573 lines
60 KiB
XML
573 lines
60 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657266" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bff05bfd-3c82-4fdb-b873-50f234f60d30" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784132" ID-ISSN="0067-1975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657266" checkinTime="1617214857572" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Colless, D. H." docDate="1998" docId="9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9" docLanguage="en" docName="RecAustMus.50.1.85-123.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Records of the Australian Museum 50 (1)" docSource="https://journals.australian.museum/colless-1998-rec-aust-mus-501-85123/" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CF64E561BE6B94FA5F31B9132C6D4316.1:RecAustMus.1998.journal_article" docStyleId="CF64E561BE6B94FA5F31B9132C6D4316" docStyleName="RecAustMus.1998.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Amenia longicornis" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="91" masterDocId="6660FF80163DFFF0FFF8FF9FFFC7FFB7" masterDocTitle="Morphometrics in the genus Amenia and revisionary notes on the Australian Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with the description of eight new species" masterLastPageNumber="123" masterPageNumber="85" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" updateTime="1634701921514" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Morphometrics in the genus Amenia and revisionary notes on the Australian Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with the description of eight new species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Colless, D. H.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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||
<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Records of the Australian Museum</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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||
<mods:part>
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<mods:date>1998</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>1998-05-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>50</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:detail type="issue">
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||
<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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||
</mods:detail>
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||
<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>85</mods:start>
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<mods:end>123</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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||
</mods:relatedItem>
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||
<mods:location>
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<mods:url>https://journals.australian.museum/colless-1998-rec-aust-mus-501-85123/</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1275</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">bff05bfd-3c82-4fdb-b873-50f234f60d30</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0067-1975</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">4652889</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657266" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180784132" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657266" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="87" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph blockId="2.[1511,2062,508,546]" box="[1511,2062,508,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
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||
<heading box="[1511,2062,508,546]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" reason="2">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="(Malloch)" baseAuthorityName="Malloch" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1511,2062,508,546]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
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<emphasis box="[1511,1869,508,546]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Amenia longicornis</emphasis>
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(Malloch)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1297,2284,613,3226]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066479322" county="To" location="On" municipality="Crosskey" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" specimenCount="12" specimenCount-male="12" stateProvince="South Australia">
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<bibRefCitation author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[1300,1581,613,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" pagination="33 - 140" refId="ref24684" refString="Crosskey, R. W., 1965. A systematic revision of the Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 16: 33 - 140." type="journal article" year="1965">Crosskey (1965)</bibRefCitation>
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saw only
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<specimenCount box="[1771,1919,613,652]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" type="male">12 males</specimenCount>
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and four females of this species, but marked variation in several characters was clearly evident.
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<collectingCounty box="[1567,1608,705,744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">To</collectingCounty>
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quote
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<collectingMunicipality box="[1724,1878,705,744]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Crosskey</collectingMunicipality>
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: "Male specimens from
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<collectingRegion box="[1301,1563,751,790]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">South Australia</collectingRegion>
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have short antennae, a short facial carina which is regularly elongate in facial view, a broader vertex, rather strongly developed outervertical setae and a strongly marked forward bowing of the costal margin of the wing; most males from
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<collectingRegion box="[1614,1926,935,974]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
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, on the other hand, have elongate antennae and a long rather lanceolate facial carina, a narrower vertex, very weak or hair-like outer vertical setae and no well marked bowing forward of the costa".
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2FA61FBC0FA0DFB31" box="[1433,1482,1119,1158]" county="To" municipality="Crosskey" name="On" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">On</location>
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the few specimens available these characters suggested a gradual transition from one form to the other, and
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2FA90FB24F9D5FB55" box="[1384,1554,1211,1250]" county="To" municipality="Crosskey" name="Crosskey" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Crosskey</location>
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could only speculate on the possible existence of an
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F9DEFB76F90AFAA7" box="[1574,1741,1257,1296]" county="To" municipality="Crosskey" name="East-West" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">East-West</location>
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cline
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="91" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1297,2284,613,3226]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
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<collectingCounty box="[1346,1410,1303,1342]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">The</collectingCounty>
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abundant material now available shows that male (but not female) characters provide a clear geographic division into eastern and western populations (
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<figureCitation box="[2083,2182,1395,1434]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[239,354,3108,3144]" captionTargetBox="[254,1172,2143,3060]" captionText="Figure 1. Distributions of forms of Amenia longicornis (overlapping records omitted). Filled squares = "eastern form"; filled triangles = "western form"; star = Payne's Find." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652893/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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).
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<collectingMunicipality box="[2217,2280,1395,1434]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">The</collectingMunicipality>
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former is, as far as known, isolated in the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F821FA3EF72FFA7F" box="[2009,2280,1441,1480]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Flinders Ranges" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Flinders Ranges</location>
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and around the head of
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F94FFA50F85FFA41" box="[1719,1944,1487,1526]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Spencer Gulf" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Spencer Gulf</location>
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in
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<collectingRegion box="[2008,2273,1487,1526]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">South Australia</collectingRegion>
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, extending north to the vicinity of Alice Springs. The latter occurs across the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F9B6F9B4F892F9E5" box="[1614,1877,1579,1618]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Nullarbor Plain" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Nullarbor Plain</location>
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and has been taken as far east as
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2FA36F9C6F972F937" box="[1486,1717,1625,1664]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Nunjikompita" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Nunjikompita</location>
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(longitude
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<geoCoordinate box="[1919,2074,1625,1664]" degrees="134" direction="east" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="134.33333">134°20'E</geoCoordinate>
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); but is rare or absent between there and
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F903F918F860F919" box="[1787,1959,1671,1710]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Iron Knob" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Iron Knob</location>
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in
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<collectingRegion box="[2021,2282,1671,1710]" country="Australia" name="South Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">South Australia</collectingRegion>
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(longitude
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<geoCoordinate box="[1486,1640,1717,1755]" degrees="137" direction="east" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="137.15">137°09'E</geoCoordinate>
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).
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F97FF92AF907F96C" box="[1671,1728,1717,1755]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="For" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">For</location>
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instance, it was not taken during intensive collecting at
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F94CF97DF893F8BD" box="[1716,1876,1762,1802]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Poochera" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Poochera</location>
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(longitude l
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<geoCoordinate box="[2111,2259,1762,1802]" degrees="34" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="34.833332">34°50'E</geoCoordinate>
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), whereas numerous specimens were taken a few days later around the head of the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F953F8A1F7E8F8D2" box="[1707,2095,1854,1893]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Great Australian Bight" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Great Australian Bight</location>
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(longitude ca 131°OO'E).
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2FA03F8F2F9E3F824" box="[1531,1572,1901,1939]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="To" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">To</location>
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the west, there is a more or less continuous distribution as far as the vicinity of
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F87AF805F7E9F875" box="[1922,2094,1946,1986]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Norseman" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Norseman</location>
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(longitude
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<geoCoordinate box="[1302,1456,1993,2031]" degrees="121" direction="east" minutes="50" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="121.833336">121°50'E</geoCoordinate>
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), extending south to the coast at
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F80BF856F759F858" box="[2035,2206,1993,2031]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Esperance" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Esperance</location>
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and north to
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2FA5CF869F96DF7AA" box="[1444,1706,2038,2077]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Widgiemooltha" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Widgiemooltha</location>
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; but only
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<specimenCount box="[1882,2089,2038,2077]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" type="generic">5 specimens</specimenCount>
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are known from areas further north or west. These include an enigmatic specimen from Payne's Find,
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<quantity box="[1978,2106,2130,2169]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" unit="km" value="500.0">500 km</quantity>
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northwest of
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2FABAF71EFA28F710" box="[1346,1519,2177,2215]" county="The" longitude="121.833336" municipality="The" name="Norseman" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="South Australia">Norseman</location>
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(see below).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1297,2284,613,3226]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">The analyses that follow concentrate, therefore, on possible differences between the isolated populations, and on possible clinal variation on an east-west axis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1297,2284,613,3226]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
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<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066479301" county="The" location="Whyalla-Iron Knob area" municipality="Wilpena Pound" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" specimenCount="54" specimenCount-male="54" stateProvince="Western Australia" typeStatus="holotype">
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In all
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<specimenCount box="[1455,1611,2360,2399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" type="male">54 males</specimenCount>
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were studied.
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<collectingCounty box="[1876,1941,2360,2399]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">The</collectingCounty>
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eastern popUlation was represented by only 8 (3 from
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<collectingMunicipality box="[1933,2205,2406,2445]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Wilpena Pound</collectingMunicipality>
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and 5 from the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2FA2DF60BF850F60C" box="[1493,1943,2452,2491]" county="The" municipality="Wilpena Pound" name="Whyalla-Iron Knob area" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="Western Australia">Whyalla-Iron Knob area</location>
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)-a meagre sample, but (I believe) sufficient to support the conclusions reached.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2FA4DF66FFA30F5A1" box="[1461,1527,2544,2582]" county="The" municipality="Wilpena Pound" name="The" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="Western Australia">The</location>
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western specimens included the
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<typeStatus box="[2132,2282,2544,2582]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">holotype</typeStatus>
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(from an unknown locality in
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<collectingRegion box="[1861,2188,2590,2628]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
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) and samples of from one to ten specimens from 15 localities covering the known range.
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F914F5E5F8C8F517" box="[1772,1807,2682,2720]" county="The" municipality="Wilpena Pound" name="In" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="Western Australia">In</location>
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||
general, sample sizes were so small that MDA was applied only to the
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||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F6035163FFFF2F7C5F538F72CF579" box="[2109,2283,2727,2766]" county="The" municipality="Wilpena Pound" name="East-West" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" stateProvince="Western Australia">East-West</location>
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||
contrast
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[1297,2284,613,3226]" lastBlockId="3.[229,1212,2658,3202]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="88" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
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PCA yielded 3 components that together explained 89% of variation. Examination of scores on component 3 showed that specimens were scattered more or less at random on that axis, so it was considered no further.
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<collectingRegion box="[1298,1512,3003,3042]" country="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Component</collectingRegion>
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1, explaining 70% of variance, was an "overall size" component, with most dimensional characters showing substantialloadings of the same sign.
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<collectingRegion box="[1298,1511,3141,3180]" country="Malaysia" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Component</collectingRegion>
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||
2 explained a further 13% of variance, contributed principally by
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||
<taxonomicName box="[1779,1841,3187,3226]" class="Bacteroidia" family="Cyclobacteriaceae" genus="Ant" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cytophagales" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Bacteroidota" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1779,1841,3187,3226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Ant</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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||
<emphasis box="[1937,1995,3187,3226]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">FeZ</emphasis>
|
||
(positive), with 88 Records of the Australian Museum (1998) Vol. 50 secondary contributions from
|
||
<emphasis box="[766,834,2658,2697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Uob</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[927,1010,2658,2697]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Cwm</emphasis>
|
||
(negative). In the ordination shown in Fig. 2, which plots scores on component 1 against those on component 2, it can be seen that eastern and western populations are clearly differentiated on component 2. An exception is a specimen from near Madura, W.A., with an unusually short (perhaps aberrant) antenna, but even it falls outside the envelope of points for the eastern specimens. On component 1, although the eastern specimens tend to be larger, 4 out of 8 fall within the range of the western population. The specimen from Payne's Find, however, is clearly differentiated from all others by its size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652893" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652893" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652893/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" startId="2.[239,354,3108,3144]" targetBox="[254,1172,2143,3060]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[239,1224,3108,3228]" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">
|
||
Figure 1. Distributions of forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Malloch" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[883,1224,3108,3144]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[883,1224,3108,3144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="87">Amenia longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(overlapping records omitted). Filled squares = "eastern form"; filled triangles = "western form"; star = Payne's Find.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652895" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652895" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652895/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" startId="3.[385,492,2455,2491]" targetBox="[302,2267,402,2358]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[385,2115,2455,2575]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[385,492,2455,2491]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
2. Ordination of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[783,909,2455,2491]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" type="male">54 male</specimenCount>
|
||
specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Malloch" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1146,1457,2455,2491]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1146,1457,2455,2491]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">Amenia longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on peA axes 1 and 2. Open triangles = "eastern form"; open circles = "western form" from east of
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[1349,1444,2497,2533]" degrees="125" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" precision="55555" value="125.0">125°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; filled circles = the same, west of
|
||
<geoCoordinate box="[2013,2108,2497,2533]" degrees="125" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" precision="55555" value="125.0">125°E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; filled diamond =
|
||
<typeStatus box="[659,794,2539,2575]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
; open diamond = Payne's Find specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[1282,2271,2659,3203]" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
Thus, eastern and western populations are clearly separated by a complex that included 5 of the 6 characters noted by Crosskey; significant variation was not confirmed for vertex width, but was found in one extra character (development of upper orbital bristle). While important, the bristle characters were not crucial. PCA of dimensional charactersalone yieldedan ordination (notshown) very similar to Fig. 2, with (as expected) component 2 dominated by
|
||
<emphasis box="[2215,2270,2981,3020]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">FeZ</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1353,1422,3027,3066]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1353,1417,3027,3066]" class="Bacteroidia" family="Cyclobacteriaceae" genus="Ant" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Cytophagales" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" phylum="Bacteroidota" rank="genus">Ant</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Interestingly, the two populations are simply and completely separated by "shape" of the carina, as indexed by the ratio
|
||
<emphasis box="[1490,1661,3119,3159]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="88">CwblCwm</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1686,1811,3119,3159]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[400,489,424,460]" captionTargetBox="[423,2084,572,879]" captionText="Table 1. Selected ratios and MDA scores discriminating eastern and western forms of A. longicornis (8 and 45 specimens respectively). "Payne's Find" specimen shown separately. For abbreviations, see text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41" pageId="3" pageNumber="88" tableUuid="468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
; note that apparent overlap of ranges is due to rounding).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" targetBox="[423,2084,572,879]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[399,2120,391,502]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Table 1. Selected ratios and MDA scores discriminating eastern and western forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Malloch" baseAuthorityYear="1930" box="[1739,1957,424,460]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1739,1957,424,460]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">A. longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(8 and 45 specimens respectively). "Payne's Find" specimen shown separately. For abbreviations, see text.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[399,2121,541,612]" lastBlockId="4.[397,2122,647,894]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<table box="[423,2084,572,879]" gridcols="6" gridrows="3" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<tr box="[423,2084,572,612]" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th box="[423,771,572,612]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Character</th>
|
||
<th box="[865,1217,572,612]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Easternform</th>
|
||
<th box="[1390,1747,572,612]" colspan="2" colspanRight="1" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Westernform</th>
|
||
<th box="[1850,2084,572,612]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Payne'sFind</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,2084,647,686]" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" rowspan-0="1" rowspan-5="1">
|
||
<td box="[865,990,647,686]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Range</td>
|
||
<td box="[1115,1217,647,686]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Mean</td>
|
||
<td box="[1390,1526,647,686]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Range</td>
|
||
<td box="[1644,1747,647,686]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Mean</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[423,2084,739,879]" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<th box="[423,771,739,879]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis box="[424,606,739,779]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Cwb/Cwm</emphasis>
|
||
(Frw+Eyh-Fcl)lHdw MDAscore
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td box="[865,990,739,879]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">0.7-0.8 0.5-0.5 3.7-5.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1115,1217,739,879]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">0.77 0.51 4.50</td>
|
||
<td box="[1390,1526,739,879]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">0.4-0.7 0.4-0.5 -3.2-1.1</td>
|
||
<td box="[1644,1747,739,879]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">0.61 0.42 0.65</td>
|
||
<td box="[1850,2084,739,879]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">0.80 0.49 2.40</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[236,1226,982,2721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Finally, MDA showed eastern and western populations to be completely discriminated by a function for which scores are summarised in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[671,792,1074,1112]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[400,489,424,460]" captionTargetBox="[423,2084,572,879]" captionText="Table 1. Selected ratios and MDA scores discriminating eastern and western forms of A. longicornis (8 and 45 specimens respectively). "Payne's Find" specimen shown separately. For abbreviations, see text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" tableUuid="468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. The major loadings were on
|
||
<emphasis box="[293,363,1119,1158]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Frw</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[449,521,1119,1158]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Csb,</emphasis>
|
||
with smaller but substantial contributions from
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Eyh, and Fe" authorityName="Eyh, and Fe" box="[341,684,1165,1204]" class="Arachnida" family="Theraphosidae" genus="Ami" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[341,533,1165,1204]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">AMi, Eyh,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[633,684,1165,1204]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Fe</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis box="[684,690,1165,1204]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">!</emphasis>
|
||
(the last negative, the others positive). MDA thus confirms the significance of the one remaining character
|
||
<emphasis box="[604,696,1258,1296]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">(Frw)</emphasis>
|
||
from Crosskey's set. A crude but effective version of the discriminant function is the ratio
|
||
<emphasis box="[333,413,1350,1388]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">(Frw</emphasis>
|
||
+
|
||
<emphasis box="[465,743,1350,1388]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Eyh Fe!) IHdw</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation box="[769,896,1350,1388]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[400,489,424,460]" captionTargetBox="[423,2084,572,879]" captionText="Table 1. Selected ratios and MDA scores discriminating eastern and western forms of A. longicornis (8 and 45 specimens respectively). "Payne's Find" specimen shown separately. For abbreviations, see text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" tableUuid="468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[236,1226,982,2721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3066479339" collectingDate="1983-05-21" collectingDateMax="1983-05-22" collectingDateMin="1983-05-21" collectionCode="AM" collectorName="G. A. Rolloway" location="MacDonnell Ranges" municipality="Palm Valley" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern Territory">
|
||
A specimen that has recently come to hand (
|
||
<collectingMunicipality box="[1016,1217,1396,1434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Palm Valley</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:9A5987F8163FFFF6FA1FFE63F88CFCC9:172F60351639FFF4FF09FA3EFD8CFA7F" box="[241,587,1441,1480]" municipality="Palm Valley" name="MacDonnell Ranges" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" stateProvince="Northern Territory">MacDonnell Ranges</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[606,910,1441,1480]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<date box="[930,1217,1441,1480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" value="1983-05-21" valueMax="1983-05-22" valueMin="1983-05-21">
|
||
<collectingDate box="[930,1217,1441,1480]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" value="1983-05-21" valueMax="1983-05-22" valueMin="1983-05-21">21-22 May 1983</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName box="[241,502,1488,1527]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">G.A. Rolloway</collectorName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode box="[519,587,1488,1527]" country="Australia" name="Australian Museum" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="Museum">AM</collectionCode>
|
||
) allows prospective application of the MDA function. As might be expected, its measurements conform well with those of the Eastern form
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[236,1226,982,2721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">The Payne's Find specimen is exceptional, in that MDA allocates it to the eastern form. Although in many ways similar to the eastern specimens, it is distinguished by its larger size, intermediate scores on principal component 2 and the discriminant function, and, of course, its immense geographic separation. Its status remains obscure--especially since its two nearest neighbours (from Walyahmoning Rock) are quite normal "western" specimens.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[236,1226,982,2721]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Figure 2 includes a suggestion of differentiation, perhaps clinal,
|
||
<emphasis box="[372,485,2039,2078]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">within</emphasis>
|
||
the eastern form (there is an apparent tendency of specimens from the same locality to cluster on component 2). However, there is clearly no suggestion whatever of such a phenomenon in the western form. Note the wide scatter of specimens in the samples from east and west of longitude 125°00. PCA of western specimens alone (not shown) releases them from within-group correlation effects (the linear clustering seen in Fig. 2); and, as expected, they scatter more or less at random on components 1 and 2. That is to say, the variation observed by Crosskey turns out to involve, not a simple cline, but two distinct geographic forms-with, perhaps, clinal variation within one of them. We may add to that the intriguing hint of a north-western population (Payne's Find) that resembles the
|
||
<emphasis box="[302,434,2682,2721]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">eastern,</emphasis>
|
||
rather than the western form (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[965,1095,2682,2721]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="4.[400,489,424,460]" captionTargetBox="[423,2084,572,879]" captionText="Table 1. Selected ratios and MDA scores discriminating eastern and western forms of A. longicornis (8 and 45 specimens respectively). "Payne's Find" specimen shown separately. For abbreviations, see text." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" tableUuid="468F66661639FFF4FE68FE37F8B8FE41">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657036" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4657036" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4657036/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" targetBox="[1505,2133,1241,2318]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1295,2278,2373,2492]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Figure 3. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1698,1963,2373,2408]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1698,1963,2373,2408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Amenia dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" box="[2045,2277,2373,2408]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crinita">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2045,2277,2373,2408]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Amenia crinita</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(overlapping records omitted). Filled circles
|
||
<emphasis box="[1973,1996,2414,2450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">=</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1996,2187,2414,2450]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1996,2181,2414,2450]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">A. dubitalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
filled squares =
|
||
<emphasis box="[1454,1610,2458,2492]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" box="[1454,1605,2458,2492]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="crinita">A. crinita</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[371,1083,2799,2838]" box="[371,1083,2799,2838]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[371,1083,2799,2838]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[371,711,2799,2838]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Amenia imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
Robineau-Desvoidy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[234,1226,2905,3173]" lastBlockId="4.[1293,2279,983,1206]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[236,523,2905,2944]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" pagination="33 - 140" refId="ref24684" refString="Crosskey, R. W., 1965. A systematic revision of the Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 16: 33 - 140." type="journal article" year="1965">Crosskey (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognised that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[821,1052,2905,2944]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[821,1052,2905,2944]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be readily distinguished from the very similar
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1014,1222,2950,2989]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">A. dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
Malloch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; but, in view of the closeness of that similarity and an apparent separation in their geographic ranges, he preferred to relegate the latter as a subspecies of the former. Accumulated material now shows that the degree of geographic separation is negligible, the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">A. dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being almost completely included within that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1293,1517,1075,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1293,1517,1075,1114]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1546,1700,1075,1114]" captionStart-0="Figure 3" captionStart-1="Figure 6" captionStartId-0="4.[1295,1400,2373,2408]" captionStartId-1="6.[219,325,1762,1797]" captionTargetBox-0="[1505,2133,1241,2318]" captionTargetBox-1="[521,913,732,1719]" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="Figure 3. Distribution of Amenia dubitalis and Amenia crinita (overlapping records omitted). Filled circles =A. dubitalis; filled squares = A. crinita." captionText-1="Figure 6. Details of recorded distribution of Amenia imperialis in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales (compare with Fig. 4)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4657036" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652903" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4657036/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4652903/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Figs 3-6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The consequent likelihood that the two are in fact perfectly "good" biological species calls for more detailed study of their morphological distinctness.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1294,2279,2581,3172]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">Crosskey's characterisation of the two forms now requires some amendment (see Part 2, below), but his sole dimensional character-the width of frons or vertexclearly applies. Preliminary tests pointed to correlated variation in other parameters ofhead shape, although other bodily dimensions showed no sign of significant variation.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[1294,2279,2581,3172]" lastBlockId="5.[217,1204,2016,3204]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="90" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">
|
||
The morphomettics of head shape were, therefore, investigated further in a series of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1857,2004,2902,2942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="male">68 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[2088,2271,2902,2942]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="female">63 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, chosen to cover the full geographic range of each taxon as well as a representative range of body sizes. They comprised
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1485,1638,3039,3080]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="male">20 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount box="[1734,1920,3039,3080]" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" type="female">20 females</specimenCount>
|
||
each of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[2078,2278,3039,3080]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[2078,2278,3039,3080]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">A. dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the "classical"
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1622,1845,3086,3125]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="89" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1622,1845,3086,3125]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="89">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(from coast and adjacent mountains), identified by the characters recommended by 90 Records of the Australian Museum (1998) Vol. 50
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[219,518,2016,2055]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" pagination="33 - 140" refId="ref24684" refString="Crosskey, R. W., 1965. A systematic revision of the Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 16: 33 - 140." type="journal article" year="1965">Crosskey (1965)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The remainder were identified as
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">A. imperialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but came from outlying areas or seemed for other reasons worthy of special scrutiny. In the light of the preliminary tests, 6 dimensions were chosen for measurement: frons width
|
||
<emphasis box="[678,781,2200,2239]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">(Frw),</emphasis>
|
||
frons length
|
||
<emphasis box="[1018,1106,2200,2239]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">(Frl),</emphasis>
|
||
gena width
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,439,2246,2285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">(Gnw),</emphasis>
|
||
face length
|
||
<emphasis box="[650,740,2246,2285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">(FeZ),</emphasis>
|
||
eye height
|
||
<emphasis box="[938,1038,2246,2285]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">(Eyh),</emphasis>
|
||
and head width
|
||
<emphasis box="[325,438,2292,2330]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">(Hdw).</emphasis>
|
||
All were measured as described above for
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longieornis">A. longieornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
this implies that
|
||
<emphasis box="[728,796,2338,2376]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Frw</emphasis>
|
||
was measured towards the middle of the frons in males, but across the posterior ocelli in females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652897" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652897" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652897/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" startId="5.[220,325,1776,1811]" targetBox="[264,662,710,1722]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[220,1202,1776,1896]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[220,325,1776,1811]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
4. Details of recorded distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[935,1202,1776,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[935,1202,1776,1811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Amenia dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales (compare with Fig. 6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652901" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652901" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652901/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" startId="5.[1274,1379,1776,1811]" targetBox="[889,2258,407,1715]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1273,2255,1776,1937]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1274,1379,1776,1811]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Figure</emphasis>
|
||
5. Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1673,1956,1776,1811]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1673,1956,1776,1811]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Amenia imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and close relatives (overlapping records omitted). Filled circles =
|
||
<emphasis box="[2035,2254,1818,1853]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[2035,2248,1818,1853]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">A. imperialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
open squares = "arid form"; filled triangles =
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Colless" authorityYear="1998" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albosquamata">Amenia albosquamata</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[217,1204,2016,3204]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
The close similarity of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[660,877,2475,2514]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[660,877,2475,2514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[961,1202,2475,2514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">A. dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
and the propriety of analysing them as a single groupwas first tested by separate PCA for the 20
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[979,1125,2568,2607]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[979,1125,2568,2607]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and 20 "classical"
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[471,635,2614,2652]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[471,635,2614,2652]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males. The 6 loadings on each of the first 3 components from the two analyses (18 paired observations) were almost perfectly correlated (r=0.96). PCA of data forthe full set of
|
||
<specimenCount box="[606,744,2751,2790]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" type="male">68 males</specimenCount>
|
||
then yieldeda first, "general size" component explaining 73% of variation.
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1007,1202,2797,2836]" country="Malaysia" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Component</collectingRegion>
|
||
2 explained 18%, with dominant, positive loadings on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1132,1201,2843,2882]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Frw</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[292,348,2889,2928]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">FeZ</emphasis>
|
||
and negative on
|
||
<emphasis box="[660,733,2889,2928]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Eyh.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[753,948,2889,2928]" country="Malaysia" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Component</collectingRegion>
|
||
3 explained a further 8%, bufprovided no obvious taxonomic information and was not considered further.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[217,1204,2016,3204]" lastBlockId="5.[1273,2259,2016,3203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Figure 7 shows a plot of component 1 against component 2. Not only is
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[495,709,3073,3112]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,709,3073,3112]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">A. dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clearly separated from
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">A. imperialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but an unexpected pattern of variation is evident within the latter taxon. Two distinct geographic segregates are separated from the main cluster: one comprising six specimens from localities near Cooktown and two from near Cairns, the other including two specimens from the
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
|
||
, eight from the Kimbedeys (northwesternAustralia), and seven from several arid, inland localities in
|
||
<collectingRegion country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1443,1634,2245,2284]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
. I am callingthe formerthe "Cooktown form" and the latter the "Western form" for the present. Other plots (not shown) show quite clearly that the distinction between
|
||
<emphasis box="[1615,1822,2383,2422]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1615,1816,2383,2422]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">A. dubitalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the Cooktown form, and other
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1372,1596,2429,2468]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1372,1596,2429,2468]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is governed largely by the regression of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1320,1388,2475,2514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Frw</emphasis>
|
||
on overall size; a similar regression of
|
||
<emphasis box="[2069,2124,2475,2514]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">FeZ</emphasis>
|
||
on size separates the Western form of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1809,2033,2521,2560]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1809,2033,2521,2560]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all the others. For practical purposes, these distinctions are well reflected in the ratios summarised in
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1917,2046,2613,2652]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="6.[371,460,2610,2646]" captionTargetBox="[402,2056,2758,3153]" captionText="Table 2. Ratios (ranges and means) of selected dimensions of Amenia dubitalis and forms of A. imperialis. Numbers of specimens in brackets." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/468F6666163BFFF6FE8BF5ADFC5EF5C8" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" tableUuid="468F6666163BFFF6FE8BF5ADFC5EF5C8">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[1273,2259,2016,3203]" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">
|
||
Accepting the foregoing groupings, MDA (not plotted) confirms that the 4 groups are indeed clearly identifiable. The first discriminant axis explains 80% of variance and, as expected, is dominated by
|
||
<emphasis box="[1775,1946,2797,2836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Frw; Gnw</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[2032,2087,2797,2836]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Fel</emphasis>
|
||
also have lesser but substantialloadings. The second explains 19%, with its principal loading on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1797,1856,2889,2928]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">FrI.</emphasis>
|
||
There were lesser but substantialloadings on
|
||
<emphasis box="[1674,1826,2935,2974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Frw, FeZ,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1914,1978,2935,2974]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">Eyh</emphasis>
|
||
(the first two of these were also prominent on the third principal component). All 4 groups are discriminated on the first axis alone, the second serving mainly to accentuate the distinction between populations of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1875,2096,3118,3158]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="90" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1875,2096,3118,3158]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="90">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the coastal regions and the "Western form".
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4652903" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4652903" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4652903/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" startId="6.[219,325,1762,1797]" targetBox="[521,913,732,1719]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[219,1203,1762,1881]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Figure 6. Details of recorded distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[919,1203,1762,1797]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[919,1203,1762,1797]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Amenia imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales (compare with Fig. 4).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[217,1204,1966,2510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
|
||
PCA of data for females showed rather similar results, but less clear-cut. The first, "size" component explained 91% of variation; the second explained 4%, with principal loadings on
|
||
<emphasis box="[429,495,2104,2143]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Frw</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[583,647,2104,2143]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Fcl.</emphasis>
|
||
An ordination on components 1 and 2 (not shown) has the "Cooktown form" mingled with other
|
||
<emphasis box="[315,547,2196,2235]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[315,541,2196,2235]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">A. imperialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but specimens of the "Western form" are clearly split off. The remainder form a loose cluster showing a partial separation into
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[847,1064,2288,2326]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[847,1064,2288,2326]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">A. dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">A. imperialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[217,1204,1966,2510]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
|
||
Further study of the geographic forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[981,1203,2379,2418]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[981,1203,2379,2418]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed that all are distinguishable on additional, qualitative attributes. These are discussed in Part 2 of this paper.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[1275,2255,394,894]" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
|
||
To sum up,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Malloch" authorityYear="1927" baseAuthorityName="Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1531,1735,394,434]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubitalis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1531,1735,394,434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">A. dubitalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1828,2051,394,434]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1828,2051,394,434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">A. imperialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are clearly separated, not only by qualitative characters, but also by quantitative parameters of head-shape. Also, morphometrics of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1330,1527,533,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Robineau-Desvoidy" authorityYear="1830" baseAuthorityName="imperialis Crosskey" baseAuthorityYear="1965" box="[1341,1516,533,572]" class="Insecta" family="Calliphoridae" genus="Amenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="91" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="imperialis">imperialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
"
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
point to the existence of at least 3 distinct populations. Two are geographically separated, one of them restricted largely to the
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1666,1971,625,664]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Kimberleys, the other to eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1604,1760,670,710]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but with some slight overlap in the interior of
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1588,1901,716,756]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">New South Wales</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1998,2202,716,756]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="6" pageNumber="91">Queensland</collectingRegion>
|
||
. A third population is everywhere sympatric with the eastern Australian form. The taxonomic implications of these findings are given below in Part 2.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |