mould of articulated specimen with remains of shell from the lower member near Chichim (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 1); a, right valve view; b, dorsal view. (5 - 7) Grammatodon (Indogrammatodon) egertonianus (Stoliczka, 1866). 5. Articulated specimen from the lower member near the pass to Tashigeng (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 4). a, left valve view; b, dorsal view. 6. Laterally crushed articulated specimen from the lower member along the Kaza-Hikkim road (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 3 b); right valve view. 7. Dorso-ventrally compacted articulated specimen from the lower member at Langza (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 6); right valve view. (8, 9) Grammatodon (Cosmetodon) sp. from the lower member along the Kaza-Hikkim road. 8. Right valve (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 2 a). 9. Right valve (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 2 b). a, lateral view; b, dorsal view. (10) Anopaea? Fragmented right valve from the upper? member at Langza (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 67)." figureDoi="10.3897/zitteliana.96.87253.plate1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/726364" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Plate 1, figs 1-2</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8622FA6E1B55E3AEA47007BA0D52BB3D" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="12604B253E4B69C9EF4F552B73293193" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="226F8A2FD8A094FD854F806442278F6B" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Modiola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modiola" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">1831 Modiola</taxonomicName>
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- Herbert: 272, pl. 17, fig. 5.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C54EBBE44F0731BBCAFA2B4C62E77E84" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="3150BF9281E8CC65B5122B196EAA9AC3" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Modiola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Modiola" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">1833 Modiola</taxonomicName>
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- Everest: 114: pl. 2, fig. 28a-c.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="57633FAA95AD58708242FF5A37F3C4E1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="5E94C414C7858F812EDA888A7F79F21F" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">*1840 Nucula? cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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- J. de C. Sowerby: pl. 22, fig. 4 and explanation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D96461A5798D538F81F85C620F882294" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="BD7898804965CEAA1F22AC5C19DD61B7" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">1864 Nucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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, Sowerby - Blanford: 135.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="86C0D669CAD28E961E85552C2018C9C1" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="D278D35F46F8B6BC388A0AD3A15B0992" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">1908 Nucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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, J. de C. Sowerby - Newton and Crick: 7, pl. 1, figs 5-7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2AC91993403476519D5293C6F3327A9C" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="C179AE0F06F857166A34770CD73452F2" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula spitiensis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spitiensis">1913 Nucula spitiensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. - Holdhaus: 428, pl. 95, figs 11-13.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BD88A7D5A9558D6979FD2FB9708E0824" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="02085A48D304344190C7FF888022D6B9" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula hyomorpha" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="hyomorpha">1913 Nucula hyomorpha</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. - Holdhaus: 430, pl. 95, figs 14-17.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="462D43E306EA83B072D38711AB5045E8" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="F779B2BC8CC71C6CFB810922F92318C9" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">1929 Nucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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Newton - Weir: 5, pl. 4, figs 2-4.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="405721264F4F5338428E6DBE00181DE7" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="D53B012A28F9F39904AA111AB89C409D" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">?1930 Nucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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Newton - Basse: 108. pl. 5, fig. 5.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CF2BD199C35830272A5EE3AF80DFDCAD" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="6487A1FDCEE1A56C03F31BCDE4C25FB1" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">?1939 Nucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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Sow. - Stefanini: 219, pl. 24, fig. 3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="3E49771BBB5A7A4D82E953FDBE5581EB" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="62A10BF6ADB17BEC3CB0FCBC8C2DE822" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula (Palaeonucula) cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis" subGenus="Palaeonucula">1940 Nucula (Palaeonucula) cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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J. de C. Sowerby - Cox: 13, pl. 1, figs 5-10.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B46D999FF4F23C7DA05EFC097EC534D" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="B400730A1108CDC81A6330988316622A" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula (Palaeonucula) kaoraensis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kaoraensis" subGenus="Palaeonucula">1940 Nucula (Palaeonucula) kaoraensis</taxonomicName>
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sp. nov. - Cox: 15, pl. 1, figs 11-14.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D1766CA0A2797367BB5B6B9AB0017223" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="8449780C507A9F571E914AC7D16E0DE5" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula (Palaeonucula) kaoraensis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kaoraensis" subGenus="Palaeonucula">1956 Nucula (Palaeonucula) kaoraensis</taxonomicName>
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Cox - Agrawal: 51, pl. 7, fig. 3a.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C722EC65886ACA34BE0492252697C15B" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="0783E29B54D6F80F5373B3BF6C886C1B" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">1959 Nucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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Sowerby - Jaboli: 46, pl. 6, fig. 3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="FDA285C47E52AF72EA1B70B7FCA714DC" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="9706CC0A91E7FC902D5AF731038A6111" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Palaeonucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaeonucula kaoraensis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kaoraensis">1980 Palaeonucula kaoraensis</taxonomicName>
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Cox - Kanjilal: 335, pl. 1, figs 8-10.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8DC7FB1DC83855D9BC0D8F2889F25564" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="ECC9A972F43F623E4486BE1D7186DA2A" baseAuthorityName="J. de C. Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Palaeonucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaeonucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">1980 Palaeonucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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(J. de C. Sowerby) - Kanjilal: 334, pl. 1, figs 4-7.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="F29305C65470E9F824C73D0084D9B4A8" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="A9292E80E393F45DBF604279B1054C9E" baseAuthorityName="J. de C. Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Palaeonucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaeonucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">1995 Palaeonucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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(J. de C.
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<bibRefCitation id="CEC81E6BA6C176C15C0633725BD1571E" author="Sowerby, J de C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B82" refString="Sowerby, J de C, 1840. see Grant (1840)." title="see Grant (1840)." year="1840">Sowerby 1840</bibRefCitation>
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) - Jaitly et al.: 155, pl. 1, figs 9-11, 13-17, text-figs 6-9 (pars). [non pl. 1, figs 8, 12, pl. 2, figs 1-2]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="89F011DEC3A8584070F2BD1E067A60A0" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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<taxonomicName id="2E5C90C5181A791FF11ADAFD3C568127" baseAuthorityName="J. de C. Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Palaeonucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palaeonucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">1998 Palaeonucula cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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(J. de C.
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<bibRefCitation id="5AB2174B6B9D28D391E9403743E0622E" author="Sowerby, J de C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B82" refString="Sowerby, J de C, 1840. see Grant (1840)." title="see Grant (1840)." year="1840">Sowerby 1840</bibRefCitation>
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) - Kanjilal and Pathak: 30, pl. 1, fig. 1.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DE8B0F3C5B53D31735EA66ECC6B81EE" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="B542F2E4FFAE2306AFF613E1DA85E502" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DAD9C9F94639E693D3E774C61F67ACFE" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Nine articulated specimens and two left valves from the lower member at Langza (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 26), 30 articulated specimens, one right and two left valves from the lower member along the Kaza - Hikkim road (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 27), four articulated specimens from the lower member at Langza (road side exposure) (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 28), four articulated specimens from the lower member close to the pass to Tashigeng (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 29), three articulated specimens and one right valve from the lower member near Kibber (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 30), two articulated specimens from the Ferruginous Oolite Formation near Chichim (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 31), and three articulated specimens and one right and three left valves from the lower member at Langza locality 3 (SNSB-BSPG 2020 XCIX 32). The shells, several of which are fragmented, invariably suffered compactional and tectonic distortion.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="0CC9ED61FDCBA0A96129A3E0C8456290" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" type="description">
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<paragraph id="781E58A9C468FCFDB5C513D9D5E9E603" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="53519B10D49CE9D18B0CEB5E31AB0366" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Shell relatively large for genus (H: ~26 mm, L: 32.2 mm), thick-shelled, elongated-oval, strongly inequilateral, moderately inflated. Umbo broad, well-developed, terminal to subterminal, close to posterior end, opisthogyrate. Anterior end narrow to well-rounded, posterior end straight to slightly curved forming a blunt angle with the ventral margin, which describes a wide asymmetric curve with the ventral-most point of shell well anterior of mid-line. Anterodorsal margin straight, sloping; posterodorsal margin short, almost straight to slightly curved, passing gradually into posterior margin. Broad rounded ridge running from the umbo to the anterodorsal end, separating flank from flat, narrow anterodorsal part of shell. Lunule shallow, narrow, lanceolate. Second, equally rounded umbonal ridge running to the posteroventral corner of shell. Area heart-shaped slightly concave in articulated specimens. Surface of shell smooth except for growth lines, which vary in strength. Hinge poorly preserved, with characteristic taxodont teeth.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7F0F71E86CA4A4CFFD905C6810F801C7" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" type="remarks">
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<paragraph id="A83B53127B033A3875D6E2597AB93A40" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="725863D6F80D54B1FA381DDD0C51E0D6" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">
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As nearly all specimens are crushed to some extent, the original outline and inflation only rarely can be observed.
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<bibRefCitation id="25DAD7B0022AED576A6E38AC6E02AE56" author="Everest, R" journalOrPublisher="Asiatic Researches" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="107 - 114" refId="B28" refString="Everest, R, 1833. Memorandum on the fossils shells discovered in the Himalayan Mountains. Asiatic Researches 18: 107 - 114" title="Memorandum on the fossils shells discovered in the Himalayan Mountains." volume="18" year="1833">Everest (1833)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="99FCD9D008C404ECE59016AC40E107B9" author="Blanford, HP" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="124 - 138" refId="B8" refString="Blanford, HP, 1864. On Dr. Gerard's collection of fossils from the Spiti Valley, in the Asiatic Society's Museum. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 32: 124 - 138" title="On Dr. Gerard's collection of fossils from the Spiti Valley, in the Asiatic Society's Museum." volume="32" year="1864">Blanford (1864)</bibRefCitation>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="961EF35B103C103F23BD1D06B2BB94BE" author="Stoliczka, F" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="1 - 154" refId="B85" refString="Stoliczka, F, 1866. Geological sections across the Himalayan Mountains from Wangtu Bridge on the River Sutlej to Sungdo on the Indus, with an account of the formations in Spiti, accompanied by a revision of all known fossils from that district. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India 5: 1 - 154" title="Geological sections across the Himalayan Mountains from Wangtu Bridge on the River Sutlej to Sungdo on the Indus, with an account of the formations in Spiti, accompanied by a revision of all known fossils from that district." volume="5" year="1866">Stoliczka (1866)</bibRefCitation>
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regarded the common nuculid in the lower member of the Spiti Shale Formation as the species figured by J. de C.
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<bibRefCitation id="B2D957B55F502B19DC9803274E97F4BE" author="Sowerby, J de C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B82" refString="Sowerby, J de C, 1840. see Grant (1840)." title="see Grant (1840)." year="1840">Sowerby (1840)</bibRefCitation>
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as
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<taxonomicName id="D7339F66B4BE765C6C3FF4D8129E65E5" baseAuthorityName="Sowerby" baseAuthorityYear="1840" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula cuneiformis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">Nucula? cuneiformis</taxonomicName>
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, a highly variable species occurring from the Bathonian to the Kimmeridgian in the Kachchh Basin. Subsequent workers, however, followed a much narrower species concept and regarded the forms from the Spiti Shale Formation as different species.
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<bibRefCitation id="5DD50C90437971B511D474B3922E680C" author="Holdhaus, K" journalOrPublisher="Alcheringia" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B42" refString="Holdhaus, K, 1913. Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No.4: 397-456." title="Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No. 4: 397 - 456." year="1913">Holdhaus (1913)</bibRefCitation>
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placed the bivalves in two new species,
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<taxonomicName id="631BF3124D9F7390FB7C421999B488C5" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nucula spitiensis" order="Nuculida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="spitiensis">
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<emphasis id="AABF30D118D4237C358F59CBF920CC44" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">Nucula spitiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="0A822FC6204A2F4781EB68968BD636D9" lsidName="N. hyomorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="hyomorpha">
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<emphasis id="781B41685D5889E324D27B6548CF82C7" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">N. hyomorpha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
. He realised that the specimens were generally distorted, but argued that
|
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<taxonomicName id="025BCD2E25FB6C04BA6A14442C24BFC7" lsidName="N. hyomorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="hyomorpha">
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|
<emphasis id="A01CB2085241D748001D3B72934E6EBB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">N. hyomorpha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
was always dorso-ventrally compressed, whereas
|
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<taxonomicName id="F20A4050AE49F491CCAE92504D151974" lsidName="N. spitiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="spitiensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="AB664978CE3F17B31BAB41B7D7A9B02D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">N. spitiensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
was laterally compressed. In this way, he clearly related the diagnostic features of the two species to their preservational state. According to
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="0ADF0560F7722D64204CA484F3C7C31E" author="Holdhaus, K" journalOrPublisher="Alcheringia" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B42" refString="Holdhaus, K, 1913. Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No.4: 397-456." title="Fauna of the Spiti Shales (Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologia Indica Series 15, 5, Part 2, Fasc. No. 4: 397 - 456." year="1913">Holdhaus (1913)</bibRefCitation>
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, the two species also differ in the shape of their anterodorsal shell portion, which is, however, influenced by the compaction styles. In the case of laterally flattened shells, this part usually cannot be observed. In fact, the style of distortion depends on the final burial position of the shells; they either became dorso-ventrally shortened when buried in growth position, or laterally flattened when post-humously they were reoriented by burrowers or excavated by currents, post-mortem. All intermediate preservational stages occur. In the former case, the inflation was artificially increased and in the latter case the length-height ration was decreased. All intermediate preservational stages occur.
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<bibRefCitation id="CE98ABDCDB6D0BFD3C2DA7684E39BA32" author="Cox, LR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Malacological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" refId="B16" refString="Cox, LR, 1940. The Jurassic lamellibranch fauna of Kachh (Cutch). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica Indica, New Series (9), 3(3): 1-157." title="The Jurassic lamellibranch fauna of Kachh (Cutch). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica Indica, New Series (9), 3 (3): 1 - 157." year="1940">Cox (1940)</bibRefCitation>
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regarded
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<taxonomicName id="649FF911AD92BD60122C5D27CCB41317" lsidName="N. spitiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="spitiensis">
|
|
<emphasis id="1E78276B0BB629A0956C3421BBAB398A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">N. spitiensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D6A15C1DBF315C6E85553EFA4FFDA219" lsidName="N. hyomorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" rank="species" species="hyomorpha">
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|
<emphasis id="7BC73747DFF10DA65DF96717FC1A7FB1" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">N. hyomorpha</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
|
as synonyms and as a "linear descendent of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8BB0CE74B228CEB3B95A4444BF95B873" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. cuneiformis" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">
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<emphasis id="2C5D59DF19C105CF91D7D262D9DE049C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">P. cuneiformis</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
|
|
. He followed a narrow species concept recognising two further similar species,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7C7348D98FC21C1CF27EFED3E3EA8065" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. kaoraensis" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="kaoraensis">
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<emphasis id="9F64461127DA4331AF90838C6B1E2446" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">P. kaoraensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A4FB3AE94A1B0A53819386F1C23DAC5B" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. blanfordi" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="blanfordi">
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<emphasis id="8EED8E298664CCEBD5F137089A769EBD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">P. blanfordi</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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|
in the Kachchh Basin, which were regarded junior synonyms of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="336D58E4D71F6892EBCB1BD025BD666A" class="Bivalvia" family="Astartidae" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="P. cuneiformis" order="Carditida" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="cuneiformis">
|
|
<emphasis id="125AE66FC3C3D2C04B9B3D5D75D03A65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">P. cuneiformis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
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by
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|
<bibRefCitation id="D1D378AD0E4F54B337963D53964D0B28" author="Pandey, DK" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of the Geological Mining & Metallurgical Society of India" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="176 - 196" refId="B72" refString="Pandey, DK, Agrawal, SK, 1984. Bathonian - Callovian Molluscs of Gora Dongar, Pachchham "Island" District Kachchh, Gujarat). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Mining & Metallurgical Society of India 56: 176 - 196" title="Bathonian - Callovian Molluscs of Gora Dongar, Pachchham " Island " District Kachchh, Gujarat)." volume="56" year="1984">Pandey and Agrawal (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="F7BE1678F48B5080638D40F261B284C9" author="Jaitly, AK" journalOrPublisher="Beringeria" pageId="0" pageNumber="153" pagination="147 - 257" refId="B45" refString="Jaitly, AK, Fuersich, FT, Heinze, M, 1995. Contributions to the Jurassic of Kachchh, Western India. IV. The bivalve fauna. Part I. Subclasses Palaeotaxodonta, Pteriomorphia .., and Isofilibranchia. Beringeria 16: 147 - 257" title="Contributions to the Jurassic of Kachchh, Western India. IV. The bivalve fauna. Part I. Subclasses Palaeotaxodonta, Pteriomorphia .., and Isofilibranchia." volume="16" year="1995">Jaitly et al. (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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|
<paragraph id="662336C6101DD9E4CA89BE1080277DF3" pageId="0" pageNumber="153">The species is widespread in the Ethiopian faunal province, occurring from Madagascar to the Arabian Peninsula and from the Kachchh Basin to Rajasthan and the Himalayan shelf of the Indian Craton.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |