305 lines
37 KiB
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305 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="67BCCCF3BE74C7CDFABAF7CD0A040DEC">Exploring the epidemiological role of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="384F01549DF340E701A805D09185D0EF">Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, & Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0F13BA6393B84A45FB096E17FFE515A0">Ryser-Degiorgis, Marie-Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3609AF2C9762E7A3F59DB903A5F281C9">Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="8617595E059A97E3227526AA8E819FFC">Marti, Iris A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="808FBF7F4C4563F639F5992B271A51F9">Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6A5BA0AB380BB161EB639A8A50FF2458">Borel, ephanie</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="63496977C630701D02EECEFC823ACF10">Institute for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern,</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="1569E02B67EE759EEAA6EDBC44DD9666">Frey, Caroline F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5A1BFF8EF046E9968B481544039D2D7C">Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E256869C4FFA7E48418515CE2B2D70CC">Mueller, Norbert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BA446BF267DA094E6B79AFF49CCE6E51">Ruetten, Maja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3E71EB6C8C778365943ACD049D394D22">PathoVet AG, Buckstrasse 2, 8317, Tagelswangen, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="DD9B6F059E189B2161197BEEC4FB3CB6">Basso, Walter</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BC692B767EF8DEEFE871A78C99DA3019">Institute of Parasitology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, L ¨ anggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
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<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FFC4CD3FEAFC5C1E" blockId="7.[100,405,819,838]" box="[100,405,819,838]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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<heading id="405C81ACFFAEFF89FFC4CD3FEAFC5C1E" box="[100,405,819,838]" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FFC4CD3FEAFC5C1E" bold="true" box="[100,405,819,838]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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4.5. Genotyping
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FEA0CD3FEA265C1E" authority="(Nicolle & Manceaux, 1908)" box="[256,335,819,838]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">T. gondii</taxonomicName>
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in lynx
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<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FF24CD67EA865CB5" blockId="7.[100,770,875,1982]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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Recent studies, especially in
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, have shown that there is greater genetic variability in
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FE93CD8BEAED5CC1" box="[307,388,902,922]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FE93CD8BEAED5CC1" bold="true" box="[307,388,902,922]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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than initially believed (
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<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FDCDCD8AEBFD5CEE" author="Vitaliano, S. N. & Soares, H. S. & Minervino, A. H. H. & Santos, A. L. Q. & Werther, K. & Marvulo, M. F. V. & Siqueira, D. B. & Pena, H. F. J. & Soares, R. M. & Su, C. & Gennari, S. M." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="276 - 283" refId="ref14845" refString="Vitaliano, S. N., Soares, H. S., Minervino, A. H. H., Santos, A. L. Q., Werther, K., Marvulo, M. F. V., Siqueira, D. B., Pena, H. F. J., Soares, R. M., Su, C., Gennari, S. M., 2014. Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Brazilian wildlife revealed abundant new genotypes. Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. 3, 276 - 283." type="journal article" year="2014">Vitaliano et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FF01CDAEEA385CEE" author="Witter, R. & Pena, H. F. J. & Maia, M. O. & Magalhtaes, A. O. de & Morgado, T. O. & Colodel, E. M. & Barros, D. A. & Igarashi, M. & Gennari, S. M. & Pacheco, R. C." box="[161,337,930,950]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="105681" refId="ref15108" refString="Witter, R., Pena, H. F. J., Maia, M. O., Magalhtaes, A. O. de, Morgado, T. O., Colodel, E. M., Barros, D. A., Igarashi, M., Gennari, S. M., Pacheco, R. C., 2020. Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in the Midwestern Brazil revealed high genetic diversity and new genotypes. Acta Trop. 212, 105681." type="journal article" year="2020">Witter et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
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). An overview of the known allele-type combinations is provided by the ToxoDB database (https://toxodb.org/ toxo/app, ToxoDB, accessed
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<date id="6F151000FFAEFF89FED4CDD6EA8D5CB5" box="[372,484,986,1005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="2022-09-08">09.08.2022</date>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FF24CDFAEAEB5943" blockId="7.[100,770,875,1982]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
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This is the first
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FEBDCDFAEA045B51" box="[285,365,1014,1033]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FEBDCDFAEA045B51" bold="true" box="[285,365,1014,1033]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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genotyping study in wild carnivores from
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<collectingCountry id="63BC7650FFAEFF89FFC4CA1EEBBF5B7D" box="[100,214,1042,1061]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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. A complete multilocus genotyping could only be achieved for four animals, though
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<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FEE9CA22EAFC5B18" box="[329,405,1069,1089]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FEE9CA22EAFC5B18" bold="true" box="[329,405,1069,1089]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was identified in more individuals. The main difficulty was to obtain samples with sufficient DNA amount. The well-known and widespread genotype #3 (
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<typeStatus id="C4108862FFAEFF89FE56CA6AE9495B21" box="[502,544,1126,1145]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
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<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FD86CA6AE95D5B21" box="[550,564,1126,1145]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</collectionCode>
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variant;
|
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<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FD29CA6AEBFD5BCD" author="Shwab, E. K. & Zhu, X. - Q. & Majumdar, D. & Pena, H. F. J. & Gennari, S. M. & Dubey, J. P. & Su, C." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="453 - 461" refId="ref14469" refString="Shwab, E. K., Zhu, X. - Q., Majumdar, D., Pena, H. F. J., Gennari, S. M., Dubey, J. P., Su, C., 2014. Geographical patterns of Toxoplasma gondii genetic diversity revealed by multilocus PCR-RFLP genotyping. Parasitology 141, 453 - 461." type="journal article" year="2014">Shwab et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
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) was detected in three of the animals. Toxo DB #3 has previously been isolated from European wildlife several times. This genotype was detected in arctic foxes from
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<collectingCountry id="63BC7650FFAEFF89FE25CAB6EAB85B95" box="[389,465,1210,1229]" name="Norway" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Norway</collectingCountry>
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, wildcats and Eurasian beavers (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FFCCCAD9EBBD5BB0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[108,212,1237,1256]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fiber">
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<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FFCCCAD9EBBD5BB0" bold="true" box="[108,212,1237,1256]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Castor fiber</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||
) from
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||
<collectingCountry id="63BC7650FFAEFF89FEB4CADAEA035BB1" box="[276,362,1238,1257]" name="Germany" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Germany</collectingCountry>
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||
and even dolphins from the Mediterranean Sea (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FF35CAFDEA355A5C" author="Prestrud, K. W. & Asbakk, K. & Mork, T. & Fuglei, E. & Tryland, M. & Su, C." box="[149,348,1265,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="121 - 128" refId="ref13793" refString="Prestrud, K. W., Asbakk, K., Mork, T., Fuglei, E., Tryland, M., Su, C., 2008. Direct highresolution genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in the remote arctic Svalbard archipelago reveals widespread clonal type II lineage. Vet. Parasitol. 158, 121 - 128." type="journal article" year="2008">Prestrud et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FECACAFEE92B5A5C" author="Herrmann, D. C. & Wibbelt, G. & Conraths, F. J. & Schares, G." box="[362,578,1265,1285]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="108 - 111" refId="ref12111" refString="Herrmann, D. C., Wibbelt, G., Gotz ¨, M., Conraths, F. J., Schares, G., 2013. Genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from European beavers (Castor fiber) and European wildcats (Felis silvestris silvestris). Vet. Parasitol. 191, 108 - 111." type="journal article" year="2013">Herrmann et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
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||
; Fern´andez-Escobar et al., 2022b). Also in
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<collectingCountry id="63BC7650FFAEFF89FE9FCB01EAD85A78" box="[319,433,1293,1312]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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, genotype ToxoDB #3 was already detected in domestic cats and voles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FE17CB25E9C55A64" author="Berger-Schoch, A. E. & Herrmann, D. C. & Schares, G. & Muller, N. & Bernet, D. & Gottstein, B. & Frey, C. F." box="[439,684,1321,1340]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="290 - 297" refId="ref10469" refString="Berger-Schoch, A. E., Herrmann, D. C., Schares, G., Muller, N., Bernet, D., Gottstein, B., Frey, C. F., 2011. Prevalence and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in feline faeces (oocysts) and meat from sheep, cattle and pigs in Switzerland. Vet. Parasitol. 177, 290 - 297." type="journal article" year="2011">Berger-Schoch et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FD17CB25EBB95A00" author="Spycher, A. & Geigy, C. & Howard, J. & Posthaus, H. & Gendron, K. & Gottstein, B. & Debache, K. & Herrmann, D. C. & Schares, G. & Frey, C. F." pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="104 - 108" refId="ref14573" refString="Spycher, A., Geigy, C., Howard, J., Posthaus, H., Gendron, K., Gottstein, B., Debache, K., Herrmann, D. C., Schares, G., Frey, C. F., 2011. Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii causing fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent 10 - year-old cat. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 23, 104 - 108." type="journal article" year="2011">Spycher et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FF7CCB49EACE5A00" author="Pardo Gil, M. & Hegglin, D. & Briner, T. & Ruetten, M. & Muller, N. & More, G. & Frey, C. F. & Deplazes, P. & Basso, W." box="[220,423,1349,1368]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref13596" refString="Pardo Gil, M., Hegglin, D., Briner, T., Ruetten, M., Muller, N., More, G., Frey, C. F., Deplazes, P., Basso, W., 2023. High prevalence rates of Toxoplasma gondii in cathunted small mammals - evidence for parasite induced behavioural manipulation in the natural environment? Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijppaw. 2023.01.007." type="book" year="2023">Pardo Gil et al., 2023</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Genotype
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FDBBCB49E9405A00" box="[539,553,1349,1368]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</collectionCode>
|
||
is typically considered intermediate to non-virulent in mice, causing mostly subclinical infections (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FF1CCB71EAAE5AC8" author="Sibley, L. D. & Boothroyd, J. C." box="[188,455,1405,1424]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref14539" refString="Sibley, L. D., Boothroyd, J. C., 1992. Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage. Nature 359, 82 - 85." type="journal article" year="1992">Sibley and Boothroyd, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FE74CB71E9F95AC8" author="Wendte, J. M. & Gibson, A. K. & Grigg, M. E." box="[468,656,1405,1424]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="96 - 111" refId="ref14956" refString="Wendte, J. M., Gibson, A. K., Grigg, M. E., 2011. Population genetics of Toxoplasma gondii: new perspectives from parasite genotypes in wildlife. Vet. Parasitol. 182, 96 - 111." type="journal article" year="2011">Wendte et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, genotype
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FF4DCB95EB925AF4" box="[237,251,1433,1452]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</collectionCode>
|
||
was associated with fatal infections in 32 animals from altogether five different species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FE06CBB8E9225A90" author="Jokelainen, P." box="[422,587,1460,1480]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref12361" refString="Jokelainen, P., 2012. Endemic Toxoplasma gondii genotype II causes fatal infections in animal hosts in Europe - lessons learnt. In: Djurkovic´Djakovi´c, O. (Ed.), Toxoplasmosis - Recent Advances. IntechOpen." type="book" year="2012">Jokelainen, 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including a fatal case in a domestic cat from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="63BC7650FFAEFF89FEC2CBDCEAB85ABB" box="[354,465,1488,1507]" name="Switzerland" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FE7ECBDCE9FF5ABB" author="Spycher, A. & Geigy, C. & Howard, J. & Posthaus, H. & Gendron, K. & Gottstein, B. & Debache, K. & Herrmann, D. C. & Schares, G. & Frey, C. F." box="[478,662,1488,1508]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="104 - 108" refId="ref14573" refString="Spycher, A., Geigy, C., Howard, J., Posthaus, H., Gendron, K., Gottstein, B., Debache, K., Herrmann, D. C., Schares, G., Frey, C. F., 2011. Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii causing fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent 10 - year-old cat. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 23, 104 - 108." type="journal article" year="2011">Spycher et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Genotype
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FFC4CBE1EB105958" box="[100,121,1517,1536]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">III</collectionCode>
|
||
is strongly represented and largely considered of low virulence (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FFCCC804EA1D5943" author="Sibley, L. D. & Boothroyd, J. C." box="[108,372,1544,1563]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="82 - 85" refId="ref14539" refString="Sibley, L. D., Boothroyd, J. C., 1992. Virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii comprise a single clonal lineage. Nature 359, 82 - 85." type="journal article" year="1992">Sibley and Boothroyd, 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FF24C828EAC0586A" blockId="7.[100,770,875,1982]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
Furthermore, a new, unknown genotype was found in skeletal muscle of a juvenile lynx. In the newly discovered allele pattern, six of the 10 tested markers corresponded to
|
||
<typeStatus id="C4108862FFAEFF89FE2BC850EADD5937" box="[395,436,1628,1647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FE18C850EAA45937" box="[440,461,1628,1647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">III</collectionCode>
|
||
alleles, two to
|
||
<typeStatus id="C4108862FFAEFF89FDF6C850E9165937" box="[598,639,1628,1647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FD23C850E9FA5937" box="[643,659,1628,1647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</collectionCode>
|
||
, one to
|
||
<typeStatus id="C4108862FFAEFF89FD79C850E86B5937" box="[729,770,1628,1647]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
I (Apico), as well as one marker (
|
||
<specimenCode id="4B0D9EBBFFAEFF89FE3AC874EAB859D3" box="[410,465,1656,1675]" collectionCode="SAG" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2vvw-hn58" name="Sammlung von Algenkulturen at Universitat Gottingen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SAG1</specimenCode>
|
||
) where a
|
||
<typeStatus id="C4108862FFAEFF89FD8EC874E93E59D3" box="[558,599,1656,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">type</typeStatus>
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FDFDC874E90259D3" box="[605,619,1656,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</collectionCode>
|
||
or
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FD2BC874E9C959D3" box="[651,672,1656,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">III</collectionCode>
|
||
allele was possible. The obtained sequences for all markers were of a very good quality and did not show the presence of double peaks, which could suggest a coinfection with two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FE27C8C0EABC5986" box="[391,469,1739,1759]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FE27C8C0EABC5986" bold="true" box="[391,469,1739,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genotypes in the same analysed tissue sample. Therefore, this genotype could represent a
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FD3EC8E4E9C559A3" box="[670,684,1768,1787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</collectionCode>
|
||
x
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FD6AC8E4E9B659A3" box="[714,735,1768,1787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">III</collectionCode>
|
||
recombinant strain, as it was observed in several studies in Europe (Fern´andez-Escobar et al., 2022b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FF24C937EE535D76" blockId="7.[100,770,875,1982]" lastBlockId="7.[818,1488,147,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
It is known that
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FE85C937EA3F5816" box="[293,342,1851,1870]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">RFLP</collectionCode>
|
||
is a good tool for tracing ancestry from historical archetypes, as certain sequences are required for enzyme digestion. However, SNPs can only be detected with complete sequencing of the marker sequence. Strictly speaking, occurring SNPs would lead to a new classification or to description of more non-clonal genotypes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FC9ACE98E8945FFF" author="Wendte, J. M. & Gibson, A. K. & Grigg, M. E." box="[826,1021,148,167]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="96 - 111" refId="ref14956" refString="Wendte, J. M., Gibson, A. K., Grigg, M. E., 2011. Population genetics of Toxoplasma gondii: new perspectives from parasite genotypes in wildlife. Vet. Parasitol. 182, 96 - 111." type="journal article" year="2011">Wendte et al., 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this study, due to sequencing and
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FA28CE98EEA65FFE" bold="true" box="[1416,1487,147,167]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">in silico</emphasis>
|
||
digestion, complete marker sequences were available for analysis and were compared to reference sequences of archetypal
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FA95CEC0EEEF5F86" box="[1333,1414,203,223]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FA95CEC0EEEF5F86" bold="true" box="[1333,1414,203,223]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<typeStatus id="C4108862FFAEFF89FA2ECEC0EED65F87" box="[1422,1471,204,223]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">types</typeStatus>
|
||
I (
|
||
<specimenCode id="4B0D9EBBFFAEFF89FC99CEE4E80A5FA3" box="[825,867,232,251]" collectionCode="GT" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">GT1</specimenCode>
|
||
; ToxoDB genotype #10),
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FBF8CEE4EF0F5FA3" box="[1112,1126,232,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="4B0D9EBBFFAEFF89FBD3CEE4EFC75FA3" box="[1139,1198,232,251]" collectionCode="ME" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">ME49</specimenCode>
|
||
; ToxoDB genotype #1) and
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FA1ACEE4EEA65FA3" box="[1466,1487,232,251]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">III</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FC97CF0FE80C5E4E" box="[823,869,259,278]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">VEG</collectionCode>
|
||
; ToxoDB genotype #2). The observed
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FB66CF0FEF845E4E" box="[1222,1261,259,278]" country="Malaysia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15856" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15856" name="Sabah Parks" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">SNP</collectionCode>
|
||
in the
|
||
<specimenCode id="4B0D9EBBFFAEFF89FA8ACF0FEE375E4E" box="[1322,1374,259,278]" collectionCode="SAG" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2vvw-hn58" name="Sammlung von Algenkulturen at Universitat Gottingen" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">SAG3</specimenCode>
|
||
sequence of a lynx (ID: W21_0845; OQ230332) has also been detected in sheep in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="63BC7650FFAEFF89FC92CF37E80F5E16" box="[818,870,315,334]" name="Spain" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Fern´andez-Escobar et al., 2020).
|
||
<location id="1E74601BFFAEFF89FB0FCF37EF815E16" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:930287D6FFAEFF89FFC4CD3FEE7E5A0E:1E74601BFFAEFF89FB0FCF37EF815E16" box="[1199,1256,315,334]" country="Spain" county="There" municipality="Europe" name="There" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">There</location>
|
||
, it was also noticed that this mutation leads to a change in the codon at this position.
|
||
<location id="1E74601BFFAEFF89FADFCF5BEEB95E32" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:930287D6FFAEFF89FFC4CD3FEE7E5A0E:1E74601BFFAEFF89FADFCF5BEEB95E32" box="[1407,1488,343,362]" country="Spain" county="There" municipality="Europe" name="Whether" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Whether</location>
|
||
this results in a change in pathogenicity has not been investigated in detail, but abortions with this genotype and mutation have been observed in the same sheep.
|
||
<location id="1E74601BFFAEFF89FBE1CFA7EFFB5EE6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:930287D6FFAEFF89FFC4CD3FEE7E5A0E:1E74601BFFAEFF89FBE1CFA7EFFB5EE6" box="[1089,1170,427,446]" country="Spain" county="There" municipality="Europe" name="Whether" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Whether</location>
|
||
the occurrence of this
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FACBCFA7EEFB5EE6" box="[1387,1426,427,446]" country="Malaysia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15856" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15856" name="Sabah Parks" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" type="Herbarium">SNP</collectionCode>
|
||
might be frequent throughout
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="FB70ACBAFFAEFF89FBB8CFCBEF325E82" box="[1048,1115,455,474]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Europe</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
is currently unknown because most of the studies performed traditional
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FBD2CFEFEFCA5EAE" box="[1138,1187,483,502]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">RFLP</collectionCode>
|
||
analysis without sequencing of the obtained amplicons.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="F2754E4CFFAEFF89FB85CFF2EF325D49" box="[1061,1115,510,529]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">There</collectingCounty>
|
||
were no deviations from the original
|
||
<typeStatus id="C4108862FFAEFF89FC92CC17E80A5D76" box="[818,867,539,558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">types</typeStatus>
|
||
I,
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FCDDCC17E8E25D76" box="[893,907,539,558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">II</collectionCode>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode id="7DBAAE05FFAEFF89FC1ACC17E8A65D76" box="[954,975,539,558]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">III</collectionCode>
|
||
in the rest of the complete sequences.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FCF1CC3AE8F35B7B" blockId="7.[818,1488,147,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
An important question is the relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FAC3CC3AEEA65D11" authorityName="Nicolle & Manceaux" authorityYear="1909" box="[1379,1487,566,585]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FAC3CC3AEEA65D11" bold="true" box="[1379,1487,566,585]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Toxoplasma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
detection (whether in faeces or tissue) and the animal clinical status. In the case of the young lynx with the novel genotype,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FABBCC62EE005DD9" box="[1307,1385,622,641]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FABBCC62EE005DD9" bold="true" box="[1307,1385,622,641]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cysts were also detected in the heart but they were not associated with inflammatory reaction. This animal was an orphan in a wildlife rescue centre that died of a severe purulent peritonitis with concomitant
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FA9CCCCDE8F05DA8" authorityName="Smith & Thal" authorityYear="1965" baseAuthorityName="Pfeiffer" baseAuthorityYear="1889" class="Insecta" family="Amelidae" genus="Yersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudotuberculosis">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FA9CCCCDE8F05DA8" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
infection (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FBA7CCD1EFA25DA9" author="Morend, F. & Lang, J. & Vidondo, B. & Ryser-Degiorgis, M. - P." box="[1031,1227,733,753]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" refId="ref13264" refString="Morend, F., Lang, J., Vidondo, B., Ryser-Degiorgis, M. - P., 2022. Radiographic pelvimetry in free-ranging Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx carpathicus) from Switzerland. Eur. J. Wildl. Res. 68." type="book" year="2022">Morend et al., 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This infection may have happened either via preying on rodents or eating contaminated food. It is unclear whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FC47CD19EF3A5C70" authorityName="Nicolle & Manceaux" authorityYear="1909" box="[999,1107,789,808]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FC47CD19EF3A5C70" bold="true" box="[999,1107,789,808]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Toxoplasma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
found its way into the organism via the same route. In this case, the infection was an incidental finding. Pathological changes associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FBD8CD41EF8D5C38" authorityName="Nicolle & Manceaux" authorityYear="1909" box="[1144,1252,845,864]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FBD8CD41EF8D5C38" bold="true" box="[1144,1252,845,864]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Toxoplasma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cysts or DNA were not found in the other animals in this study either. These findings suggest that despite the presence of the parasite, clinical and pathological changes would be exceptional. Congenital toxoplasmosis can occur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="7F3A4B31FFAEFF89FC9ACDB1E8865C88" author="Dubey, J. P. & Quinn, W. J. & Weinandy, D." box="[826,1007,957,976]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="324 - 327" refId="ref11085" refString="Dubey, J. P., Quinn, W. J., Weinandy, D., 1987. Fatal neonatal toxoplasmosis in a bobcat (Lynx rufus). J. Wildl. Dis. 23, 324 - 327." type="journal article" year="1987">Dubey et al., 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and therefore neonates would be most likely to develop toxoplasmosis but there were no neonatal animals in this study. Indeed, such young animals are hardly ever found under free-ranging conditions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FCF1CA21E8BA5BBF" blockId="7.[818,1488,147,1255]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
In conclusion, this study showed that the Eurasian lynx can act as an intermediate and final host of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FBF6CA44EFCC5B03" box="[1110,1189,1096,1115]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FBF6CA44EFCC5B03" bold="true" box="[1110,1189,1096,1115]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by demonstrating oocyst shedding and tissue cyst occurrence. Genotyping revealed the presence of both a locally common
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FBB5CA8CEF0C5BCB" box="[1045,1125,1152,1171]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FBB5CA8CEF0C5BCB" bold="true" box="[1045,1125,1152,1171]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lineage and a previously undescribed genotype. Investigation of lynx prey in the same study area including genotyping would increase the understanding of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="DCAB4D43FFAEFF89FB5CCAB4EE235B92" box="[1276,1354,1207,1227]" family="Sarcocystidae" genus="Toxoplasma" kingdom="Chromista" order="Eucoccidiida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Miozoa" rank="species" species="gondii">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FB5CCAB4EE235B92" bold="true" box="[1276,1354,1207,1227]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">T. gondii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
epidemiology in Swiss wildlife.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FC92CB00E8085A47" blockId="7.[818,865,1292,1311]" box="[818,865,1292,1311]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis id="29DFEAD2FFAEFF89FC92CB00E8085A47" bold="true" box="[818,865,1292,1311]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Note</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="1B1436C0FFAEFF89FCF1CB4FEE7E5A0E" blockId="7.[849,1303,1347,1366]" box="[849,1303,1347,1366]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Supplementary data associated with this article.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |