treatments-xml/data/9C/24/10/9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA.xml

<document ID-DOI="10.11646/phytotaxa.576.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3986e4f8-c11e-4aaa-be12-d4cb73d809e6" ID-ISSN="1179-3163" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473533" checkinTime="1671692984741" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brullo, Salvatore, Brullo, Cristian, Cambria, Salvatore, Ilardi, Vincenzo, Siracusa, Giuseppe, Minissale, Pietro &amp; Galdo, Gianpietro Giusso Del" docDate="2022" docId="9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA" docLanguage="en" docName="phytotaxa.576.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Phytotaxa 576 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.576.3.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9.4:Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleId="96748F8F1B6C902996E134952A3A36B9" docStyleName="Phytotaxa.2014-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Ephedra strongylensis Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso 2022, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="261" masterDocId="601D68680723FF970705FFCA366FFFE7" masterDocTitle="Ephedra strongylensis (Ephedraceae), a new species from Aeolian islands (Sicily)" masterLastPageNumber="264" masterPageNumber="250" pageNumber="251" updateTime="1671725698135" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-figures="UNSPECIFIED" zenodo-license-treatments="UNSPECIFIED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Ephedra strongylensis (Ephedraceae), a new species from Aeolian islands (Sicily)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Brullo, Salvatore</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-2568-727808</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Via A. Longo 19, I- 95125 Catania, Italy. &amp; salvo. brullo @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2568 - 727808</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">salvo.brullo@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Brullo, Cristian</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-5764-0808</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Via A. Longo 19, I- 95125 Catania, Italy. &amp; cbrullo @ tiscali. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 5764 - 0808</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">cbrullo@tiscali.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cambria, Salvatore</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-3828-1552</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Via A. Longo 19, I- 95125 Catania, Italy. &amp; cambria _ salvatore @ yahoo. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3828 - 1552</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">cambria_salvatore@yahoo.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Ilardi, Vincenzo</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-5754-2711</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 26, I- 90123 Palermo, Italy &amp; vincenzo. ilardi @ unipa. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5754 - 2711</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">vincenzo.ilardi@unipa.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Siracusa, Giuseppe</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-1989-6906</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Via A. Longo 19, I- 95125 Catania, Italy. &amp; giuseppe. siracusa @ unict. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 1989 - 6906</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">giuseppe.siracusa@unict.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Minissale, Pietro</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-4047-4169</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Via A. Longo 19, I- 95125 Catania, Italy. &amp; p. minissale @ unict. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 4047 - 4169</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">p.minissale@unict.it</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Galdo, Gianpietro Giusso Del</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-4719-3711</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Università di Catania, Via A. Longo 19, I- 95125 Catania, Italy. &amp; g. giusso @ unict. it; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 4719 - 3711</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-12-22</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473535" ID-GBIF-Taxon="207926768" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473535" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">
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<taxonomicName authority="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[136,1121,1524,1551]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,394,1524,1551]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1128,1209,1524,1550]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">sp. nov</emphasis>
.
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</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation box="[1231,1336,1524,1550]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="2.[136,229,2027,2049]" captionStartId-1="3.[136,229,1975,1997]" captionStartId-2="4.[136,229,1887,1909]" captionStartId-3="5.[136,229,1831,1853]" captionStartId-4="6.[136,229,1864,1886]" captionStartId-5="7.[136,229,1271,1293]" captionTargetBox-0="[264,1302,500,1988]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1410,244,1947]" captionTargetBox-2="[178,1427,202,1863]" captionTargetBox-3="[198,1399,208,1789]" captionTargetBox-4="[222,1364,190,1840]" captionTargetId-0="figure-168@2.[254,1333,497,2003]" captionTargetId-1="figure-29@3.[151,1436,190,1951]" captionTargetId-2="figure-18@4.[151,1436,190,1863]" captionTargetId-3="figure-29@5.[151,1436,190,1807]" captionTargetId-4="figure-18@6.[222,1364,190,1840]" captionTargetId-5="figure-29@7.[340,1247,190,1246]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="4" captionTargetPageId-3="5" captionTargetPageId-4="6" captionTargetPageId-5="7" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Ephedra strongylensis. A. Twig with female cones. B. Female cones. C. Median longitudinal section of a female cone. D. Habit of a twig with female cones. Illustration by S. Brullo based on living material coming from type locality." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Ephedra strongylensis. A. Twig with male cones. B. Male cones. C. Habit of a twig with male cones. D. Male perianth and synangiophore. E. Internode with scale-leaves. F. Detail of internode bark. Illustration by S. Brullo based on living material coming from type locality." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Ephedra strongylensis. A. Ripe female cones. B. Seeds. C. Habit of a twig with ripe female cones. Illustration by S. Brullo based on living material coming from type locality." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Ephedra strongylensis. A. Habit of a plant with female cones. B. Habit of a plant with ripe female cones. C. Habit of a plant with male cones. Illustration by S. Brullo based on living material coming from type locality." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Phenological features of Ephedra strongylensis. A. Stromboli near Ginostra (locus classicus), individual in natural habitat with ripe strobili. B. Strombolicchio, male individual in natural habitat. C. Twigs with male cones. D. Twigs with female cones. E. Detail of a ripe strobilus. cones. F. Twigs with ripe strobili. (Photos by S. Cambria)." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Twigs of Ephedra strongylensis with leaves" figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473537" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473539" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473543" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473545" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473548" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473550" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/7473537/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/7473539/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/7473543/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/7473545/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/7473548/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/7473550/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">Figs. 1–6</figureCitation>
)
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[136,1452,1564,1802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,194,1564,1585]" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">Type:</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018312" collectingDate="2022-07-04" collectionCode="S" country="Italy" county="Isole Eolie" latitude="38.78" location="Ginostra" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="15.196111" municipality="Stromboli" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry box="[199,267,1564,1585]" name="Italy" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">ITALY</collectingCountry>
. 
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: 
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, 
<collectingMunicipality box="[454,553,1564,1586]" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">Stromboli</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD0722FF960534F9D634EBF9D5" box="[561,644,1564,1586]" country="Italy" county="Isole Eolie" municipality="Stromboli" name="Ginostra" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" stateProvince="Sicilia">Ginostra</location>
presso 
<collectionCode box="[714,730,1564,1585]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
. 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD0722FF9605E7F9D6355DF9D6" box="[738,818,1564,1585]" country="Italy" latitude="38.78" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="15.196111" name="Lazzaro" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" stateProvince="Sicily">Lazzaro</location>
, 
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, 
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, 
<date box="[1083,1194,1564,1586]" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" value="2022-07-04">
<collectingDate box="[1083,1194,1564,1586]" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" value="2022-07-04">4 July 2022</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectionCode box="[1203,1218,1564,1585]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" type="Herbarium">
<emphasis box="[1203,1218,1564,1585]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">S</emphasis>
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<emphasis box="[1218,1222,1564,1585]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">.</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[1225,1349,1564,1585]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD0722FF9603CCF9D63371F9D6" box="[1225,1310,1564,1585]" country="Italy" name="Cambria" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" stateProvince="Sicily">Cambria</location>
s.n.
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(
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, 
<collectionCode box="[189,236,1600,1621]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" name="Università di Catania" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" type="Herbarium">CAT</collectionCode>
; isotypes, 
<collectionCode box="[337,387,1600,1621]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" name="Università di Catania" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" type="Herbarium">CAT</collectionCode>
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.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="1.[136,1452,1564,1802]" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,243,1635,1657]" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[243,264,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">—</emphasis>
This species is similar to 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[520,666,1636,1657]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis box="[520,666,1636,1657]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">Ephedra aurea</emphasis>
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, but it differs in its twigs with smaller diameter, leaves with a green triangular rib, male cones with a very longer pedicel and bracts shorter, synangiophore shorter with few synangia, female cones with very longer pedicel and bracts shorter and rounded at the margin, the lower and medium bracts longer connate, the upper one more briefly connate, ovule longer exserted from the upper bract, female strobilus at maturity smaller, with bracts pale red, seeds smaller, ellipsoid, longer exserted from the upper bracts
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="1.[136,1452,1848,2091]" lastBlockId="2.[136,1452,158,473]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="252" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,284,1848,1874]" pageId="1" pageNumber="251">Description:</emphasis>
—Dioecious subshrub, erect, 
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tall, old stems woody, erect or procumbent, bark brownish-gray. Twigs erect, fasciculate and densely inserted at the nodes, green, cylindrical, finely furrowed and scabrous along the ribs, 
<quantity box="[194,331,1920,1947]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" unit="mm" value="1.0" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.2 mm</quantity>
in diameter; internodes 1–3.5(–5)cm long, not easily disarticulating. Leaves opposite, 
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long, membranous, fused for most of their length, briefly free and not recurved at the apex, each with an acute green triangular rib on the back and a coriaceous basal ring, turning brown at maturity. Male cones ellipsoid, 
<quantity box="[1295,1388,1992,2019]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="251" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 mm</quantity>
long, 
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in diameter, long pedicellate, with pedicel 2.5–6 (–10) mm long, usually opposite; bracts binate in 3–6 pairs, ovate, acute, connate per 1/2–3/4, 
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long, 
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wide, ovate; perianth exserted from the subtending bract, obovate, 
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long, deeply bilobed; synangiophore 
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long, long exserted from perianth, with 3–5 synangia, sessile, densely aggregated at top. Female cones uniovulate, ellipsoid, isolated to 4-clustered, 
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long, 
<quantity metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" metricValueMax="8.89" metricValueMin="6.35" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="in" value="3.0" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="2.5">2.5– 3.5 in</quantity>
diameter, long pedicellate, with pedicel 
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long; bracts green connate in 3 pairs, broadly ovate, rounded at apex, hyaline at the edges, connation ranging 4/ 
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lower bracts, 1/2–2/ 
<quantity box="[977,1019,266,292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
middle bracts and 2/ 
<quantity box="[1256,1298,266,292]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="in" value="3.0">3 in</quantity>
upper bracts; lower bracts 
<quantity box="[281,395,302,329]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="0.75" valueMax="1.0" valueMin="0.5">0.5–1 mm</quantity>
long, middle bracts 
<quantity box="[625,739,302,329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="1.75" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2 mm</quantity>
long and upper bracts 
<quantity box="[995,1109,302,329]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="4.75" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5–5 mm</quantity>
long, shortly mucronate at the apex; ovule 
<quantity box="[277,393,338,365]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="4.25" valueMax="4.5" valueMin="4.0">4–4.5 mm</quantity>
long, ellipsoid, 
<quantity box="[580,717,338,365]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.5" valueMin="1.5">1.5–2.5 mm</quantity>
exserted from upper bracts; micropilar tube straight, ca 
<quantity box="[1364,1452,338,365]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
long, exserted 0,7– 
<quantity box="[355,415,374,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
from the ovule. Female strobilus at maturity ovoid to globose-ovoid, 6–7 × 
<quantity box="[1273,1390,374,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.5">3.5–4 mm</quantity>
, with bracts always pale red. Seeds 5–5.5 × 
<quantity box="[562,699,410,437]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.6 mm</quantity>
, blackish-brown, slightly striated longitudinally, fusiform, exserted 
<quantity box="[136,229,446,473]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 mm</quantity>
from upper bracts.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473537" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473537" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473537/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" startId="2.[136,229,2027,2049]" targetBox="[264,1302,500,1988]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph blockId="2.[136,1452,2027,2085]" pageId="2" pageNumber="252">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,249,2027,2049]" pageId="2" pageNumber="252">FIGURE 1</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[262,478,2027,2048]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="2" pageNumber="252" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[262,478,2027,2048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="252">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[491,514,2027,2048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="252">A.</emphasis>
Twig with female cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[767,790,2027,2048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="252">B.</emphasis>
Female cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[942,966,2027,2049]" pageId="2" pageNumber="252">C.</emphasis>
Median longitudinal section of a female cone. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1428,1452,2027,2048]" pageId="2" pageNumber="252">D.</emphasis>
Habit of a twig with female cones. Illustration by S. Brullo based on living material coming from type locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473539" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473539" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473539/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="253" startId="3.[136,229,1975,1997]" targetBox="[151,1410,244,1947]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph blockId="3.[136,1452,1975,2070]" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,248,1975,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">FIGURE 2</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[260,476,1976,1997]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="3" pageNumber="253" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[260,476,1976,1997]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[488,512,1975,1996]" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">A.</emphasis>
Twig with male cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[742,765,1976,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">B.</emphasis>
Male cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[894,917,1975,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">C.</emphasis>
Habit of a twig with male cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1246,1270,1976,1997]" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">D.</emphasis>
Male perianth and synangiophore. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[289,312,2012,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">E.</emphasis>
Internode with scale-leaves. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[591,609,2012,2033]" pageId="3" pageNumber="253">F.</emphasis>
Detail of internode bark. Illustration by S. Brullo based on living material coming from type locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473543" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473543" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473543/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" startId="4.[136,229,1887,1909]" targetBox="[178,1427,202,1863]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph blockId="4.[136,1451,1887,1945]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,248,1887,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">FIGURE 3</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[261,483,1887,1908]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[261,479,1887,1908]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="4" pageNumber="254" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">Ephedra strongylensis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[488,512,1887,1908]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">A.</emphasis>
Ripe female cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[709,731,1887,1908]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">B.</emphasis>
Seeds. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[806,830,1887,1909]" pageId="4" pageNumber="254">C.</emphasis>
Habit of a twig with ripe female cones. Illustration by S. Brullo based on living material coming from type locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473545" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473545" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473545/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" startId="5.[136,229,1831,1853]" targetBox="[198,1399,208,1789]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph blockId="5.[136,1451,1831,1890]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,247,1831,1853]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis box="[259,481,1832,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[259,477,1832,1853]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="5" pageNumber="255" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">Ephedra strongylensis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[486,510,1831,1852]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">A.</emphasis>
Habit of a plant with female cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[858,880,1832,1853]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">B.</emphasis>
Habit of a plant with ripe female cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1272,1295,1831,1853]" pageId="5" pageNumber="255">C.</emphasis>
Habit of a plant with male cones. Illustration by S. Brullo based on living material coming from type locality.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473548" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473548" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473548/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="256" startId="6.[136,229,1864,1886]" targetBox="[222,1364,190,1840]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph blockId="6.[136,1452,1864,1959]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,249,1864,1886]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">FIGURE 5</emphasis>
. Phenological features of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[505,721,1865,1886]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="256" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[505,721,1865,1886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[735,758,1864,1885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">A.</emphasis>
Stromboli near Ginostra (
<emphasis box="[1015,1160,1865,1886]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">locus classicus</emphasis>
), individual in natural habitat with ripe strobili. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[308,330,1901,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">B.</emphasis>
Strombolicchio, male individual in natural habitat. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[825,849,1900,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">C.</emphasis>
Twigs with male cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1086,1109,1901,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">D.</emphasis>
Twigs with female cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1365,1387,1901,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">E.</emphasis>
Detail of a ripe strobilus. cones. 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[383,402,1937,1958]" pageId="6" pageNumber="256">F.</emphasis>
Twigs with ripe strobili. (Photos by S. Cambria).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473550" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473550" box="[136,679,1271,1293]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473550/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" startId="7.[136,229,1271,1293]" targetBox="[340,1244,190,1246]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph blockId="7.[136,679,1271,1293]" box="[136,679,1271,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,253,1271,1293]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
Twigs of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[350,564,1271,1292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[350,564,1271,1292]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with leaves
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="257" type="etymology">
<paragraph blockId="7.[136,1452,1339,2050]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,328,1340,1366]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Etymology:</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[328,353,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">—</emphasis>
The specific epithet refers to “ 
<emphasis box="[678,784,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Strongyle</emphasis>
”, Latin name of Stromboli, island of the Aeolian Archipelago (
<collectingRegion box="[144,215,1375,1401]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Sicily</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection box="[189,1339,1411,1438]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph blockId="7.[136,1452,1339,2050]" box="[189,1339,1411,1438]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,323,1412,1438]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Phenology:</emphasis>
—It is a dioecious plant flowering in April–May and producing seeds from July to August.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="257" type="description">
<paragraph blockId="7.[136,1452,1339,2050]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,477,1447,1473]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Seed micro-morphology</emphasis>
:—On the basis of SEM analyzes, the seeds of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[1014,1265,1447,1473]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[1014,1265,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a fusiform shape, with dimensions of 5–5.5 × 
<quantity box="[564,704,1483,1510]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="2.6" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" unit="mm" value="2.55" valueMax="2.6" valueMin="2.5">2.5–2.6 mm</quantity>
(
<figureCitation box="[723,817,1483,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[136,229,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1049]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[151,1436,190,1049]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. SEM micrographs of the seed coats of Ephedra strongylensis: A. Seed at low magnification (× 15). B. Seed testa at medium magnification (× 50). C. Seed testa at high magnification (× 300). From type material (CAT!)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473552/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
). The seed testa is differentiated by short longitudinal rectangular cells, 16–28 × 4–6 μm, separated by a slight groove (
<figureCitation box="[852,973,1519,1546]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="8.[136,229,1073,1095]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1049]" captionTargetId="figure-18@8.[151,1436,190,1049]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 7. SEM micrographs of the seed coats of Ephedra strongylensis: A. Seed at low magnification (× 15). B. Seed testa at medium magnification (× 50). C. Seed testa at high magnification (× 300). From type material (CAT!)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473552/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Fig. 7B–C</figureCitation>
). The anticlinal walls are thin and flat, with a slight central incision, while the periclinal ones are smooth and slightly convex. In relation to 
<bibRefCitation author="Ickert-Bond, S. M. &amp; Rydin, C." pageId="7" pageNumber="257" pagination="36 - 48" refId="ref6732" refString="Ickert-Bond, S. M. &amp; Rydin, C. (2011) Micromorphology of the seed envelope of Ephedra L. (Gnetales) and its relevance for the timing of evolutionary events. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 (1): 36 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 657299" type="journal article" year="2011">Ickert-Bond &amp; Rydin (2011)</bibRefCitation>
observations, this 
<typeStatus box="[421,469,1592,1618]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">type</typeStatus>
of ornamentation does not seem frequent in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus (1753:" authorityYear="1040" box="[974,1070,1591,1617]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[974,1070,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Ephedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Seed coat similar, but with cells clearly longer and characterized by periclinal walls flat and rugose, with anticlinal walls quite raised were detected in 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[136,233,1664,1689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis box="[136,233,1664,1689]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">E. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
<bibRefCitation author="Brullo, S. &amp; Brullo, C. &amp; Cambria, S. &amp; Ilardi, V. &amp; Siracusa, G. &amp; Galdo, G." box="[278,491,1663,1690]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref5871" refString="Brullo, S., Brullo, C., Cambria, S., Ilardi, V., Siracusa, G. &amp; Giusso del Galdo, G. (2022) Ephedra aurea (Ephedraceae), a new species from Sicily. Phytotaxa 530 (1): 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 530.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">
Brullo 
<emphasis box="[357,415,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">et al.</emphasis>
(2022
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation box="[504,595,1663,1690]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1864,1886]" captionTargetBox="[222,1364,190,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-18@6.[222,1364,190,1840]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Phenological features of Ephedra strongylensis. A. Stromboli near Ginostra (locus classicus), individual in natural habitat with ripe strobili. B. Strombolicchio, male individual in natural habitat. C. Twigs with male cones. D. Twigs with female cones. E. Detail of a ripe strobilus. cones. F. Twigs with ripe strobili. (Photos by S. Cambria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473548" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473548/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
). As concerns the seed coat of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Desfontaines" authorityYear="1799" box="[949,1062,1663,1689]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis box="[949,1062,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">E. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as emphasized by 
<bibRefCitation author="Ickert-Bond, S. M. &amp; Rydin, C." pageId="7" pageNumber="257" pagination="36 - 48" refId="ref6732" refString="Ickert-Bond, S. M. &amp; Rydin, C. (2011) Micromorphology of the seed envelope of Ephedra L. (Gnetales) and its relevance for the timing of evolutionary events. International Journal of Plant Sciences 172 (1): 36 - 48. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 657299" type="journal article" year="2011">Ickert-Bond &amp; Rydin (2011)</bibRefCitation>
, it is very different, since the cells are 50–150 μm long with periclinal walls convex.
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="7.[136,1452,1339,2050]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,416,1736,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Pollen morphology</emphasis>
:—Micromorphological investigations carried out on pollen grains of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[1201,1452,1735,1761]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[1201,1452,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
emphasized that it belong to 
<typeStatus box="[470,518,1772,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">type</typeStatus>
“A” (cf. 
<bibRefCitation author="Bolinder, K. &amp; Norback Ivarsson, L. &amp; Humphreys, A. M. &amp; Ickert-Bond, S. M. &amp; Han, F. &amp; Hoorn, C. &amp; Rydin, C." box="[629,870,1771,1798]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" pagination="24 - 51" refId="ref5797" refString="Bolinder, K., Norback Ivarsson, L., Humphreys, A. M., Ickert-Bond, S. M., Han, F., Hoorn, C. &amp; Rydin, C. (2016) Pollen morphology of Ephedra (Gnetales) and its evolutionary implications. Grana 55 (1): 24 - 51. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00173134.2015.1066424" type="journal article" year="2016">
Bolinder 
<emphasis box="[736,794,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">et al.</emphasis>
, 2016
</bibRefCitation>
), showing an elliptical shape rounded at the poles, with 12–16 plicae, very compact and rounded on the back, ca. 4–5 μm high, with unbranched and linear line in the groves (pseudosulci), the absolute size (equatorial lenght and diameter) is 46–50 × 20–27 μm (
<figureCitation box="[1178,1245,1843,1870]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="8.[136,229,1598,1620]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1157,1574]" captionTargetId="figure-61@8.[151,1436,1157,1574]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 8. SEM micrographs of pollen grain of Ephedra strongylensis A. Equatorial view (x 2000). B. Polar view (x 2000)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473554" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473554/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). Therefore, the 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pollen shows close relationships with that one of other Mediterranean species, such as 
<taxonomicName authority="Desf." authorityName="Desfontaines" authorityYear="1799" box="[1265,1448,1879,1905]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis box="[1265,1377,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">E. fragilis</emphasis>
Desf.
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Forssk." authorityName="Forssk." box="[136,364,1915,1942]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="foeminea">
<emphasis box="[136,272,1916,1942]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">E. foeminea</emphasis>
Forssk.
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Brullo et al." authorityName="Brullo" box="[422,668,1915,1941]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis box="[422,519,1916,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">E. aurea</emphasis>
Brullo 
<emphasis box="[609,668,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">et al.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though in the latters it is morphologically well differentiated, since usually characterized by 8–12 plicae (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Norback Ivarsson, L." box="[607,873,1951,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" refId="ref7478" refString="Norback Ivarsson, L. (2014) Pollen morphology in Ephedra (Gnetales) and implications for understanding fossil ephedroid pollen from the Tibetan Plateau, using a phylogenetic approach. Master Thesis, Systematic Botany Biology. Stockholms Universitet, 28 pp." type="book" year="2014">Norbäck Ivarsson 2014</bibRefCitation>
, Bolinger 
<emphasis box="[990,1047,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">et al.</emphasis>
2015, 2016 and 
<bibRefCitation author="Brullo, S. &amp; Brullo, C. &amp; Cambria, S. &amp; Ilardi, V. &amp; Siracusa, G. &amp; Galdo, G." box="[1236,1440,1951,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref5871" refString="Brullo, S., Brullo, C., Cambria, S., Ilardi, V., Siracusa, G. &amp; Giusso del Galdo, G. (2022) Ephedra aurea (Ephedraceae), a new species from Sicily. Phytotaxa 530 (1): 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 530.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">
Brullo 
<emphasis box="[1315,1372,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
). As regards a possible affinity between 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Brullo, C. Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa, Minissale &amp; Giusso" authorityYear="2022" box="[564,741,1987,2013]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[564,741,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus (1753:" authorityYear="1040" box="[792,929,1987,2013]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distachya">
<emphasis box="[792,929,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">E. distachya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, it must be excluded, since the latter has longer pollen belonging to 
<typeStatus box="[361,409,2024,2050]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257">type</typeStatus>
“B”, with 4–8 plicae and branched pseudosulci (
<bibRefCitation author="Norback Ivarsson, L." box="[957,1225,2023,2050]" pageId="7" pageNumber="257" refId="ref7478" refString="Norback Ivarsson, L. (2014) Pollen morphology in Ephedra (Gnetales) and implications for understanding fossil ephedroid pollen from the Tibetan Plateau, using a phylogenetic approach. Master Thesis, Systematic Botany Biology. Stockholms Universitet, 28 pp." type="book" year="2014">Norbäck Ivarsson 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473552" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473552" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473552/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" startId="8.[136,229,1073,1095]" targetBox="[151,1436,190,1049]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[136,1452,1073,1131]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,247,1073,1095]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">FIGURE 7</emphasis>
. SEM micrographs of the seed coats of 
<taxonomicName authority=": A. Seed" authorityName="A. Seed" box="[633,936,1073,1095]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[633,847,1073,1094]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
: 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[860,884,1073,1094]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">A.</emphasis>
Seed
</taxonomicName>
at low magnification (× 15). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1218,1241,1073,1094]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">B.</emphasis>
Seed testa at medium magnification (× 50). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[347,370,1109,1131]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">C.</emphasis>
Seed testa at high magnification (× 300). From type material (CAT!).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473554" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473554" box="[136,1343,1598,1620]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473554/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" startId="8.[136,229,1598,1620]" targetBox="[151,1436,1157,1574]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph blockId="8.[136,1343,1598,1620]" box="[136,1343,1598,1620]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,247,1598,1620]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">FIGURE 8</emphasis>
. SEM micrographs of pollen grain of 
<taxonomicName authority="A. Equatorial" authorityName="A. Equatorial" box="[614,964,1598,1620]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[614,829,1598,1619]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
<emphasis bold="true" box="[834,858,1598,1619]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">A.</emphasis>
Equatorial
</taxonomicName>
view (x 2000). 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1116,1139,1599,1620]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">B.</emphasis>
Polar view (x 2000).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="259" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" type="distribution">
<paragraph blockId="8.[136,1452,1667,2090]" lastBlockId="9.[136,1452,158,725]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="259" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,488,1667,1693]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Distribution and ecology:</emphasis>
<emphasis box="[488,513,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">—</emphasis>
Currently, 
<taxonomicName box="[630,878,1667,1693]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[630,878,1667,1693]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was exclusively surveyed on the island of Stromboli and the nearby islet of Strombolicchio in the Aeolian archipelago (
<collectingRegion box="[888,958,1703,1729]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Sicily</collectingRegion>
), where it grows in two limited stands (
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="9.[136,229,1745,1767]" captionTargetBox="[153,1436,749,1720]" captionTargetId="figure-298@9.[151,1436,749,1720]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 9. Distribution map of Ephedra strongylensis (red dots) in Sicily based on herbarium materials." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473557" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473557/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). Here it is localized on basaltic rocks, originated from ancient lava eruptions, where it is a member of xerophilous maquis characterized by 
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus (1753: 462)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="462" authorityYear="1753" box="[413,917,1775,1802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Euphorbia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dendroides">
<emphasis box="[413,662,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Euphorbia dendroides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C." box="[675,917,1775,1802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" refId="ref6956" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1200 pp." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753: 462)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus (1753: 1026)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="1026" authorityYear="1753" box="[928,1386,1775,1802]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Pistacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lentiscus">
<emphasis box="[928,1124,1775,1801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Pistacia lentiscus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C." box="[1130,1386,1775,1802]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" refId="ref6956" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1200 pp." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753: 1026)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Linnaeus (1753: 8)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="8" authorityYear="1753" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Oleaceae" genus="Olea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="europaea">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Olea europaea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C." box="[249,467,1811,1838]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" refId="ref6956" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1753) Species Plantarum. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1200 pp." type="book" year="1753">Linnaeus (1753: 8)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Vaillant, 1754: 338) Linnaeus (1763: 1188)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityPageNumber="1188" authorityYear="1763" baseAuthorityName="Vaillant" baseAuthorityPageNumber="338" baseAuthorityYear="1754" box="[481,1247,1811,1838]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Artemisia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arborescens">
<emphasis box="[481,734,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Artemisia arborescens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Vaillant, S." box="[750,970,1811,1838]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" pagination="333 - 377" refId="ref8065" refString="Vaillant, S. (1754) Neue Kennzeichen dreyer von Pflanzen mit zusammeengegesetzeten Blumen, namlich: der Cynarocefalarum, derer mit Artischockenhauptern. Corymbiferarum, die zusammengestzte, scheibenformige Blumen tragen. Cichoracearum, weg-wartartiger. Koniglichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Paris Physische Abkanlungen 5: 333 - 377." type="journal article" year="1754">Vaillant, 1754: 338</bibRefCitation>
) 
<bibRefCitation author="Linnaeus, C." box="[987,1247,1811,1837]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" refId="ref6975" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1763) Species Plantarum, ed. 2. Imprensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 1684 pp." type="book" year="1763">Linnaeus (1763: 1188)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Genista" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="tyrrhena" subSpecies="tyrrhena">
<emphasis box="[1260,1451,1811,1837]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Genista tyrrhena</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Valsecchi, F." box="[136,382,1847,1874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" pagination="143 - 147" refId="ref8117" refString="Valsecchi, F. (1986) Due nuove specie del genere Genista L. nel Mediterraneo. Bollettino della Societa Sarda di Scienze Naturali 25: 143 - 147." type="journal article" year="1986">Valsecchi (1986: 145)</bibRefCitation>
subsp. 
<emphasis box="[468,564,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">tyrrhena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, etc. (
<figureCitation box="[633,702,1847,1874]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[136,229,1864,1886]" captionTargetBox="[222,1364,190,1840]" captionTargetId="figure-18@6.[222,1364,190,1840]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Phenological features of Ephedra strongylensis. A. Stromboli near Ginostra (locus classicus), individual in natural habitat with ripe strobili. B. Strombolicchio, male individual in natural habitat. C. Twigs with male cones. D. Twigs with female cones. E. Detail of a ripe strobilus. cones. F. Twigs with ripe strobili. (Photos by S. Cambria)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473548" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473548/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). It should be noted that the flora of the Aeolian islands (including Stromboli and Strombolicchio) hosts several endemic or rare species, often showing a remarkable taxonomic isolation, whose occurrence has no clear correlation with the relatively recent origin of this volcanic archipelago. Among the most significant taxa, the following can be mentioned: 
<taxonomicName box="[769,1145,1955,1981]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Genista" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="tyrrhena" subSpecies="tyrrhena">
<emphasis box="[769,961,1955,1981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Genista tyrrhena</emphasis>
subsp. 
<emphasis box="[1049,1145,1955,1981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">tyrrhena</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Gussone (1834: 221)" authorityName="Gussone" authorityPageNumber="221" authorityYear="1834" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Cytisus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aeolicus">
<emphasis box="[1161,1346,1955,1981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Cytisus aeolicus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Gussone, G." pageId="8" pageNumber="258" pagination="171 - 242" refId="ref6507" refString="Gussone, G. (1834) Florae Siculae Prodromus, Supplementum 2. Ex Regia Typographia, Neapoli, pp. 171 - 242." type="book chapter" year="1834">Gussone (1834: 221)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Minissale, C. Brullo, Brullo, Giusso &amp; Sciandrello (2013: 2)" authorityName="Minissale, C. Brullo, Brullo, Giusso &amp; Sciandrello" authorityPageNumber="2" authorityYear="2013" box="[284,1228,1991,2017]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Bituminaria" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="basaltica">
<emphasis box="[284,531,1991,2017]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Bituminaria basaltica</emphasis>
Minissale, C. Brullo, Brullo, Giusso &amp; Sciandrello (2013: 2)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Gussone ex Lojacono (1903: 136)" authorityName="Lojacono" authorityPageNumber="136" authorityYear="1903" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Centaurea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aeolica">
<emphasis box="[1243,1451,1991,2017]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Centaurea aeolica</emphasis>
Gussone ex Lojacono (1903: 136)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Brullo &amp; Signorello (1984: 141)" authorityName="Brullo &amp; Signorello" authorityPageNumber="141" authorityYear="1984" box="[528,1062,2027,2053]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Silene" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hicesiae">
<emphasis box="[528,695,2027,2053]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Silene hicesiae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Brullo, S. &amp; Signorello, P." box="[701,1062,2027,2053]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" pagination="141 - 144" refId="ref6022" refString="Brullo, S. &amp; Signorello, P. (1984) Silene hicesiae, a new species from the Aeolian Islands. Willdenowia 14: 141 - 144." type="journal article" year="1984">Brullo &amp; Signorello (1984: 141)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="G. Ferro (2009: 298)" authorityName="G. Ferro" authorityPageNumber="298" authorityYear="2009" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Brassicaceae" genus="Erysimum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="brulloi">
<emphasis box="[1075,1271,2027,2053]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Erysimum brulloi</emphasis>
G. 
<bibRefCitation author="Ferro, G." pageId="8" pageNumber="258" pagination="297 - 302" refId="ref6275" refString="Ferro, G. (2009) Erysimum brulloi (Brassicaceae), a new species from the Aeolian Archipelago (Sicily). Flora Mediterranea 19: 297 - 302." type="journal article" year="2009">Ferro (2009: 298)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Lojacono (1903: 84)" authorityName="Lojacono" authorityPageNumber="84" authorityYear="1903" box="[199,626,2063,2089]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Anthemis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aeolica">
<emphasis box="[199,391,2063,2089]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Anthemis aeolica</emphasis>
Lojacono (1903: 84)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Gussone 1855: 275) Freitag &amp; G. Kadereit" authorityName="Freitag &amp; G. Kadereit" baseAuthorityName="Gussone" baseAuthorityPageNumber="275" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[635,1322,2063,2090]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Eokochia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="saxicola">
<emphasis box="[635,840,2063,2089]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="258">Eokochia saxicola</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Gussone, G." box="[853,1068,2063,2090]" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" refId="ref6533" refString="Gussone, G. (1855) Enumeratio plantarum vascularium in insula Inarime. Ex Vanni Typhographaeo, Neapoli, 431 pp." type="book" year="1855">Gussone 1855: 275</bibRefCitation>
) Freitag &amp; G. Kadereit
</taxonomicName>
in 
<bibRefCitation author="Kadereit, G. &amp; Freitag, H." lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="259" pageId="8" pageNumber="258" pagination="51 - 78" refId="ref6875" refString="Kadereit, G. &amp; Freitag, H. (2011) Molecular phylogeny of Camphorosmeae (Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for biogeography, evolution of C 4 - photosynthesis and taxonomy. Taxon 60 (1): 51 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / tax. 601006" type="journal article" year="2011">Kadereit &amp; Freitag (2011: 72)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="(Lojacono 1888: 163) Brullo &amp; Minissale (2002: 539)" authorityName="Brullo &amp; Minissale" authorityPageNumber="539" authorityYear="2002" baseAuthorityName="Lojacono" baseAuthorityPageNumber="163" baseAuthorityYear="1888" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caryophyllaceae" genus="Dianthus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="rupicola" subSpecies="aeolicus">
<emphasis box="[384,590,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Dianthus rupicola</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Bivona Bernardi, A." box="[597,910,158,184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" refId="ref5732" refString="Bivona Bernardi, A. (1806) Sicularum Plantarum Centuria prima. Philippum Barravecchia, Panormi, 84 pp." type="book" year="1806">Bivona Bernardi (1806: 31)</bibRefCitation>
subsp. 
<emphasis box="[996,1089,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">aeolicus</emphasis>
(Lojacono 1888: 163) 
<bibRefCitation author="Brullo, S. &amp; Minissale, P." pageId="9" pageNumber="259" pagination="537 - 548" refId="ref5988" refString="Brullo, S. &amp; Minissale, P. (2002) Il gruppo di Dianthus rupicola Biv. nel Mediterraneo centrale Informatore Botanico Italiano 33 (2): 537 - 548." type="journal article" year="2002">Brullo &amp; Minissale (2002: 539)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authority="Martinoli (1953: 257)" authorityName="Martinoli" authorityPageNumber="257" authorityYear="1953" box="[396,834,194,221]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Hyoseris" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="taurina">
<emphasis box="[396,584,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Hyoseris taurina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation author="Martinoli, G." box="[591,834,194,221]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" pagination="253 - 281" refId="ref7222" refString="Martinoli, G. (1953) Studio citotassonomico dei generi Hyoseris e Robertia con particolare riferimento all' Hyoseris taurina G. Martinoli sp. nov. (Asteraceae). Caryologia 5 (3): 253 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00087114.1953.10797444" type="journal article" year="1953">Martinoli (1953: 257)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="(Gussone 1832: 89) Kuntze (1891: 395)" authorityName="Kuntze" authorityPageNumber="395" authorityYear="1891" baseAuthorityName="Gussone" baseAuthorityPageNumber="89" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Limonium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tenuiflorum">
<emphasis box="[887,1138,194,220]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Limonium tenuiflorum</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Gussone, G." box="[1152,1356,194,220]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" pagination="1 - 166" refId="ref6481" refString="Gussone, G. (1832) Florae Siculae Prodromus, Supplementum 1. Ex Regia Typographia, Neapoli, pp. 1 - 166." type="book chapter" year="1832">Gussone 1832: 89</bibRefCitation>
) 
<bibRefCitation author="Kuntze, O." pageId="9" pageNumber="259" pagination="377 - 1011" refId="ref6932" refString="Kuntze, O. (1891) Revisio Generum Plantarum, 2. Charles Klinckieck. Paris, pp. 377 - 1011." type="book chapter" year="1891">Kuntze (1891: 395)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Therefore, with the addition of 
<taxonomicName box="[634,885,230,256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[634,885,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to this list, the degree of biodiversity of this small but interesting satellite islands of the 
<collectingRegion box="[553,619,266,292]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Sicily</collectingRegion>
, is further increased. According to 
<bibRefCitation author="Mercuri, A. M. &amp; Cannavo, V. &amp; Clo, E. &amp; Di Renzoni, A. &amp; Florenzano, A. &amp; Rattighieri, E. &amp; Yoon, D. &amp; Levi, S. T." box="[1009,1246,266,292]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" pagination="102235" refId="ref7273" refString="Mercuri, A. M., Cannavo, V., Clo, E., Di Renzoni, A., Florenzano, A., Rattighieri, E., Yoon, D., Levi, S. T. (2020) Palynology of San Vincenzo-Stromboli: Interdisciplinary perspective for the diachronic palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of an island of Sicily, Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 30: 102235. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jasrep. 2020.102235" type="journal article" year="2020">
Mercuri 
<emphasis box="[1106,1162,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">et al.</emphasis>
(2020)
</bibRefCitation>
, it is interesting to note that for this island the occurrence of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus (1753:" authorityYear="1040" box="[600,696,302,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[600,696,302,328]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ephedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
individuals was recorded in some pollen profiles dating back to the modern era corresponding to the last centuries after the Middle Ages. Basing on this data, it seemed to have a scarce diffusion in the vegetation of the island, as it is currently observable.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="conservation">
<paragraph blockId="9.[136,1452,158,725]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,436,410,436]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Conservation status:</emphasis>
− 
<taxonomicName box="[458,708,410,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[458,708,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be considered a very rare and localized species, recorded only in two locations (Stromboli and Strombolicchio). Based on its narrow distribution and according to 
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" box="[1298,1452,446,472]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" refId="ref6833" refString="IUCN (2012) IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 0363644042451143" type="book" year="2012">IUCN (2012)</bibRefCitation>
criteria, the species can be assessed as “Critically Endangered” [CR, B1ab(ii,iii) and B2ab(ii,iii)]. The conservation status was calculated through the GeoCAT (Geospatial Conservation Assessment Tool) programme (
<bibRefCitation author="Bachman, S. &amp; Moat, J. &amp; Hill, A. W. &amp; Scott, B." pageId="9" pageNumber="259" pagination="117 - 126" refId="ref5595" refString="Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hill, A. W., Torre, de la J. &amp; Scott, B. (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. In: Smith, V. &amp; Penev, L. (Eds.) E-Infrastructures for data publishing in biodiversity science. ZooKeys 150: 117 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 150.2109" type="journal article" year="2011">
Bachman 
<emphasis box="[1394,1452,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
), which shows an Area of Occupancy (AOO) of 
<quantity box="[752,811,554,580]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" unit="km" value="8.0">8 km</quantity>
<superScript attach="left" box="[811,819,554,568]" fontSize="6" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">2</superScript>
. Moreover, the new species fall within a nature reserve named “Riserva Naturale Orientata 
<collectingCountry box="[536,590,590,616]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Isola</collectingCountry>
di Stromboli e Strombolicchio”, as well as in a Special Area of Conservation (SAC ITA030026). In relation to our observations, 
<taxonomicName box="[717,968,626,652]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[717,968,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be threatened only by occasional fires or possible lava flows since the island is an active volcano, which could reduce the number of individuals, which are concentrated in two main known populations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7473557" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7473557" box="[136,1151,1745,1767]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7473557/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" startId="9.[136,229,1745,1767]" targetBox="[153,1436,749,1720]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph blockId="9.[136,1151,1745,1767]" box="[136,1151,1745,1767]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,247,1745,1767]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">FIGURE 9</emphasis>
. Distribution map of 
<taxonomicName box="[455,669,1745,1766]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[455,669,1745,1766]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(red dots) in Sicily based on herbarium materials.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph blockId="9.[136,1452,1813,2092]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018310" collectingDate="2021-05-27" collectionCode="S" collectorName="D. Azzaro" country="Italy" latitude="38.816944" location="Strombolicchio" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="15.251667" municipality="Isole Eolie" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,1118,1813,1840]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
Additional specimens of 
<taxonomicName box="[519,789,1813,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[519,789,1813,1840]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ephedra strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
examined (
<typeStatus box="[950,1076,1813,1839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Paratypes</typeStatus>
):—
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry box="[1118,1197,1814,1840]" name="Italy" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">ITALY</collectingCountry>
. 
<collectingRegion box="[1219,1289,1813,1839]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Sicily</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingMunicipality box="[1312,1447,1813,1839]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Isole Eolie</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E078DF8F33757F8B4" box="[136,312,1849,1875]" country="Italy" latitude="38.816944" longLatPrecision="19" longitude="15.251667" municipality="Isole Eolie" name="Strombolicchio" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Strombolicchio</location>
, sulla sommità, 
<geoCoordinate box="[503,654,1850,1876]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" precision="15" seconds="01" value="38.816944">38°49’01” N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate box="[668,815,1849,1876]" degrees="15" direction="east" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" precision="15" seconds="06" value="15.251667">15°15’06” E</geoCoordinate>
, 
<date box="[830,989,1850,1876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" value="2021-05-27">
<collectingDate box="[830,989,1850,1876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" value="2021-05-27">27 May 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis box="[1004,1152,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<collectorName box="[1004,1121,1850,1876]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">D. Azzaro</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode box="[1135,1152,1850,1876]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis box="[1152,1330,1849,1876]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018301" box="[1166,1325,1849,1876]" collectionCode="V" country="Italy" location="Cambria" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E038BF8F3329DF8B4" box="[1166,1266,1849,1875]" country="Italy" name="Cambria" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Cambria</location>
&amp; 
<collectionCode box="[1308,1325,1850,1875]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018306" collectionCode="CAT, S" collectorName="Stromboli &amp; Ginostra" country="Italy" location="Ilardi" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<emphasis box="[1339,1451,1849,1875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E023EF8F33315F8B4" box="[1339,1402,1849,1875]" country="Italy" name="Ilardi" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Ilardi</location>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[144,208,1886,1912]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" name="Università di Catania" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">CAT</collectionCode>
!); 
<collectorName box="[239,354,1885,1911]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Stromboli</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[365,461,1885,1911]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ginostra</collectorName>
presso 
<collectionCode box="[548,566,1886,1912]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018304" box="[577,1236,1885,1912]" collectingDate="2021-05-27" collectionCode="S" collectorName="D. Azzaro" country="Italy" location="Lazzaro" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E0544F89434F1F89F" box="[577,670,1886,1912]" country="Italy" name="Lazzaro" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Lazzaro</location>
, su substrati basaltici, 
<date box="[923,1083,1886,1912]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" value="2021-05-27">
<collectingDate box="[923,1083,1886,1912]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" value="2021-05-27">27. May 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis box="[1094,1236,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<collectorName box="[1094,1208,1886,1912]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">D. Azzaro</collectorName>
, 
<collectionCode box="[1219,1236,1886,1912]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
</emphasis>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018308" box="[1247,1378,1885,1911]" collectionCode="V" country="Italy" location="Cambria" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E03DAF897332AF890" box="[1247,1349,1885,1911]" country="Italy" name="Cambria" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Cambria</location>
, 
<collectionCode box="[1361,1378,1886,1911]" country="Canada" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:13946" name="Royal British Columbia Museum - Herbarium" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Museum">V</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018303" collectionCode="R" country="Italy" location="Ilardi" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E0268F89733C3F890" box="[1389,1452,1885,1911]" country="Italy" name="Ilardi" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Ilardi</location>
&amp; 
<collectionCode box="[164,181,1922,1947]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">R</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018307" box="[195,718,1921,1948]" collectionCode="CAT, S" collectorName="Stromboli &amp; Ginostra" country="Italy" location="Zaia" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<emphasis box="[195,291,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E07C6F8483699F87C" box="[195,246,1922,1947]" country="Italy" name="Zaia" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Zaia</location>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[306,370,1922,1948]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" name="Università di Catania" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">CAT</collectionCode>
!); 
<collectorName box="[393,508,1921,1947]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Stromboli</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[519,615,1921,1947]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ginostra</collectorName>
presso 
<collectionCode box="[700,718,1922,1948]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018302" box="[729,1246,1921,1948]" collectingDate="2021-07-15" collectionCode="R" country="Italy" location="Lazzaro" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E05DCF8483559F87B" box="[729,822,1922,1948]" country="Italy" name="Lazzaro" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Lazzaro</location>
, su substrati basaltici, 
<date box="[1072,1218,1921,1948]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" value="2021-07-15">
<collectingDate box="[1072,1218,1921,1948]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" value="2021-07-15">15 July 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectionCode box="[1229,1246,1922,1947]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis box="[1229,1246,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">R</emphasis>
</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis box="[1246,1253,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018309" collectionCode="CAT, S" collectorName="Stromboli &amp; Ginostra" country="Italy" location="Zaia" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<emphasis box="[1259,1356,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E03EEF8483371F87C" box="[1259,1310,1922,1947]" country="Italy" name="Zaia" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Zaia</location>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[1371,1435,1922,1948]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" name="Università di Catania" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">CAT</collectionCode>
!); 
<collectorName box="[136,251,1957,1983]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Stromboli</collectorName>
, 
<collectorName box="[262,358,1957,1983]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Ginostra</collectorName>
presso 
<collectionCode box="[444,462,1958,1984]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018311" box="[474,1013,1957,1984]" collectingDate="2021-08-06" collectionCode="S" country="Italy" location="Lazzaro" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E06DFF86C3458F827" box="[474,567,1958,1984]" country="Italy" name="Lazzaro" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Lazzaro</location>
, su substrati basaltici, 
<date box="[819,985,1957,1984]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" value="2021-08-06">
<collectingDate box="[819,985,1957,1984]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" value="2021-08-06">6 August 2021</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<collectionCode box="[996,1013,1958,1984]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">
<emphasis box="[996,1013,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">S</emphasis>
</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
<emphasis box="[1013,1017,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4003018305" box="[1024,1260,1957,1984]" collectionCode="CAT" country="Italy" location="Cambria" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sicilia">
<emphasis box="[1024,1169,1957,1983]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9C2410100722FF9C078DFA3E369BFBBA:1152F7DD072AFF9E0305F86F320BF858" box="[1024,1124,1957,1983]" country="Italy" name="Cambria" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" stateProvince="Sicilia">Cambria</location>
s.n.
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode box="[1185,1249,1958,1984]" country="Italy" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14393" name="Università di Catania" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="Herbarium">CAT</collectionCode>
!)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="261" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" type="discussion">
<paragraph blockId="9.[136,1452,1813,2092]" lastBlockId="10.[136,1452,158,545]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="260" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[189,434,1993,2020]" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">Taxonomic remarks:</emphasis>
—From the taxonomical viewpoint, 
<emphasis box="[826,1083,1993,2019]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
Ephredra 
<taxonomicName box="[936,1083,1993,2019]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">strongylensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is rather isolated morphologically from the other currently known Mediterranean species of this genus. This new species shows some relationships mainly with 
<emphasis box="[193,295,2066,2091]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="259">
<taxonomicName box="[193,291,2066,2091]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="9" pageNumber="259" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">E. aurea</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
especially in sharing twigs not easily disarticulating at the nodes, finely furrowed and scabrous, leaves opposite, very short and fused for most of their length, turning brown at maturity, female cones uniovulate and pollen grains of 
<typeStatus box="[244,292,195,221]" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">type</typeStatus>
“A”, but significant features hallow to distinguished very well the two species. In particular, 
<taxonomicName box="[1355,1451,195,220]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis box="[1355,1451,195,220]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows twigs, pedicels of male cones, male cones bracts, synangiophore, synangia, pedicels of female cones, female cones bracts, micropilar tube, fruiting strobilus, and seeds well differentiated from those ones of 
<taxonomicName box="[1222,1400,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[1222,1400,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see 
<tableCitation box="[136,202,302,328]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="10.[136,219,594,615]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="TABLE 1. Main diacritic characters of E. strongylensis and allied species" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/40F2F18E0729FF9D078DFD98353FFD8F" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" tableUuid="40F2F18E0729FF9D078DFD98353FFD8F">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
).In addition, they also differ in the seed coat ornamentations, since 
<taxonomicName box="[957,1052,303,328]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis box="[957,1052,303,328]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is characterized by very larger cells (170–250 × 28–35 μm) bordered by a prominent reticulum, with periclinal walls flat more or less rugose and anticlinal walls quite raised (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Brullo, S. &amp; Brullo, C. &amp; Cambria, S. &amp; Ilardi, V. &amp; Siracusa, G. &amp; Galdo, G." box="[400,608,374,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref5871" refString="Brullo, S., Brullo, C., Cambria, S., Ilardi, V., Siracusa, G. &amp; Giusso del Galdo, G. (2022) Ephedra aurea (Ephedraceae), a new species from Sicily. Phytotaxa 530 (1): 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 530.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">
Brullo 
<emphasis box="[481,539,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
), while 
<taxonomicName box="[701,881,374,400]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[701,881,374,400]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has smaller cells (16–28 × 4–6 μm) separated by slender grooves, with periclinal walls sligtly convex more or less smooth and anticlinal walls thin and flat. Some differences was observed in the size and shape of pollen grain, since 
<taxonomicName box="[897,991,447,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis box="[897,991,447,472]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the pollen fusiform acute at the poles (43–48 × 17–20 μm) with 11–12 plicae acute on the back (see 
<bibRefCitation author="Brullo, S. &amp; Brullo, C. &amp; Cambria, S. &amp; Ilardi, V. &amp; Siracusa, G. &amp; Galdo, G." box="[864,1072,482,508]" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref5871" refString="Brullo, S., Brullo, C., Cambria, S., Ilardi, V., Siracusa, G. &amp; Giusso del Galdo, G. (2022) Ephedra aurea (Ephedraceae), a new species from Sicily. Phytotaxa 530 (1): 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 530.1.1" type="journal article" year="2022">
Brullo 
<emphasis box="[945,1003,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">et al.</emphasis>
2022
</bibRefCitation>
), conversely 
<taxonomicName box="[1225,1405,482,508]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[1225,1405,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has pollen elliptical rounded at the poles (46–50 × 20–27 μm) with 12-16 plicae rounded on the back.
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Table-UUID="40F2F18E0729FF9D078DFD98353FFD8F" box="[136,848,594,616]" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/40F2F18E0729FF9D078DFD98353FFD8F" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" startId="10.[136,219,594,615]" targetBox="[144,1418,637,2010]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph blockId="10.[136,848,594,616]" box="[136,848,594,616]" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[136,244,594,615]" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Main diacritic characters of 
<taxonomicName box="[520,673,594,615]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[520,673,594,615]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and allied species
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<table box="[144,1418,637,2010]" colsContinueIn="11.[144,1433,207,861]" gridcols="5" gridrows="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<tr box="[144,1418,637,656]" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" rowspan-0="1">
<th box="[451,701,637,656]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName box="[451,591,637,656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[451,591,637,656]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th box="[718,967,637,656]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName box="[718,793,637,656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[718,793,637,656]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th box="[985,1219,637,656]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Desfontaines" authorityYear="1799" box="[985,1078,637,656]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[985,1078,637,656]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th box="[1236,1418,637,656]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1236,1366,637,656]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">E. nebrodensis</emphasis>
</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,679,698]" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,679,698]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Shrub height (cm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,679,698]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">40–100</td>
<td box="[718,967,679,698]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">40–60</td>
<td box="[985,1219,679,698]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">50–300</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,679,698]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">50–100</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,717,736]" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,717,736]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Bark color</th>
<td box="[451,701,717,736]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">brownish-gray</td>
<td box="[718,967,717,736]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">yellowish-green</td>
<td box="[985,1219,717,736]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">grayish-brown</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,717,736]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">grayish-brown</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,754,773]" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,754,773]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Twigs insertion</th>
<td box="[451,701,754,773]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">fasciculate and dense</td>
<td box="[718,967,754,773]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">fasciculate and lax</td>
<td box="[985,1219,754,773]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">fasciculate and lax</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,754,773]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">densely fastigiate</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,792,811]" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,792,811]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Twigs color</th>
<td box="[451,701,792,811]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">green</td>
<td box="[718,967,792,811]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">yellowish-green</td>
<td box="[985,1219,792,811]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">green</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,792,811]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">dark green</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,829,849]" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,829,849]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Twigs surface</th>
<td box="[451,701,829,849]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">finely furrowed and scabrous</td>
<td box="[718,967,829,849]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">finely furrowed and scabrous</td>
<td box="[985,1219,829,849]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">smooth to slightly scabrous</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,829,849]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">markedly scabrous</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,866,886]" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,866,886]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Twigs diameter (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,866,886]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">0.8–1.2</td>
<td box="[718,967,866,886]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">(1)1.5–2.5</td>
<td box="[985,1219,866,886]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.5–3.5</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,866,886]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">0.4–0.7</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,904,923]" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,904,923]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Twigs internodes lenght (cm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,904,923]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1–3.5(5)</td>
<td box="[718,967,904,923]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.5–5.5</td>
<td box="[985,1219,904,923]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.5–4.5</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,904,923]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.0–2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,941,961]" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,941,961]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Twigs internodes disarticulating</th>
<td box="[451,701,941,961]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">not easily</td>
<td box="[718,967,941,961]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">no</td>
<td box="[985,1219,941,961]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">yes</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,941,961]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">no</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,979,998]" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,979,998]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Leaves arrangment</th>
<td box="[451,701,979,998]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2, opposite</td>
<td box="[718,967,979,998]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2, opposite</td>
<td box="[985,1219,979,998]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2-3</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,979,998]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2, opposite</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1016,1036]" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1016,1036]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Leaves lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1016,1036]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.0–1.25</td>
<td box="[718,967,1016,1036]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.0–1.3</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1016,1036]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.0–2.5</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1016,1036]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.0–3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1056,1104]" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1056,1104]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Leaves shape</th>
<td box="[451,701,1056,1104]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">fused for most of their length</td>
<td box="[718,967,1056,1104]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">fused for most of their length</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1056,1104]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">fused for 2/3 of their lenght</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1056,1104]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">fused for 1/3-2/3 of their lenght</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1124,1144]" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1124,1144]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Leaves apex</th>
<td box="[451,701,1124,1144]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">briefly free and not recurved</td>
<td box="[718,967,1124,1144]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">briefly free and not recurved</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1124,1144]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">free and not recurved</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1124,1144]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">free and not recurved</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1162,1181]" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1162,1181]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Male cones shape</th>
<td box="[451,701,1162,1181]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">ellipsoid</td>
<td box="[718,967,1162,1181]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">ellipsoid</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1162,1181]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">ovoid</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1162,1181]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">globose</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1199,1219]" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1199,1219]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Male cones lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1199,1219]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">4.0–7.0</td>
<td box="[718,967,1199,1219]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3.5–6.5</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1199,1219]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">4.0–5.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1199,1219]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">4.0–4.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1237,1256]" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1237,1256]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Male cones diameter (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1237,1256]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">4.0–7.0</td>
<td box="[718,967,1237,1256]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.0–2.5</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1237,1256]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">5.0–7.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1237,1256]" gridcol="4" gridrow="15" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.0–4.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1274,1294]" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1274,1294]" gridcol="0" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Pedicel male cones lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1274,1294]" gridcol="1" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.5–6.0(10.0)</td>
<td box="[718,967,1274,1294]" gridcol="2" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.5–2.5</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1274,1294]" gridcol="3" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.0–2.5</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1274,1294]" gridcol="4" gridrow="16" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1312,1331]" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1312,1331]" gridcol="0" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Bracts of male cones pair number</th>
<td box="[451,701,1312,1331]" gridcol="1" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3–6</td>
<td box="[718,967,1312,1331]" gridcol="2" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3–7</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1312,1331]" gridcol="3" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3–4</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1312,1331]" gridcol="4" gridrow="17" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2–6</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1349,1369]" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1349,1369]" gridcol="0" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Bracts of male cones size (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1349,1369]" gridcol="1" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">0.5–1.0 x 1.0–2.0</td>
<td box="[718,967,1349,1369]" gridcol="2" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.0–1.5 x 1.4–1.5</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1349,1369]" gridcol="3" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.3–1.6 x 1.5–1.7</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1349,1369]" gridcol="4" gridrow="18" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.2–1.5 x 2.0–2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1386,1406]" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1386,1406]" gridcol="0" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Male perianth lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1386,1406]" gridcol="1" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2</td>
<td box="[718,967,1386,1406]" gridcol="2" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.6–1.9</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1386,1406]" gridcol="3" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.4–2.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1386,1406]" gridcol="4" gridrow="19" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.3–1.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1424,1443]" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1424,1443]" gridcol="0" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Synangiophore lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1424,1443]" gridcol="1" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.0–2.5</td>
<td box="[718,967,1424,1443]" gridcol="2" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.0–3.2</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1424,1443]" gridcol="3" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.8–2.6</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1424,1443]" gridcol="4" gridrow="20" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1.2–2.2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1461,1481]" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1461,1481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Synangia number</th>
<td box="[451,701,1461,1481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3–5</td>
<td box="[718,967,1461,1481]" gridcol="2" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">5–10</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1461,1481]" gridcol="3" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">4–10</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1461,1481]" gridcol="4" gridrow="21" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">4–8</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1499,1518]" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1499,1518]" gridcol="0" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Female cones shape</th>
<td box="[451,701,1499,1518]" gridcol="1" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">ellipsoid</td>
<td box="[718,967,1499,1518]" gridcol="2" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">ellipsoid</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1499,1518]" gridcol="3" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">cylindrical-ellipsoid</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1499,1518]" gridcol="4" gridrow="22" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">ovoid</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1536,1556]" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1536,1556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Female cones number for nodes</th>
<td box="[451,701,1536,1556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1–4</td>
<td box="[718,967,1536,1556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2–3</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1536,1556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2–5</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1536,1556]" gridcol="4" gridrow="23" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2 or more</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1574,1593]" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1574,1593]" gridcol="0" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Female cones length (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1574,1593]" gridcol="1" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">5.5–6.5</td>
<td box="[718,967,1574,1593]" gridcol="2" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">6.0–7.0</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1574,1593]" gridcol="3" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">7.0–9.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1574,1593]" gridcol="4" gridrow="24" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">5.0–5.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1611,1631]" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1611,1631]" gridcol="0" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Female cones diameter (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1611,1631]" gridcol="1" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.5–3.5</td>
<td box="[718,967,1611,1631]" gridcol="2" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.5–3.6</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1611,1631]" gridcol="3" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.5–3.7</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1611,1631]" gridcol="4" gridrow="25" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.4–2.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1649,1668]" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1649,1668]" gridcol="0" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Female cones petiole lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,701,1649,1668]" gridcol="1" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.5–10</td>
<td box="[718,967,1649,1668]" gridcol="2" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2.5–3.0</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1649,1668]" gridcol="3" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1–10</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1649,1668]" gridcol="4" gridrow="26" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">0–2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1686,1735]" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1686,1735]" gridcol="0" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Bracts of female cones number of pair</th>
<td box="[451,701,1686,1735]" gridcol="1" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3</td>
<td box="[718,967,1686,1735]" gridcol="2" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3–4</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1686,1735]" gridcol="3" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3–4</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1686,1735]" gridcol="4" gridrow="27" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2–3</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1753,1773]" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1753,1773]" gridcol="0" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Bracts of female cones shape</th>
<td box="[451,701,1753,1773]" gridcol="1" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">broadly ovate</td>
<td box="[718,967,1753,1773]" gridcol="2" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">broadly ovate</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1753,1773]" gridcol="3" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">broadly ovate to ovate</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1753,1773]" gridcol="4" gridrow="28" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">ovate</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1791,1810]" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1791,1810]" gridcol="0" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Bracts of female cones apex</th>
<td box="[451,701,1791,1810]" gridcol="1" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">rounded</td>
<td box="[718,967,1791,1810]" gridcol="2" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">obtuse</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1791,1810]" gridcol="3" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">obtuse</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1791,1810]" gridcol="4" gridrow="29" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">obtuse</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1828,1876]" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1828,1876]" gridcol="0" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Lower bracts of female cones connection</th>
<td box="[451,701,1828,1876]" gridcol="1" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">4/5</td>
<td box="[718,967,1828,1876]" gridcol="2" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3/4</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1828,1876]" gridcol="3" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2/3–3/4</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1828,1876]" gridcol="4" gridrow="30" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1/5–1/2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1895,1943]" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1895,1943]" gridcol="0" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Middle bract of female cones connection</th>
<td box="[451,701,1895,1943]" gridcol="1" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1/2–2/3</td>
<td box="[718,967,1895,1943]" gridcol="2" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1/2–1/3</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1895,1943]" gridcol="3" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1/3–2/3</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1895,1943]" gridcol="4" gridrow="31" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2/5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1418,1962,2010]" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<th box="[144,435,1962,2010]" gridcol="0" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">Upper bract of female cones connection</th>
<td box="[451,701,1962,2010]" gridcol="1" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">2/3</td>
<td box="[718,967,1962,2010]" gridcol="2" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">4/5–7/8</td>
<td box="[985,1219,1962,2010]" gridcol="3" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">3/4–5/7</td>
<td box="[1236,1418,1962,2010]" gridcol="4" gridrow="32" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">1/3–1/2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="10.[1182,1443,2028,2047]" box="[1182,1443,2028,2047]" pageId="10" pageNumber="260">
<tableNote box="[1182,1443,2028,2047]" pageId="10" pageNumber="260" targetBox="[144,1418,637,2010]" targetPageId="10">......continued on the next page</tableNote>
</paragraph>
<caption box="[144,344,170,189]" isContinuationCaption="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" startId="11.[144,215,170,189]" targetBox="[144,1433,207,861]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph blockId="11.[144,344,170,189]" box="[144,344,170,189]" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[144,236,170,189]" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
(Continued)
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<table box="[144,1433,207,861]" colsContinueFrom="10.[144,1418,637,2010]" gridcols="5" gridrows="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<tr box="[144,1433,207,227]" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" rowspan-0="1">
<th box="[451,649,207,227]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicName box="[451,591,207,227]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[451,591,207,227]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th box="[718,915,207,227]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicName box="[718,793,208,227]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[718,793,208,227]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th box="[985,1156,207,227]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Desfontaines" authorityYear="1799" box="[985,1078,207,227]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[985,1078,207,227]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th box="[1236,1433,207,227]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<taxonomicName box="[1236,1366,207,227]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nebrodensis">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1236,1366,207,227]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. nebrodensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</th>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,245,293]" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,245,293]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Lower bracts of female cones lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,245,293]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">0.5–1</td>
<td box="[718,915,245,293]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">1.5–3.0</td>
<td box="[985,1156,245,293]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">0.8–1.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,245,293]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">0.9–1.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,312,360]" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,312,360]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Middle bract of female cones lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,312,360]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">1.5–2.0</td>
<td box="[718,915,312,360]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">3.0–4.5</td>
<td box="[985,1156,312,360]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">2.0–3.5</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,312,360]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">1.8–2.2</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,378,427]" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,378,427]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Upper bract of female cones lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,378,427]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">4.5–5.0</td>
<td box="[718,915,378,427]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">6.0–6.5</td>
<td box="[985,1156,378,427]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">5.0–7.2</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,378,427]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">5.0–6.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,445,465]" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,445,465]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Ovule lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,445,465]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">4.0–4.5</td>
<td box="[718,915,445,465]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ca. 4</td>
<td box="[985,1156,445,465]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">5.5–7.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,445,465]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">4.5–5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,483,502]" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,483,502]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Ovule exerted from bracts (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,483,502]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">1.5–2.5</td>
<td box="[718,915,483,502]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">shortely</td>
<td box="[985,1156,483,502]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">1.0–2.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,483,502]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">2.5–3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,520,540]" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,520,540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Micropilar tube lenght (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,520,540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ca. 1.5</td>
<td box="[718,915,520,540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ca. 2.5</td>
<td box="[985,1156,520,540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">1.8–3.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,520,540]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ca. 3.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,558,606]" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,558,606]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Micropilar tube exerted from ovule (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,558,606]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">0.7–1.0</td>
<td box="[718,915,558,606]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">0.5–1.0</td>
<td box="[985,1156,558,606]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">0.7–2.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,558,606]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ca. 0.5</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,624,673]" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,624,673]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Ripe female cone shape</th>
<td box="[451,649,624,673]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ovoid to globose-ovoid</td>
<td box="[718,915,624,673]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ovoid to globose-ovoid</td>
<td box="[985,1156,624,673]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ovoid to subglobose</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,624,673]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">globose to subglobose- ovoid</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,691,711]" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,691,711]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Ripe female cone size (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,691,711]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">6.0–7.0 x 3.5–4.0</td>
<td box="[718,915,691,711]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">7.0–8.0 x 4.5–5.5</td>
<td box="[985,1156,691,711]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">7.5–9 x 4.0–7.5</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,691,711]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">5.0–6.0 x 3.0–5.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,729,748]" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,729,748]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Ripe female bracts color</th>
<td box="[451,649,729,748]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">pale red</td>
<td box="[718,915,729,748]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">yellow-gold</td>
<td box="[985,1156,729,748]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">red</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,729,748]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">red-orange</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,766,786]" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,766,786]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Seed size (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,766,786]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">5.0–5.5 x 2.5–2.6</td>
<td box="[718,915,766,786]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">6.0–6.5 x 3.0–3.2</td>
<td box="[985,1156,766,786]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">6.0–7.5 x 2.6–3.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,766,786]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">4.0–6.0 x 2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,804,823]" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,804,823]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Seed shape</th>
<td box="[451,649,804,823]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">fusiform</td>
<td box="[718,915,804,823]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">long ovoid</td>
<td box="[985,1156,804,823]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ovoid-pyriform</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,804,823]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ovoid</td>
</tr>
<tr box="[144,1433,841,861]" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
<th box="[144,420,841,861]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Seed exerted from bracts (mm)</th>
<td box="[451,649,841,861]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">1.0–2.0</td>
<td box="[718,915,841,861]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">0.5–1.0</td>
<td box="[985,1156,841,861]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">0–1.0</td>
<td box="[1236,1433,841,861]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">ca. 3.0</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="11.[136,1452,911,1117]" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">
On the basis of field and herbarium investigations, in 
<collectingRegion box="[817,882,911,937]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Sicily</collectingRegion>
there are certainly only 3 species of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus (1753:" authorityYear="1040" box="[1316,1412,911,937]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis box="[1316,1412,911,937]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Ephedra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in addition to that new one here described, they are: 
<taxonomicName box="[702,868,947,973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nebrodensis">
<emphasis box="[702,868,947,973]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. nebrodensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Desfontaines" authorityYear="1799" box="[883,996,947,973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fragilis">
<emphasis box="[883,996,947,973]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. fragilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName box="[1011,1107,948,973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aurea">
<emphasis box="[1011,1107,948,973]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. aurea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName box="[1164,1343,947,973]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="strongylensis">
<emphasis box="[1164,1343,947,973]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. strongylensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Besides, according to literature data (
<bibRefCitation author="Conti, F. &amp; Abbate, G. &amp; Alessandrini, A. &amp; Blasi, C." box="[453,648,983,1010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" refId="ref6130" refString="Conti, F., Abbate, G., Alessandrini, A. &amp; Blasi, C. (2005) An annotated checklist of the Italian vascular flora. Palombi &amp; Partner, Roma, 424 pp." type="book" year="2005">
Conti 
<emphasis box="[525,582,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
2005
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Giardina, G. &amp; Raimondo, F. M. &amp; Spadaro, V." box="[659,888,983,1010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" pagination="5 - 582" refId="ref6344" refString="Giardina, G., Raimondo, F. M. &amp; Spadaro, V. (2007) A catalogue of plants growing in Sicily. Bocconea 20: 5 - 582." type="journal article" year="2007">
Giardina 
<emphasis box="[765,821,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">et al.</emphasis>
2007
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Pignatti, S." box="[899,1052,983,1010]" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" pagination="91 - 94" refId="ref7676" refString="Pignatti, S. (2017) Ephedraceae. In: Pignatti, S. (ed.) Flora d'Italia, ed. 2, 1. Edagricole, Milano, pp. 91 - 94." type="book chapter" year="2017">Pignatti 2017</bibRefCitation>
) 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Linnaeus (1753:" authorityYear="1040" box="[1066,1205,983,1009]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Ephedra" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="11" pageNumber="261" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="distachya">
<emphasis box="[1066,1205,983,1009]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">E. distachya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also recorded from 
<collectingRegion box="[136,202,1019,1045]" country="Italy" name="Sicilia" pageId="11" pageNumber="261">Sicily</collectingRegion>
, according mainly to old reports in sandy coastal areas, where it was probably present in the past, but where it is completely disappeared today, due to anthropogenic factors. It is therefore included in the analytical key that is here provided:
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>