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<document id="C2739AEAA6D1CA21B8DC4F7D91E310F6" ID-CLB-Dataset="4110" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2021.773.1517" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a5546d7c-09e9-4dd2-982b-e419c3f047e0" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5542069" ID-ZooBank="C69631FE-E71B-4782-8399-1AD84527DA7E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1633024733025" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Molina, Óscar S. &amp; Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H." docDate="2021" docId="9D2E87F3FFAD807BFDC0FD6EFBD0FB77" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-773_80-119.pdf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 773" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Simulium (Disculter) Molina &amp; Gil-Azevedo 2021, subgen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="E5A8F7C6-7B96-4F7F-A54D-9CBBB160EE41" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="112" masterDocId="6117FF8BFFB3805BFF8CFF9BFFC5FFA6" masterDocTitle="Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection" masterLastPageNumber="119" masterPageNumber="80" pageNumber="110" updateTime="1699458273741" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:title id="08A3552EFD90EC91666322639C2D58DD">Simulium (Trichodagmia) (Diptera, Simuliidae) phylogeny revisited: the Neotropical and Afrotropical connection</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A70D8E39C35B046CD50E105C61E3A39A">Molina, Óscar S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="6A545074974E9C9D121E9A8D1B14B3C6">Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - IOC / Fiocruz, Laboratório de Simulídeos e Oncocercose (LSO / IOC- Fiocruz), Coleção de Simulídeos do IOC - CSIOC / Fiocruz, Referência Nacional em Simulídeos, Oncocercose e Mansonelose, Av. Brazil, 4.365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0DFAD54F87F16D653D3B10998D69AC83">Gil-Azevedo, Leonardo H.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAD8045FDC0FD6EFC88FCA9" authority="Molina &amp; Gil-Azevedo, 2021" authorityName="Molina &amp; Gil-Azevedo" authorityYear="2021" box="[588,845,757,784]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" status="subgen. nov." subGenus="Disculter">
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<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FDC0FD6EFD06FCB6" bold="true" box="[588,707,757,784]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FD58FD6EFC86FCB6" bold="true" box="[724,835,757,784]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Disculter</emphasis>
)
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<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FD95FCA7FD5AFCF0" box="[537,671,828,854]" captionStart="Figs 16–32" captionStartId="11.[189,242,1663,1689]" captionTargetBox="[258,1329,265,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-206@11.[255,1331,265,1626]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 16–32. Females. 16–21. Hypoginial valves. 16–17. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 16. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915.17. neireti Roubaud, 1905. —18. S. (Freemanellum) berghei Fain, 1949. — 19–20. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 19. cristalinum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989. 20. virgatum Coquillett, 1902. — 21. S. (Trichodagmia) scutistriatum Lutz, 1909. — 22–32. Anal lobe and cercus. 22–23. S. (Anasolen). 22. masabae Gibbins, 1934. 23. neireti. — 24. S. (Freemanellum) hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937.— 25. S. (Hearlea) ayrozai Vargas, 1945. — 26. S. (Hemicnetha) tarsatum Macquart, 1846. — 27. S. (Shewellomyia) claricentrum Adler, 1990. — 28–30. S. (Trichodagmia). 28. guianense Wise, 1911. 29. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 30. scutistriatum. — 31–32. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 31. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 32. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars: 16–21 = 0.1 mm; 22–32 = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542077/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Figs 31–32</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FD27FCA7FD32FCF0" box="[683,759,828,854]" captionStart="Figs 33–49" captionStartId="14.[189,242,1674,1700]" captionTargetBox="[250,1339,265,1632]" captionTargetId="figure-11@14.[247,1340,265,1633]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 33–49. Males. Ventral plate. 33–37. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 33. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 34. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 35. kauntzeum Gibbins, 1938. 36. masabae Gibbins, 1934. 37. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 38. S. (Freemanellum) debegene De-Meillon, 1934. — 39– 40. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al. 1946. 39. ayrozai Vargas, 1945. 40. larvispinosum De León, 1948. — 41–42. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 41. bricenoi Vargas et al., 1946. 42. tarsatum Macquart, 1846. — 43. S. (Shewellomyia) claricentrum Adler, 1990. — 44. S. (Obuchovia) galloprovinciale Giudicelli, 1963. — 45–47. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934. 45. itaunense D’Andretta &amp; Dolores González, 1964. 46. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 47. scutistriatum Lutz, 1909. — 48–49. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 48. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 49. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542079/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">48–49</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FC8FFCA7FC95FCF0" box="[771,848,828,854]" captionStart="Figs 50–70" captionStartId="16.[189,242,1639,1665]" captionTargetBox="[194,1395,297,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[189,1398,291,1571]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 50–70. Males. Gonocoxite and gonostyle. 50–54. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 50. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 51. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 52. kauntzeum Gibbins, 1938. 53. masabae Gibbins, 1934. 54. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 55–56. S. (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969. 55. hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937. 56. manense Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976. — 57–59. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al. 1946. 57. ayrozai Vargas, 1945. 58. canadense Hearle, 1932. 59. capricorne De León, 1945. — 60–62. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 60. brachycladum Lutz &amp; Pinto, 1932. 61. cristalinum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989. 62. tarsatum Macquart, 1846. — 63. S. (Shewellomyia) claricentrum Adler, 1990. — 64–68. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934. 64. guianense Wise, 1911. 65. hirtipupa Lutz, 1910. 66. itaunense D’Andretta &amp; Dolores González, 1964. 67. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 68. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838. — 69–70. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 69. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 70. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542081/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">69–70</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FCD7FCA7FC6DFCF0" box="[859,936,828,854]" captionStart="Figs 71–90" captionStartId="19.[189,242,1678,1704]" captionTargetBox="[244,1348,265,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-18@19.[239,1352,265,1641]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 71–90. Pupae. 71–75. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 71. ambositrae Grenier &amp; Grjebine, 1959. 72. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 73. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 74. iphias De-Meillon, 1951. 75. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 76–77. S. (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969. 76. debegene De-Meillon, 1934. 77. manense Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976. — 78–79. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al. 1946. 78. canadense Hearle, 1932. 79. capricorne De León, 1945. — 80–81. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 80. paynei Vargas, 1942. 81. rubrithorax Lutz, 1909. — 82–83. S (Shewellomyia) Peterson, 1975. 82. claricentrum Adler, 1990. 83. pictipes Hagen, 1880. — 84–85. S. (Obuchovia) Rubtsov, 1947. 84. albellum Rubtsov, 1947. 85. galloprovinciale Giudicelli, 1963. — 86–88. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934. 86. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838. 87. orbitale Lutz, 1910. 88. scutistriatum Lutz, 1909. — 89–90. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 89. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 90. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542083/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">89–90</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FC3FFCA7FBDCFCF0" box="[947,1049,828,854]" captionStart="Figs 128–149" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1640,1666]" captionTargetBox="[194,1394,487,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-76@26.[189,1398,483,1603]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 128–149. Larva (last instar). Postgenal cleft. 128–131. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 128. ambositrae Grenier &amp; Grjebine, 1959. 129. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 130. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 131. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 132–135. S. (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969. 132. berghei Fain, 1949. 133. hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937. 134. debegene De-Meillon, 1934. 135. manense Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976. — 136–139. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al., 1946. 136. ayrozai Vargas, 1945. 137. canadense Hearle, 1932. 138. capricorne De León, 1945. 139. larvispinosum De León, 1948. — 140–143. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 140. bricenoi Vargas et al., 1946. 141. cristalinum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989. 142. paynei Vargas, 1942. 143. rubrithorax Lutz, 1909. — 144. S. (Obuchovia) galloprovinciale Giudicelli, 1963. —145–147. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934.145. hirtipupa Lutz, 1910.146. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 147. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838. — 148–149. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 148. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 149. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542089/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">148–149</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF31FCE6FE9DFC31" blockId="30.[189,344,893,919]" box="[189,344,893,919]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
<heading id="4E708189FFAD8045FF31FCE6FE9DFC31" bold="true" box="[189,344,893,919]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="30" pageNumber="110" reason="3">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FF31FCE6FE9DFC31" bold="true" box="[189,344,893,919]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
<typeStatus id="CA3C8847FFAD8045FF31FCE6FF3FFC31" box="[189,250,893,919]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF31FC37FD55FC60" blockId="30.[189,656,940,966]" box="[189,656,940,966]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAD8045FF31FC37FD49FC60" ID-CoL="8DZ6D" authority="Ramirez-Perez, 1971" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[189,652,940,966]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oviedoi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FF31FC37FE4CFC60" box="[189,393,940,966]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Simulium oviedoi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FFAD8045FE1DFC37FD49FC60" author="Ramirez-Perez J." box="[401,652,940,966]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110" pagination="271 - 371" refId="ref20594" refString="Ramirez-Perez J. 1971. Distribucion geografica y revision taxonomica de los simulidos (Diptera: Nematocera) de Venezuela con descripcion de diez especies nuevas. Acta Biologica Venezolana 7: 271 - 371." type="journal article" year="1971">Ramírez-Pérez, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5D9D656EFFAD8044FF31FC76FE78FEE0" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="30" pageNumber="110" type="diagnosis">
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<heading id="4E708189FFAD8045FF31FC76FEF3FBA1" bold="true" box="[189,310,1005,1031]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="30" pageNumber="110" reason="3">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FF31FC76FEF3FBA1" bold="true" box="[189,310,1005,1031]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF66FB87FE80FB90" blockId="30.[189,1399,1052,1219]" box="[234,325,1052,1078]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FF66FB87FE80FB90" bold="true" box="[234,325,1052,1078]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Female</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF31FBA4FE9EFB65" blockId="30.[189,1399,1052,1219]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
Scutum black; scutal pattern present. Cibarium unpigmented anteromedially and unarmed. Tarsal claw with subbasal tooth of about half of claw length. Hypoginial valves subtriangular, shorter than sternite VIII width, forwardly directed. Anal lobe subrectangular and shorter than the cercus base width (
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FF49FB32FE8BFB65" box="[197,334,1193,1219]" captionStart="Figs 16–32" captionStartId="11.[189,242,1663,1689]" captionTargetBox="[258,1329,265,1625]" captionTargetId="figure-206@11.[255,1331,265,1626]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figs 16–32. Females. 16–21. Hypoginial valves. 16–17. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 16. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915.17. neireti Roubaud, 1905. —18. S. (Freemanellum) berghei Fain, 1949. — 19–20. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 19. cristalinum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989. 20. virgatum Coquillett, 1902. — 21. S. (Trichodagmia) scutistriatum Lutz, 1909. — 22–32. Anal lobe and cercus. 22–23. S. (Anasolen). 22. masabae Gibbins, 1934. 23. neireti. — 24. S. (Freemanellum) hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937.— 25. S. (Hearlea) ayrozai Vargas, 1945. — 26. S. (Hemicnetha) tarsatum Macquart, 1846. — 27. S. (Shewellomyia) claricentrum Adler, 1990. — 28–30. S. (Trichodagmia). 28. guianense Wise, 1911. 29. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 30. scutistriatum. — 31–32. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 31. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 32. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars: 16–21 = 0.1 mm; 22–32 = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542077" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542077/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Figs 31–32</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF66FB71FEEFFAA2" blockId="30.[189,1399,1258,1461]" box="[234,298,1258,1284]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FF66FB71FEEFFAA2" bold="true" box="[234,298,1258,1284]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Male</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF31FA96FC21FA12" blockId="30.[189,1399,1258,1461]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
Ventral plate (
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FEE0FA96FE32FA81" box="[364,503,1293,1319]" captionStart="Figs 33–49" captionStartId="14.[189,242,1674,1700]" captionTargetBox="[250,1339,265,1632]" captionTargetId="figure-11@14.[247,1340,265,1633]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="Figs 33–49. Males. Ventral plate. 33–37. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 33. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 34. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 35. kauntzeum Gibbins, 1938. 36. masabae Gibbins, 1934. 37. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 38. S. (Freemanellum) debegene De-Meillon, 1934. — 39– 40. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al. 1946. 39. ayrozai Vargas, 1945. 40. larvispinosum De León, 1948. — 41–42. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 41. bricenoi Vargas et al., 1946. 42. tarsatum Macquart, 1846. — 43. S. (Shewellomyia) claricentrum Adler, 1990. — 44. S. (Obuchovia) galloprovinciale Giudicelli, 1963. — 45–47. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934. 45. itaunense D’Andretta &amp; Dolores González, 1964. 46. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 47. scutistriatum Lutz, 1909. — 48–49. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 48. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 49. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542079" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542079/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Figs 48–49</figureCitation>
) with sub-equal width and length, not notched; lateral shoulders absent; posteromedian process absent. Gonocoxite length equal to width, with base almost equal in width than gonostylus width at their point of intersection (
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FD6FFACFFCA8FAC9" box="[739,877,1364,1391]" captionStart="Figs 50–70" captionStartId="16.[189,242,1639,1665]" captionTargetBox="[194,1395,297,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[189,1398,291,1571]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 50–70. Males. Gonocoxite and gonostyle. 50–54. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 50. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 51. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 52. kauntzeum Gibbins, 1938. 53. masabae Gibbins, 1934. 54. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 55–56. S. (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969. 55. hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937. 56. manense Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976. — 57–59. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al. 1946. 57. ayrozai Vargas, 1945. 58. canadense Hearle, 1932. 59. capricorne De León, 1945. — 60–62. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 60. brachycladum Lutz &amp; Pinto, 1932. 61. cristalinum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989. 62. tarsatum Macquart, 1846. — 63. S. (Shewellomyia) claricentrum Adler, 1990. — 64–68. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934. 64. guianense Wise, 1911. 65. hirtipupa Lutz, 1910. 66. itaunense D’Andretta &amp; Dolores González, 1964. 67. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 68. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838. — 69–70. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 69. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 70. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542081/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Figs 69–70</figureCitation>
). Gonostylus cylindrical, with medial region equal in width than basal region; longer than gonocoxite, with acute apex and apical spinule (
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FA82FAECFF1AFA12" captionStart="Figs 50–70" captionStartId="16.[189,242,1639,1665]" captionTargetBox="[194,1395,297,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-11@16.[189,1398,291,1571]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figs 50–70. Males. Gonocoxite and gonostyle. 50–54. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 50. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 51. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 52. kauntzeum Gibbins, 1938. 53. masabae Gibbins, 1934. 54. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 55–56. S. (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969. 55. hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937. 56. manense Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976. — 57–59. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al. 1946. 57. ayrozai Vargas, 1945. 58. canadense Hearle, 1932. 59. capricorne De León, 1945. — 60–62. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 60. brachycladum Lutz &amp; Pinto, 1932. 61. cristalinum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989. 62. tarsatum Macquart, 1846. — 63. S. (Shewellomyia) claricentrum Adler, 1990. — 64–68. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934. 64. guianense Wise, 1911. 65. hirtipupa Lutz, 1910. 66. itaunense D’Andretta &amp; Dolores González, 1964. 67. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 68. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838. — 69–70. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 69. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 70. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542081" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542081/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Figs 69– 70</figureCitation>
). Parameres with both distinctly large and small accessory spines.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF66FA47FEEEFA50" blockId="30.[189,1398,1500,1667]" box="[234,299,1500,1526]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FF66FA47FEEEFA50" bold="true" box="[234,299,1500,1526]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Pupa</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF31FA64FBA9F924" blockId="30.[189,1398,1500,1667]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
Cocoon aperture upward directed, separated from substratum, not corbicular (
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FBC5FA64FB14F9BF" box="[1097,1233,1535,1561]" captionStart="Figs 71–90" captionStartId="19.[189,242,1678,1704]" captionTargetBox="[244,1348,265,1639]" captionTargetId="figure-18@19.[239,1352,265,1641]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Figs 71–90. Pupae. 71–75. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 71. ambositrae Grenier &amp; Grjebine, 1959. 72. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 73. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 74. iphias De-Meillon, 1951. 75. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 76–77. S. (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969. 76. debegene De-Meillon, 1934. 77. manense Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976. — 78–79. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al. 1946. 78. canadense Hearle, 1932. 79. capricorne De León, 1945. — 80–81. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 80. paynei Vargas, 1942. 81. rubrithorax Lutz, 1909. — 82–83. S (Shewellomyia) Peterson, 1975. 82. claricentrum Adler, 1990. 83. pictipes Hagen, 1880. — 84–85. S. (Obuchovia) Rubtsov, 1947. 84. albellum Rubtsov, 1947. 85. galloprovinciale Giudicelli, 1963. — 86–88. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934. 86. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838. 87. orbitale Lutz, 1910. 88. scutistriatum Lutz, 1909. — 89–90. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 89. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 90. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542083" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542083/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Figs 89–90</figureCitation>
). Gills shorter than pupa body, with trunk development, and base enclosed by cocoon anterior margin; with six filaments arranged in different planes (tridimensional); filaments cylindrical, with blunt apices concolorous with rest of gill; inferior branch multibranched. Thoracic trichomes present or absent.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8045FF66F931FE0AF965" blockId="30.[188,1399,1705,2014]" box="[234,463,1705,1732]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAD8045FF66F931FE0AF965" bold="true" box="[234,463,1705,1732]" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Larva (last instar)</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAD8044FF31F956FE78FEE0" blockId="30.[188,1399,1705,2014]" lastBlockId="31.[188,1399,265,326]" lastPageId="31" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">
Cephalic apotome spots insertion area not pigmented. Postocciput not extended over the cervical sclerites. Antenna shorter than labral fan stalk, without secondary annulations. Mandibles with preapical teeth shorter than apical tooth; two mandibular serrations of same sizes. Postgenal cleft triangular; postgenal bridge length nearly equal than hypostomal length (
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FFAD8045FC37F8ADFBA3F8F7" box="[955,1126,1846,1873]" captionStart="Figs 128–149" captionStartId="26.[189,242,1640,1666]" captionTargetBox="[194,1394,487,1601]" captionTargetId="figure-76@26.[189,1398,483,1603]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="Figs 128–149. Larva (last instar). Postgenal cleft. 128–131. Simulium (Anasolen) Enderlein, 1930. 128. ambositrae Grenier &amp; Grjebine, 1959. 129. dentulosum Roubaud, 1915. 130. imerinae Roubaud, 1905. 131. nili Gibbins, 1934. — 132–135. S. (Freemanellum) Crosskey, 1969. 132. berghei Fain, 1949. 133. hirsutilateris De-Meillon, 1937. 134. debegene De-Meillon, 1934. 135. manense Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976. — 136–139. S. (Hearlea) Vargas et al., 1946. 136. ayrozai Vargas, 1945. 137. canadense Hearle, 1932. 138. capricorne De León, 1945. 139. larvispinosum De León, 1948. — 140–143. S. (Hemicnetha) Enderlein, 1934. 140. bricenoi Vargas et al., 1946. 141. cristalinum Coscarón &amp; Py-Daniel, 1989. 142. paynei Vargas, 1942. 143. rubrithorax Lutz, 1909. — 144. S. (Obuchovia) galloprovinciale Giudicelli, 1963. —145–147. S. (Trichodagmia) Enderlein, 1934.145. hirtipupa Lutz, 1910.146. lahillei (Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927). 147. nigrimanum Macquart, 1838. — 148–149. S. (Disculter) subgen. nov. 148. oviedoi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. 149. rivasi Ramírez-Pérez, 1971. Scale bars = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542089" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542089/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="110">Figs 148–149</figureCitation>
). Hypostomal anterior margin straight; hypostomal teeth extended beyond anterior margin of ventral wall of hypostoma; medial tooth as prominent as lateral ones; lateral serrations well-developed, sharp; paralateral teeth present. Body glabrous. Abdomen gradually expanding posteroventrally to last segments, then abruptly contracting to posterior proleg. Anal sclerite not encircling base of posterior proleg. Posterior portion of abdomen without sclerotized accessory plates. Without 1+1 ventral tubercles. Rectal papillae with three multi-branched lobes.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5D9D656EFFAC8044FF31FEF5FBDEFE5A" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAC8044FF31FEF5FE81FE2E" blockId="31.[189,324,366,392]" box="[189,324,366,392]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">
<heading id="4E708189FFAC8044FF31FEF5FE81FE2E" bold="true" box="[189,324,366,392]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" reason="3">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF31FEF5FE81FE2E" bold="true" box="[189,324,366,392]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAC8044FF31FE07FBDEFE5A" blockId="31.[189,1398,412,509]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">
The name
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FEB2FE07FE6EFE10" box="[318,427,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Disculter</emphasis>
derives from Latin prefix ‘
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FD7DFE07FCD6FE10" box="[753,787,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">dis</emphasis>
’, meaning ‛apart’, plus the Latin ‛
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FB3FFE07FB32FE10" box="[1203,1271,412,438]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">culter</emphasis>
’, meaning ‛knife or razor’, in reference to the gonostylus shape, which differs from those of other related subgenera, such as
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FE96FE78FEECFE5B" box="[282,297,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FECDFE79FE23FE5A" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[321,486,482,508]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Trichodagmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FECDFE79FE23FE5A" box="[321,486,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Trichodagmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FDA4FE78FDF2FE5B" box="[552,567,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FDC3FE79FD18FE5A" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[591,733,482,508]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FDC3FE79FD18FE5A" box="[591,733,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
). The gender is masculine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5D9D656EFFAC8044FF31FDBFFDD9FD36" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAC8044FF31FDBFFEDDFD98" blockId="31.[189,280,548,574]" box="[189,280,548,574]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">
<heading id="4E708189FFAC8044FF31FDBFFEDDFD98" bold="true" box="[189,280,548,574]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" reason="3">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF31FDBFFEDDFD98" bold="true" box="[189,280,548,574]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Species</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAC8044FF31FDC9FD4CFDCB" blockId="31.[189,649,594,656]" box="[189,649,594,621]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FF31FDC9FD4CFDCB" ID-CoL="8DZ6D" authority="Ramirez-Perez, 1971" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[189,649,594,621]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oviedoi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF31FDC9FE4CFDCA" box="[189,393,594,620]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Simulium oviedoi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FFAC8044FE1DFDC8FD4CFDCB" author="Ramirez-Perez J." box="[401,649,595,621]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" pagination="271 - 371" refId="ref20594" refString="Ramirez-Perez J. 1971. Distribucion geografica y revision taxonomica de los simulidos (Diptera: Nematocera) de Venezuela con descripcion de diez especies nuevas. Acta Biologica Venezolana 7: 271 - 371." type="journal article" year="1971">Ramírez-Pérez, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAC8044FF31FDEDFDD9FD36" blockId="31.[189,649,594,656]" box="[189,540,630,656]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FF31FDEDFDD9FD36" ID-CoL="8DZ6M" authority="Ramirez-Perez, 1971" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[189,540,630,656]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivasi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF31FDEDFED8FD29" box="[189,285,630,656]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">S. rivasi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FFAC8044FEA8FDEDFDD9FD36" author="Ramirez-Perez J." box="[292,540,630,656]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" pagination="271 - 371" refId="ref20594" refString="Ramirez-Perez J. 1971. Distribucion geografica y revision taxonomica de los simulidos (Diptera: Nematocera) de Venezuela con descripcion de diez especies nuevas. Acta Biologica Venezolana 7: 271 - 371." type="journal article" year="1971">Ramírez-Pérez, 1971</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5D9D656EFFAC807BFF31FD2CFB45FBC7" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAC8044FF31FD2CFEEAFD77" blockId="31.[189,303,695,721]" box="[189,303,695,721]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">
<heading id="4E708189FFAC8044FF31FD2CFEEAFD77" bold="true" box="[189,303,695,721]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" reason="3">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF31FD2CFEEAFD77" bold="true" box="[189,303,695,721]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAC807BFF31FD7DFDBEFEE0" blockId="31.[189,1398,742,803]" lastBlockId="32.[189,1398,265,327]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="112" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">
Oviedoi species-group in
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FFAC8044FE60FD7DFD74FCA6" author="Coscaron S." box="[492,689,742,768]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" refId="ref17523" refString="Coscaron S. 1987. El Genero Simulium Latreille en la Region Neotropical: Analisis de los Grupos Supraespecificos, Especies que los Integran y Distribucion Geografica (Simuliidae, Diptera). Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem." type="book" year="1987">Coscarón (1987)</bibRefCitation>
(not included in any
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FC20FD7DFBDEFCA6" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[940,1051,742,768]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FC20FD7DFBDEFCA6" box="[940,1051,742,768]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenera). Oviedoi speciesgroup of
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FEBAFC92FD90FC85" authority="" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[310,597,777,803]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hemicnetha">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FEBAFC92FE60FC85" box="[310,421,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FE31FC92FD8EFC85" box="[445,587,777,803]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
in
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FFAC8044FD04FC92FB86FC85" author="Coscaron S. &amp; Coscaron-Arias C. L." box="[648,1091,777,803]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" refId="ref17602" refString="Coscaron S. &amp; Coscaron-Arias C. L. 2007. Neotropical Simuliidae (Diptera: Insecta). Pensoft, Sofia- Moscow." type="book" year="2007">Coscarón &amp; Coscarón-Arias (2007)</bibRefCitation>
. As part of the Orbitale species-group of
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE05FE92FE52FE85" box="[393,407,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFE3CFE92FDFBFE85" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[432,574,265,291]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE3CFE92FDFBFE85" box="[432,574,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) in
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFDE3FE92FCA1FE85" author="Shelley A. J. &amp; Hernandez L. M. &amp; Maia-Herzog M. &amp; Luna-Dias A. P. A. &amp; Garritano P. R." box="[623,868,265,291]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" refId="ref20992" refString="Shelley A. J., Hernandez L. M., Maia-Herzog M., Luna-Dias A. P. A. &amp; Garritano P. R. 2010. The Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Brazil. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow." type="book" year="2010">
Shelley
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFD43FE91FCCEFE85" box="[719,779,265,291]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
. As part of the Bicoloratum species-group of
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFF32FEB6FF09FEE1" box="[190,204,301,327]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFF68FEB7FEB5FEE0" box="[228,368,300,326]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Psilopelmia</emphasis>
) in
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFE13FEB7FDB2FEE0" author="Hernandez L. M." box="[415,631,300,326]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" refId="ref19505" refString="Hernandez L. M. 2011. Systematics of the blackfly subgenus Trichodagmia Enderlein (Diptera: Simuliidae: Simulium) in the New World. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Netherlands." type="book" year="2011">Hernández (2011)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="41F8666DFFAC8044FF31F894FDBBF87C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542091" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5542091" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542091/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" startId="31.[189,242,1807,1833]" targetBox="[189,1398,880,1766]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph id="153836E5FFAC8044FF31F894FDBBF87C" blockId="31.[189,1399,1807,2010]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF31F894FEB4F88F" bold="true" box="[189,369,1807,1833]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Figs 150–157.</emphasis>
Larva (last instar). Hypostoma.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FC91F894FC41F88F" bold="true" box="[797,900,1807,1833]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">150–151</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FC17F894FAB7F88F" authority="Enderlein, 1930" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1930" box="[923,1394,1807,1834]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anasolen">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FC17F894FBCFF88F" box="[923,1034,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FBA8F894FB54F88F" box="[1060,1169,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Anasolen</emphasis>
)
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FFAC8044FB27F894FAB7F88F" author="Enderlein G." box="[1195,1394,1807,1833]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" pagination="77 - 97" refId="ref18559" refString="Enderlein G. 1930. Der heutige Stand der Klassifikation der Simuliiden. Archiv fur Klassifikatorische und phylogenetische entomologie 1: 77 - 97." type="journal article" year="1930">Enderlein, 1930</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF31F8A9FF2CF8EA" bold="true" box="[189,233,1842,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">150</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FF7AF8A9FD6AF8EB" authority="Grenier &amp; Grjebine, 1959" authorityName="Grenier &amp; Grjebine" authorityYear="1959" box="[246,687,1842,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambositrae">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF7AF8A9FEBFF8EA" box="[246,378,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">ambositrae</emphasis>
Grenier &amp; Grjebine, 1959
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FD34F8A9FD21F8EA" bold="true" box="[696,740,1842,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">151</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FD7FF8A9FC0CF8EA" authority="Gibbins, 1934" authorityName="Gibbins" authorityYear="1934" box="[755,969,1842,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nili">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FD7FF8A9FCDFF8EA" box="[755,794,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">nili</emphasis>
Gibbins, 1934
</taxonomicName>
. —
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FC79F8A9FBE4F8EA" bold="true" box="[1013,1057,1842,1868]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">152</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FBBCF8A8FE18F8C9" authority="Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976" authorityName="Elsen &amp; Escaffre" authorityYear="1976" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="manense" subGenus="Freemanellum">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FBBCF8A8FBFAF8EB" box="[1072,1087,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FBDAF8A9FAC5F8EA" box="[1110,1280,1842,1868]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Freemanellum</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FA9CF8A8FAB2F8EA" box="[1296,1399,1843,1868]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">manense</emphasis>
Elsen &amp; Escaffre, 1976
</taxonomicName>
. —
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FD99F8CEFDB9F8C9" bold="true" box="[533,636,1877,1903]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">153–154</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FD02F8CDFD58F8D6" box="[654,669,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FD35F8CEFC82F8C9" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[697,839,1877,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FD35F8CEFC82F8C9" box="[697,839,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) Enderlein, 1934.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FBA1F8CEFB9CF8C9" bold="true" box="[1069,1113,1877,1903]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">153</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FBE0F8CEFE8EF835" authority="Lutz &amp; Pinto, 1932" authorityName="Lutz &amp; Pinto" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brachycladum">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FBE0F8CEFAD1F8C9" box="[1132,1300,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">brachycladum</emphasis>
Lutz &amp; Pinto, 1932
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FED5F8E3FE40F834" bold="true" box="[345,389,1912,1938]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">154</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FE1BF8E2FD6AF835" authority="Lutz, 1909" authorityName="Lutz" authorityYear="1909" box="[407,687,1913,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rubrithorax">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FE1BF8E2FDE5F835" box="[407,544,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">rubrithorax</emphasis>
Lutz, 1909
</taxonomicName>
. —
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FD6AF8E3FCD7F834" bold="true" box="[742,786,1912,1938]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">155</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FCAFF8E2FAB7F834" authority="Giudicelli, 1963" authorityName="Giudicelli" authorityYear="1963" box="[803,1394,1912,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="galloprovinciale" subGenus="Obuchovia">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FCAFF8E2FCF7F835" box="[803,818,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FCC1F8E2FC0BF835" box="[845,974,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Obuchovia</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FC6EF8E2FB66F835" box="[994,1187,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">galloprovinciale</emphasis>
Giudicelli, 1963
</taxonomicName>
. —
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FF68F807FE8EF810" bold="true" box="[228,331,1948,1974]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">156–157</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FED7F807FEAFF810" box="[347,362,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FE08F807FDECF810" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[388,553,1948,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Trichodagmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FE08F807FDECF810" box="[388,553,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">Trichodagmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) Enderlein, 1934.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FC80F807FCF3F810" bold="true" box="[780,822,1948,1974]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">156</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FCCAF807FB84F810" authority="Lutz, 1910" authorityName="Lutz" authorityYear="1910" box="[838,1089,1948,1974]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirtipupa">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FCCAF807FC76F810" box="[838,947,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">hirtipupa</emphasis>
Lutz, 1910
</taxonomicName>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FBDCF807FBBFF810" bold="true" box="[1104,1146,1948,1974]" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">157</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FFAC8044FB07F807FEB9F87F" authority="(Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927)" baseAuthorityName="Paterson &amp; Shannon" baseAuthorityYear="1927" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lahillei">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FFAC8044FB07F807FB1BF810" box="[1163,1246,1948,1974]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="111">lahillei</emphasis>
(Paterson &amp; Shannon, 1927)
</taxonomicName>
. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="153836E5FF93807BFF31FEF5FAB3FC89" blockId="32.[188,1400,366,815]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFF31FEF5FE4FFE2E" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[189,394,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oviedoi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFF31FEF5FE4FFE2E" box="[189,394,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Simulium oviedoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFE49FEF5FDE3FE21" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[453,550,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivasi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE49FEF5FE16FE2E" box="[453,467,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE6FFEF5FDE3FE21" box="[483,550,366,391]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">rivasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were first described and included in
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFC57FEF5FC2FFE2E" box="[987,1002,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFB8FFEF5FB54FE2E" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[1027,1169,366,392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFB8FFEF5FB54FE2E" box="[1027,1169,366,392]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) by
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFB44FEF5FECAFE0D" author="Ramirez-Perez J." pageId="32" pageNumber="112" pagination="271 - 371" refId="ref20594" refString="Ramirez-Perez J. 1971. Distribucion geografica y revision taxonomica de los simulidos (Diptera: Nematocera) de Venezuela con descripcion de diez especies nuevas. Acta Biologica Venezolana 7: 271 - 371." type="journal article" year="1971">Ramírez-Pérez (1971)</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFE91FE0AFE20FE0D" author="Coscaron S." box="[285,485,401,427]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" refId="ref17523" refString="Coscaron S. 1987. El Genero Simulium Latreille en la Region Neotropical: Analisis de los Grupos Supraespecificos, Especies que los Integran y Distribucion Geografica (Simuliidae, Diptera). Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem." type="book" year="1987">Coscarón (1987)</bibRefCitation>
created the group Oviedoi, not including it in any
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFBD4FE0AFB02FE0D" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[1112,1223,401,427]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFBD4FE0AFB02FE0D" box="[1112,1223,401,427]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenus, but regarding it as close to
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE55FE2FFE23FE68" box="[473,486,436,462]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFD8CFE2FFD4BFE68" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[512,654,436,462]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFD8CFE2FFD4BFE68" box="[512,654,436,462]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on the general aspect of the adult and last instar larva.
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFF33FE4CFD9AFE57" author="Coscaron S. &amp; Coscaron-Arias C. L." box="[191,607,471,497]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" refId="ref17602" refString="Coscaron S. &amp; Coscaron-Arias C. L. 2007. Neotropical Simuliidae (Diptera: Insecta). Pensoft, Sofia- Moscow." type="book" year="2007">Coscarón &amp; Coscarón-Arias (2007)</bibRefCitation>
placed Oviedoi as a species-group within
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFBC6FE43FB9CFE54" box="[1098,1113,472,498]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFBFDFE4CFB3AFE57" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[1137,1279,471,497]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFBFDFE4CFB3AFE57" box="[1137,1279,471,497]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) based on the female cibarium, nudiocular triangle, frontoclypeal base, basal section of the Radius, pupal cocoon, and shape of pupal gill. Even these authors considered that
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFC04FD85FC50FD9E" box="[904,917,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFC23FD85FBF8FD9E" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[943,1085,542,568]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFC23FD85FBF8FD9E" box="[943,1085,542,568]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) offered the closest fit for
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFF31FDDAFEF1FDFD" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[189,308,577,603]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oviedoi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFF31FDDAFF09FDFD" box="[189,204,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFF52FDDAFEF1FDFD" box="[222,308,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">oviedoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFEF8FDDAFE1DFDFD" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[372,472,577,603]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivasi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFEF8FDDAFE46FDFD" box="[372,387,577,603]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE19FDD9FE1DFDFD" box="[405,472,578,603]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">rivasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and pointed out that the female and male genitalia of the Oviedoi speciesgroup differ from those of most other species of
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFD7BFDFFFCC3FDD8" box="[759,774,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFC92FDFFFC69FDD8" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[798,940,612,638]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFC92FDFFFC69FDD8" box="[798,940,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFC48FDFFFB71FDD8" author="Shelley A. J. &amp; Hernandez L. M. &amp; Maia-Herzog M. &amp; Luna-Dias A. P. A. &amp; Garritano P. R." box="[964,1204,612,638]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" refId="ref20992" refString="Shelley A. J., Hernandez L. M., Maia-Herzog M., Luna-Dias A. P. A. &amp; Garritano P. R. 2010. The Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Brazil. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow." type="book" year="2010">
Shelley
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFBA8FDFEFB9AFDD8" box="[1060,1119,612,638]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">et al.</emphasis>
(2010)
</bibRefCitation>
transferred both species from
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFED2FD13FEAEFD04" box="[350,363,648,674]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFE09FD1CFDD6FD07" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[389,531,647,673]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE09FD1CFDD6FD07" box="[389,531,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) to the Orbitale species-group of
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFC24FD13FC70FD04" box="[936,949,648,674]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFC43FD1CFBB1FD07" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[975,1140,647,673]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Trichodagmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFC43FD1CFBB1FD07" box="[975,1140,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Trichodagmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) (sensu
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFB56FD1CFF38FD63" author="Shelley A. J. &amp; Hernandez L. M. &amp; Maia-Herzog M. &amp; Luna-Dias A. P. A. &amp; Garritano P. R." pageId="32" pageNumber="112" refId="ref20992" refString="Shelley A. J., Hernandez L. M., Maia-Herzog M., Luna-Dias A. P. A. &amp; Garritano P. R. 2010. The Blackflies (Diptera, Simuliidae) of Brazil. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow." type="book" year="2010">
Shelley
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFAB0FD13FABDFD07" box="[1340,1400,647,673]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), but did not explain the reason for this taxonomic change.
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFC58FD31FB6FFD63" author="Hernandez L. M." box="[980,1194,682,709]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" refId="ref19505" refString="Hernandez L. M. 2011. Systematics of the blackfly subgenus Trichodagmia Enderlein (Diptera: Simuliidae: Simulium) in the New World. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Netherlands." type="book" year="2011">Hernández (2011)</bibRefCitation>
transferred them to the Bicoloratum species-group of S. (
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFD14FD55FCE1FD4E" box="[664,804,718,744]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Psilopelmia</emphasis>
) based on the female cibarium, male ventral plate shape, gonocoxite/gonostyle length ratio, and larval hypostomal teeth.
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFC74FD6AFAB3FCAD" author="Gil-Azevedo L. H. &amp; Coscaron S." box="[1016,1398,753,779]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" pagination="405 - 425" refId="ref19096" refString="Gil-Azevedo L. H. &amp; Coscaron S. 2020. Comprehensive phylogeny of Simulium (Psilopelmia) Enderlein (Diptera: Simuliidae) - classification tested against comparative morphology. Arthropod Systematics &amp; Phylogeny 78: 405 - 425. https: // doi. org / 10.26049 / ASP 78 - 3 - 2020 - 04" type="journal article" year="2020">Gil-Azevedo &amp; Coscarón (2020)</bibRefCitation>
confirmed that Oviedoi failed to group with
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFD3FFC8FFD0CFC88" box="[691,713,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFD5BFC8FFCA6FC88" box="[727,867,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Psilopelmia</emphasis>
) and recovered it as closer to
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFB3CFC8FFB7AFC88" box="[1200,1215,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFB54FC8FFAA3FC88" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[1240,1382,788,814]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFB54FC8FFAA3FC88" box="[1240,1382,788,814]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FF93807BFF31FCCEFBCAFC7C" blockId="32.[189,1399,853,986]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">
According to our analysis, Oviedoi is close to the clade [(
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFC28FCCDFC76FCD6" box="[932,947,854,880]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFC5EFCCEFBFAFCC9" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1930" box="[978,1087,853,879]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Anasolen" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFC5EFCCEFBFAFCC9" box="[978,1087,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Anasolen</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) +
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFBFAFCCDFB40FCD6" box="[1142,1157,854,880]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFB28FCCEFA8BFCC9" box="[1188,1358,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Freemanellum</emphasis>
) +
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFF31FCE2FF09FC35" box="[189,204,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFF64FCE2FEB3FC35" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[232,374,889,915]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Hemicnetha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFF64FCE2FEB3FC35" box="[232,374,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Hemicnetha</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) +
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE2AFCE2FE70FC35" box="[422,437,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFE5DFCE2FDB3FC35" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1934" box="[465,630,889,915]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Trichodagmia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE5DFCE2FDB3FC35" box="[465,630,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Trichodagmia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)] (
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FF93807BFD11FCE2FD22FC35" box="[669,743,889,915]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1810,1836]" captionTargetBox="[246,1347,273,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[218,1369,265,1769]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Strict consensus of the three most parsimonious trees that resulted from the analysis under Implied Weights with K = 3 (Fit = 26.33977; Ci = 0.24; Ri = 0.75). Bremer support values (&gt; 50) mapped above branches and bootstrap values over 50% are given below the nodes. Blue numbers on nodes (1–21) represent clades. Blue terminal taxa are the original ingroup included in the analysis. Colored branches show the proposed classification.Simulium (Disculter) subgen. nov. correspond to old Oviedoi species-group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542071/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, node 9), but did not fit in any of these groups or in any other Neotropical
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFE45FC07FDFDFC10" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1802" box="[457,568,924,950]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE45FC07FDFDFC10" box="[457,568,924,950]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgenus. Therefore, we here propose a new subgenus,
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFB54FC07FB20FC10" box="[1240,1253,924,950]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFB73FC07FAA9FC10" box="[1279,1388,924,950]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Disculter</emphasis>
) subgen. nov. (
<figureCitation id="8DBC2A60FF93807BFEECFC24FE63FC7F" box="[352,422,959,985]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="5.[189,232,1810,1836]" captionTargetBox="[246,1347,273,1766]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[218,1369,265,1769]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 1. Strict consensus of the three most parsimonious trees that resulted from the analysis under Implied Weights with K = 3 (Fit = 26.33977; Ci = 0.24; Ri = 0.75). Bremer support values (&gt; 50) mapped above branches and bootstrap values over 50% are given below the nodes. Blue numbers on nodes (1–21) represent clades. Blue terminal taxa are the original ingroup included in the analysis. Colored branches show the proposed classification.Simulium (Disculter) subgen. nov. correspond to old Oviedoi species-group." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5542071" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5542071/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, node 10) to accommodate the species in this group.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FF93807BFF31FB9BFB45FBC7" blockId="32.[189,1399,1024,1121]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">
Both species are almost identical and can be differentiated only by the trichomes and tubercles of the pupal frontoclypeus and thorax.
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFDCAFBBFFCD0FB98" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[582,789,1060,1086]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oviedoi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFDCAFBBFFCD0FB98" box="[582,789,1060,1086]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Simulium oviedoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has trichomes with 3–5 ramifications and spinous tubercles, whereas
<taxonomicName id="D2874D66FF93807BFE11FBDCFE38FBC7" authorityName="Ramirez-Perez" authorityYear="1971" box="[413,509,1095,1121]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rivasi">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE11FBDCFE69FBC7" box="[413,428,1095,1121]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">S</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFE36FBD3FE38FBC7" box="[442,509,1096,1121]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">rivasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to does not have trichomes and has rounded tubercles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="5D9D656EFF93807BFF31FB13FBD0FB77" box="[189,1045,1160,1233]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="153836E5FF93807BFF31FB13FE93FB04" blockId="32.[189,342,1160,1186]" box="[189,342,1160,1186]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">
<heading id="4E708189FF93807BFF31FB13FE93FB04" bold="true" box="[189,342,1160,1186]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" reason="3">
<emphasis id="27F3EAF7FF93807BFF31FB13FE93FB04" bold="true" box="[189,342,1160,1186]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="153836E5FF93807BFF31FB2CFBD0FB77" blockId="32.[189,1045,1207,1233]" box="[189,1045,1207,1233]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">
The subgenus is endemic to the state of
<collectingRegion id="D743F807FF93807BFD1EFB2CFD2FFB77" box="[658,746,1207,1233]" country="Venezuela" name="Merida" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Mérida</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="6D907675FF93807BFD79FB2CFCABFB77" box="[757,878,1207,1233]" name="Venezuela" pageId="32" pageNumber="112">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="71164B14FF93807BFCF1FB2CFBCCFB77" author="Adler P. H." box="[893,1033,1207,1233]" pageId="32" pageNumber="112" refId="ref17347" refString="Adler P. H. 2020. World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): A Comprehensive Revision of the Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory. Clemson University, Clemson." type="book" year="2020">Adler 2020</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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