treatments-xml/data/89/F7/B0/89F7B03CA31B487E4480A0789C080301.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d48030db-a479-44c1-80da-1d6e5a6dd233" ID-PMC="PMC6384280" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-117-119" ID-Pensoft-UUID="300FFF926917FFA2FFC4FFA9FFD4FF80" ID-PubMed="30804699" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2575150" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-117-119" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys " ModsDocTitle="Cirsiumtatakaense (Compositae), a new species from Taiwan" checkinTime="1553125288359" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Chang, Chih-Yi, Tzeng, Hsy-Yu &amp; Tseng, Yen-Hsueh" docDate="2019" docId="89F7B03CA31B487E4480A0789C080301" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 117: 119-132" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 117" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380" docTitle="Cirsium tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="300FFF926917FFA2FFC4FFA9FFD4FF80" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="300FFF926917FFA2FFC4FFA9FFD4FF80" masterDocTitle="Cirsium tatakaense (Compositae), a new species from Taiwan" masterLastPageNumber="132" masterPageNumber="119" pageNumber="124" updateTime="1668139175527" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Cirsium tatakaense (Compositae), a new species from Taiwan</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Chang, Chih-Yi</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tzeng, Hsy-Yu</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Tseng, Yen-Hsueh</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>117</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>119</mods:start>
<mods:end>132</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-117-119</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">300FFF926917FFA2FFC4FFA9FFD4FF80</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">2575150</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="154472368" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:89F7B03CA31B487E4480A0789C080301" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/89F7B03CA31B487E4480A0789C080301" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="124" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="124">
<taxonomicName LSID="139C52B0-DE61-55AA-84D3-603A274599BC" authority="Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang" authorityName="Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium tatakaense" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="124" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatakaense" status="sp. nov.">Cirsium tatakaense Y.H.Tseng &amp; C.Y.Chang</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="124">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Line drawings of Cirsium tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang A habit B root C leaf D capitula E inner phyllary E ' middle phyllary E &quot; outer phyllary F floret F ' floret (pappus removed) G synantherous H style branches I achene. Voucher: C. Y. Chang 1442 (TCF)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264703" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">Figs 1</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Cirsium tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang A habitat B habit C seedling D variations of leaves E inflorescences F capitula G floret; (right-side pappus removed) H achene with pappus I achene." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264704" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">, 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Holotypes of the three species of Cirsium sect. Onotrophe in Taiwan. A C. tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang, C. Y. Chang 1444 (TCF) B C. kawakamii Hayata, T. Kawakami &amp; U. Mori 2279 (TI!) C C. arisanense Kitam., S. Kitamura s. n. (KYO!)." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264706" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">, 4A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Comparison of the morphological characters amongst the species of Cirsium sect. Onotrophe in Taiwan. A C. tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang B C. kawakamii Hayata C C. arisanense Kitam.: 1 leaf 2 capitula 3 inner phyllary 3 ' middle phyllary 3 &quot; outer phyllary 4 floret 4 ' floret (pappus removed) 5 synantherous 6 style branches 7 achene 7 ' achene with pappus." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264707" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">, 5A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Chromosome number of the two species of Cirsium subsect. Nipponocirsium Kitam. in Taiwan. A 2 n = 64, C. tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang B 2 n = 64, C. kawakamii Hayata. Scale bar: 5 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264708" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">, 6A</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Comparison of the pollen morphology of the three species of Cirsium sect. Onotrophe in Taiwan. A C. tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang B C. kawakamii Hayata C C. arisanense Kitam.: 1 polar view 2 equatorial view 3 colporate view. Scale bar: 30 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264709" pageId="5" pageNumber="124">, 7A</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="125" start="start">Diagnosis</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
Differs from 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. kawakamii" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="kawakamii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. kawakamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having narrower leaf lobes (7.3-11.7 mm), usually more florets, (136)161-308 and phyllaries (111-199), a purplish-red corolla and larger pollen grains (34.2-42.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
35.2-44.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Type.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
TAIWAN. Nantou County, Sinyi Township, Highway no. 18, Tataka to Shihshan, 2400 m alt., 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="28.52" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="23.475334">23°28.52'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="120" direction="east" minutes="52.10" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="120.86833">120°52.10'E</geoCoordinate>
, 3 October 2016. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. Y. Chang 1444</emphasis>
(holotype: TCF; isotype: TNM, PPI).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Perennial herbs, stems 0.5-1.5 m tall, without rosette leaves. Leaves pinnatipartite or pinnatisect, 27.2-34.8 cm long and 16.4-19.4 cm wide, U-shaped space between pinnae, smooth, elliptic to broadly elliptic, base truncate to cuneate, apex caudate, pinnae 6.4-7.5 cm long and 7.3-11.9 mm wide, space between pinnae 2.9-3.0 cm, 4-6 pairs. Capitula arranged into racemes or panicles, mature capitula nodding, involucre bowl-shaped, 3.9-4.0 cm long and 1.7-2.1 cm wide. Involucre lacking abaxial appendages, inner phyllaries acute apically, outer phyllaries reddish-purple with indistinct layers, 1.1-2.2 cm long and 1.8-2.4 mm wide, protrusion 6.3-13.0 mm. Florets with purplish-red corolla, 3.2-3.3 cm long, corolla lobes 4.3-5.3 mm long and 0.4-0.7 mm wide; 5 synantherous stamens, detached filaments with irregular protuberances, basal caudate extensions, light purple or brown, anthers 6.4-6.8 mm long, filaments 7.1-8.1 mm long. Stigmas bifid apically, style 3.0-3.2 cm long, ovaries 1.7-1.9 mm long. Achenes oblong, base acute, apex truncate, beige, 3.0-3.5 mm long and 1.4-1.6 mm wide, long tube-shaped beak apically. Pappus 1.6-1.8 cm long forming basal ring, easily shed.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="phenology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Phenology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Flowering between August and October and fruiting between September and November.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
Endemic species of Taiwan. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium tatakaense" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Cirsium tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is located in open areas of cloud forests of vegetation zones from the 
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Quercus" order="Fagales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Quercus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Abies" order="Pinales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Coniferophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Abies</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forest zone at alt. 2000-3000 m in central-southern Taiwan (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Distribution map of Cirsium tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang (star); C. kawakamii Hayata (triangle); and C. arisanense Kitam. (circle) of Taiwan." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264705" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">3</figureCitation>
). Based on the geographical climatic regions and vegetation zones (
<bibRefCitation author="Su, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" pagination="57 - 73" refId="B16" refString="Su, HJ, 1984. Studies on the climatic and vegetation types of the natural forests in Taiwan (II) altitudinal vegetation zones in relation to temperature gradient. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 17 (4): 57 - 73" title="Studies on the climatic and vegetation types of the natural forests in Taiwan (II) altitudinal vegetation zones in relation to temperature gradient." volume="17" year="1984">Su 1984</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation author="Su, HJ" journalOrPublisher="Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" pagination="33 - 44" refId="B17" refString="Su, HJ, 1985. Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forests in Taiwan (3) - A scheme of geographical climatic regions. Quarterly Journal of Chinese Forestry 18 (3): 33 - 44" title="Studies on the climate and vegetation types of the natural forests in Taiwan (3) - A scheme of geographical climatic regions." volume="18" year="1985">1985</bibRefCitation>
), 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed mainly in the central-west inland regions. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium tatakaense" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Cirsium tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been discovered in sunny environments, such as roadsides and forest margins, concentrated on the upper portions of hills along Provincial Highway no. 18. 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hayata" authorityYear="1911" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Miscanthus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Miscanthus transmorrisonensis" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="transmorrisonensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Miscanthus transmorrisonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Andersson (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Poaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Poales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Hayata" authorityYear="1911" class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rubus taitoensis" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="taitoensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Rubus taitoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hayata (
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Rosaceae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Rosales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName authority="L." class="Magnoliatae" family="Compositae" genus="Senecio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Senecio nemorensis var. dentatus" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="variety" species="nemorensis" variety="dentatus">Senecio nemorensis L. var. dentatus</taxonomicName>
(Kitam.) H. Koyama (
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliatae" family="Compositae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="family">Compositae</taxonomicName>
) are often discovered with 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Sometimes, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arisanense" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="arisanense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. arisanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kitam. and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ferum" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="ferum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. ferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kitam. are found near to 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; however, no hybrid individual between these species has been observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="chinese name">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Chinese name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Ta-ta-jia-ji (塔塔加薊).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
The species epithet 
<taxonomicName lsidName="tatakaense" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
derives from the type location Tataka in Nantou County.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Notes.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">
This species has in the past been mistakenly identified as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. kawakamii" pageId="6" pageNumber="125" rank="species" species="kawakamii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. kawakamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">S. Saito 3477</emphasis>
, KYO!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Yamazaki 945</emphasis>
, KYO!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">C. I Peng 8026, 8936, 11788, 14628</emphasis>
, HAST!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">K. F. Chung 1053</emphasis>
, HAST!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">Kawakami &amp; Sasaki s. n.</emphasis>
, TAIF!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="125">M. L. Weng 1723</emphasis>
, TAI!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="126" start="start">Y</pageBreakToken>
. Kudo &amp; S. Suzuki 300
</emphasis>
, TAI!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">C. C. Hsu 4231</emphasis>
, TAI!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">C. I Peng 738</emphasis>
, TAI!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">C. T. Chao et al. 2534</emphasis>
, TNM!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">C. S. Kuoh 15146</emphasis>
, TNM!) or less often as 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arisanense" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" rank="species" species="arisanense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">C. arisanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kitam. (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Yamamoto et al. 4142</emphasis>
, TAI!; 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">Y. J. Lin 169</emphasis>
, PPI!). The earliest record of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="7" pageNumber="126" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected by 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="126">T. Kawakami &amp; S. Sasaki s. n.</emphasis>
(TAIF!) at Mt. Morrison (alt. ca. 3000 m) on October 8, 1909. 
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="127" start="start">Other</pageBreakToken>
specimens collected from 1909-1930 were from Alishan (alt. ca. 2200 m). However, only a few populations remain in Alishan, with the largest population appearing along the Yushan Main Peak Trail from Tataka to Paiyun Lodge (alt. ca. 2800 m). We assume that use in herbal medicine as well as climate change have reduced the population of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="8" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="127">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="chromosome number">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="128" start="start">Chromosome</pageBreakToken>
number.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
2n = 64 (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Chromosome number of the two species of Cirsium subsect. Nipponocirsium Kitam. in Taiwan. A 2 n = 64, C. tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang B 2 n = 64, C. kawakamii Hayata. Scale bar: 5 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264708" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">6A</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="palynology">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Palynology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
Pollen grains are tricolporate, spheroidal, microreticulate and 34.2-42.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
35.2-44.7 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(P/E ratio: 0.9-1.0). The surface of the pollen is densely covered with spines that are 3.2-5.1 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
long and 4.2-5.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
wide at the base. The distance between spines is 7.5-10.6 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Comparison of the pollen morphology of the three species of Cirsium sect. Onotrophe in Taiwan. A C. tatakaense Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang B C. kawakamii Hayata C C. arisanense Kitam.: 1 polar view 2 equatorial view 3 colporate view. Scale bar: 30 μm." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264709" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">7A</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Conservation status.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium tatakaense" order="Asterales" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Cirsium tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is distributed in central-southern Taiwan, with a population of more than 1000 mature individuals. Its habitats are mainly located in high and sunny mountain areas and many of them are difficult to locate. Therefore, following the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Categories and Criteria (
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Taiwania" pageId="11" pageNumber="130" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org" refId="B7" refString="IUCN, 2014. The IUCN Red List of threatened species: Version 2013.2. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge. http://www.iucnredlist.org" title="The IUCN Red List of threatened species: Version 2013.2. IUCN Red List Unit, Cambridge." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org" year="2014">IUCN 2014</bibRefCitation>
), we regard this species as Least Concern. However, long-term monitoring of its population is still required.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="9" pageNumber="128" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Additional specimens examined (paratype).</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">
TAIWAN. Nantou County, Sinyi Township, Highway no. 18, Tataka to Shihshan, 2400 m alt., 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="28.52" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="23.475334">23°28.52'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="120" direction="east" minutes="52.10" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="120.86833">120°52.10'E</geoCoordinate>
, 3 Oct. 2016. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">C. Y. Chang 1442</emphasis>
(TCF); same loc., 3 Oct. 2016. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">C. Y. Chang 1443</emphasis>
(TCF); same loc., 12 Sept. 2012. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">C. T. Chao et al. 2534</emphasis>
(TNM!); Tunpu Hot Spring to Kuankao, 1300-2600 m alt., 3 July 1985. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">C. I Peng 8026</emphasis>
(HAST!). Chiayi County, Alishan Township, Alishan, 25 Dec. 1928. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">Y. Kudo &amp; S. Suzuki 300</emphasis>
(TAI!); Tatachia saddle to Paiyunshanchuang, 2700-3000 m alt., 9 Nov. 1985. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">C. I Peng 8931</emphasis>
(HAST!); Tatachia saddle to Mt. Yushanchienfu, 2700-3100 m alt., 11 Nov. 1990. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="128">P. J. Wu et al. s. n.</emphasis>
(TNM!). Kaohsiung City, Tauyuan District, Kuaiku to Yakou, 2600 m alt., 
<geoCoordinate degrees="23" direction="north" minutes="16.03" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="23.267166">23°16.03'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate degrees="120" direction="east" minutes="56.24" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="120.93733">120°56.24'E</geoCoordinate>
, 21 Oct. 2014. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
<pageBreakToken pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="start">C</pageBreakToken>
. Y. Chang 160
</emphasis>
(TNM); Gingzin bridge, 14 Sept. 1999. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. S. Kuoh 15146</emphasis>
(TAN!). Taitung County, Yanping Township, Yenping forest-road, 1500-1800 m alt., 2 July 2006. 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Y. J. Lin 169</emphasis>
(PPI!).
</paragraph>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="2575192" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264703" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 1" startId="F1">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Figure 1.</emphasis>
Line drawings of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium tatakaense" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Cirsium tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Y.H.Tseng &amp; C.Y.Chang 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
root 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
leaf 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">D</emphasis>
capitula 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
inner phyllary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
' middle phyllary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
&quot; outer phyllary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">F</emphasis>
floret 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">F</emphasis>
' floret (pappus removed) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">G</emphasis>
synantherous 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">H</emphasis>
style branches 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">I</emphasis>
achene. Voucher: 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. Y. Chang 1442</emphasis>
(TCF).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="2575194" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264704" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Figure 2.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium tatakaense" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Cirsium tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Y.H.Tseng &amp; C.Y.Chang 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
habitat 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
habit 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
seedling 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">D</emphasis>
variations of leaves 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">E</emphasis>
inflorescences 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">F</emphasis>
capitula 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">G</emphasis>
floret; (right-side pappus removed) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">H</emphasis>
achene with pappus 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">I</emphasis>
achene.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="2575196" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264705" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Figure 3.</emphasis>
Distribution map of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Y. H. Tseng &amp; C. Y. Chang" authorityYear="2019" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium tatakaense" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Cirsium tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Y.H.Tseng &amp; C.Y.Chang (star); 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. kawakamii" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="kawakamii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. kawakamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hayata (triangle); and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arisanense" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="arisanense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. arisanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kitam. (circle) of Taiwan.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="2575198" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264706" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Holotypes of the three species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="sect." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Onotrophe">Cirsium sect. Onotrophe</taxonomicName>
in Taiwan. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Y.H.Tseng &amp; C.Y.Chang, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. Y. Chang 1444</emphasis>
(TCF) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. kawakamii" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="kawakamii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. kawakamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hayata, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">T. Kawakami &amp; U. Mori 2279</emphasis>
(TI!) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arisanense" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="arisanense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. arisanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kitam., 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">S. Kitamura s.n.</emphasis>
(KYO!).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="2575200" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264707" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Figure 5.</emphasis>
Comparison of the morphological characters amongst the species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="sect." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Onotrophe">Cirsium sect. Onotrophe</taxonomicName>
in Taiwan. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Y.H.Tseng &amp; C.Y.Chang 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. kawakamii" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="kawakamii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. kawakamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hayata 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arisanense" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="arisanense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. arisanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kitam.: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">1</emphasis>
leaf 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">2</emphasis>
capitula 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">3</emphasis>
inner phyllary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">3</emphasis>
' middle phyllary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">3</emphasis>
&quot; outer phyllary 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">4</emphasis>
floret 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">4</emphasis>
' floret (pappus removed) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">5</emphasis>
synantherous 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">6</emphasis>
style branches 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">7</emphasis>
achene 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">7</emphasis>
' achene with pappus.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="2575202" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264708" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Figure 6.</emphasis>
Chromosome number of the two species of 
<taxonomicName authority="subsect. Nipponocirsium" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="subsect." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus" subsection="Nipponocirsium">Cirsium subsect. Nipponocirsium</taxonomicName>
Kitam. in Taiwan. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
2n = 64, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Y.H.Tseng &amp; C.Y.Chang 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
2n = 64, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. kawakamii" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="kawakamii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. kawakamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hayata. Scale bar: 5 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="2575204" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.117.29380.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/264709" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph pageId="10" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">Figure 7.</emphasis>
Comparison of the pollen morphology of the three species of 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cirsium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="sect." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Cirsium" order="Asterales" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="section" section="Onotrophe">Cirsium sect. Onotrophe</taxonomicName>
in Taiwan. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tatakaense" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="tatakaense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. tatakaense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Y.H.Tseng &amp; C.Y.Chang 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. kawakamii" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="kawakamii">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. kawakamii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Hayata 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arisanense" pageId="10" pageNumber="129" rank="species" species="arisanense">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">C. arisanense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Kitam.: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">1</emphasis>
polar view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">2</emphasis>
equatorial view 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="129">3</emphasis>
colporate view. Scale bar: 30 
<normalizedToken originalValue="μm">μm</normalizedToken>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>