treatments-xml/data/88/FE/79/88FE79F2261F5367A5E8DC1FC884F553.xml
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<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-11-e72764" ID-Pensoft-UUID="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" ModsDocID="1314-2828-11-e72764" checkinTime="1673667829734" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna, Villet, Martin H., Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel &amp; Rojo, Santos" docDate="2023" docId="88FE79F2261F5367A5E8DC1FC884F553" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 11: e72764" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 11" docPubDate="2023-01-13" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764" docTitle="Stegosoma vinculatum Loew 1863" docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" lastPageNumber="72764" masterDocId="483CCF09D3A05B029A3B4B4A30E4CB79" masterDocTitle="South African nose flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Rhiniinae): taxonomy, diversity, distribution and biology" masterLastPageNumber="72764" masterPageNumber="72764" pageNumber="72764" updateTime="1673667829734" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>South African nose flies (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Rhiniinae): taxonomy, diversity, distribution and biology</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Thomas-Cabianca, Arianna</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Villet, Martin H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Rhodes University, Southern African Forensic Entomology Research Laboratory, Grahamstown, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Martinez-Sanchez, Anabel</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Rojo, Santos</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, University of Alicante, E- 03080, Alicante, Spain</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2023-01-13</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.11.e72764</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:88FE79F2261F5367A5E8DC1FC884F553" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/88FE79F2261F5367A5E8DC1FC884F553" lastPageNumber="72764" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
<taxonomicName ID-CoL="4ZP9R" ID-ENA="2173340" LSID="88FE79F2-261F-5367-A5E8-DC1FC884F553" authority="Loew, 1863" authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Stegosoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegosoma vinculatum" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinculatum">Stegosoma vinculatum Loew, 1863</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Loew" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Rhiniidae" genus="Stegosoma" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegosoma vinculatum" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vinculatum">= Stegosoma vinculatum</taxonomicName>
Loew, 1863: 15.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Type locality</emphasis>
: South Africa, Orange Free State [Free State], Bloemfontein.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Afrotropical</emphasis>
: Benin, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa (Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 119" captionStartId="F7029214" captionText="Figure 119. Stegosoma vinculatum occurrence map in South Africa, including eSwatini (eSw) and Lesotho (Le); horizontal axis longitude east and vertical axis latitude south." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.figure119" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/537682" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">119</figureCitation>
), Zambia and Zimbabwe.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" type="notes">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Notes</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Preferred environment</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliatae" family="Umbelliferae" genus="Acacia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acacia" order="Umbellales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Acacia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
savannah and mixed bushveld-grass. In Namibia, degraded sand forest and cultivated plots; apparently restricted to the Arid and Mesic Savannah Biomes (
<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Recorded elevations</emphasis>
: 1000-1240 m a.s.l.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Seasonality</emphasis>
: present year-round except for coldest months, most abundant in March and December. In Namibia, most abundant in February and December (
<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Behaviour and ecology</emphasis>
: females and males were observed on flowering
<taxonomicName authorityName="Schönland" authorityYear="1919" class="Insecta" family="Celastraceae" genus="Gymnosporia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnosporia linearis" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="linearis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Gymnosporia linearis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, on flowers of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Celastraceae" genus="Gymnosporia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnosporia heterophylla" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="heterophylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Gymnosporia heterophylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and on yellow flowers of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Deverra" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Deverra aphylla" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aphylla">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Deverra aphylla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Cham. and Schlechtd.) DC. and
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apiaceae" genus="Heteromorpha" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Heteromorpha trifoliate" order="Apiales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="trifoliate">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Heteromorpha trifoliate</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Wendl.) Eckl. and Zeyh. In Namibia, it was collected and observed on yellow flowers of
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Zygophyllaceae" genus="Zygophyllum" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Zygophyllum simples" order="Zygophyllales" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="simples">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Zygophyllum simples</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
I.
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson (1933)</bibRefCitation>
observed that males are uncommon in Harare and Victoria District in Zimbabwe (as Salisbury) and occur in flowers of
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Celastraceae" genus="Gymnosporia" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gymnosporia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Gymnosporia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (as
<taxonomicName genus="Gymosporia" lsidName="Gymosporia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Gymosporia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
[
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">sic</emphasis>
]). Attracted to open termite nest, ex termite nest of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Trinervitermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trinervitermes" order="Isoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Trinervitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Isoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="order">Isoptera</taxonomicName>
), pinned with termite. Additionally in South Africa,
<bibRefCitation author="Zumpt, Fritz" journalOrPublisher="[III] +" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 209" refId="B7073017" refString="Zumpt, Fritz, 1958. Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935). [III] + 92: 1 - 209" title="Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935)" volume="92" year="1958">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Zumpt (1958)</emphasis>
</bibRefCitation>
recorded that one male was reared from the nest of
<taxonomicName authorityName="Fuller" authorityYear="1922" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Trinervitermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trinervitermes havilandi" order="Isoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="havilandi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Trinervitermes havilandi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Fuller (=
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. trinervoides" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="trinervoides">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">T. trinervoides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sjöstedt">Sjoestedt</normalizedToken>
, 1911)) in Johannesburg. In Namibia, females were exclusively attracted to broken termite nests (
<taxonomicName authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Trinervitermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trinervitermes" order="Isoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Trinervitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T." pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">T.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. rapulum" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="rapulum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">T. rapulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sjöstedt">Sjoestedt</normalizedToken>
),
<taxonomicName genus="T." lsidName="T." pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">T.</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
?
<taxonomicName lsidName="T. rhodesiensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="rhodesiensis">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">T. rhodesiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sjöstedt">Sjoestedt</normalizedToken>
) and
<taxonomicName authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1912" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Trinervitermes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trinervitermes" order="Isoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Trinervitermes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
). In Gobabis District, Namibia, males were observed swarming before dawn, approximately one metre above the ground and around a
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Terminalia sericea</emphasis>
Burch tree. In Bulawayo, Zimbabwe,
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson (1933)</bibRefCitation>
observed adults swarming from a termite nest. Females were found in the vicinity of termite nests that had been cut through by a plough. Additionally seen in aardvark (
<taxonomicName genus="Oryctoropus" lsidName="Oryctoropus afer" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" rank="species" species="afer">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Oryctoropus afer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pallas, 1766)) burrows.
<bibRefCitation author="Peris, Salvador V" journalOrPublisher="Anales de la Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="224 - 233" refId="B7070854" refString="Peris, Salvador V, 1952. Notas sobre Rhiniini con descripcion de nuevas formas. Anales de la Estacion Experimental de Aula Dei 2 (3-4): 224 - 233" title="Notas sobre Rhiniini con descripcion de nuevas formas" volume="2" year="1952">Peris (1952a)</bibRefCitation>
reported the species in an ant hill in Ghana and in a pig hole (probably a warthog (
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Gmelin" baseAuthorityYear="1788" class="Mammalia" family="Suidae" genus="Phacochoerus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Phacochoerus africanus" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="africanus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Phacochoerus africanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Gmelin)) burrow) in Nigeria. Females were observed laying eggs in soil and detritus at the bottom of the burrows in termite nests made by aardvarks (
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson 1933</bibRefCitation>
). In Namibia, it was reported to have nocturnal and semi-nocturnal habits (
<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Life cycle and developmental stages</emphasis>
: oviparous. Eggs, larvae and pupae described (
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson 1933</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="11 - 28" refId="B7073064" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1935. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia 4: 11 - 28" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="4" year="1935">Cuthbertson 1935</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson (1933)</bibRefCitation>
also reported that &quot;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Larvae were very active, occurring among dead and dying worker termites, it suggesting larvae could be predators. Eggs are long and slender (2.25 mm.) and were fully incubated at the moment of deposition in the soil. Newly hatched larvae measure 2.5 mm, and are able to burrow quickly downwards into the soil and termite-debris, where they develop to the pupal stage in 4-5 days. The live cycle in Mbalabala was between 14-17 days in April, 1933</emphasis>
&quot;. In laboratory conditions, larvae were reared by supplying worker termites daily, but
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="81 - 111" refId="B7073224" refString="Cuthbertson, A, 1933. The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Proceedings and Transaction of the Rhodesia Scientific Association 32 (May): 81 - 111" title="The habits and life histories of some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="32" year="1933">Cuthbertson (1933)</bibRefCitation>
also noted that the precise nature of their food is unknown. The eggs, 1st and 3rd instar larvae and puparium were described and illustrated by
<bibRefCitation author="Cuthbertson, Alexander" journalOrPublisher="Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="11 - 28" refId="B7073064" refString="Cuthbertson, Alexander, 1935. Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia. Occasional Papers of the National Museum of Southern Rhodesia 4: 11 - 28" title="Biological notes on some Diptera in Southern Rhodesia" volume="4" year="1935">Cuthbertson (1935)</bibRefCitation>
.
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Collection methods</emphasis>
: Malaise trap. In Namibia, with Malaise and pitfall traps and sweeping (
<bibRefCitation author="Kurahashi, Hiromu" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 131" refId="B7071266" refString="Kurahashi, Hiromu, Kirk-Spriggs, Ashley H., 2006. The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea). Zootaxa 1322: 1 - 131" title="The Calliphoridae of Namibia (Diptera: Oestroidea)" volume="1322" year="2006">Kurahashi and Kirk-Spriggs 2006</bibRefCitation>
).
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Illustrations and photographs</emphasis>
: male habitus as in Fig.
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 120" captionStartId="F7029218" captionText="Figure 120. Habitus, left lateral view of Stegosoma vinculatum male AMGS 100997 from South Africa; scale bar = 2 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/BDJ.10.e72764.figure120" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/537683" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">120</figureCitation>
. Male terminalia as in fig. 66 in
<bibRefCitation author="Zumpt, Fritz" journalOrPublisher="[III] +" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764" pagination="1 - 209" refId="B7073017" refString="Zumpt, Fritz, 1958. Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933-1935). [III] + 92: 1 - 209" title="Calliphoridae (Diptera Cyclorrapha) Part II: Rhiniini. Exploration du Parc National Albert, Mission G. F. de Witte (1933 - 1935)" volume="92" year="1958">Zumpt (1958)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="72764">Material examined</emphasis>
: Suppl. materials 1, 2.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>