315 lines
56 KiB
XML
315 lines
56 KiB
XML
<document id="D7F6C779BABB7A1D9F19CE02F1ABA7D9" ID-DOI="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5440885" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630450697882" checkinUser="valdenar" docAuthor="Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando & Hormiga, Gustavo" docDate="2011" docId="7D5E87ADC02B5542FC844CF8D128F9F7" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00692.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37.3:ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleId="FBF0BF18BB2B256F1F8008F27D80BF37" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2010-2016.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Metellina CHAMBERLIN & IVIE 1941" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="782" masterDocId="8167FFD5C0695507FFAD4A40D36DFFF7" masterDocTitle="Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="879" masterPageNumber="713" pageNumber="779" updateTime="1699275123143" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="EEA2F3B805B7FBF1DCCE75F15DE91D96">Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A9438F37A560DA431852C99C6DCB82E7">Hormiga, Gustavo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="C108F05C2D4794A1DF3FC810302CFD2A">2011</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="BDED6530C02B5545FC844CF8D6E6F939" box="[809,1419,1720,1742]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC02B5545FC844CF8D6E6F939" blockId="66.[809,1419,1720,1742]" box="[809,1419,1720,1742]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">
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<heading id="AE0081D7C02B5545FC844CF8D6E6F939" box="[809,1419,1720,1742]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FC844CF8D780F93A" ID-CoL="62ZX2" ID-ENA="473145" authority="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE, 1941" authorityName="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE" authorityYear="1941" box="[809,1261,1720,1741]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FC844CF8D0C0F93B" box="[809,941,1720,1741]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">METELLINA</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02B5545FC1A4CF8D780F93A" author="Chamberlin RV & Ivie W" box="[951,1261,1720,1741]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref66784" refString="Chamberlin RV, Ivie W. 1941. Spiders collected by L. W. Saylor and others, mostly in California. Bulletin of the University of Utah 31: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1941">CHAMBERLIN & IVIE, 1941</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02B5545FB524CF8D6EFF939" box="[1279,1410,1720,1742]" captionStart-0="Figure 66" captionStart-1="Figure 67" captionStart-2="Figure 68" captionStart-3="Figure 69" captionStart-4="Figure 70" captionStartId-0="67.[164,243,980,999]" captionStartId-1="68.[144,223,1316,1335]" captionStartId-2="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionStartId-3="70.[144,223,1113,1132]" captionStartId-4="71.[164,243,1119,1138]" captionTargetBox-0="[323,1283,198,951]" captionTargetBox-1="[304,1261,195,1286]" captionTargetBox-2="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetBox-3="[303,1262,194,1083]" captionTargetBox-4="[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetId-0="figure-388@67.[323,1283,197,951]" captionTargetId-1="figure-217@68.[303,1263,195,1286]" captionTargetId-2="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId-3="figure-335@70.[303,1263,194,1083]" captionTargetId-4="figure-279@71.[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetPageId-0="67" captionTargetPageId-1="68" captionTargetPageId-2="69" captionTargetPageId-3="70" captionTargetPageId-4="71" captionText-0="Figure 66. Metellina segmentata abdomen: A, booklung external cuticle. B, anterior lateral spinnerets; arrow in insert indicates the space between the piriform spigot bases and the spigot shaft. C, tracheal spiracle posterior view. D, tracheal system dorsal view. E, epiandrous fusules. F, median trachea tip. All images from SEMFAP044." captionText-1="Figure 67. Metellina segmentata cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, male tangential view. D, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. E, female tangential view. F, female chelicera. G, male chelicera. H, female femur IV dorsal. All images from SEMFAP044." captionText-2="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." captionText-3="Figure 69. Metellina segmentata male pedipalp: A, ventral view. B, apical view. C, dorsal view. D, ectal view. E, mesal view. F, paracymbium and cymbial ectobasal process. All images from SEMFAP044." captionText-4="Figure 70. Metellina segmentata genital anatomy illustrations: A and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. D, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441021" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441023" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441027" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441029" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5441021/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5441023/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5441027/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5441029/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">FIGS 66–70</figureCitation>
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)
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="BDED6530C02B5542FC8B4C9FD128F9F7" lastPageId="69" lastPageNumber="782" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC02B5545FC8B4C9FD0DAF898" blockId="66.[806,1422,1758,1903]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FC8B4C9FD0D6F903" box="[806,955,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Type species:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FC654C9ED63CF902" authority="(McCook, 1894)" baseAuthorityName="McCook" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[968,1361,1758,1781]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtisi">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FC654C9ED7E7F903" box="[968,1162,1758,1780]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Metellina curtisi</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02B5545FB334C9ED625F902" author="McCook HC" box="[1182,1352,1758,1781]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" pagination="1 - 285" refId="ref72108" refString="McCook HC. 1894. American spiders and their spinningwork. Philadelphia 3: 1 - 285." type="journal article" year="1894">McCook, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<materialsCitation id="459F3CE6C02B5545FACC4C9ED0DEF898" country="United States of America" location="Academy of Natural Sciences" municipality="Philadelphia" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" stateProvince="California" typeStatus="syntype">
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The
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<typeStatus id="2A4C8819C02B5545FC8B4CBDD0E7F8E5" box="[806,906,1789,1810]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02B5545FC6D4CBDD7C3F8E4" box="[960,1198,1789,1811]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Pachygnatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curtisi">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02B5545FC6D4CBDD7C3F8E4" box="[960,1198,1789,1811]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Pachygnatha curtisi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are fragments of
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<specimenCount id="E3F1FD32C02B5545FC8B4D5CD0C8F8C5" box="[806,933,1820,1842]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" type="male">three male</specimenCount>
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specimens from
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<collectingRegion id="3733F859C02B5545FBDD4D5CD78EF8C5" box="[1136,1251,1820,1842]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">California</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="8DE0762BC02B5545FB584D5CD643F8C5" box="[1269,1326,1820,1842]" name="United States of America" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">USA</collectingCountry>
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), deposited at the
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<location id="F0286060C02B5545FC0F4D7AD79CF8A7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D5E87ADC02B5542FC844CF8D128F9F7:F0286060C02B5545FC0F4D7AD79CF8A7" box="[930,1265,1850,1872]" country="United States of America" municipality="Philadelphia" name="Academy of Natural Sciences" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" stateProvince="California">Academy of Natural Sciences</location>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="152CACC1C02B5545FB514D7AD6E0F8A7" box="[1276,1421,1850,1872]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779">Philadelphia</collectingMunicipality>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02B5545FC834D19D0C6F898" author="Levi HW" box="[814,939,1881,1903]" pageId="66" pageNumber="779" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="A1886633C02A5544FF094994D7C1FBD5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441021" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5441021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441021/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780" startId="67.[164,243,980,999]" targetBox="[323,1283,198,951]" targetPageId="67">
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC02A5544FF094994D7C1FBD5" blockId="67.[164,1441,980,1059]" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FF094994D274FC10" bold="true" box="[164,281,980,999]" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Figure 66.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02A5544FE8B4995D16AFC10" baseAuthorityName="Clerck" baseAuthorityYear="1757" box="[294,519,981,1000]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="67" pageNumber="780" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="segmentata">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FE8B4995D16AFC10" box="[294,519,981,1000]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Metellina segmentata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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abdomen: A, booklung external cuticle. B, anterior lateral spinnerets; arrow in insert indicates the space between the piriform spigot bases and the spigot shaft. C, tracheal spiracle posterior view. D, tracheal system dorsal view. E, epiandrous fusules. F, median trachea tip. All images from SEMFAP044.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="F54836BBC02A5544FF094E1CD2D7F9E9" blockId="67.[164,779,1116,1566]" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FF094E1CD276FB86" box="[164,283,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02A5544FE814E1CD294FB85" box="[300,505,1116,1138]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="67" pageNumber="780" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FE814E1CD2F5FB86" box="[300,408,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Metellina</emphasis>
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species
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</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from all other tetragnathid genera by the following combination of characters: abdomen oval, longer than wide; secondary eyes with canoe-shaped tapetum (
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<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02A5544FF064E96D240FB1C" author="Levi HW" box="[171,301,1238,1260]" pageId="67" pageNumber="780" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 95, 96); PLE on a single tubercle (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FF014EB5D25FFAFD" box="[172,306,1269,1291]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1316,1335]" captionTargetBox="[304,1261,195,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-217@68.[303,1263,195,1286]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 67. Metellina segmentata cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, male tangential view. D, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. E, female tangential view. F, female chelicera. G, male chelicera. H, female femur IV dorsal. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441023/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 67C, E</figureCitation>
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); epigynal plate flat (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FD9C4EB5D1DBFAFD" box="[561,694,1269,1291]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 68A, B</figureCitation>
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); copulatory openings posteriorly orientated (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FDC44F53D1A3FADE" box="[617,718,1299,1321]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 68D</figureCitation>
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); fertilization ducts originating on the anterior surface of the spermathecae (
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FE2A4F11D283FA90" box="[391,494,1361,1383]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Figs 68C</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FE524F11D15DFA90" box="[511,560,1361,1383]" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="71.[164,243,1119,1138]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-279@71.[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 70. Metellina segmentata genital anatomy illustrations: A and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. D, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441029/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">70D</figureCitation>
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); accessory glands concentrated near the copulatory ducts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FD304F2FD193FA72" box="[669,766,1391,1413]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 68F</figureCitation>
|
||
); cymbial ectobasal process formed by a massive cuticular fold (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FEB84FECD2CFFA35" box="[277,418,1452,1474]" captionStart="Figure 69" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,194,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-335@70.[303,1263,194,1083]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 69. Metellina segmentata male pedipalp: A, ventral view. B, apical view. C, dorsal view. D, ectal view. E, mesal view. F, paracymbium and cymbial ectobasal process. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441027" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441027/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 69C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
); cymbial ectomedian process absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FEAF4F8BD20AFA16" box="[258,359,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 69" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,194,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-335@70.[303,1263,194,1083]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 69. Metellina segmentata male pedipalp: A, ventral view. B, apical view. C, dorsal view. D, ectal view. E, mesal view. F, paracymbium and cymbial ectobasal process. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441027" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441027/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 69D</figureCitation>
|
||
); paracymbium slightly longer than half the cymbium length; and sperm duct without switch backs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FEE74C48D2C3F9E9" box="[330,430,1544,1566]" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="71.[164,243,1119,1138]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-279@71.[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 70. Metellina segmentata genital anatomy illustrations: A and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. D, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441029/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 70C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC02A5544FF094C06D7D1F940" blockId="67.[164,779,1605,1903]" lastBlockId="67.[826,1441,1116,1903]" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FF094C06D2EAF9AD" box="[164,391,1605,1627]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Description: Female</emphasis>
|
||
: body length
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FD854C06D157F9AC" box="[552,570,1606,1627]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">c.</emphasis>
|
||
8.0 mm. Cephalic fovea formed by a transverse, deep, M-shaped groove (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FF014CC3D27DF96E" box="[172,272,1667,1689]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1316,1335]" captionTargetBox="[304,1261,195,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-217@68.[303,1263,195,1286]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 67. Metellina segmentata cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, male tangential view. D, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. E, female tangential view. F, female chelicera. G, male chelicera. H, female femur IV dorsal. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441023/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 67A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ocular area higher than carapace lateral margins (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FEB14CE1D2C4F940" box="[284,425,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1316,1335]" captionTargetBox="[304,1261,195,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-217@68.[303,1263,195,1286]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 67. Metellina segmentata cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, male tangential view. D, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. E, female tangential view. F, female chelicera. G, male chelicera. H, female femur IV dorsal. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441023/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 67C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Labium trapezoidal, wider than long and rebordered. Sternum slightly longer than wide (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FE9D4C9ED2F8F903" box="[304,405,1758,1780]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1316,1335]" captionTargetBox="[304,1261,195,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-217@68.[303,1263,195,1286]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 67. Metellina segmentata cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, male tangential view. D, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. E, female tangential view. F, female chelicera. G, male chelicera. H, female femur IV dorsal. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441023/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 67D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior surface of chelicerae smooth; boss present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FE054CBDD140F8E5" box="[424,557,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1316,1335]" captionTargetBox="[304,1261,195,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-217@68.[303,1263,195,1286]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 67. Metellina segmentata cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, male tangential view. D, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. E, female tangential view. F, female chelicera. G, male chelicera. H, female femur IV dorsal. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441023/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 67C, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eyes subequal in size, lateral eyes slightly smaller, juxtaposed, and on a tubercle. Clypeus
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FE3E4D7BD2C8F8A7" box="[403,421,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">c.</emphasis>
|
||
1.5 times the AME diameter. Booklung cuticle smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FE634D19D15EF898" box="[462,563,1881,1903]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="67.[164,243,980,999]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,198,951]" captionTargetId="figure-388@67.[323,1283,197,951]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 66. Metellina segmentata abdomen: A, booklung external cuticle. B, anterior lateral spinnerets; arrow in insert indicates the space between the piriform spigot bases and the spigot shaft. C, tracheal spiracle posterior view. D, tracheal system dorsal view. E, epiandrous fusules. F, median trachea tip. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441021/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 66A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tracheal spiracle near the spinnerets. Median tracheae not ramified, longer than half the lateral tracheae length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FCEF4ED9D0C5FB58" box="[834,936,1177,1199]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="67.[164,243,980,999]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,198,951]" captionTargetId="figure-388@67.[323,1283,197,951]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 66. Metellina segmentata abdomen: A, booklung external cuticle. B, anterior lateral spinnerets; arrow in insert indicates the space between the piriform spigot bases and the spigot shaft. C, tracheal spiracle posterior view. D, tracheal system dorsal view. E, epiandrous fusules. F, median trachea tip. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441021/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 66D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tracheal spiracle without accessory glands, median tracheae tips leaf-shaped (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FA974EF8D020FB1B" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="67.[164,243,980,999]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,198,951]" captionTargetId="figure-388@67.[323,1283,197,951]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 66. Metellina segmentata abdomen: A, booklung external cuticle. B, anterior lateral spinnerets; arrow in insert indicates the space between the piriform spigot bases and the spigot shaft. C, tracheal spiracle posterior view. D, tracheal system dorsal view. E, epiandrous fusules. F, median trachea tip. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441021/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 66C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). ALS with
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FC724E97D09CFB1B" box="[991,1009,1239,1260]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">c.</emphasis>
|
||
60 piriform spigots (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FB424E96D63FFB1B" box="[1263,1362,1238,1260]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="67.[164,243,980,999]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,198,951]" captionTargetId="figure-388@67.[323,1283,197,951]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 66. Metellina segmentata abdomen: A, booklung external cuticle. B, anterior lateral spinnerets; arrow in insert indicates the space between the piriform spigot bases and the spigot shaft. C, tracheal spiracle posterior view. D, tracheal system dorsal view. E, epiandrous fusules. F, median trachea tip. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441021/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 66B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC02A5544FAC74E96D6CCFB1C" box="[1386,1441,1238,1259]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9hjz-r0xi" name="Peabody Essex Museum" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">PMS</collectionCode>
|
||
with two aciniform spigots between the cylindrical and minor ampullate silk gland spigots but without any aciniform spigots over the anterior surface.
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC02A5544FADC4F72D6CCFAB0" box="[1393,1441,1330,1351]" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">PLS</collectionCode>
|
||
with more than 20 aciniform spigots, distal end of the aggregate spigots embracing the tip of flagelliform spigot. Epigynal plate flat, copulatory openings posteriorly orientated and in the shape of longitudinal grooves (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FC0A4F8BD736FA17" box="[935,1115,1483,1505]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 68A, B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Spermathecae walls well sclerotized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FC6B4FAAD725FA08" box="[966,1096,1513,1536]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 68C–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Copulatory and fertilization ducts cuticle well sclerotized. Copulatory ducts shorter than half the spermathecae length, fertilization ducts longer than the spermatheca width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FCEF4C24D0CBF98D" box="[834,934,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Figs 68F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FC194C24D08AF98D" box="[948,999,1636,1658]" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="71.[164,243,1119,1138]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-279@71.[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 70. Metellina segmentata genital anatomy illustrations: A and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. D, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441029/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">70D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Accessory glands distributed on one side of the spermathecae, accessory gland openings arranged in groups (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FB864CE1D7C2F940" box="[1067,1199,1697,1719]" captionStart="Figure 68" captionStartId="69.[164,243,1161,1180]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetId="figure-290@69.[323,1283,196,1131]" captionTargetPageId="69" captionText="Figure 68. Metellina segmentata epigynum: A, ventral view. B, lateral view. C, dorsal view. D, posterior view. E, accessory glands. F, spermatheca, fertilization and copulatory ducts. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441025" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441025/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 68E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC02A5543FCFE4C80D265F9A0" blockId="67.[826,1441,1116,1903]" lastBlockId="68.[144,759,1447,1623]" lastPageId="68" lastPageNumber="781" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02A5544FCFE4C80D0FFF922" box="[851,914,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Male:</emphasis>
|
||
size and somatic morphology similar to that of the female, except the chelicerae are slightly larger and divergent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FC474CBDD7E1F8E5" box="[1002,1164,1789,1811]" captionStart="Figure 67" captionStartId="68.[144,223,1316,1335]" captionTargetBox="[304,1261,195,1286]" captionTargetId="figure-217@68.[303,1263,195,1286]" captionTargetPageId="68" captionText="Figure 67. Metellina segmentata cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, male tangential view. D, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. E, female tangential view. F, female chelicera. G, male chelicera. H, female femur IV dorsal. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441023/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 67B, C, F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectionCode id="93E6AE7EC02A5544FB0C4CBDD7BCF8E5" box="[1185,1233,1789,1810]" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">PLS</collectionCode>
|
||
triplet reduced to nubbins. Epiandrous plate flat, fusules arranged in two groups and immersed in pits (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02A5544FB714D7AD62DF8A7" box="[1244,1344,1850,1872]" captionStart="Figure 66" captionStartId="67.[164,243,980,999]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,198,951]" captionTargetId="figure-388@67.[323,1283,197,951]" captionTargetPageId="67" captionText="Figure 66. Metellina segmentata abdomen: A, booklung external cuticle. B, anterior lateral spinnerets; arrow in insert indicates the space between the piriform spigot bases and the spigot shaft. C, tracheal spiracle posterior view. D, tracheal system dorsal view. E, epiandrous fusules. F, median trachea tip. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441021" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441021/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="780">Fig. 66E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Palpal patella with one macroseta, palpal tibia slightly longer than wide. Tegulum wider than long and larger than the subtegulum. Conductor well sclerotized and fused to the tegulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02D5543FE214FA5D163FA0C" box="[396,526,1509,1531]" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="71.[164,243,1119,1138]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-279@71.[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 70. Metellina segmentata genital anatomy illustrations: A and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. D, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441029/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Fig. 70B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Embolic apophysis massive and square in ectal view; embolus short and well sclerotized (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02D5543FEE24C62D2DBF9CF" box="[335,438,1570,1592]" captionStart="Figure 69" captionStartId="70.[144,223,1113,1132]" captionTargetBox="[303,1262,194,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-335@70.[303,1263,194,1083]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="Figure 69. Metellina segmentata male pedipalp: A, ventral view. B, apical view. C, dorsal view. D, ectal view. E, mesal view. F, paracymbium and cymbial ectobasal process. All images from SEMFAP044." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441027" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441027/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Figs 69B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02D5543FE6E4C62D29EF9CF" box="[451,499,1570,1592]" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="71.[164,243,1119,1138]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-279@71.[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 70. Metellina segmentata genital anatomy illustrations: A and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. D, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441029/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">70B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sperm duct spiralled (
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02D5543FF354C00D391F9A0" box="[152,252,1600,1623]" captionStart="Figure 70" captionStartId="71.[164,243,1119,1138]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetId="figure-279@71.[323,1283,196,1089]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="Figure 70. Metellina segmentata genital anatomy illustrations: A and B, male pedipalp expanded. C, pedipalp bulb cleared ventral view. D, cleared epigynum dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441029" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441029/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Fig. 70C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="A1886633C02D5543FF3D4F64D191FA85" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441023" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5441023" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441023/files/figure.png" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" startId="68.[144,223,1316,1335]" targetBox="[304,1261,195,1286]" targetPageId="68">
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC02D5543FF3D4F64D191FA85" blockId="68.[144,1422,1316,1394]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FF3D4F64D268FAC0" bold="true" box="[144,261,1316,1335]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Figure 67.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FEBC4F64D298FAC1" baseAuthorityName="Clerck" baseAuthorityYear="1757" box="[273,501,1316,1335]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="segmentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FEBC4F64D298FAC1" box="[273,501,1316,1335]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Metellina segmentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cephalothorax: A, female dorsal view. B, male dorsal view. C, male tangential view. D, female cephalothorax ventral view and sternum. E, female tangential view. F, female chelicera. G, male chelicera. H, female femur IV dorsal. All images from SEMFAP044.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC02D5543FF3D4CC3D673F9A1" blockId="68.[144,759,1667,1903]" lastBlockId="68.[806,1421,1447,1622]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FF3D4CC3D23AF96F" box="[144,343,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Natural history:</emphasis>
|
||
The Holarctic genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FD264CC3D19AF96F" authorityName="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE" authorityYear="1941" box="[651,759,1667,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FD264CC3D19AF96F" box="[651,759,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes seven species and one subspecies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FDD44CE1D19FF941" author="Levi HW" box="[633,754,1697,1719]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FF3D4C80D254F921" author="Marusik YM" box="[144,313,1728,1750]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="19 - 22" refId="ref72040" refString="Marusik YM. 1986. A redescription of types of certain orbweaving spiders (Araneidae, Tetragnathidae) from S. A. Spassky collection. Vestnik Zoologii 6: 19 - 22." type="journal article" year="1986">Marusik, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FEE14C80D2D5F922" authorityName="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE" authorityYear="1941" box="[332,440,1728,1749]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FEE14C80D2D5F922" box="[332,440,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
builds vertical webs with
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FD484C80D19AF922" box="[741,759,1728,1749]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">c.</emphasis>
|
||
25 radii, more than 30 spirals, and an open hub (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FD104C9ED3A7F8E5" author="Levi HW" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 6). These spiders are found either in dark and humid places or amongst the forest low vegetation. A few aspects of the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FDE14D7BD19AF8A7" baseAuthorityName="Clerck" baseAuthorityYear="1757" box="[588,759,1851,1872]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="segmentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FDE14D7BD19AF8A7" box="[588,759,1851,1872]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">M. segmentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been studied, such as the reproductive biology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FC834FE7D091FA4A" author="Rubenstein DI" box="[814,1020,1447,1469]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" refId="ref73827" refString="Rubenstein DI. 1987. Alternative reproductive tactics in the spider Meta segmentata. Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology 20: 229 - 223." type="journal volume" year="1987">Rubenstein, 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FBA04FE8D032FA2B" author="Prenter J & Montgomery IW & Elwood RW" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="345 - 354" refId="ref73393" refString="Prenter J, Montgomery IW, Elwood RW. 1995. Multivariate morphometrics and sexual dimorphism in the orb-web spider Metellina segmentata (Clerck, 1757) (Araneae, Metidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 55: 345 - 354." type="journal article" year="1995">Prenter, Montgomery & Elwood, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FCC04F86D674FA2C" author="Hack MA & Thompson DJ & Fernandez DM" box="[877,1305,1478,1500]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="488 - 498" refId="ref69269" refString="Hack MA, Thompson DJ, Fernandez DM. 1997. Fighting in males of the autumn spider, Metellina segmentata: Effects of relative body size, prior residency and female value on contest outcome and duration. Ethology 103: 488 - 498." type="journal article" year="1997">Hack, Thompson & Fernandez, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FA8B4F86D772FA0C" author="Malakov AA & Bilde T & Lubin Y" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="1041 - 1048" refId="ref71959" refString="Malakov AA, Bilde T, Lubin Y. 2004. Sexual selection for increased male body size and protandry in a spider. Animal Behaviour 68: 1041 - 1048." type="journal article" year="2004">Malakov, Bilde & Lubin, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the phenology and life cycle, including that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FC594C43D7D7F9EE" baseAuthorityName="Blackwall" baseAuthorityYear="1869" box="[1012,1210,1539,1561]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mengei">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FC594C43D7D7F9EE" box="[1012,1210,1539,1561]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Metellina mengei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FB604C43D6E5F9EE" author="Blackwall J" box="[1229,1416,1539,1561]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="398 - 400" refId="ref66166" refString="Blackwall J. 1869. Description of a new species of Epeira. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 4: 398 - 400." type="journal article" year="1869">Blackwall, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FC8B4C62D0F1F9CF" author="Toft S" box="[806,924,1570,1592]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="265 - 276" refId="ref75093" refString="Toft S. 1983. Life cycles of Meta segmentata (Clerck, 1757) and Meta mengei (Blackwall, 1869) in Western Europe (Arachnida: Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Verhandlungen Des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins Hamburg 26: 265 - 276." type="journal article" year="1983">Toft, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the sperm ultrastructure and development (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FC204C00D67EF9A1" author="Michalik P & Sacher P & Alberti G" box="[909,1299,1600,1622]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref72240" refString="Michalik P, Sacher P, Alberti G. 2005. Ultrastructural observations of spermatozoa of several tetragnathid spiders with phylogenetic implications (Araneae, Tetragnathidae). Journal of Morphology 263: 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="2005">Michalik, Sacher & Alberti, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC02D5543FC8B4CC3D6E3F898" blockId="68.[806,1422,1667,1903]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FC8B4CC3D77AF96F" box="[806,1047,1667,1688]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">
|
||
Taxonomy:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FC064CC3D77AF96F" authorityName="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE" authorityYear="1941" box="[939,1047,1667,1688]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Metellina</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has never been revised, except for the North American species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FB6F4CE1D629F940" author="Levi HW" box="[1218,1348,1697,1719]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Our diagnosis and description includes the species revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02D5543FC044C9ED75CF902" author="Levi HW" box="[937,1073,1758,1781]" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" pagination="1 - 75" refId="ref71096" refString="Levi HW. 1980. The orb-weaver genus Mecynogea, the subfamily Metinae and the genera Pachygnatha, Glenognatha and Azilia of the subfamily Tetragnathinae north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 1 - 75." type="journal article" year="1980">Levi (1980)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We coded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FB144C9FD60EF903" baseAuthorityName="Clerck" baseAuthorityYear="1757" box="[1209,1379,1759,1780]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="segmentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FB144C9FD60EF903" box="[1209,1379,1759,1780]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">M. segmentata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the phylogenetic analysis. The monophyly of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FC8B4D5CD0FFF8C6" authorityName="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE" authorityYear="1941" box="[806,914,1820,1841]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FC8B4D5CD0FFF8C6" box="[806,914,1820,1841]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never been tested. Two hypotheses exist regarding the sister group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FB664D7AD65AF8B8" authorityName="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE" authorityYear="1941" box="[1227,1335,1850,1871]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FB664D7AD65AF8B8" box="[1227,1335,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, either sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02D5543FC3C4D19D775F899" box="[913,1048,1881,1902]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Chrysometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="68" pageNumber="781" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02D5543FC3C4D19D775F899" box="[913,1048,1881,1902]" italics="true" pageId="68" pageNumber="781">Chrysometa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(supported by the chelicerae of
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="F54836BBC02C5542FF094AC2D128F9F7" blockId="69.[164,733,130,154]" lastBlockId="69.[164,779,1269,1536]" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">
|
||
<specimenCount id="E3F1FD32C02C5542FF094AC2D26AFF6E" box="[164,263,130,154]" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" type="generic">782 F.</specimenCount>
|
||
ÁLVAREZ-PADILLA and G. HORMIGA the male larger than those of the female and by having the sperm duct without switch backs;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02C5542FF094F72D2CEFABF" author="Hormiga G & Eberhard WG & Coddington JA" box="[164,419,1330,1352]" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" pagination="313 - 364" refId="ref70017" refString="Hormiga G, Eberhard WG, Coddington JA. 1995. Webconstruction behaviour in Australian Phonognatha and the phylogeny of nephiline and tetragnathid spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 43: 313 - 364." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Hormiga
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02C5542FEB74F73D227FAB0" box="[282,330,1330,1352]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); or sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02C5542FDC94F72D2DCFA90" authority="(Alvarez-Padilla, 2007)" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Dolichognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02C5542FDC94F72D067FAB0" box="[612,778,1330,1351]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Dolichognatha</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="91664B4AC02C5542FF064F0FD2C4FA90" author="Alvarez-Padilla F" box="[171,425,1359,1383]" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" pagination="285 - 335" refId="ref65431" refString="Alvarez-Padilla F. 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335." type="journal article" year="2007">Álvarez-Padilla, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The morphology plus behaviour data set recovered
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02C5542FE6B4F2FD15FFA73" authorityName="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE" authorityYear="1941" box="[454,562,1391,1412]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02C5542FE6B4F2FD15FFA73" box="[454,562,1391,1412]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02C5542FD7E4F2FD277FA54" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Dolichognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02C5542FD7E4F2FD277FA54" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Dolichognatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02C5542FE954FCED2B8FA54" box="[312,469,1422,1444]" captionStart="Figure 143" captionStartId="143.[164,243,1491,1510]" captionTargetBox="[323,1283,194,1462]" captionTargetId="figure-93@143.[323,1283,194,1462]" captionTargetPageId="143" captionText="Figure 143. Strict consensus trees of parsimony analyses of the morphological and behavioural data set presented in Appendix 2: A, strict consensus cladogram of the five cladograms of minimal length obtained under equal weights of 1033 steps (consistency index = 26, retention index = 58); the consensus tree is ten steps longer. Bremer support values are given under the nodes. B, strict consensus of 11 optimal cladograms obtained with implied weights at concavities 1 to 100; the consensus tree is 101 steps longer than the equal weighted optimal cladograms. Symmetric resampling support values above 51% are given under each node. See text for additional details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441178" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441178/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Fig. 143A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
); when these data are combined with DNA sequences,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02C5542FD8D4FECD1E1FA36" authorityName="CHAMBERLIN & IVIE" authorityYear="1941" box="[544,652,1452,1473]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Metellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02C5542FD8D4FECD1E1FA36" box="[544,652,1452,1473]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Metellina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
comes out as sister to a clade that includes
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02C5542FDF04F8BD06EFA17" baseAuthorityName="Alvarez-Padilla" baseAuthorityYear="2007" box="[605,771,1483,1504]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Dolichognatha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02C5542FDF04F8BD06EFA17" box="[605,771,1483,1504]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Dolichognatha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02C5542FF094FAAD246FA08" box="[164,299,1514,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Chrysometa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02C5542FF094FAAD246FA08" box="[164,299,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Chrysometa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="32F74D38C02C5542FEDE4FAAD2ABFA08" authorityName="NICOLET" authorityYear="1849" box="[371,454,1514,1535]" class="Arachnida" family="Tetragnathidae" genus="Diphya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="69" pageNumber="782" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="C783EAA9C02C5542FEDE4FAAD2ABFA08" box="[371,454,1514,1535]" italics="true" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Diphya</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="6DCC2A3EC02C5542FE774FAAD154F9F7" box="[474,569,1514,1536]" captionStart="Figure 144" captionStartId="144.[144,223,1257,1276]" captionTargetBox="[367,1199,196,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-233@144.[367,1199,195,1227]" captionTargetPageId="144" captionText="Figure 144. Preferred optimal cladogram from the study of Álvarez-Padilla et al. (2009). This tree is based on a combined analysis, using direct optimization methods, of multigene DNA sequences and the morphological and behavioural data set presented in Appendix 2. The single most parsimonious tree was 54 536 steps when all the data were analysed simultaneously. Numbers under each node correspond to the node numbers in Table 1 where all support values are plotted and the synapomorphies mapped." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5441180" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5441180/files/figure.png" pageId="69" pageNumber="782">Fig. 144</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |