1133 lines
125 KiB
XML
1133 lines
125 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.36013" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45bf32fc-dbe3-46d1-993d-beae01db9bd4" ID-PMC="PMC6901621" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-893-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="32BB001D282856019A140EE16FEC6577" ID-PubMed="31844398" ID-ZooBank="51DD2CEA0FC945D1861B15CE8F817061" ModsDocID="1313-2970-893-1" checkinTime="1575325038321" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Borrero-Perez, Giomar Helena & Vanegas-Gonzalez, Maria Juliana" docDate="2019" docId="77F1DEDCBA5E5BD9811110420E6A5C86" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 893: 1-19" docOrigin="ZooKeys 893" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.36013" docTitle="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia Borrero-Perez & Vanegas-Gonzalez, 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="32BB001D282856019A140EE16FEC6577" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="32BB001D282856019A140EE16FEC6577" masterDocTitle="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (Holothuriida, Holothuriidae), a new sea cucumber from the Eastern Pacific Ocean revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding" masterLastPageNumber="19" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1668168151881" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (Holothuriida, Holothuriidae), a new sea cucumber from the Eastern Pacific Ocean revealed by morphology and DNA barcoding</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Borrero-Perez, Giomar Helena</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vanegas-Gonzalez, Maria Juliana</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>893</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>19</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.36013</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.893.36013</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-893-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">51DD2CEA0FC945D1861B15CE8F817061</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">32BB001D282856019A140EE16FEC6577</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="160612136" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:77F1DEDCBA5E5BD9811110420E6A5C86" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/77F1DEDCBA5E5BD9811110420E6A5C86" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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<taxonomicName LSID="77F1DEDC-BA5E-5BD9-8111-10420E6A5C86" class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="1">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Maps showing the geographic distribution of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. A, B Detailed distribution in Choco, Colombia; the triangle indicates the only locality were H. (Mertensiothuria) hilla specimens were collected C Wider distribution of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. showing other localities from Panama and Mexico where the species have been identified through photographs, and the locality in India from where the GenBank sequence KP 780302 originated. Colombian localities are represented by exact coordinates, and all other localities were derived from specific localities mentioned in the literature." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360919" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure1">Figures 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ossicle comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) and ventral body wall (tables, buttons); grey squares indicated in the images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360921" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3">3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods), dorsal papillae tip (showing the plate and small rods at the tip) and tube feet (tables, buttons and supporting plates); grey squares indicated in some images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360922" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure4">4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing end plates from tube feet and ossicle set from tentacles (large and small rods) and longitudinal muscles (C's and O's ossicles). Scale bars: 100 µm (except A upper)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360923" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5">5</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm). A Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) B ventral body wall (tables, buttons) C dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods) D tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates) E tube feet (end plate) F tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6">6</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial genes of the specimens analysed for the present study. A COI B 16 S. The numbers on the nodes indicate Neighbour Joining (bootstrap %) / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Bayesian posterior probability. Hyphen (-) indicates nodes not supported in some trees. Sequences from Colombia obtained in this study include the catalogue number at the MHNMC - INVEMAR (INV EQU); GenBank ascension number is included for the other sequences (see Table 1)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360925" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7">7</figureCitation>
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4867E44C8223B9E7AEDF32C6925C4EB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="4867E44C8223B9E7AEDF32C6925C4EB2">; Tables 1</tableCitation>
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<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">, 2</tableCitation>
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<tableCitation captionStartId="T3" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DD32B1A222E7715272E5483698A27862" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="DD32B1A222E7715272E5483698A27862">, 3</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solis-Marin, FA" journalOrPublisher="Jimenez Editores e Impresores, Distrito Federal, Mexico" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Solis-Marin, FA, Arriaga-Ochoa, JA, Laguarda-Figueras, A, Frontana-Uribe, SC, Duran-Gonzalez, A, 2009. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California. Jimenez Editores e Impresores, Distrito Federal, Mexico" title="Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California." year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solís-Marín">Solis-Marin</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 110-111, fig. 30
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–G">A-G</normalizedToken>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Santos-Beltran, C" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Mar" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3 - 11" refId="B36" refString="Santos-Beltran, C, Salazar-Silva, P, 2011. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de playas rocosas, zona norte de Bahia de Banderas, Nayarit, Mexico. Ciencia y Mar 15: 3 - 11" title="Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de playas rocosas, zona norte de Bahia de Banderas, Nayarit, Mexico." volume="15" year="2011">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Santos-Beltrán">Santos-Beltran</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Salazar-Silva 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2A;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" author="Honey-Escandon, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B14" refString="Honey-Escandon, M, Laguarda-Figueras, A, Solis-Marin, FA, 2012. .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Honey-Escandón">Honey-Escandon</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215000810" author="Sotelo-Casas, RC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity Records" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 8" refId="B39" refString="Sotelo-Casas, RC, Cupul-Magana, AL, Solis-Marin, FA, Rodriguez-Troncoso, AP, 2015. New records of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Islas Marietas, Central Mexican Pacific. Marine Biodiversity Records 8: 1 - 8" title="New records of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Islas Marietas, Central Mexican Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215000810" volume="8" year="2015">Sotelo-Casas et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 3-4, figs 2E, 3(4-8), 4(4-6);
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molina, L" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B29" refString="Molina, L, Roca, K, Pino, Y, Borrero-Perez, GH, Vergara-Chen, C, 2015. Algunas Especies de Pepinos de Mar (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de Zonas Rocosas Intermareales del Pacifico de Panama. 68th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, 179 pp." title="Algunas Especies de Pepinos de Mar (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de Zonas Rocosas Intermareales del Pacifico de Panama. 68 th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, 179 pp." year="2015">Molina et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 3C.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
: INV EQU4309, one specimen, total length 70 mm; collected in La Viuda rocky reef, Gulf of Cupica, northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="37.9812" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.63302">6°37.9812'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="29.985" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.49975">77°29.985'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), by G. Borrero, 24Oct 2016; at 15 m depth under rocks and attached; GenBank nucleotide sequences COIMK477997 and 16S MK477991 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">
|
||
Fig. 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratype</emphasis>
|
||
: INV EQU4234, one specimen, total length 35 mm; collected in El Faro rocky reef, Cabo Marzo, northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="49.4802" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.82467">6°49.4802'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="41.3976" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.68996">77°41.3976'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), by M.J. Vanegas, 24 April 2016; at 13 m depth under rocks and attached; GenBank nucleotide sequences 16S MK477992 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratype</emphasis>
|
||
: INV EQU4312, one specimen, total length 25 mm; collected in Morromico rocky reef, Gulf of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tribugá">Tribuga</normalizedToken>
|
||
, northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="52.3194" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="5.87199">5°52.3194'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="18.6426" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.31071">77°18.6426'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), by G. Borrero, 20 Oct 2016; at 10 m depth under rocks; GenBank nucleotide sequences COIMK477998 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 2" startId="F2">
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Type specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (
|
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–F">A-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
) and comparative material of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="G–J">G-J</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia (INV EQU4309, L = 70 mm)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
calcareous ring and
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
detail of the preserved holotype tentacles
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia (INV EQU4234, L = 35 mm)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
smallest paratype from Gulf of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tribugá">Tribuga</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia (INV EQU4312, L = 25 mm)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, H</emphasis>
|
||
alive specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Cabo Marzo, Northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU4310, L = 100 mm)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">I, J</emphasis>
|
||
preserved specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, same locality as
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">G, H</emphasis>
|
||
and detail of tentacles (INV EQU4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
|
||
); 1 cm (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E, F, I</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Comparative material</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: INV EQU4245, one specimen, total length 75 mm; collected in Piedra de Rodrigo rocky reef, Cabo Marzo, northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia (
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="6" direction="north" minutes="47.0346" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="6.78391">6°47.0346'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="77" direction="west" minutes="41.6148" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-77.69358">77°41.6148'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
), by M.J. Vanegas, 25 April 2016; at 19 m depth under rocks; INV EQU4310, four specimens, total length 70-100 mm; by G. Borrero, 26 Oct 2016; same locality, depth, and habitat as previous; GenBank nucleotide sequences 16S MK477993 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2G, H</figureCitation>
|
||
); INV EQU4311, one specimen, total length 65 mm; by G. Borrero, 26 Oct 2016; same locality, depth, and habitat as previous; GenBank nucleotide sequences COIMK477996 and 16S MK477994 (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2I, J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Olive-green background with white-orange dorsal papillae, tube feet and tentacles; buttons>75
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
in length; large tentacles with deep indentations; tentacle rods thick, rough and with some perforations; longitudinal muscles without ossicles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
External appearance: medium-sized species, holotype preserved specimen 70 mm long and 21 mm wide; body loaf like (length <4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
diameter) length/width ratio 2.3. Body shape of living ex situ specimen cylindrical in cross-section (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
), tapering posteriorly and widening anteriorly, ending in a large crown of tentacles. Body wall soft and thin (2-3 mm thick). Anus terminal surrounded by small papillae. Mouth directed ventrally in live and preserved specimens, encircled by large papillae (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Large peltate tentacles 20; ca. 5-6 mm total length, and 4-5 mm width shield; with deep indentions 2-3 mm. Few large, long and slender conical papillae scattered on the dorsal surface, although a vague arrangement into four rows is observed, two of them are lateral, where they are a little larger; smaller papillae scattered among the largest. Ventral tube feet cylindrical, large and thick, densely distributed throughout the ventral surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Colour</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Background of living specimens olive-green; base of the papillae is a light or whitish green that changes to orange from the middle to the ends, however, the tips of the papillae are whitish. Ventral surface similar to dorsum, with orange tube feet and white suckers; tentacles orange, same colour as papillae and tube feet (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dark brownish green in preserved specimens with papillae, tube feet, and tentacles a dark yellow (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">
|
||
Fig. 2
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D–F">D-F</normalizedToken>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Internal anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
Square radial plates in the calcareous ring, 3 mm wide and 3 mm high, with three anterior rounded processes, and posterior margin with shallow rounded indentation; interradial plates slender, 1.5 mm high and 2.5 mm wide, pointed anterior margin and rounded posterior margin (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). One free stone canal, 4 mm long, and a helicoidally madreporite, 4 mm long (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tubular tentacle ampullae, 3-4 mm long and striped coloured. Tube-like polian vesicle, 17 mm long. Longitudinal muscles pair flat, thinner in the middle of each pair, irregularly wide, 3-4 mm wide each band, or 2-2 mm wide, attached, with narrow free edges. Gonads absent. Cuvierian organ present. Right respiratory tree extending to anterior end; left respiratory tree attached to the intestine until the middle of the body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ossicles</emphasis>
|
||
: Dorsal and ventral body wall include similar tables and buttons, with dorsal tables taller and dorsal buttons larger than ventral (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ossicle comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) and ventral body wall (tables, buttons); grey squares indicated in the images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360921" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tables disc circular to quadrangular in outline; rim of the disc smooth; with four large central perforations and 7-12 smaller peripheral holes, arranged in one ring; spire with four pillars, single crossbeam, spiny crown with a small central hole (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ossicle comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) and ventral body wall (tables, buttons); grey squares indicated in the images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360921" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal tables 60-81
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
across disc (x- = 68
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and 43-54
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
height (x- = 49
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
); ventral tables 57-71
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
across disc (x- = 63
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and 40-49
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
height (x- = 44
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Buttons with smooth rim but irregular contour, usually with three pairs of holes, sometimes four pairs or three-four unpaired holes (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ossicle comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) and ventral body wall (tables, buttons); grey squares indicated in the images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360921" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal buttons 79-115
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long (x- = 101
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
); ventral buttons 82-108 long (x- = 94
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Dorsal papillae with tables, buttons, button-like plates, rods and at the very tip one small plate and small rods (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods), dorsal papillae tip (showing the plate and small rods at the tip) and tube feet (tables, buttons and supporting plates); grey squares indicated in some images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360922" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure4">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tables and buttons similar in shape and size to the ones in the body wall, although
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="table’s">table's</normalizedToken>
|
||
spires are thicker and buttons are larger, up to 130
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Rods 167-203
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long (x- = 187
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
) with distal or median perforations; small plates at the top of the papillae 99-134
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(x- = 187
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and small rods 37-58
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(x- = 48
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Ventral tube feet or pedicels with tables, buttons, plates, and end plates (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods), dorsal papillae tip (showing the plate and small rods at the tip) and tube feet (tables, buttons and supporting plates); grey squares indicated in some images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360922" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure4">Figs 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing end plates from tube feet and ossicle set from tentacles (large and small rods) and longitudinal muscles (C's and O's ossicles). Scale bars: 100 µm (except A upper)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360923" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tables and buttons similar in shape and size to the ones in ventral body wall, although buttons are larger, up to 140
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
. Plates 105-133
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long (x- = 117
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
) and 72-129
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
wide (x- = 116
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
); end plates 578-581
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
wide. Tentacles with large and small rods (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing end plates from tube feet and ossicle set from tentacles (large and small rods) and longitudinal muscles (C's and O's ossicles). Scale bars: 100 µm (except A upper)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360923" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
); large rods are thick plate-like and very rough, usually with perforations at the extremities or along its length, 113-261
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
long and 33-150
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
width. Small rods thin and few spinose (58-107
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
). Longitudinal muscles without ossicles (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing end plates from tube feet and ossicle set from tentacles (large and small rods) and longitudinal muscles (C's and O's ossicles). Scale bars: 100 µm (except A upper)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360923" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5">Fig. 5A</figureCitation>
|
||
), as well as in the other internal organs, such as respiratory trees, tentacle ampullae, cloaca, and intestine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360921" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 3" startId="F3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Ossicle comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (INV EQU4309, L = 70 mm)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(INV EQU4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) and ventral body wall (tables, buttons); grey squares indicated in the images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360922" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Ossicles" lsidName="Ossicles" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Ossicles</taxonomicName>
|
||
comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.(INV EQU4309, L = 70 mm
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(INV EQU4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods), dorsal papillae tip (showing the plate and small rods at the tip) and tube feet (tables, buttons and supporting plates); grey squares indicated in some images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360923" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 5" startId="F5">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Ossicles" lsidName="Ossicles" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="genus">Ossicles</taxonomicName>
|
||
comparison between
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (INV EQU4309, L = 70 mm)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(INV EQU4311, L = 65 mm); showing end plates from tube feet and ossicle set from tentacles (large and small rods) and longitudinal muscles (C's and O's ossicles). Scale bars: 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(except
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
upper).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 2" startId="T2">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of ossicle size in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. holotype, juvenile paratype, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
of similar body size.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="3">Characteristics</th>
|
||
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. Paratype INV EQU4312
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. Holotype INV EQU4309
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
INV EQU4311
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">L = 25 mm</th>
|
||
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">L = 70 mm</th>
|
||
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">L = 65 mm</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Range (µm)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Average</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Range (µm)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Average</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Range (µm)</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Average</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dorsal body wall</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Buttons length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">88-119</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">99</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">79-115</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">101</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">47-70</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">61</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tables disc diameter</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">62-84</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">73</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">60-81</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">68</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">51-75</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">59</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tables height</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">56-68</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">62</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">43-54</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">49</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">35-45</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">41</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Width spires</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">14-15</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">15</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">23-31</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">29</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">21-26</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">23</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ventral body wall</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Buttons length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">78-104</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">90</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">82-108</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">94</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">50-73</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">61</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tables disc diameter</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">54-80</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">63</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">57-71</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">63</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">47-61</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">53</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tables height</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">45-56</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">51</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">40-49</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">44</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">34-44</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">39</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Width spires</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">9-17</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">14</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">22-29</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">25</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">16-20</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">18</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Dorsal papillae</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Buttons, Buttons-like plates length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">80-111</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">99</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">106-130</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">117</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">64-91</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">79</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tables disc diameter</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">51-95</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">74</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">60-82</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">71</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">48-66</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">58</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tables height</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">58-71</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">64</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">42-62</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">52</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">43-47</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">45</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Width spires</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">19-28</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">25</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">30-42</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">36</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">20-25</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">22</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Rods</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">97-168</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">143</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">167-203</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">187</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">102-152</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">129</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Plates</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">99-134</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">118</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">104-107</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">106</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Small Rods</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">-</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">37-58</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">48</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">43-67</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">57</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ventral tube feet</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Buttons, Buttons-like plates length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">93-116</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">105</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">91-140</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">110</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">52-84</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">70</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tables disc diameter</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">54-75</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">63</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">53-73</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">61</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">41-57</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">51</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Tables height</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">46-54</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">50</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">41-51</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">45</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">34-43</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">38</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Width spires</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">15-23</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">18</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">23-31</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">28</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">17-24</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">21</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Plates length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">66-122</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">96</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">105-133</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">117</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">76-127</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">96</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Plates width</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">46-83</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">65</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">72-129</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">116</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">68 -99</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">84</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">End Plates</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">391-401</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">396</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">578-581</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">580</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">570-584</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">577</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Tentacles</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Large Rods Length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">132-259</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">197</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">185-261</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">221</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">166-267</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">227</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Large Rods Width</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">21-39</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">29</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">33-150</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">75</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">10-27</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">18</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Small Rods Length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">37-91</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">56</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">58-107</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">74</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">37-65</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">47</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="7" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Longitudinal muscle</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">C-O shape ossicles length</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">NA</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">NA</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">NA</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">NA</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">13-33</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">24</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Paratypes</emphasis>
|
||
: Juveniles, 35 and 25 mm long, 12 and 8 mm wide respectively (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). External morphology different to the holotype, which is much larger at 70 mm long. Small dorsal papillae in the four main rows, as described for the holotype; and three rows of tube feet, two lateral and one in the middle of the ventral side which includes two irregular lines of pedicels (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal and ventral body wall buttons are smaller in the juvenile, although there is not a considerable difference in size; however, in shape they are more rounded at the extremities and frequently present more than three pairs of holes (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm). A Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) B ventral body wall (tables, buttons) C dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods) D tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates) E tube feet (end plate) F tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tables showed more changes during growth in comparison with buttons: the tables spire are taller and narrower, pointed-like without cross beam clearly noted, with few spines around the top; and the tables disc diameter is larger, with peripheral holes less in number and larger in size in the juvenile (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm). A Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) B ventral body wall (tables, buttons) C dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods) D tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates) E tube feet (end plate) F tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6">Fig. 6A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Dorsal papillae and tube feet present similar pattern of change during growth in buttons and tables when comparing the juvenile with the holotype; however, tables in dorsal papillae and tube feet in the juveniles are less pointed-like and one cross beam is clearly noted in most of the tables in comparison with those from the dorsal and ventral body wall (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm). A Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) B ventral body wall (tables, buttons) C dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods) D tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates) E tube feet (end plate) F tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6">Fig. 6C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). In addition, rods in dorsal papillae are smaller in size; it was not possible to observe the small plates and rods at the very top of the papillae. Supporting plates and end plates in the tube feet are also smaller in the juvenile (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm). A Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) B ventral body wall (tables, buttons) C dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods) D tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates) E tube feet (end plate) F tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6">Fig. 6D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tentacle rods are not well developed in the paratype, being almost similar in length but less thick than those of the holotype, however, they are thicker than those in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
individual of 65 mm in length (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing end plates from tube feet and ossicle set from tentacles (large and small rods) and longitudinal muscles (C's and O's ossicles). Scale bars: 100 µm (except A upper)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360923" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5">Figs 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm). A Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) B ventral body wall (tables, buttons) C dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods) D tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates) E tube feet (end plate) F tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6">6F</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. (INV EQU4312, L = 25 mm).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
ventral body wall (tables, buttons)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">D</emphasis>
|
||
tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">E</emphasis>
|
||
tube feet (end plate)
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">F</emphasis>
|
||
tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
From the Latin
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">viridis</emphasis>
|
||
(green) and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">aurantius</emphasis>
|
||
(orange-coloured), referring to the living colour with olive-green background and orange-white papillae, tube feet, and tentacles (feminine).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is known and confirmed along the Eastern Pacific from Mexico (as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solis-Marin, FA" journalOrPublisher="Jimenez Editores e Impresores, Distrito Federal, Mexico" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Solis-Marin, FA, Arriaga-Ochoa, JA, Laguarda-Figueras, A, Frontana-Uribe, SC, Duran-Gonzalez, A, 2009. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California. Jimenez Editores e Impresores, Distrito Federal, Mexico" title="Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California." year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solís-Marín">Solis-Marin</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Santos-Beltran, C" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Mar" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3 - 11" refId="B36" refString="Santos-Beltran, C, Salazar-Silva, P, 2011. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de playas rocosas, zona norte de Bahia de Banderas, Nayarit, Mexico. Ciencia y Mar 15: 3 - 11" title="Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de playas rocosas, zona norte de Bahia de Banderas, Nayarit, Mexico." volume="15" year="2011">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Santos-Beltrán">Santos-Beltran</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Salazar-Silva 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" author="Honey-Escandon, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B14" refString="Honey-Escandon, M, Laguarda-Figueras, A, Solis-Marin, FA, 2012. .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Honey-Escandón">Honey-Escandon</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215000810" author="Sotelo-Casas, RC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity Records" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 8" refId="B39" refString="Sotelo-Casas, RC, Cupul-Magana, AL, Solis-Marin, FA, Rodriguez-Troncoso, AP, 2015. New records of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Islas Marietas, Central Mexican Pacific. Marine Biodiversity Records 8: 1 - 8" title="New records of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Islas Marietas, Central Mexican Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215000810" volume="8" year="2015">Sotelo-Casas et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Panama (as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molina, L" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B29" refString="Molina, L, Roca, K, Pino, Y, Borrero-Perez, GH, Vergara-Chen, C, 2015. Algunas Especies de Pepinos de Mar (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de Zonas Rocosas Intermareales del Pacifico de Panama. 68th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, 179 pp." title="Algunas Especies de Pepinos de Mar (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de Zonas Rocosas Intermareales del Pacifico de Panama. 68 th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, 179 pp." year="2015">Molina et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Colombia (present study) (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Maps showing the geographic distribution of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. A, B Detailed distribution in Choco, Colombia; the triangle indicates the only locality were H. (Mertensiothuria) hilla specimens were collected C Wider distribution of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. showing other localities from Panama and Mexico where the species have been identified through photographs, and the locality in India from where the GenBank sequence KP 780302 originated. Colombian localities are represented by exact coordinates, and all other localities were derived from specific localities mentioned in the literature." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360919" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure1">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, a GenBank sequence of one specimen from Kerala coast, India (Accession number KP780302.1) suggests that the new species could have a wider geographical distribution across the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean to the Central and Tropical Eastern Pacific, like
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="F1" captionText="Figure 1. Maps showing the geographic distribution of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. A, B Detailed distribution in Choco, Colombia; the triangle indicates the only locality were H. (Mertensiothuria) hilla specimens were collected C Wider distribution of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. showing other localities from Panama and Mexico where the species have been identified through photographs, and the locality in India from where the GenBank sequence KP 780302 originated. Colombian localities are represented by exact coordinates, and all other localities were derived from specific localities mentioned in the literature." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure1" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360919" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure1">Fig. 1C</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, it was not possible to review the specimen belonging to the sequence, so colouration and morphological characteristics described in the present paper should be reviewed and confirmed. Notably, images of green-coloured
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the Philippines are presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dolorosa, RG" journalOrPublisher="SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="9 - 20" refId="B10" refString="Dolorosa, RG, Salazar, CB, Delfin, MYV, Paduga1, JR, Balisco, RAT, 2017. Sea cucumber fisheries in Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Narra, Palawan, Philippines. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin 37: 9 - 20" title="Sea cucumber fisheries in Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Narra, Palawan, Philippines." volume="37" year="2017">Dolorosa et al. (2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2J</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is associated with rocky bottoms from the intertidal to 15 m depth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molina, L" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B29" refString="Molina, L, Roca, K, Pino, Y, Borrero-Perez, GH, Vergara-Chen, C, 2015. Algunas Especies de Pepinos de Mar (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de Zonas Rocosas Intermareales del Pacifico de Panama. 68th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, 179 pp." title="Algunas Especies de Pepinos de Mar (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de Zonas Rocosas Intermareales del Pacifico de Panama. 68 th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, 179 pp." year="2015">Molina et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study). Specimens collected in Colombia were found attached under medium rocks, differing from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
which were found under rocks but on a sandy substrate instead of a rocky substrate.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (M.) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">Holothuria (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. was collected in three different rocky reefs in the northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
was found only in one, during both collection trips in 2016. Several specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found regenerating new anterior ends, this was not observed in specimens of the new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
As the specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. were previously assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the conservation status of this species must be considered. Currently
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included in the IUCN Red List in the category of Least Concern, and in addition, it is classified as a low-value species (about USD3 kg-1 dried in the Philippines) among commercially important sea cucumbers of the world (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Purcell, SW" journalOrPublisher="Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B32" refString="Purcell, SW, Samyn, Y, Conand, C, 2012. Commercially important sea cucumbers of the World. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 6. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome" title="Commercially important sea cucumbers of the World. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 6." year="2012">Purcell et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is no fishery reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, however,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
is fished commercially in the Philippines, Indonesia and Madagascar, that could include the new species considering the potential wider distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Remarks.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
The new species was previously assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solis-Marin, FA" journalOrPublisher="Jimenez Editores e Impresores, Distrito Federal, Mexico" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B38" refString="Solis-Marin, FA, Arriaga-Ochoa, JA, Laguarda-Figueras, A, Frontana-Uribe, SC, Duran-Gonzalez, A, 2009. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California. Jimenez Editores e Impresores, Distrito Federal, Mexico" title="Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) del Golfo de California." year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Solís-Marín">Solis-Marin</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Santos-Beltran, C" journalOrPublisher="Ciencia y Mar" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="3 - 11" refId="B36" refString="Santos-Beltran, C, Salazar-Silva, P, 2011. Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de playas rocosas, zona norte de Bahia de Banderas, Nayarit, Mexico. Ciencia y Mar 15: 3 - 11" title="Holoturoideos (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de playas rocosas, zona norte de Bahia de Banderas, Nayarit, Mexico." volume="15" year="2011">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Santos-Beltrán">Santos-Beltran</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Salazar-Silva 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" author="Honey-Escandon, M" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B14" refString="Honey-Escandon, M, Laguarda-Figueras, A, Solis-Marin, FA, 2012. .https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00794.x" year="2012">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Honey-Escandón">Honey-Escandon</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Molina, L" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B29" refString="Molina, L, Roca, K, Pino, Y, Borrero-Perez, GH, Vergara-Chen, C, 2015. Algunas Especies de Pepinos de Mar (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de Zonas Rocosas Intermareales del Pacifico de Panama. 68th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, 179 pp." title="Algunas Especies de Pepinos de Mar (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) de Zonas Rocosas Intermareales del Pacifico de Panama. 68 th Annual Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute Meeting, 179 pp." year="2015">Molina et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215000810" author="Sotelo-Casas, RC" journalOrPublisher="Marine Biodiversity Records" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 8" refId="B39" refString="Sotelo-Casas, RC, Cupul-Magana, AL, Solis-Marin, FA, Rodriguez-Troncoso, AP, 2015. New records of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Islas Marietas, Central Mexican Pacific. Marine Biodiversity Records 8: 1 - 8" title="New records of sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) at Islas Marietas, Central Mexican Pacific." url="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215000810" volume="8" year="2015">Sotelo-Casas et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however there is no mention of the distinct and striking colouration of the specimens reported in those papers in comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Perhaps the identification of this species was based on the similar external appearance (shape of the body and papillae) and apparent similar ossicles at first sight; without regard to the colouration, which has been traditionally considered to be intra-specific variability in echinoderms. However, recent research demonstrates that it can be a diagnostic characteristic, for example in the species complex
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (T.) impatiens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="impatiens" subGenus="T.">H. (T.) impatiens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" author="Michonneau, F" journalOrPublisher="Levrault, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Michonneau, F, 2015. .https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" url="https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" year="2015">Michonneau 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); this subject requires careful and exhaustive study, especially the purpose of colouration in sea cucumbers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Clark, HL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="39 - 73" refId="B5" refString="Clark, HL, 1922. The holothurians of the genus Stichopus. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 65: 39 - 73" title="The holothurians of the genus Stichopus." volume="65" year="1922">Clark 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" author="Michonneau, F" journalOrPublisher="Levrault, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Michonneau, F, 2015. .https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" url="https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" year="2015">Michonneau 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this study, a detailed revision of specimens from the new species and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, showed not only the colouration as a diagnostic feature, but also the size and shape of the tentacles, which are larger and with deeper indentations in the new species (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Type specimens of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (A-F) and comparative material of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla (G-J). A Dorsal and ventral view of the alive holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. from Gulf of Cupica, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B calcareous ring and C stone canal and madreporite of the Holotype D detail of the preserved holotype tentacles E paratype from Cabo Marzo; Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4234, L = 35 mm) F smallest paratype from Gulf of Tribuga, Northern Choco, Colombia (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm) G, H alive specimen of H. (M.) hilla from Cabo Marzo, Northern Choco, Colombia, and detail of tentacles in the preserved specimen (INV EQU 4310, L = 100 mm) I, J preserved specimen of H. (M.) hilla, same locality as G, H and detail of tentacles (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm). Scale bars: 2 mm (B, C); 1 cm (E, F, I)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360920" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure2">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). In reference to the ossicles, although similar in shape at first sight, a detailed revision showed several diagnostic characteristics: 1) differences in the size of the complete ossicle sets from the dorsal and ventral body wall, dorsal papillae and tube feet; specifically, the tables are taller and thicker with wider discs and the buttons are larger in the new species, in both juvenile and large specimens (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Ossicle comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing ossicle set from dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) and ventral body wall (tables, buttons); grey squares indicated in the images are presented enlarged below each image. Scale bar: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360921" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure3">Figs 3</figureCitation>
|
||
-
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm). A Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) B ventral body wall (tables, buttons) C dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods) D tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates) E tube feet (end plate) F tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6">6</figureCitation>
|
||
); size of the buttons is the most diagnostic trait for the species; 2) the size and shape of the tentacle rods, being wide (plate-like), thick and very rough, and with some perforations in the new species compared to slender rods in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing end plates from tube feet and ossicle set from tentacles (large and small rods) and longitudinal muscles (C's and O's ossicles). Scale bars: 100 µm (except A upper)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360923" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5">Figs 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Ossicles of the juvenile paratype of Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4312, L = 25 mm). A Dorsal body wall (tables, buttons) B ventral body wall (tables, buttons) C dorsal papillae (tables, buttons, rods) D tube feet (tables, buttons, supporting plates) E tube feet (end plate) F tentacles (large and thick rods, small rods). Scale bars: 100 µm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360924" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure6">6F</figureCitation>
|
||
); 3) longitudinal muscle ossicles are absent in the new species, contrary to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T2" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="24E2B474CF9D4787AD72C8B8D3C0F28B">2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Ossicles comparison between Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia sp. nov. and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla. A Holotype of H. (M.) viridiaurantia sp. nov. (INV EQU 4309, L = 70 mm) B H. (M.) hilla (INV EQU 4311, L = 65 mm); showing end plates from tube feet and ossicle set from tentacles (large and small rods) and longitudinal muscles (C's and O's ossicles). Scale bars: 100 µm (except A upper)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360923" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure5">Fig. 5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In general, the morphological structures of the new species are thicker and stronger than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is a more delicate species. Among the morphological characteristics of the new species, the absence of ossicles in the longitudinal muscles, larger size of the perforated plates of the tube feet, and size and shape of the tentacle ossicles, match those considered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930210144334" author="Samyn, Y" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="2487 - 2519" refId="B34" refString="Samyn, Y, Massin, C, 2003. The holothurian subgenusMertensiothuria (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae) revisited. Journal of Natural History 37: 2487 - 2519" title="The holothurian subgenusMertensiothuria (Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae) revisited." url="https://doi.org/10.1080/00222930210144334" volume="37" year="2003">Samyn and Massin (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for excluding
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria arenacava" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arenacava">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holothuria arenacava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria platei" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="platei">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holothuria platei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Mertensiothuria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mertensiothuria" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mertensiothuria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, the decision for including the new species in this subgenus was made based on the mtDNA evidence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Molecular characteristics.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
We obtained COI and 16S sequence data from three specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and two of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the rocky reef in northern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Colombia. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. from Colombia (type specimens) were recovered in a well-supported clade, separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
for both, COI and 16S genes (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial genes of the specimens analysed for the present study. A COI B 16 S. The numbers on the nodes indicate Neighbour Joining (bootstrap %) / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Bayesian posterior probability. Hyphen (-) indicates nodes not supported in some trees. Sequences from Colombia obtained in this study include the catalogue number at the MHNMC - INVEMAR (INV EQU); GenBank ascension number is included for the other sequences (see Table 1)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360925" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Two sequences, derived from one specimen from Mexico (GenBank Accession No. JN207616-COI and JN207515-16S) and one from India (KP780302-COI), were recovered in the same clade as type specimens from Colombia. However, different tree topologies for COI and 16S sequence data were recovered. For COI
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. appears sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) leucospilota" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="leucospilota" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) leucospilota</taxonomicName>
|
||
positioned sister to them (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial genes of the specimens analysed for the present study. A COI B 16 S. The numbers on the nodes indicate Neighbour Joining (bootstrap %) / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Bayesian posterior probability. Hyphen (-) indicates nodes not supported in some trees. Sequences from Colombia obtained in this study include the catalogue number at the MHNMC - INVEMAR (INV EQU); GenBank ascension number is included for the other sequences (see Table 1)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360925" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, for 16S
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) leucospilota" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="leucospilota" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) leucospilota</taxonomicName>
|
||
appeared as sister species with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. as sister clade (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial genes of the specimens analysed for the present study. A COI B 16 S. The numbers on the nodes indicate Neighbour Joining (bootstrap %) / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Bayesian posterior probability. Hyphen (-) indicates nodes not supported in some trees. Sequences from Colombia obtained in this study include the catalogue number at the MHNMC - INVEMAR (INV EQU); GenBank ascension number is included for the other sequences (see Table 1)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360925" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Species from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Thymiosycia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thymiosycia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Thymiosycia</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgenus appear separated from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Mertensiothuria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mertensiothuria" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Mertensiothuria</taxonomicName>
|
||
subgenus for both genes and all tree reconstruction methods (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial genes of the specimens analysed for the present study. A COI B 16 S. The numbers on the nodes indicate Neighbour Joining (bootstrap %) / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Bayesian posterior probability. Hyphen (-) indicates nodes not supported in some trees. Sequences from Colombia obtained in this study include the catalogue number at the MHNMC - INVEMAR (INV EQU); GenBank ascension number is included for the other sequences (see Table 1)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360925" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableDoi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Evidence for species status of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. comes from the COI and 16S genetic distances. Inter-specific distances between the two previously recognised
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Mertensiothuria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mertensiothuria" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mertensiothuria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species included in the analysis is 17.7% for COI and 13.9% for 16S; and distances between the new species and them are 16.7 and 15.6% for COI and 12.5 and 11.8% for 16S; inter-specific distances among species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Mertensiothuria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Mertensiothuria" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Mertensiothuria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Thymiosycia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Thymiosycia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Thymiosycia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed larger values (Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T3" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DD32B1A222E7715272E5483698A27862" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="DD32B1A222E7715272E5483698A27862">3</tableCitation>
|
||
). In addition, intra-specific distances for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. were 1.31% for COI and 0.5% for 16S, the lowest values in all the species analysed. Intra-specific distances for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
(13.8% for COI and 7.9% for 16S) could be showing a species complex, similar to what was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" author="Michonneau, F" journalOrPublisher="Levrault, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" refId="B26" refString="Michonneau, F, 2015. .https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" url="https://doi.org/10.1101/014225" year="2015">Michonneau (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (T.) impatiens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="impatiens" subGenus="T.">H. (T.) impatiens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is also recovered here with 8.8% for 16S, including one specimen identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (T.) impatiens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="impatiens" subGenus="T.">H. (T.) aff. impatiens</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T3" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DD32B1A222E7715272E5483698A27862" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="DD32B1A222E7715272E5483698A27862">3</tableCitation>
|
||
). Lower intraspecific distance for COI (0.9%) for
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (T.) impatiens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="impatiens" subGenus="T.">H. (T.) impatiens</taxonomicName>
|
||
is explained because the sequence for COI was not available for this specimen. There is, therefore, strong molecular evidence that
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. is an undescribed species different from
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a finding also supported by the morphological characteristics described previously.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.893.36013.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/360925" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Bayesian inference tree of mitochondrial genes of the specimens analysed for the present study.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
|
||
COI
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
|
||
16S. The numbers on the nodes indicate Neighbour Joining (bootstrap %) / Maximum Likelihood (bootstrap %) / Bayesian posterior probability. Hyphen (-) indicates nodes not supported in some trees. Sequences from Colombia obtained in this study include the catalogue number at the MHNMC - INVEMAR (INV EQU); GenBank ascension number is included for the other sequences (see Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStartId="T1" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/4867E44C8223B9E7AEDF32C6925C4EB2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" tableUuid="4867E44C8223B9E7AEDF32C6925C4EB2">1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DD32B1A222E7715272E5483698A27862" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DD32B1A222E7715272E5483698A27862" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Table 3" startId="T3">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Table 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Kimura 2 parameter distances (%) within specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="Mertensiothuria">Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. nov. and between the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Holothuriidae" genus="Holothuria" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Holothuria" order="Holothuriida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Holothuria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species included in the analysis. COI distances are below diagonal and 16S distances above. The numbers in bold lettering along the diagonal represent average within species distances for COI and 16S (COI / 16S).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<th colspan="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">Species</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">1</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">2</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">3</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">4</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">5</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">6</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) viridiaurantia" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="viridiaurantia" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) viridiaurantia</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp.nov.
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1.3 / 0.5</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">12.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">11.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">15.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">13.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">32.6</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">2</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) hilla" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="hilla" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) hilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">16.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">13.8 / 7.9</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">13.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">19.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">16.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">33.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">3</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (M.) leucospilota" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="leucospilota" subGenus="M.">H. (M.) leucospilota</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">15.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">17.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">1.9 / 1.6</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">19.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">17.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">34.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">4</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (T.) impatiens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="impatiens" subGenus="T.">H. (T.) impatiens</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">21.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">21.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">21.8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">0.9/ 8.8</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">15.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">33.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">5</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="H. (T.) arenicola" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="arenicola" subGenus="T.">H. (T.) arenicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">18.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">19.9</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">17.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">19.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">nc / nc</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">34.3</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">6</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Holothuroidea" family="Stichopodidae" genus="Isostichopus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Isostichopus fuscus" order="Synallactida" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="fuscus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Isostichopus fuscus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">24.4</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">22.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">24.0</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">24.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">20.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rowspan="1">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">nc / nc</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |