275 lines
36 KiB
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275 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="31585F8852DF0784497DAF49CBE90932">Taxonomic review of the Oriental genus Gandhara Moore with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="63F773AD9700BC8E51A996E4AD9BFAEF" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="5B1E48662D207484A346328A4A91B3FA">Volynkin, Anton V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C17F23E638B9203E964179B6B8533D05">Černý, Karel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3D769577863A1B87240315F91A314E7E">Huang, Si-Yao</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BB32BDE48BCDC1A34CC0A1C6F5A04567">Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="148138212B5AEE3169F5C1C86CFFD45C">Hu, Hua-Lin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="621882F4700C938662C5416001C12334">Jiangxi Jiulianshan National Nature Reserve Management Bureau, Longnan Jiangxi 341700, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="F2A34F863728E7F305825035640D5C17">2023</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="130D36AEF024FFEAFF1FFB5CFDF6FAA7" blockId="1.[151,526,1267,1294]" box="[151,526,1267,1294]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">
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<heading id="484581C2F024FFEAFF1FFB5CFDF6FAA7" bold="true" box="[151,526,1267,1294]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFF1FFB5CFDF6FAA7" bold="true" box="[151,526,1267,1294]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFF66FB5CFDF6FAA7" ID-CoL="95K8H" authority="Moore, 1878" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[238,526,1267,1294]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFF66FB5CFE92FAA4" bold="true" box="[238,362,1267,1294]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFEFAFB5CFDF6FAA7" author="Moore, F." box="[370,526,1267,1293]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" pagination="3 - 37" refId="ref8661" refString="Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new genera and species. Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London, 1878, 3 - 37, pls. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x" type="journal article" year="1878">Moore, 1878</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="5BA86525F024FFEAFF1FFA93FB62F8E4" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="130D36AEF024FFEAFF1FFA93FE19FAD3" blockId="1.[151,1437,1339,2014]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">
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<typeStatus id="CC09880CF024FFEAFF1FFA93FF37FAFC" box="[151,207,1340,1366]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Type</typeStatus>
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species (hereby fixed):
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<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFE6BFA94FD5BFAFF" authority="Volynkin & Černý & Huang & Hu, 2023" authorityName="Volynkin & Černý & Huang & Hu" authorityYear="2023" box="[483,675,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typica" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFE6BFA94FD5BFAFF" box="[483,675,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara typica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFD24FA94FD15FAFF" bold="true" box="[684,749,1339,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="3AF557C7F024FFEAFD24FA94FD15FAFF" box="[684,749,1339,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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misidentified as
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<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFC3AFA94FB0BFAFC" authority="Walker, 1854" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1854" box="[946,1267,1339,1366]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Lithosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serva">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFC3AFA94FBACFAFF" box="[946,1108,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Lithosia serva</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFBD4FA94FB0BFAFC" author="Walker, F." box="[1116,1267,1339,1366]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" pagination="279 - 581" refId="ref8733" refString="Walker, F. (1854) List of the specimens of lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 2. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 303 pp. [pp. 279 - 581]" type="book chapter" year="1854">
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Walker,
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<quantity id="D44A9B4BF024FFEAFB33FA94FB0BFAFC" box="[1211,1267,1339,1366]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.70916" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" unit="in" value="1854.0">1854</quantity>
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</bibRefCitation>
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in the original description by
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<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFEB6FACFFE26FAD3" author="Moore, F." box="[318,478,1375,1402]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" pagination="3 - 37" refId="ref8661" refString="Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new genera and species. Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London, 1878, 3 - 37, pls. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x" type="journal article" year="1878">Moore (1878)</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="130D36AEF024FFEAFF4FFA2CFB62F8E4" blockId="1.[151,1437,1339,2014]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFF4FFA2CFF07FA37" bold="true" box="[199,255,1411,1437]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Note</emphasis>
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.
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<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFE98FA2BFE48FA37" author="Moore, F." box="[272,432,1411,1438]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" pagination="3 - 37" refId="ref8661" refString="Moore, F. (1878) A revision of certain genera of European and Asiatic Lithosiinae, with characters of new genera and species. Proceedings of the general meetings for scientific business of the Zoological Society of London, 1878, 3 - 37, pls. 1 - 3. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 07927. x" type="journal article" year="1878">Moore (1878)</bibRefCitation>
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described the genus from specimen(s) from Darjeeling misidentified as
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<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFB72FA2CFF16FA6B" authority="Walker." authorityName="Walker." class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Lithosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serva">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFB72FA2CFA65FA37" box="[1274,1437,1411,1437]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Lithosia serva</emphasis>
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Walker.
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</taxonomicName>
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This species (
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<figureCitation id="8B892A2BF024FFEAFE1DFA08FDE1FA6B" box="[405,537,1447,1473]" captionStart="FIGURES 17–24" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[184,1399,187,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-25@9.[176,1411,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 17–24. Gandhara (17–20) and Collita (21–24) spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 17, 18, 22 and 23 in MWM/ZSM; 19 and 20 in NMNS (photos by S. Wu); 21 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 24 in SZMN (photo by V.V. Dubatolov)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151278" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151278/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Figs 21–23</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="8B892A2BF024FFEAFDAFFA08FD66FA68" box="[551,670,1447,1474]" captionStart="FIGURES 47–50" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1933,1957]" captionTargetBox="[166,1423,194,1897]" captionTargetId="figure-25@17.[152,1436,181,1910]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 47–50. Collita spp.: male (47–49) and female (50) genitalia. Depositories of the specimens dissected: 47, 48 and 50 in MWM/ZSM; 49 in SZMN (photo by V.V. Dubatolov)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151292" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151292/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">47, 48, 50</figureCitation>
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) belongs to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFC21FA08FC0FFA6B" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[937,1015,1447,1473]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFC21FA08FC0FFA6B" box="[937,1015,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Collita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and is clearly different superficially from the Moore’s original illustration of “
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<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFDE4FA64FCDBFA4F" authorityName="" sensu Dubatolov & Zolotuhin" authorityYear="2011" box="[620,803,1483,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serva">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFDE4FA64FCDBFA4F" box="[620,803,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara serva</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” (
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<figureCitation id="8B892A2BF024FFEAFCB7FA64FC79FA4F" box="[831,897,1483,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,183,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-18@4.[166,1422,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Gandhara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1: an original painting from Moore (1878); 2 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3–8 in MWM/ZSM." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151272/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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), contradicting the currently accepted treatment of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFEA4FA40FE67F9A3" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[300,415,1519,1545]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFEA4FA40FE67F9A3" box="[300,415,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFE38FA40FCF8F9A3" author="Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V." box="[432,768,1519,1545]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" pagination="367 - 379" refId="ref8159" refString="Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Euroasian entomological journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379 + 380, pl. VII. [http: // szmn. eco. nsc. ru / vvdubat / pdf / EEJ _ 10 (3) 367 - 379. pdf]" type="journal article" year="2011">Dubatolov & Zolotuhin 2011</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFC86FA40FC09F9A0" author="Kirti, J. S. & Singh, N." box="[782,1009,1519,1546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" refId="ref8628" refString="Kirti, J. S. & Singh, N. (2015) Arctiid Moths of India. Vol. 1. Nature Books India, New Delhi, 205 pp." type="book" year="2015">Kirti & Singh 2015</bibRefCitation>
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||
). Following the Article 70.3 of
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<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFAD3FA40FF1CF987" author="ICZN" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" refId="ref8528" refString="ICZN (1999) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4 th Edition. The International Trust of Zoological Nomenclature, London, 306 pp." type="book" year="1999">ICZN (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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, the taxonomic species actually involved in the misidentification by Moore was chosen for fixation of the
|
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<typeStatus id="CC09880CF024FFEAFF1FF997FF3FF9F8" box="[151,199,1592,1618]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">type</typeStatus>
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species of the genus in the present paper. Unfortunately, only a single female specimen lacking the abdomen supplemented with a Moore’s handwritten identification label was located in
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<collectionCode id="75A3AE6BF024FFEAFC62F9F3FBACF9DC" box="[1002,1108,1628,1654]" country="United Kingdom" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34665" name="Natural History Museum, London" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" type="Museum">NHMUK</collectionCode>
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B892A2BF024FFEAFBEAF9F4FB5DF9DF" box="[1122,1189,1627,1653]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–8" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[179,1414,183,1907]" captionTargetId="figure-18@4.[166,1422,179,1917]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1–8. Gandhara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 1: an original painting from Moore (1878); 2 in NHMUK (©The Trustees of NHMUK); 3–8 in MWM/ZSM." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151272" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151272/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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), which made fixation of the
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<typeStatus id="CC09880CF024FFEAFF54F92FFEF4F930" box="[220,268,1664,1690]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">type</typeStatus>
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species of the genus problematic due to the confirmed occurrence of two species of the genus in Northeast
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6BA5763EF024FFEAFF1FF90CFF2CF917" box="[151,212,1699,1725]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
. However, the aforementioned specimen is relatively large and matches the undescribed species treated in the earlier publications as “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFE16F968FDACF94B" authorityName="" sensu Dubatolov & Zolotuhin" authorityYear="2011" box="[414,596,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serva">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFE16F968FDACF94B" box="[414,596,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara serva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFDE6F968FC4FF94B" author="Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V." box="[622,951,1735,1761]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" pagination="367 - 379" refId="ref8159" refString="Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Euroasian entomological journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379 + 380, pl. VII. [http: // szmn. eco. nsc. ru / vvdubat / pdf / EEJ _ 10 (3) 367 - 379. pdf]" type="journal article" year="2011">Dubatolov & Zolotuhin 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFC4AF968FB63F948" author="Kirti, J. S. & Singh, N." box="[962,1179,1735,1762]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" refId="ref8628" refString="Kirti, J. S. & Singh, N. (2015) Arctiid Moths of India. Vol. 1. Nature Books India, New Delhi, 205 pp." type="book" year="2015">Kirti & Singh 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) whereas all the Indian specimens of the second species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFD98F943FC8AF8AF" authority="Dubatolov, 2012" authorityName="Dubatolov" authorityYear="2012" box="[528,882,1771,1798]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vietnamica">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFD98F943FD55F8AF" box="[528,685,1772,1798]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">G. vietnamica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFD3DF944FC8AF8AF" author="Dubatolov, V. V." box="[693,882,1771,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" pagination="507 - 512" refId="ref7940" refString="Dubatolov, V. V. (2012) New genus, species and faunistic records of lichen-moths (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) from Vietnam. Euroasian entomological journal, 11 (6), 507 - 512, pl. III. [http: // szmn. eco. nsc. ru / vvdubat / pdf / EEJ 11 (6) 507 - 512. pdf]" type="journal article" year="2012">Dubatolov, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, examined (
|
||
<figureCitation id="8B892A2BF024FFEAFC72F944FB82F8AF" box="[1018,1146,1771,1798]" captionStart="FIGURES 9–16" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1998,2022]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,237,1965]" captionTargetId="figure-60@7.[159,1427,237,1975]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 9–16. Gandhara spp.: adults. Depositories of the specimens: 9–14, 16 in MWM/ZSM; 15 in MfN." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10151274" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10151274/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Figs 15, 16</figureCitation>
|
||
) are considerably smaller than it. For this reason, “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFE21F8A0FBF5F883" authority="" sensu Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011)" authorityName="" sensu Dubatolov & Zolotuhin" authorityYear="2011" box="[425,1037,1807,1833]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="serva">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFE21F8A0FDA7F883" box="[425,607,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara serva</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFDF9F8BFFD57F883" box="[625,687,1808,1833]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFD3EF8A0FBF5F883" author="Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V." box="[694,1037,1807,1833]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" pagination="367 - 379" refId="ref8159" refString="Dubatolov, V. V. & Zolotuhin, V. V. (2011) Does Eilema Hubner, [1819] (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae, Lithosiinae) present one or several genera? Euroasian entomological journal, 10 (3), 367 - 379 + 380, pl. VII. [http: // szmn. eco. nsc. ru / vvdubat / pdf / EEJ _ 10 (3) 367 - 379. pdf]" type="journal article" year="2011">Dubatolov & Zolotuhin (2011)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="77234B5FF024FFEAFBC9F8A0FAD3F880" author="Kirti, J. S. & Singh, N." box="[1089,1323,1807,1834]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" refId="ref8628" refString="Kirti, J. S. & Singh, N. (2015) Arctiid Moths of India. Vol. 1. Nature Books India, New Delhi, 205 pp." type="book" year="2015">Kirti & Singh (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described below as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFE89F89CFE47F8E7" authority="Volynkin & Černý & Huang & Hu, 2023" authorityName="Volynkin & Černý & Huang & Hu" authorityYear="2023" box="[257,447,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="typica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFE89F89CFE47F8E7" box="[257,447,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara typica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFE4EF89CFDFEF8E7" bold="true" box="[454,518,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="3AF557C7F024FFEAFE4EF89CFDFEF8E7" box="[454,518,1843,1869]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is hereby fixed as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="CC09880CF024FFEAFC89F89BFCC9F8E4" box="[769,817,1844,1870]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFBA8F89CFB6BF8E7" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[1056,1171,1843,1869]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFBA8F89CFB6BF8E7" box="[1056,1171,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5BA86525F024FFE9FF4FF8F8FB5FFB6F" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="392" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="130D36AEF024FFE9FF4FF8F8FE85FE5F" blockId="1.[151,1437,1339,2014]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,1293]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="392" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFF4FF8F8FEC2F8DB" bold="true" box="[199,314,1879,1905]" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
. Species of the genus have distally dilated forewing with a convex costal margin which is reminiscent of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFF3FF8D4FEFDF83F" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[183,261,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFF3FF8D4FEFDF83F" box="[183,261,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the forewing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFDB7F8D4FD4AF83F" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[575,690,1915,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFDB7F8D4FD4AF83F" box="[575,690,1915,1941]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is broader and its upperside has a cluster of androconial scales in the distal section of the cell in males, which is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFCBBF830FC79F813" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[819,897,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFCBBF830FC79F813" box="[819,897,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the male genital capsule of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF024FFEAFB7EF830FA91F813" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[1270,1385,1951,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="391" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF024FFEAFB7EF830FA91F813" box="[1270,1385,1951,1977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="391">Gandhara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the anellus bears two sclerotised plate-like lobes basally fused with the postero-lateral branches of the juxta (the feature characteristic of the genus). Additionally, unlike
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FD33FF38FCF1FF1B" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[699,777,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FD33FF38FCF1FF1B" box="[699,777,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the juxta of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FC17FF38FBEAFF1B" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[927,1042,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FC17FF38FBEAFF1B" box="[927,1042,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Gandhara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is weakly sclerotised and flattened (it bears a sclerotised conical apical process in the similar genus), the vinculum is shorter, U-shaped or rectangular, and lacks coremata (it is elongate frame-like and with well-developed coremata in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FBD3FF70FB51FF53" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[1115,1193,223,249]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FBD3FF70FB51FF53" box="[1115,1193,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the sacculi are symmetrical and distally tapered (they are asymmetrical and with lobe-like postmedial processes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FA83FEACFAA1FEB7" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[1291,1369,259,285]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FA83FEACFAA1FEB7" box="[1291,1369,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The phallus vesica of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FED7FE88FE2AFEEB" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[351,466,295,321]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FED7FE88FE2AFEEB" box="[351,466,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Gandhara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is membranous and its distal section is more or less tubular and bears a robust claw- or horn-shaped terminal cornutus whereas the vesica of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FC98FEE4FCA6FECF" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[784,862,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FC98FEE4FCA6FECF" box="[784,862,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is granulose, sack-like, and bears several short but robust spike-like cornuti. The female genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FD42FEC0FCC5FE23" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[714,829,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FD42FEC0FCC5FE23" box="[714,829,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Gandhara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FC41FEC0FBEFFE23" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[969,1047,367,393]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FC41FEC0FBEFFE23" box="[969,1047,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the presence of the antrum, the tubular and rugose ductus bursae (it is heavily sclerotised and dorso-ventrally flattened in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FBF3FE3CFB31FE07" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[1147,1225,403,429]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FBF3FE3CFB31FE07" box="[1147,1225,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and the short and conical appendix bursae directed postero-laterally or posteriorly whereas it is strongly elongate, tubular and directed anteriorly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FEA0FE74FE8EFE5F" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[296,374,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Collita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FEA0FE74FE8EFE5F" box="[296,374,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Collita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="130D36AEF027FFE9FF4FFE51FB5FFB6F" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FF4FFE51FE8FFDB2" bold="true" box="[199,375,510,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Re-description</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FE01FE51FE20FDB2" bold="true" box="[393,472,510,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Adults</emphasis>
|
||
. Antenna ciliate in both sexes. Sexual dimorphism limited: female with somewhat narrower and longer forewing than male. Head ochreous yellow. Thorax brownish-grey, patagia ochreous yellow, tegula brownish-grey with ochreous yellow margins. Forewing distally dilated, with postmedially convex costal and antemedially convex anal margins. Forewing ground colour brownish-grey with narrow and distally tapering ochreous yellow stripe along costal margin. In male, forewing upperside with cluster of androconial scales in distal section of cell. Hindwing unicolorous pale ochreous yellow. Abdomen ochreous yellow, paler in proximal third.
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FF1FFD78FEBBFD5A" bold="true" box="[151,323,726,753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Male genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
. Uncus cylindrical, medially or distally dilated in certain species, with tiny claw-shaped tip. Arms of tegumen fused in posterior two-thirds. Vinculum equal in length to tegumen or somewhat shorter, anteriorly Ushaped or rectangular and with thin but evenly sclerotised arms. Valva lobular, with distally tapered and apically rounded dorsal section. Sacculus broader than dorsal section of valva, distally tapered and with upcurved and apically pointed distal process. Juxta flattened, weakly sclerotised, broadly X-shaped with shorter postero-lateral branches. Anellus with two sclerotised plate-like lobes basally fused with postero-lateral branches of juxta. Phallus cylindrical, somewhat upcurved medially, slightly dilated distally and with rounded coecum. Vesica membranous, with more or less tubular distal section bearing one robust claw- or horn-shaped terminal cornutus, and with additional semiglobular or utricular diverticula subbasally and medially. Vesica ejaculatorius originating subbasally.
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FF1FFBB4FE98FB9E" bold="true" box="[151,352,1050,1077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Female genitalia</emphasis>
|
||
. Papilla analis trapezoidal with rounded corners, weakly setose. Apophyses thin and equal in length. Postvaginal plate elliptical and swollen. Antrum funnel-shaped or rectangular. Ductus bursae shorter o equal in length to ovipositor, tubular and rugose. Posterior section of corpus bursae gelatinous with sclerotised wrinkles, asymmetrically protruding laterally. Anterior section of corpus bursae globular, membranous, with one or two rounded or elliptical signa. Appendix bursae conical, membranous, situated postero-laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="5BA86525F027FFE9FF4FFB61FE02FAD3" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="130D36AEF027FFE9FF4FFB61FEA1FAA7" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1293]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FF4FFB61FEA1FB42" bold="true" box="[199,345,1230,1256]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
. Species of the genus are known from Himalaya, northern Indochina, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6BA5763EF027FFE9FB72FB60FAC5FB43" box="[1274,1341,1231,1257]" name="China" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the island of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="6BA5763EF027FFE9FF77FB5CFEADFAA7" box="[255,341,1267,1293]" name="Taiwan" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="130D36AEF027FFE9FF1FFAF1FE02FAD3" blockId="2.[151,506,1374,1401]" box="[151,506,1374,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FF1FFAF1FE02FAD3" bold="true" box="[151,506,1374,1401]" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">
|
||
Species content of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D4B24D2DF027FFE9FEF6FAF1FE02FAD3" authorityName="Moore" authorityYear="1878" box="[382,506,1374,1401]" class="Insecta" family="Erebidae" genus="Gandhara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="21C6EABCF027FFE9FEF6FAF1FE02FAD3" bold="true" box="[382,506,1374,1401]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="392">Gandhara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |