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<document id="D07865CF49CAA8D4FB3BD1E59A4D92B5" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8089905" ID-ZooBank="0E28EEF2-38B4-412F-80C1-CC958A9B7B26" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1687949212707" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Poorani, J." docDate="2023" docId="8A2A223EEA65FFAB02D67504B60AFBA3" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5311.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5311 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5311.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Novius cardinalis" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="16" masterDocId="76135A46EA69FFA402417269B37AFF96" masterDocTitle="A review of the tribe Noviini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian subcontinent" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1687949915969" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="6822B176F7129938CEA041E0254BB89C">A review of the tribe Noviini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian subcontinent</mods:title>
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<treatment id="8A2A223EEA65FFAB02D67504B60AFBA3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089921" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8089921" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A2A223EEA65FFAB02D67504B60AFBA3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A2A223EEA65FFAB02D67504B60AFBA3" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<subSubSection id="4A99C0A3EA65FFA802D67504B295F811" box="[151,495,1901,1928]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="023C9328EA65FFA802D67504B295F811" blockId="12.[151,495,1901,1963]" box="[151,495,1901,1928]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<heading id="59742444EA65FFA802D67504B295F811" bold="true" box="[151,495,1901,1928]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA65FFA802D67504B295F811" authority="(Mulsant)" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[151,495,1901,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Novius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA65FFA802D67504B295F811" bold="true" box="[151,495,1901,1928]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA65FFA802D67504B216F81E" bold="true" box="[151,364,1901,1928]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Novius cardinalis</emphasis>
(Mulsant)
</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="4A99C0A3EA65FFA802D675F8B260F83D" box="[151,282,1937,1963]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
<paragraph id="023C9328EA65FFA802D675F8B260F83D" blockId="12.[151,495,1901,1963]" box="[151,282,1937,1963]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
(
<figureCitation id="9AB88FADEA65FFA802DE75F8B392F83D" box="[159,232,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[152,1429,679,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-191@13.[152,1436,676,1681]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Novius cardinalis (Mulsant): a. adult, dorsal view; b–d. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, inner view; d. penis; e. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089939/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Figs 9</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="9AB88FADEA65FFA802B575F8B26BF83D" box="[244,273,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[214,1373,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-21@14.[214,1373,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Novius cardinalis (Mulsant): a. larva on casuarina; b. larva feeding on Nipaecoccus viridis; c, d. pupa; e, f. adult; g, h. mating pair." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089941/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">10</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4A99C0A3EA65FFA902D675BFB185FEDE" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="023C9328EA65FFA802D675BFB159F878" blockId="12.[151,547,2005,2030]" box="[151,547,2005,2030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2293B406EA65FFA802D675BFB159F878" box="[151,547,2005,2030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA65FFA802D675BFB164F878" author="Mulsant, E." box="[151,542,2005,2030]" page="906" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" year="1850">
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA65FFA802D675BFB164F878" authority="Mulsant, 1850: 906" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityPageNumber="906" authorityYear="1850" box="[151,542,2005,2030]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Vedalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA65FFA802D675BFB22AF878" box="[151,336,2006,2030]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Vedalia cardinalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA65FFA8031775BFB164F878" author="Mulsant, E." box="[342,542,2005,2030]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1 - 1104" refId="ref15229" refString="Mulsant, E. (1850) Species des Coleopteres Trimeres Securipalpes. Annales des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, d'Agriculture et d'Industrie, publiees par la Societe nationale d'Agriculture, etc., de Lyon, Deuxieme Serie, 2, 1 - 1104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8953" type="journal article" year="1850">Mulsant, 1850: 906</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902D672FEB193FF39" blockId="13.[151,767,151,328]" box="[151,745,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2293B406EA64FFA902D672FEB193FF39" box="[151,745,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA64FFA902D672FEB173FF39" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[151,521,151,175]" page="283" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1874">
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA64FFA902D672FEB173FF39" authority=": Crotch 1874: 283" authorityName="Crotch" authorityPageNumber="283" authorityYear="1874" box="[151,521,151,175]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Novius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902D672FEB230FF39" box="[151,330,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Novius cardinalis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA64FFA9031672FEB173FF39" author="Crotch, G. R." box="[343,521,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref13972" refString="Crotch, G. R. (1874) A Revision of the Coleopterous Family Coccinellidae. E. W. Janson, London, xv + 311 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 8975" type="book" year="1874">Crotch 1874: 283</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.-
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA64FFA9005572FEB19FFF39" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3795988" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3795988" author="Pang, H. &amp; Tang, X. F. &amp; Booth, R. G. &amp; Vandenberg, N. &amp; Forrester, J. &amp; McHugh, J. &amp; Slipinski, A." box="[532,741,151,175]" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EEFD2AFFA7FF86FEDD1881D5D83A2E" page="18" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="2020">
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA64FFA9005572FEB19FFF39" author="Pang, H. &amp; Tang, X. F. &amp; Booth, R. G. &amp; Vandenberg, N. &amp; Forrester, J. &amp; McHugh, J. &amp; Slipinski, A." box="[532,741,151,175]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref15453" refString="Pang, H., Tang, X. F., Booth, R. G., Vandenberg, N., Forrester, J., McHugh, J. &amp; Slipinski, A. (2020) Revision of the Australian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Genus Novius Mulsant of tribe Noviini. Annales Zoologici, 70 (1), 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 00034541 ANZ 2020.70.1.001" type="journal article" year="2020">
Pang
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA9001172FEB107FF39" box="[592,637,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">et al</emphasis>
. 2020: 18
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902D672DCB15DFF5B" blockId="13.[151,767,151,328]" box="[151,551,181,205]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2293B406EA64FFA902D672DCB15DFF5B" box="[151,551,181,205]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA64FFA902D672DCB159FF5B" author="Weise, J." box="[151,547,181,205]" page="150" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1895">
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA64FFA902D672DCB159FF5B" authority=": Weise 1895: 150" authorityName="Weise" authorityPageNumber="150" authorityYear="1895" box="[151,547,181,205]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Eurodolia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902D672DCB213FF5B" box="[151,361,181,205]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Eurodolia cardinalis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA64FFA9033772DCB159FF5B" author="Weise, J." box="[374,547,181,205]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="147 - 151" refId="ref16838" refString="Weise, J. (1895) Uber die mit Novius Mulsant. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 39, 147 - 151." type="journal article" year="1895">Weise 1895: 150</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902D672BDB1D7FF7A" blockId="13.[151,767,151,328]" box="[151,685,212,236]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2293B406EA64FFA902D672BDB1D7FF7A" box="[151,685,212,236]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA64FFA902D672BDB1D3FF7A" author="Weise, J." box="[151,681,212,236]" page="220" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1905">
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA64FFA902D672BDB1D3FF7A" authority=": Weise 1905: 220" authorityName=": Weise" authorityPageNumber="220" authorityYear="1905" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[151,681,212,236]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Rodolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis" subGenus="Macronovius">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902D672BDB39DFF7A" box="[151,231,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rodolia</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902B772BCB201FF7A" box="[246,379,213,236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Macronovius</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA903CB72BDB28AFF7A" box="[394,496,212,236]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">cardinalis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA64FFA903BD72BDB1D3FF7A" author="Weise, J." box="[508,681,212,236]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="321 - 336" refId="ref16912" refString="Weise, J. (1905) Ueber Chrysomeliden und Coccinelliden aus Rhodesia. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1905, 321 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 48119050335" type="journal article" year="1905">Weise 1905: 220</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902D6729AB13CFE9D" blockId="13.[151,767,151,328]" box="[151,582,243,267]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2293B406EA64FFA902D6729AB13CFE9D" box="[151,582,243,267]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA64FFA902D6729AB138FE9D" author="Weise, J." box="[151,578,243,267]" page="104" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1922">
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA64FFA902D6729AB138FE9D" authority=": Weise 1922: 104" authorityName="Weise" authorityPageNumber="104" authorityYear="1922" box="[151,578,243,267]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Macronovius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902D6729AB2F2FE9D" box="[151,392,243,267]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Macronovius cardinalis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA64FFA903D4729AB138FE9D" author="Weise, J." box="[405,578,243,267]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="104" refId="ref16996" refString="Weise, J. (1922) Ueber einige amerikanische und australische, nach Sudfrankreich eingefuhrte Coccinelliden. Wiender Entomologische Zeitung, 34, 104. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 2570" type="journal article" year="1922">Weise 1922: 104</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902D67378B132FEBF" blockId="13.[151,767,151,328]" box="[151,584,273,297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2293B406EA64FFA902D67378B132FEBF" box="[151,584,273,297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA64FFA902D67378B139FEBF" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[151,579,273,297]" page="99" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1931">
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA64FFA902D67378B139FEBF" authority=": Korschefsky 1931: 99" authorityName="Korschefsky" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,579,273,297]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Rodolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902D67378B22EFEBF" box="[151,340,273,297]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rodolia cardinalis</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA64FFA903207378B139FEBF" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[353,579,273,297]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref14853" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1931) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. W. Junk, Berlin, 224 pp." type="book" year="1931">Korschefsky 1931: 99</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902D67359B185FEDE" blockId="13.[151,767,151,328]" box="[151,767,304,328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="2293B406EA64FFA902D67359B185FEDE" box="[151,767,304,328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA64FFA902D67359B170FEDE" author="Sicard, A." box="[151,522,304,328]" page="67" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1907">
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA64FFA902D67359B170FEDE" authority="Sicard, 1907: 67" authorityName="Sicard" authorityPageNumber="67" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,522,304,328]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Rodolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegyptiaca">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902D67359B227FEDE" box="[151,349,304,328]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Rodolia aegyptiaca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA64FFA903227359B170FEDE" author="Sicard, A." box="[355,522,304,328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" pagination="132 - 136" refId="ref16255" refString="Sicard, A. (1907) Notes sur quelques Coccinellides Palearctiques (Col.). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 1907, 132 - 136. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4570" type="journal article" year="1907">Sicard, 1907: 67</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
.-
<treatmentCitation id="8322B539EA64FFA900527359B181FEDE" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[531,763,304,328]" page="99" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1931">
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA64FFA900527359B181FEDE" author="Korschefsky, R." box="[531,763,304,328]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" refId="ref14853" refString="Korschefsky, R. (1931) Coleopterorum Catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. W. Junk, Berlin, 224 pp." type="book" year="1931">Korschefsky 1931: 99</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4A99C0A3EA64FFA902D6731FB1AEF8C7" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902D6731FB011FD1A" blockId="13.[151,1437,374,653]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902D6731FB268FE06" bold="true" box="[151,274,374,400]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Length: 2.90–4.00 mm; width:
<quantity id="C57B3ECDEA64FFA9003E731FB05CFE07" box="[639,806,374,401]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.85" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="2.6" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" unit="mm" value="2.85" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="2.6">2.60–3.10 mm</quantity>
. Form (
<figureCitation id="9AB88FADEA64FFA901C1731FB0ADFE06" box="[896,983,374,400]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[152,1429,679,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-191@13.[152,1436,676,1681]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Novius cardinalis (Mulsant): a. adult, dorsal view; b–d. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, inner view; d. penis; e. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 9a</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="9AB88FADEA64FFA901A5731FB75DFE06" box="[996,1063,374,400]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[214,1373,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-21@14.[214,1373,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Novius cardinalis (Mulsant): a. larva on casuarina; b. larva feeding on Nipaecoccus viridis; c, d. pupa; e, f. adult; g, h. mating pair." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089941/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">10e, f</figureCitation>
) broadly oval, slightly narrowed towards apex. Ground colour blood red, with black markings as follows: a broad basal marking on posterior margin of pronotum; scutellar shield black; elytra with a pair of lunar markings partially enclosing humeral callus, a sutural stripe strongly widened at basal third and weakly so at apical third; a marginal stripe starting at middle and apically joining sutural stripe; a pair of transverse, post-median spots, outer spot broadly joined with marginal stripe and narrowly with inner spot. Elytral spots sometimes fused/obsolete. Ventral side reddish testaceous, except meso- and metaventrites, and middle of first four abdominal ventrites black; legs dark, except tibiae and tarsi reddish. Male genitalia (
<figureCitation id="9AB88FADEA64FFA90346701BB20EFD1A" box="[263,372,626,652]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[152,1429,679,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-191@13.[152,1436,676,1681]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Novius cardinalis (Mulsant): a. adult, dorsal view; b–d. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, inner view; d. penis; e. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9b–d</figureCitation>
) and female genitalia (
<figureCitation id="9AB88FADEA64FFA90037701BB1BCFD1A" box="[630,710,626,652]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="13.[151,250,1705,1729]" captionTargetBox="[152,1429,679,1674]" captionTargetId="figure-191@13.[152,1436,676,1681]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 9. Novius cardinalis (Mulsant): a. adult, dorsal view; b–d. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, inner view; d. penis; e. female genitalia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 9e</figureCitation>
) as illustrated.
</paragraph>
<caption id="56FCC3A0EA64FFA902D674C0B28EF973" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8089939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089939/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" startId="13.[151,250,1705,1729]" targetBox="[152,1429,679,1674]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902D674C0B28EF973" blockId="13.[151,1436,1705,1765]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902D674C0B26EF957" bold="true" box="[151,276,1705,1729]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA64FFA9035D74C3B145F957" authority="(Mulsant)" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[284,575,1705,1729]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Novius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA9035D74C3B2AAF957" box="[284,464,1705,1729]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Novius cardinalis</emphasis>
(Mulsant)
</taxonomicName>
: a. adult, dorsal view; b–d. male genitalia: b. tegmen, lateral view; c. tegmen, inner view; d. penis; e. female genitalia.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA90286755EB1AEF8C7" blockId="13.[151,1436,1847,1981]" box="[199,724,1847,1874]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA90286755EB2F5F8C7" bold="true" box="[199,399,1847,1873]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Immature stages</emphasis>
. As illustrated in
<figureCitation id="9AB88FADEA64FFA90014755EB1AAF8C7" box="[597,720,1847,1873]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[214,1373,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-21@14.[214,1373,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 10. Novius cardinalis (Mulsant): a. larva on casuarina; b. larva feeding on Nipaecoccus viridis; c, d. pupa; e, f. adult; g, h. mating pair." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089941/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 10a–d</figureCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4A99C0A3EA64FFA902867532B718F8E3" box="[199,1122,1883,1910]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902867532B718F8E3" blockId="13.[151,1436,1847,1981]" box="[199,1122,1883,1910]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902867532B2CBF8E3" bold="true" box="[199,433,1883,1909]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Material examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="B2EB9975EA64FFA903F67535B724F8E3" box="[439,1118,1883,1910]" collectionCode="NBAIR" country="India" location="Bangalore" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" specimenCount="6" stateProvince="Karnataka">
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA64FFA903F67535B171F8E0" box="[439,523,1884,1910]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">INDIA</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA64FFA900577532B1F4F8E3" box="[534,654,1883,1909]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
:
<location id="075CC5F3EA64FFA900D67532B077F8E3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8A2A223EEA65FFAB02D67504B60AFBA3:075CC5F3EA64FFA900D67532B077F8E3" box="[663,781,1883,1909]" country="India" name="Bangalore" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" stateProvince="Karnataka">Bangalore</location>
, on casuarina,
<specimenCount id="148558A1EA64FFA901F27532B090F8E0" box="[947,1002,1883,1910]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="generic">6 ex.</specimenCount>
(
<collectionCode id="64920BEDEA64FFA901B97532B72CF8E3" box="[1016,1110,1883,1909]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">NBAIR</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4A99C0A3EA64FFAB02867516B60AFBA3" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="023C9328EA64FFA902867516B746F82B" blockId="13.[151,1436,1847,1981]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA64FFA902867516B21BF80F" bold="true" box="[199,353,1919,1945]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Distribution.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA64FFA903287516B2D9F80F" box="[361,419,1919,1945]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA64FFA903F27516B151F80F" box="[435,555,1919,1945]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA64FFA900797516B1FFF80F" box="[568,645,1919,1945]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Kerala</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA64FFA900D27516B058F80F" box="[659,802,1919,1945]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA64FFA9016F7516B0C0F80F" box="[814,954,1919,1945]" country="India" name="Tamil Nadu" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
); Europe; North Africa; Asia; Afrotropical Region; Australian Region; Nearctic Region; Neotropical Region; Oriental Region.
</paragraph>
<caption id="56FCC3A0EA67FFAA02D675FEB23EF845" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8089941" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8089941" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8089941/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" startId="14.[151,250,1943,1967]" targetBox="[214,1373,181,1919]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="023C9328EA67FFAA02D675FEB23EF845" blockId="14.[151,1436,1943,2004]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA67FFAA02D675FEB25AF839" bold="true" box="[151,288,1943,1967]" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA67FFAA036775F1B13CF839" authority="(Mulsant)" baseAuthorityName="Mulsant" baseAuthorityYear="1850" box="[294,582,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Novius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cardinalis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA67FFAA036775F1B2A2F839" box="[294,472,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Novius cardinalis</emphasis>
(Mulsant)
</taxonomicName>
: a. larva on casuarina; b. larva feeding on
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA67FFAA01B075F1B7C3F839" baseAuthorityName="Newstead" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1009,1209,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Nipaecoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viridis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA67FFAA01B075F1B7C3F839" box="[1009,1209,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="15">Nipaecoccus viridis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; c, d. pupa; e, f. adult; g, h. mating pair.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA66FFAB028672FEB192FE3B" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
It was first introduced in the
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB004472FEB198FF27" authority="subcontinent" authorityName="Subcontinent" box="[517,738,151,177]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Indian" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="15" pageNumber="42" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Indian subcontinent</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA66FFAB014572FEB00BFF27" box="[772,881,151,177]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
(Hutson 1920). It was later introduced in Nilgiris, South
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA66FFAB02A172D2B266FF43" box="[224,284,187,213]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
, in 1929 from California and
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA66FFAB002872D2B182FF43" box="[617,760,187,213]" name="South Africa" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">South Africa</collectingCountry>
and in 1930 from
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA66FFAB018672D2B777FF43" box="[967,1037,187,213]" name="Egypt" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Egypt</collectingCountry>
, to control
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB06CA72D2B67EFF43" authorityName="Maskell (Puttarudriah &amp; Channabasavanna" authorityYear="1957" box="[1163,1284,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB06CA72D2B67EFF43" box="[1163,1284,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">I. purchasi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on cultivated wattle,
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB02AA72B6B2CAFF6F" box="[235,432,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="decurrens">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB02AA72B6B2CAFF6F" box="[235,432,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Acacia decurrens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and other
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB006A72B6B1CAFF6F" box="[555,688,223,249]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB006A72B6B103FF6F" box="[555,633,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Acacia</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB00FE72B6B0C8FF6F" author="Rao, Y. R. &amp; Cherian, M. C." box="[703,946,223,249]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="131 - 140" refId="ref15758" refString="Rao, Y. R. &amp; Cherian, M. C. (1944) The fluted scale, Icerya purchasi Mask., as a pest of wattle in South India, and its control by the biological method. Madras Agricultural Journal, 32, 3 - 7, 131 - 140." type="journal article" year="1944">Rao &amp; Cherian 1944</bibRefCitation>
). In subsequent years, when the pest flared up again, successful releases were also made in Upper Palni Hills,
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA66FFAB01EB736AB75AFE8B" box="[938,1056,259,285]" country="India" name="Karnataka" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Karnataka</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA66FFAB066E736AB700FE8B" box="[1071,1146,259,285]" country="India" name="Kerala" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Kerala</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA66FFAB06F6736AB63CFE8B" box="[1207,1350,259,285]" country="India" name="Maharashtra" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Maharashtra</collectingRegion>
, giving effective control (Subramaniam 1955,
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB0007734EB04BFED7" author="Rao, V. P. &amp; Kamath, S. M." box="[582,817,295,321]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="552" refId="ref15814" refString="Rao, V. P. &amp; Kamath, S. M. (1966) Record of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell in the Cannanore district of Kerala district in India and its control. Indian Journal of Entomology, 28, 552." type="journal article" year="1966">Rao &amp; Kamath 1966</bibRefCitation>
). Specimens collected after the 1960s are almost absent in institutional collections, probably due to competitive displacement by native species of
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB06347322B7B9FEF2" authorityName="Mulsant" authorityYear="1846" box="[1141,1219,331,356]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Novius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB06347322B7B9FEF2" box="[1141,1219,331,356]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Novius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
such as
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB075C7322B6E6FEF3" authorityName="Kapur" authorityYear="1949" box="[1309,1436,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Rodolia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="amabilis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB075C7322B6E6FEF3" box="[1309,1436,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. amabilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB02847306B148FE1F" authority="(Subramaniam 1955)" baseAuthorityName="Subramaniam" baseAuthorityYear="1955" box="[197,562,366,393]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Novius" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fumidus">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB02847306B244FE1F" box="[197,318,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">N. fumidus</emphasis>
(Subramaniam 1955)
</taxonomicName>
. However, in the last decade, few specimens have been collected and it appears to be confined to the cooler climes of southern
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA66FFAB00E673FAB19EFE3B" box="[679,740,403,429]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA66FFAB028673DFB252FDAB" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB028673DFB299FE46" bold="true" box="[199,483,438,464]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Prey/associated habitat.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB03AB73DEB057FE47" authority="(Douglas)" baseAuthorityName="Douglas" baseAuthorityYear="1890" box="[490,813,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aegyptiaca">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB03AB73DEB1CEFE46" box="[490,692,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Icerya aegyptiaca</emphasis>
(Douglas)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB017873DEB736FE47" authority="Maskell" authorityName="Maskell" box="[825,1100,439,465]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="purchasi">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB017873DEB092FE47" box="[825,1000,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Icerya purchasi</emphasis>
Maskell
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB061673DEB26BFE63" authority="Riley &amp; Howard" authorityName="Riley &amp; Howard" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="montserratensis">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB061673DEB623FE46" box="[1111,1369,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Icerya montserratensis</emphasis>
Riley &amp; Howard
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB035D73B2B1E8FE63" authority="(Westwood)" baseAuthorityName="Westwood" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[284,658,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="seychellarum">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB035D73B2B285FE63" box="[284,511,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Icerya seychellarum</emphasis>
(Westwood)
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB008D73B2B032FE63" box="[716,840,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Margarodidae" genus="Icerya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB008D73B2B06EFE62" box="[716,788,475,500]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Icerya</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB011773B2B777FE63" box="[854,1037,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Monophlebidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Monophlebidae</taxonomicName>
);
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB066173B2B6E7FE63" authority="(Green)" baseAuthorityName="Green" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1056,1437,475,501]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Maconellicoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="hirsutus">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB066173B2B644FE63" box="[1056,1342,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Maconellicoccus hirsutus</emphasis>
(Green)
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB02DE7396B223FD8F" box="[159,345,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pseudococcidae</taxonomicName>
). All stages are commonly collected on casuarina (Channabasavanna &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB06D17396B625FD8F" author="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P." box="[1168,1375,510,537]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="4 - 19" refId="ref15719" refString="Puttarudriah, M. &amp; Channabasavanna, G. P. (1957) Notes on some predators of mealybugs (Coccidae: Hemiptera). Mysore Agricultural Journal, 32 (1), 4 - 19." type="journal article" year="1957">Puttarudriah 1957</bibRefCitation>
), and
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB02D6704AB252FDAB" box="[151,296,547,573]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Euphorbiaceae" genus="Acalypha" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malpighiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB02D6704AB27BFDAB" box="[151,257,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Acalypha</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA66FFAB0286702FB7F4FDF7" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1077]" box="[199,1166,582,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB0286702FB2BBFDF7" bold="true" box="[199,449,582,609]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Seasonal occurrence.</emphasis>
Collected during January and August (
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA66FFAB0137702EB7F8FDF7" box="[886,1154,583,609]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Karnataka, Tamil Nadu</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA66FFAB02867002B73CFD13" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1077]" box="[199,1094,618,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB02867002B2EBFD12" bold="true" box="[199,401,618,645]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Natural enemies.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB03D97002B076FD13" authority="(Dalman)" baseAuthorityName="Dalman" baseAuthorityYear="1820" box="[408,780,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flaminius">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB03D97002B1ECFD13" box="[408,662,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Homalotylus flaminius</emphasis>
(Dalman)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB01567002B739FD13" authority="(Ratzeburg)" baseAuthorityName="Ratzeburg" baseAuthorityYear="1844" box="[791,1091,619,645]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Homalotylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eytelweinii">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB01567002B0C8FD13" box="[791,946,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">H. eytelweinii</emphasis>
(Ratzeburg)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA66FFAB028670E6B249FC17" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB028670E6B26BFD3F" bold="true" box="[199,273,655,681]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Notes.</emphasis>
This is perhaps the most famous and well-known ladybird in the world, and is popularly known as the
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB02D670DAB24DFD5B" authority="beetle" authorityName="Beetle" box="[151,311,691,717]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Vedalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vedalia beetle</taxonomicName>
, after the original genus with which it was combined. Its introduction in California citrus orchards by Albert Koebele in 1889 to control the cottony cushion scale was a spectacular success and is widely regarded as the starting point of modern classical biological control. It is one of the few insects to have a popular monument in its name. A plaque and a bench were dedicated to the
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB008A7176B013FCAF" authority="beetle" authorityName="Beetle" box="[715,873,799,825]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Vedalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="45" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vedalia beetle</taxonomicName>
in the Palmer Gardens, North Adelaide,
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA66FFAB076E7176B6E3FCAF" box="[1327,1433,799,825]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Australia</collectingCountry>
, in 1994 to commemorate the source of beetles used in 1888 to control the fluted scale in California citrus orchards (
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB02DE710EB25CFC17" author="Londt, J." box="[159,294,871,897]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref15108" refString="Londt, J. (1997) More monuments to insects. Rostrum: Newsletter of the Entomological Society of South Africa, 47, 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1997">Londt 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="023C9328EA66FFAB028671E2B60AFBA3" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,1077]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
Descriptive accounts with illustrations were given by Chapin (1965),
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB019D71E2B7FCFC33" author="Gordon, R. D." box="[988,1158,906,933]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="654 - 678" refId="ref14436" refString="Gordon, R. D. (1985) The Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 93, 654 - 678." type="journal article" year="1985">Gordon (1985)</bibRefCitation>
, Booth
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB06A171E2B668FC33" box="[1248,1298,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (1990) and
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB02D671C6B226FC5F" author="Pang, H. &amp; Tang, X. F. &amp; Booth, R. G. &amp; Vandenberg, N. &amp; Forrester, J. &amp; McHugh, J. &amp; Slipinski, A." box="[151,348,943,969]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref15453" refString="Pang, H., Tang, X. F., Booth, R. G., Vandenberg, N., Forrester, J., McHugh, J. &amp; Slipinski, A. (2020) Revision of the Australian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Genus Novius Mulsant of tribe Noviini. Annales Zoologici, 70 (1), 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.3161 / 00034541 ANZ 2020.70.1.001" type="journal article" year="2020">
Pang
<emphasis id="30F74F3AEA66FFAB029571C6B279FC5F" box="[212,259,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">et al</emphasis>
. (2020)
</bibRefCitation>
.
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB032471C6B123FC5F" author="Rao, Y. R. &amp; Cherian, M. C." box="[357,601,943,969]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="131 - 140" refId="ref15758" refString="Rao, Y. R. &amp; Cherian, M. C. (1944) The fluted scale, Icerya purchasi Mask., as a pest of wattle in South India, and its control by the biological method. Madras Agricultural Journal, 32, 3 - 7, 131 - 140." type="journal article" year="1944">Rao &amp; Cherian (1944)</bibRefCitation>
provided accounts of its first introduction in peninsular
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA66FFAB06FA71C6B782FC5F" box="[1211,1272,943,969]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">India</collectingCountry>
. Subramaniam (1955) and
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB035771BAB174FC7B" author="Rao, V. P. &amp; Kamath, S. M." box="[278,526,979,1005]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="552" refId="ref15814" refString="Rao, V. P. &amp; Kamath, S. M. (1966) Record of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell in the Cannanore district of Kerala district in India and its control. Indian Journal of Entomology, 28, 552." type="journal article" year="1966">Rao &amp; Kamath (1966)</bibRefCitation>
also gave details of further introductions with biological notes.
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB069071BAB61BFC7B" author="Doutt, R. L." box="[1233,1377,978,1005]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="119 - 123" refId="ref14125" refString="Doutt, R. L. (1958) Vice, virtue and the Vedalia. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, 4 (4), 119 - 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / besa / 4.4.119" type="journal article" year="1958">Doutt (1958)</bibRefCitation>
gave a colourful account of its introduction into
<collectingRegion id="C0475DCAEA66FFAB003C719EB18BFB87" box="[637,753,1015,1041]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">California</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="7A94D3B8EA66FFAB00BC719EB042FB87" box="[765,824,1015,1041]" name="United States of America" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">USA</collectingCountry>
, and the people behind it.
<bibRefCitation id="6612EED9EA66FFAB0623719EB6E6FB87" author="Caltagirone, L. E. &amp; Doutt, R. L." box="[1122,1436,1015,1041]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref13620" refString="Caltagirone, L. E. &amp; Doutt, R. L. (1989) The history of the Vedalia Beetle importation into California and its impact on the development of biological control. Annual Review of Entomology, 34, 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 34.010189.000245" type="journal article" year="1989">Caltagirone &amp; Doutt (1989)</bibRefCitation>
reviewed the history of
<taxonomicName id="C583E8ABEA66FFAB03E07672B28FFBA3" box="[417,501,1051,1077]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Vedalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vedalia</taxonomicName>
importation and its impact on the development of biological control in general.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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