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<document id="433F458AA839676E99DB5ACAEE8DF460" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4097.4.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6a03ee91-66d1-4c59-aae3-b9de2d1dadee" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="258339" ID-ZooBank="58D10345-229D-4ACE-9CDE-6B39CF1AFB3B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459769337602" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Portman, Zachary M., Griswold, Terry &amp; Pitts, James P." docDate="2016" docId="7F3887BCFF8D7D7FEBB8FF22520EF984" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4097.4.8.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4097 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Perdita (Xeromacrotera) Timberlake 1954" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="569" masterDocId="8301FFC4FF8F7D7DEB2FFFFF562BFFEA" masterDocTitle="Association of the female of Perdita (Xeromacrotera) cephalotes (Cresson), and a replacement name for Perdita bohartorum Parker (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)" masterLastPageNumber="574" masterPageNumber="567" pageNumber="569" updateTime="1698217055041" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="4B2220D0A135BD22A58094403D2B1514">Association of the female of Perdita (Xeromacrotera) cephalotes (Cresson), and a replacement name for Perdita bohartorum Parker (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="F72E36AAFF8D7D7FEBB8FF22549BFF1D" blockId="2.[151,688,221,247]" box="[151,688,221,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
<heading id="AC6681C6FF8D7D7FEBB8FF22549BFF1D" bold="true" box="[151,688,221,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" reason="1">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEBB8FF22549BFF1D" bold="true" box="[151,688,221,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
Subgenus
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEA38FF22549BFF1D" box="[279,688,221,247]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Xeromacrotera">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEA38FF2257E6FF1D" bold="true" box="[279,461,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Xeromacrotera</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="93004B5BFF8D7D7FEAFBFF22549BFF1D" author="Timberlake" box="[468,688,221,247]" pageId="2" pageNumber="574" refString="Timberlake, P. H. (1954) A revisional study of the bees of the genus Perdita F. Smith, with special reference to the fauna of the Pacific Coast, Part I. University of California Publications in Entomology, 9 (6), 345 - 432." type="journal article" year="1954">Timberlake, 1954</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="BF8B6521FF8D7D7FEBB8FEDD528DFED1" box="[151,1190,290,315]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="F72E36AAFF8D7D7FEBB8FEDD528DFED1" blockId="2.[151,1437,290,1647]" box="[151,1190,290,315]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEBB8FEDD5719FED1" bold="true" box="[151,306,290,315]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
<typeStatus id="282A8808FF8D7D7FEBB8FEDD56F9FED1" box="[151,210,290,315]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEA16FEDC54EDFED1" ID-CoL="76RDK" authority="Cresson, 1878" authorityName="Cresson" authorityYear="1878" box="[313,710,291,315]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEA16FEDC5420FED1" box="[313,523,291,315]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Perdita cephalotes</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="93004B5BFF8D7D7FE936FEDC5495FED1" author="Cresson" box="[537,702,291,315]" pageId="2" pageNumber="574" refString="Cresson, E. T. (1878) Descriptions of new North American Hymenoptera in the collection of the American Entomological Society. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 7, 61 - 136." type="journal article" year="1878">Cresson, 1878</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, ♂, by original designation and monotypy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BF8B6521FF8D7D7FEBE8FEB95753FD49" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="F72E36AAFF8D7D7FEBE8FEB95753FD49" blockId="2.[151,1437,290,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEBE8FEB9546AFEB5" bold="true" box="[199,577,326,351]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Updated subgeneric diagnosis.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE97FFEB854D2FEB4" box="[592,761,327,350]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Xeromacrotera</emphasis>
is defined by the following combination of characters: maxillary palpi six-segmented (generally appearing five-segmented due to a minute fifth joint), female with tarsal claws simple, frons shiny with dense deep punctures, and with simple, wavy scopal hairs. Male with bidentate hind tarsal claws and metasoma wider than mesosoma.
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE9D6FE4C5589FE20" box="[761,930,435,458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Xeromacrotera</emphasis>
can be separated from the closely-related subgenus
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEA3CFE2957B0FE04" box="[275,411,470,494]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEA3CFE2957BCFE04" box="[275,407,470,494]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Cockerellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cockerellia</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
which has the maxillary palpi clearly six-segmented with a normal fifth joint.
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEBB8FE04576BFDF8" box="[151,320,507,530]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Xeromacrotera</emphasis>
shares many characters with species of
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE813FE0455F5FDF9" box="[828,990,507,531]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Allomacrotera</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEF09FE0452E1FDF9" box="[1062,1226,507,531]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Procockerellia</emphasis>
, which have the maxillary palpi three- or five-segmented.
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FE9BFFDE15541FDDC" box="[656,874,542,566]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE9BFFDE15541FDDC" box="[656,874,542,566]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Perdita cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be distinguished from
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEFEEFDE15717FDB1" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Allomacrotera and Procockerellia</emphasis>
in the male sex by the combination of the bidentate tarsal claws and the broad metasoma, and the female can be distinguished by the shining and heavily punctate face, as well as the wavy rather than corkscrewshaped scopal hairs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BF8B6521FF8D7D7FEBE8FD51520EF984" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="F72E36AAFF8D7D7FEBE8FD5155FEFC29" blockId="2.[151,1437,290,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEBE8FD515710FD2D" bold="true" box="[199,315,686,711]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Remarks.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEA6CFD51542EFD2C" box="[323,517,686,711]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Number of palpi.</emphasis>
Examination of the
<specimenCount id="E197FD23FF8D7D7FE9C0FD5055A2FD2D" box="[751,905,686,711]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" type="generic">22 specimens</specimenCount>
of
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FE89EFD50526DFD2C" box="[945,1094,686,710]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE89EFD50526DFD2C" box="[945,1094,686,710]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
revealed that both sexes have six maxillary palpi (
<figureCitation id="6FAA2A2FFF8D7D7FEAA7FD2D57E7FD01" box="[392,460,722,747]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,519,1873]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,519,1873]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Perdita cephalotes (Cresson). (A) Small-headed male face. Scale bar = 250 Μm. (B) Large-headed male face. Scale bar = 250 Μm. (C) Female face. Scale bar = 250 Μm. (D) Male maxillary palpi, showing minute fifth palp. Maxillary palpi are similar in both sexes. Scale bar = 100 Μm. (E) Male side view. Scale bar = 1 mm. (F) Female metasoma. Scale bar = 250 Μm. (G) Female lateral view. Scale bar = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258340/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
D). Measurements reveal that the maxillary palpi are reduced compared to related
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEBB8FD0956C1FCE4" box="[151,234,758,782]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEBB8FD0956C1FCE4" box="[151,234,758,782]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Perdita</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, largely due to the minute size of the fifth joint. The average total length of the maxillary palpi is
<quantity id="30699B4FFF8D7D7FEE16FD0853B6FCE4" box="[1337,1437,759,783]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" unit="mm" value="0.33">0.33 mm</quantity>
(n=12) with the average length of each joint approximately: 100 µm: 50 µm: 50 µm: 50 µm: 15 µm: 60 µm. Length and ratio of the maxillary palpi show no difference between the sexes. In many specimens, the maxillary palpi appear to be five-jointed due to the minuteness of the fifth joint. The fifth joint is particularly difficult to observe in the male, whose yellowish mouthparts lack contrast. Using the typical level of magnification used for specimen identification, most specimens of
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FE93EFC54548EFC29" box="[529,677,939,963]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE93EFC54548EFC29" box="[529,677,939,963]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
would appear five-jointed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F72E36AAFF8D7D7FEBE8FC315781FAC1" blockId="2.[151,1437,290,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEBE8FC3157A8FC0D" bold="true" box="[199,387,974,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Sex association.</emphasis>
Likely due to the unique coloration of the male and the confusion regarding the number of maxillary palpi, the female of
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEADDFC0C54ACFBE1" box="[498,647,1011,1035]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEADDFC0C54ACFBE1" box="[498,647,1011,1035]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been described separately under two different names in different subgenera. Collections from the deserts of California, Nevada, and Utah have revealed
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEF8CFBE85317FBC4" box="[1187,1340,1046,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEF8CFBE85317FBC4" box="[1187,1340,1046,1070]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a relatively common species and allowed confident association of the sexes based on shared collection frequency and the shared characters of the maxillary palpi. When more than one specimen of
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEF0AFBA05291FB9C" box="[1061,1210,1118,1142]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEF0AFBA05291FB9C" box="[1061,1210,1118,1142]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been collected, males and females have been found together at 32 out of 55 unique collection events (at the same date and location). These associated collections have taken place throughout the range of
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEF63FB5852CFFB54" box="[1100,1252,1190,1214]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEF63FB5852CFFB54" box="[1100,1252,1190,1214]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The males are strongly associated with the females with only five instances of male
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FE8B0FB345218FB09" box="[927,1075,1227,1251]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE8B0FB345218FB09" box="[927,1075,1227,1251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
collected without the female. In addition to collection frequency, both sexes share the unique morphological character of shortened maxillary palpi with a minute fifth joint.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F72E36AAFF8D7D7FEBE8FAC9520EF984" blockId="2.[151,1437,290,1647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">
With the association of the female, it is now possible to better understand the relationship of
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEFF9FAC85354FAA4" box="[1238,1407,1335,1358]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Xeromacrotera</emphasis>
to other subgenera. The female shares scopal hair morphology with the subgenera
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEF20FAA452BAFA99" box="[1039,1169,1371,1395]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Cockerellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEF20FAA452BAFA99" box="[1039,1169,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Cockerellia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEFE9FAA4537CFA99" box="[1222,1367,1371,1395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Pentaperdita</emphasis>
and it resembles
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEA22FA815799FA7C" box="[269,434,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Procockerellia</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEAC9FA8154A3FA7C" box="[486,648,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Allomacrotera</emphasis>
in general appearance. However,
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEF2DFA8052BEFA7C" box="[1026,1173,1406,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Andrenidae" genus="Perdita" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEF2DFA8052BEFA7C" box="[1026,1173,1406,1430]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">P. cephalotes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not a match with any of those subgenera; in particular, the six-jointed maxillary palpi separate it from the subgenera
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEFDEFA5C53BEFA51" box="[1265,1429,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Procockerellia</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEBB8FA395711FA34" box="[151,314,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Allomacrotera</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEA5AFA39542DFA34" box="[373,518,1478,1502]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Pentaperdita</emphasis>
, while the bidentate hind tarsal claws in the male and the presence of a lateral emargination on the fifth sternum of the female separate it from the subgenus
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FEF2DFA14536EF9E9" authority="Danforth 1996" authorityName="Danforth" authorityYear="1996" box="[1026,1349,1514,1539]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Cockerellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEF2DFA1452AFF9E9" box="[1026,1156,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Cockerellia</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="93004B5BFF8D7D7FEFBCFA155316F9E9" author="Danforth" box="[1171,1341,1514,1539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="574" refString="Danforth, B. (1996) Phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of the Perdita subgenera Macrotera, Macroteropsis, Macroterella, and Cockerellula (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55 (16), 635 - 692." type="journal article" year="1996">Danforth 1996</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Due to its unique mix of characters,
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEAD8F9F0548BF9CC" box="[503,672,1551,1574]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Xeromacrotera</emphasis>
is here retained as a distinct subgenus with the combination of distinguishing characters as outlined above. More work is needed to understand the relationships between these subgenera, though
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FEA44F9A8543FF984" box="[363,532,1623,1646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Xeromacrotera</emphasis>
may be sister to
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE9FCF9A95553F984" box="[723,888,1622,1646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Procockerellia</emphasis>
or
<taxonomicName id="30914D29FF8D7D7FE8B3F9A95235F984" box="[924,1054,1622,1646]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Cockerellia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="2" pageNumber="569" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="C5E5EAB8FF8D7D7FE8B3F9A95235F984" box="[924,1054,1622,1646]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="569">Cockerellia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</subSection>
</document>