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<document id="1BB755370BBA74F04EDF95982B9DBD50" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5523.1.2" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13933800" ID-ZooBank="85132A56-2C9C-4365-BC70-362AF1128512" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1728985541523" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Dias, Fernando Maia Silva, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik &amp; Casagrande, Mirna Martins" docDate="2024" docId="741C2E52FFABFFE1FF09FB4D31214532" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5523.1.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5523 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5523.1.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Pachythone gagarini Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="59A8C06D-6F6F-4BD0-A054-6B567D3075A3" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="8825562AFFAAFFE5FF9EFFE73318442F" masterDocTitle="An overview of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest species of Pachythone Bates (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), with the description of a new species and an updated checklist of Pachythonina" masterLastPageNumber="48" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1728985963855" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="693F3A50B000DCEAFF56EA3B5927E52F">An overview of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest species of Pachythone Bates (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae), with the description of a new species and an updated checklist of Pachythonina</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="02A46881DEBDA566E9A23ECE8CAB42E1">Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="844CDB06A12B6AD912C77928C13DAFD8">Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19020, 81.531 - 980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="EDE0CE6C83181380A0B1F0AA13159DFB">Dias, Fernando Maia Silva</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C2968138D226F99ED9E3B0455E375A74">Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19020, 81.531 - 980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. &amp; Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, PO Box 10011, 86.057 - 970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:name id="4AFB843662EBE00342A1F61C657673F7" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="CB376A427C6B3E793F25685E84BC3587">Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="4DBB3CA245A4BBC89C12A015D420B358">Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19020, 81.531 - 980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E2E640E8CB0181EE2C752459D0CE0D95">Casagrande, Mirna Martins</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="68E93B3E0B1EAF36A8A38FD518EA3E96">Laboratório de Estudos de Lepidoptera Neotropical, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19020, 81.531 - 980, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="3ADB91BBD00CAC43719826F6060E39A2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="BA65A5D0C26DEB89BB106FF1E52B972C">2024</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="693C3890B18D28FF17DDDE1C696D7085">2024-10-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="A02D04C86D5CA8BAABB6B5DA45B4EDF6">5523</mods:number>
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<treatment id="741C2E52FFABFFE1FF09FB4D31214532" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933804" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13933804" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:59A8C06D-6F6F-4BD0-A054-6B567D3075A3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/741C2E52FFABFFE1FF09FB4D31214532" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFABFFE4FF09FB4D30D340C6" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFABFFE4FF09FB4D31F940EA" blockId="1.[151,971,1194,1293]" box="[151,737,1194,1221]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<heading id="A7422828FFABFFE4FF09FB4D31F940EA" bold="true" box="[151,737,1194,1221]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FF09FB4D31F940EA" bold="true" box="[151,737,1194,1221]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFABFFE4FF09FB4D316E40EB" authority="Dolibaina &amp; Dias" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,630,1194,1221]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FF09FB4D328D40EA" bold="true" box="[151,405,1194,1221]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Pachythone gagarini</emphasis>
Dolibaina &amp; Dias
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFABFFE4FD1DFB4C31F940EA" box="[643,737,1195,1221]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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</uri>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFABFFE4FF09FB1432474122" box="[151,351,1267,1293]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFABFFE4FF09FB1432474122" blockId="1.[151,971,1194,1293]" box="[151,351,1267,1293]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
(
<figureCitation id="648E83C1FFABFFE4FF01FB14321B4122" box="[159,259,1267,1293]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1475,1499]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,176,1452]" captionTargetId="figure-20@3.[151,1435,176,1452]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Adults of Pachythone endemics from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. 1–4. P. gagarini, Dolibaina &amp; Dias, sp. nov., 1–2, male holotype from Morro da Independência, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro; 3–4, female allotype, same locality as the holotype. 5–6. P. sumare, male from Joinville, Santa Catarina. All specimens are deposited at the DZUP. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933802/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
, 18–23)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFABFFE4FF09FADD32604202" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFABFFE4FF09FADD32604202" blockId="1.[151,1437,1338,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FF09FADD320A417B" bold="true" box="[151,274,1338,1364]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFABFFE4FE89FADC3119417B" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[279,513,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FE89FADC3119417B" box="[279,513,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Pachythone gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FD99FADC3178417A" bold="true" box="[519,608,1339,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFABFFE4FD99FADC3178417A" box="[519,608,1339,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
can be immediately distinguished from other species of
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFABFFE4FB50FADC364A417A" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[1230,1362,1339,1365]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FB50FADC364A417A" box="[1230,1362,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Pachythone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by the dorsal color and pattern of the wings, almost entirely dark brown except by thin white lines and a white area along the inner margin of the hind wing, whereas most of the hind wing underside and body are white ventrally (
<figureCitation id="648E83C1FFABFFE4FAB4FA64369741B2" box="[1322,1423,1411,1437]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1475,1499]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,176,1452]" captionTargetId="figure-20@3.[151,1435,176,1452]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Adults of Pachythone endemics from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. 1–4. P. gagarini, Dolibaina &amp; Dias, sp. nov., 1–2, male holotype from Morro da Independência, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro; 3–4, female allotype, same locality as the holotype. 5–6. P. sumare, male from Joinville, Santa Catarina. All specimens are deposited at the DZUP. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933802/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
). The species superficially most similar and potentially sympatric with
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFABFFE4FC32FA40373041EF" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[940,1064,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FC32FA40373041EF" box="[940,1064,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">P. gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FBAFFA40379341EE" bold="true" box="[1073,1163,1447,1473]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFABFFE4FBAFFA40379341EE" box="[1073,1163,1447,1473]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFABFFE4FB30FA4033D741CA" authority="Callaghan, 1999" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumare">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FB30FA40360341EF" box="[1198,1307,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">P. sumare</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFABFFE4FABAFA4033D741CA" author="Callaghan, C. J." pageId="1" pageNumber="36" pagination="1045 - 1064" refId="ref7112" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1999) New taxa of Neotropical Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 16 (4), 1045 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0101 - 81751999000400014" type="journal article" year="1999">Callaghan, 1999</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="648E83C1FFABFFE4FF40FA2C325B41CA" box="[222,323,1482,1509]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1475,1499]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,176,1452]" captionTargetId="figure-20@3.[151,1435,176,1452]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Adults of Pachythone endemics from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. 1–4. P. gagarini, Dolibaina &amp; Dias, sp. nov., 1–2, male holotype from Morro da Independência, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro; 3–4, female allotype, same locality as the holotype. 5–6. P. sumare, male from Joinville, Santa Catarina. All specimens are deposited at the DZUP. Scale bar: 1 cm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933802/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Figs 5–6</figureCitation>
), from which it differs by its remarkable larger size, white scaling covering a larger extension of the hind wing upper side, and by the presence of spots surrounded by a fine line of white scales in the basal area of the forewing underside.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFABFFE7FF59F9D13633411E" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="description">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFABFFE4FF59F9D130DB42B6" blockId="1.[151,1437,1338,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FF59F9D13241427F" bold="true" box="[199,345,1590,1616]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Description.</emphasis>
MALE.
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FE27F9D032E7427E" box="[441,511,1591,1617]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Head:</emphasis>
Eyes brown and naked, surrounded by white and brown scales; frons predominantly brown; labial palpi short, mostly white, third segment brown; antennae about 55% the forewing length, mostly brown, with long white areas laterally, club dark brown, tip dark orange.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFABFFE4FF59F944362142CE" blockId="1.[151,1437,1338,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FF59F94432124292" box="[199,266,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Body:</emphasis>
Thorax dark brown with a thin white lateral line dorsally, white ventrally; legs white; first to third abdominal segments dark brown with posterior margin white, other segments white dorsally, entirely white ventrally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFABFFE4FF59F90C33EB4362" blockId="1.[151,1437,1338,2019]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FF59F90C324D432A" box="[199,341,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Wing shape:</emphasis>
Forewing length in male
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFABFFE4FD19F90C31F1432A" box="[647,745,1771,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
18,4mm; female
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFABFFE4FC27F90C370B432A" box="[953,1043,1771,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="36" type="allotype">allotype</typeStatus>
18,8mm. Forewing costal margin nearly straight, convex near apex; apex not projected; outer margin distinctly convex; anal margin more or less straight.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFABFFE7FF59F8B033CF4532" blockId="1.[151,1437,1338,2019]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFABFFE4FF59F8B03261435E" box="[199,377,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">Dorsal surface:</emphasis>
Forewing dark brown; basal area with scattered white scales delimiting four roughly circular slightly darker areas, two in discal cell and two below the discal cell; discontinuous thin and white discal line, surrounding distally the two distal most circular darker areas; end of discal cell with a narrow dark brown mark; postdiscal line thick and dark brown crosses most of the wing; submarginal white line faint, more evident in CuA
<subScript id="60319D01FFABFFE4FA0AF832368443CC" attach="left" box="[1428,1436,2005,2019]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="36">2</subScript>
to the anal margin. Hind wing dark brown, white below CuA
<subScript id="60319D01FFA8FFE7FCD2FF4E304C4498" attach="left" box="[844,852,169,183]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
; basal area with four rounded slightly darker spots, two in and two below the discal cell, which could be surrounded by a thin white line; postdiscal line dark brown and irregular; submarginal area with a thin white zigzagged line; outer line dark brown; fringe same as the ground color.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59FEC0307246AA" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59FEC03265456E" box="[199,381,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ventral surface:</emphasis>
Forewing dark brown, darker close to the apex, submarginal and outer margin; white scales concentrated at the base of the wing; basal area with four circular brown spots darker than ground color, surrounded by a fine line of white scales, two in and two below the discal cell; end of discal cell with a dark brown narrow spot surrounded basally and distally by a thin white line; postdiscal dark brown irregular line thinner than on dorsal; submarginal white line surrounds proximally a row of poorly defined rounded spots in the space between veins; tornus covered by white scales; fringe same as ground color, except by a small white spot in CuA
<subScript id="60319D01FFA8FFE7FB40FE0A37FE45D4" attach="left" box="[1246,1254,493,507]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
–2A. Hind wing mostly white, except basal half of costal area and above the submarginal area; basal area with five circular dark brown spots, one above, two in and two below the discal cell; postdiscal line dark brown and irregular; submarginal area with a row of dark brown ocelli in the space between veins, larger in M
<subScript id="60319D01FFA8FFE7FC72FDBE30EC4648" attach="left" box="[1004,1012,601,615]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">1</subScript>
–M
<subScript id="60319D01FFA8FFE7FB85FDBE373B4648" attach="left" box="[1051,1059,601,615]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">3</subScript>
; fringe a mix of brown and white scales, completely white in CuA
<subScript id="60319D01FFA8FFE7FD9CFD9A311246A4" attach="left" box="[514,522,637,651]" fontSize="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">2</subScript>
–2A and along the anal margin.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59FD6837BD47C2" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59FD6832224686" box="[199,314,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Genitalia:</emphasis>
Tegumen slightly longer than uncus, rectangular in dorsal view, roughly triangular in lateral view, lower anterior most edge as a ventral rounded lobe, dorsolaterally divided from uncus by two long and narrow fenestrae; ventral projection of tegumen fused with dorsal projection of saccus, enlarged, S-shaped; saccus very short; uncus wider than long dorsally, roughly squared laterally, with a short median indentation on the distal margin; gnathos C-shaped, connected to tegumen below fenestra by a narrow area, basal half large with a short anterior projection on its lower portion, distal half narrowing to a sharp tip; valvae laterally with a large rounded basal half, suddenly narrowed into a narrow upcurved distal half; medial projection connects valvae by a short distal tip; transtilla well sclerotized, connected at the base of valva, reaches aedeagus at about its half-length, extending until the anterior margin of aedeagus; aedeagus longer than valvae, strongly curved at near 90º on its anterior half, posterior margin acute, ejaculatory bulb opens anteriorly, vesica opens dorsally, no cornutus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59FC103782403E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1178,1015,1041]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
FEMALE. Differs from male as follows.
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FD08FC103039403E" box="[662,801,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Wing shape:</emphasis>
wings rounder along all margins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59FBFC31E14052" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59FBFC3263401A" box="[199,379,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Dorsal surface:</emphasis>
Forewing white dots more marked, postdiscal band distally surrounded by a discontinuous thin white line, and with two rectangular white spots near the costal margin. Hind wing postdiscal band surrounded distally by a white line, thicker between median veins.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59FB603668408E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" box="[199,1392,1159,1185]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59FB603263408E" box="[199,379,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ventral surface:</emphasis>
Forewing with a larger extent of white scales, mainly after the postdiscal dark brown line.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59FB4C3633411E" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59FB4C322240EA" box="[199,314,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Genitalia:</emphasis>
Sterigma well sclerotized, as an inverted V-shaped plate, median distal margin projected and with a short indentation; antrum sclerotized as a tube with a deep ventral indentation; bursa copulatrix membranous, long; ductus bursae slender, about twice longer than corpus bursae; corpus bursae oval, with a pair of lateral signa on its upper portion, signa oval with a central keel, almost entirely open except by the very short basal portion.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFA8FFE7FF59FADC37F24202" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59FADC37F24202" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59FADC3256417A" bold="true" box="[199,334,1339,1365]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Etymology.</emphasis>
The new species is named to honor Paulo Gagarin (
<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFA8FFE7FC04FADC3722417A" box="[922,1082,1339,1365]" country="Russia" name="Saint Petersburg" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">St. Petersburg</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFA8FFE7FBD8FADC378C417A" box="[1094,1172,1339,1365]" name="Russia" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Russia</collectingCountry>
, 1885—
<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFA8FFE7FB6CFADD3680417A" box="[1266,1432,1338,1365]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFA8FFE7FF09FAB833C64156" box="[151,222,1375,1401]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 1980), a Russian nobleman (he liked to style himself as “Prince”) and painter settled in
<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFA8FFE7FB25FAB837E74156" box="[1211,1279,1375,1401]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
after the First World War, where he lived between 1921 and his death in 1980. He amassed a significant
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA8FFE7FB00FA64363D41B2" box="[1182,1317,1411,1437]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
collection comprising of specimens mostly from
<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFA8FFE7FDD5FA4031F741EE" box="[587,751,1447,1473]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFA8FFE7FCB9FA40308141EE" box="[807,921,1447,1473]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
states, including all specimens of
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA8FFE7FA81FA40368441EF" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[1311,1436,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FA81FA40368441EF" box="[1311,1436,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">P. gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF09FA2C33EC41CA" bold="true" box="[151,244,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFA8FFE7FF09FA2C33EC41CA" box="[151,244,1483,1509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
known to date. About 10.000 specimens he donated from his collection to Museu Nacional do Rio do Janeiro were destroyed in the September 2th, 2018 museum fire, however, the bulk of his collection of about 25.000 specimens are currently deposited at the DZUP. The name is formed as a noun in the genitive case.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFA8FFE7FF59F9D036594362" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59F9D037C442CE" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59F9D0326D427F" bold="true" box="[199,373,1590,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Type material.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA8FFE7FEE5F9D032FB427E" box="[379,483,1591,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
male with the following labels: /
<materialsCitation id="4CDD9519FFA8FFE7FCC5F9D03739425A" collectingDate="1937-01-22" collectorName="Gagarin &amp; Ex. Col. Gagarin &amp; Col. Gagarin" country="Brazil" elevation="900" location="Independencia" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA8FFE7FCC5F9D03719427E" box="[859,1025,1591,1617]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">HOLOTYPUS</typeStatus>
/ [
<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFA8FFE7FB83F9D0377F427E" box="[1053,1127,1591,1617]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFA8FFE7FBECF9D0360F427E" box="[1138,1303,1591,1617]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
, Petrópolis]
<location id="F96AC99FFFA8FFE7FF09F9BC3225425A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:741C2E52FFABFFE1FF09FB4D31214532:F96AC99FFFA8FFE7FF09F9BC3225425A" box="[151,317,1627,1653]" country="Brazil" name="Independencia" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro">Independência</location>
, [
<quantity id="3B4D32A1FFA8FFE7FED0F9BC3284425A" box="[334,412,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="900.0">
<elevation id="77987877FFA8FFE7FED0F9BC3284425A" box="[334,412,1627,1653]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="900.0">900 m</elevation>
</quantity>
],
<date id="880BB984FFA8FFE7FE30F9BC3107425A" box="[430,543,1627,1653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1937-01-22">
<collectingDate id="984F406CFFA8FFE7FE30F9BC3107425A" box="[430,543,1627,1653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1937-01-22">22-I-1937</collectingDate>
</date>
[
<collectorName id="5140FA92FFA8FFE7FDB5F9BC3190425A" box="[555,648,1627,1653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Gagarin</collectorName>
leg.] /
<collectorName id="5140FA92FFA8FFE7FD48F9BC308B425A" box="[726,915,1627,1653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Ex. Col. Gagarin</collectorName>
/ DZ 31.050
</materialsCitation>
/
<materialsCitation id="4CDD9519FFA8FFE7FBA8F9BC31FE42B6" collectionCode="DZUP" country="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA8FFE7FBA8F9BC37B3425A" box="[1078,1195,1627,1653]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="holotype">Holotypus</typeStatus>
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA8FFE7FB2FF9BC324F42B6" authority="Dolibaina &amp; Dias" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FB2FF9BC3684425B" box="[1201,1436,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Pachythone gagarini</emphasis>
Dolibaina&amp; Dias
</taxonomicName>
det. 2024 / deposited at the
<collectionCode id="9AA40781FFA8FFE7FD02F99831FE42B6" box="[668,742,1663,1689]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA8FFE7FD6EF998304A42B6" box="[752,850,1663,1689]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="allotype">Allotype</typeStatus>
female with the following labels: /
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA8FFE7FB77F998369442B6" box="[1257,1420,1663,1689]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="allotype">ALLOTYPUS</typeStatus>
/ Independencia
<quantity id="3B4D32A1FFA8FFE7FEDCF94432924292" box="[322,394,1699,1725]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="900.0">900m</quantity>
[,] Petropolis-E[stado]. do Rio [de Janeiro,]
<date id="880BB984FFA8FFE7FCEBF94430F24292" box="[885,1002,1699,1725]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1938-02-24">24-2-1938</date>
GAGARIN [leg.] / Ex. Col. Gagarin / DZ 31.051 /
<materialsCitation id="4CDD9519FFA8FFE7FEBBF92037C042CE" box="[293,1240,1735,1761]" collectionCode="DZUP" country="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="allotype">
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA8FFE7FEBBF920328B42CE" box="[293,403,1735,1761]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="allotype">Allotypus</typeStatus>
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA8FFE7FE04F920304A42CE" authority="Dolibaina &amp; Dias" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[410,850,1735,1761]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FE04F920319D42CF" box="[410,645,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Pachythone gagarini</emphasis>
Dolibaina &amp; Dias
</taxonomicName>
det. 2024 / deposited at the
<collectionCode id="9AA40781FFA8FFE7FB10F92037C042CE" box="[1166,1240,1735,1761]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/5xp9-edpx" name="Universidade Federal do Parana, Colecao de Entomologia Pe. Jesus Santiago Moure" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="University or college">DZUP</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59F90C36594362" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<materialsCitation id="4CDD9519FFA8FFE7FF59F90C36254362" collectingDate="1936-11-15" collectingDateMax="1938-08-25" collectingDateMin="1936-11-15" collectorName="Gagarin" country="Brazil" elevation="900" location="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" specimenCount="10" specimenCount-female="2" specimenCount-male="8" stateProvince="Rio de Janeiro" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59F90C3221432B" box="[199,313,1771,1796]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA8FFE7FF59F90C3221432B" box="[199,313,1771,1796]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFA8FFE7FED6F90C3287432A" box="[328,415,1771,1797]" count="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFA8FFE7FE4BF90C3123432A" box="[469,571,1771,1797]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
).
<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFA8FFE7FDD3F90C31AA432A" box="[589,690,1771,1797]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
—
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FD50F90C3069432B" box="[718,881,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFA8FFE7FD50F90C3069432B" box="[718,881,1771,1797]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Rio de Janeiro</collectingRegion>
</emphasis>
:
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FC1EF90D30E1432A" bold="true" box="[896,1017,1770,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Petrópolis</emphasis>
(Independência),
<quantity id="3B4D32A1FFA8FFE7FB5DF90C361E432A" box="[1219,1286,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="900.0">
<elevation id="77987877FFA8FFE7FB5DF90C361E432A" box="[1219,1286,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" unit="m" value="900.0">900m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="880BB984FFA8FFE7FA8FF90D3680432A" box="[1297,1432,1770,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1936-11-15">
<collectingDate id="984F406CFFA8FFE7FA8FF90D3680432A" box="[1297,1432,1770,1797]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1936-11-15">15-XI-1936</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFA8FFE7FF09F8E833FE4306" box="[151,230,1807,1833]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<collectorName id="5140FA92FFA8FFE7FF6DF8E832554306" box="[243,333,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Gagarin</collectorName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FECBF8E832664306" box="[341,382,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">leg.</emphasis>
(DZ 31.053) and
<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFA8FFE7FDD2F8E831A94306" box="[588,689,1807,1833]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
,
<collectorName id="5140FA92FFA8FFE7FD23F8E8300F4306" box="[701,791,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Gagarin</collectorName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FC81F8E830514306" box="[799,841,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">leg.</emphasis>
(DZ 31.049*),
<date id="880BB984FFA8FFE7FC65F8E8376A4306" box="[1019,1138,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1938-03-02">
<collectingDate id="984F406CFFA8FFE7FC65F8E8376A4306" box="[1019,1138,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1938-03-02">2-III-1938</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFA8FFE7FBE0F8E837D64306" box="[1150,1230,1807,1833]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<collectorName id="5140FA92FFA8FFE7FB44F8E8362C4306" box="[1242,1332,1807,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Gagarin</collectorName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FAA2F8E8367E4306" box="[1340,1382,1807,1833]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">leg.</emphasis>
(DZ 31.047*),
<date id="880BB984FFA8FFE7FE94F8D432954362" box="[266,397,1843,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1938-04-27">
<collectingDate id="984F406CFFA8FFE7FE94F8D432954362" box="[266,397,1843,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1938-04-27">27-IV-1938</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFA8FFE7FE07F8D432FF4362" box="[409,487,1843,1869]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<collectorName id="5140FA92FFA8FFE7FE6DF8D431554362" box="[499,589,1843,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Gagarin</collectorName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FDCAF8D431654362" box="[596,637,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">leg.</emphasis>
(DZ 31.054),
<date id="880BB984FFA8FFE7FC80F8D530A04362" box="[798,952,1842,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1938-08-25">
<collectingDate id="984F406CFFA8FFE7FC80F8D530A04362" box="[798,952,1842,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" value="1938-08-25">25-VIII-1938</collectingDate>
</date>
,
<specimenCount id="EAB354CDFFA8FFE7FC5DF8D437094362" box="[963,1041,1843,1869]" count="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
,
<collectorName id="5140FA92FFA8FFE7FB82F8D4376E4362" box="[1052,1142,1843,1869]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Gagarin</collectorName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FBE3F8D437BF4362" box="[1149,1191,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">leg.</emphasis>
(DZ 31.052)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFA8FFE7FF59F8B1328343F2" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA8FFE7FF59F8B1328343F2" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FF59F8B13117435E" bold="true" box="[199,527,1878,1905]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Distribution and phenology.</emphasis>
Although expected to occur in a wider geographical range,
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA8FFE7FB10F8B0366E435F" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[1166,1398,1879,1905]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FB10F8B0366E435F" box="[1166,1398,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Pachythone gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA8FFE7FAE5F8B033D043BA" bold="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFA8FFE7FAE5F8B033D043BA" pageId="2" pageNumber="37" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is only known from its
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA8FFE7FE52F89C32E443BA" box="[460,508,1915,1941]" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">type</typeStatus>
locality, an Atlantic Forest hilltop of mid elevation known as Morro Independência, Petrópolis municipality,
<collectingRegion id="3E7151A6FFA8FFE7FE31F878318E4396" box="[431,662,1951,1977]" country="Brazil" name="Rio de Janeiro" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Rio de Janeiro state</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="84A2DFD4FFA8FFE7FD3AF87831F04396" box="[676,744,1951,1977]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="648E83C1FFA8FFE7FD64F878304A4396" box="[762,850,1951,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="9.[152,255,1824,1848]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,669,1801]" captionTargetId="figure-253@9.[151,1435,669,1801]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 23. Distribution map of the species of Pachythone endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933824" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933824/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="37">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
). Individuals were recorded from January to April, August and November.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="A8CACFCCFFA9FFE6FF09FA2432DD4268" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13933802" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13933802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13933802/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" startId="3.[151,264,1475,1499]" targetBox="[151,1435,176,1452]" targetPageId="3" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA9FFE6FF09FA2432DD4268" blockId="3.[151,1437,1475,1608]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FF09FA24322441F4" bold="true" box="[151,316,1475,1499]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">FIGURES 1–6.</emphasis>
Adults of
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FE35FA24313B41F4" authorityName="Bates" authorityYear="1868" box="[427,547,1475,1499]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FE35FA24313B41F4" box="[427,547,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pachythone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
endemics from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, in dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views. 1–4.
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FF57FA0F32E041D0" authority="Dolibaina &amp; Dias" authorityName=", Dolibaina &amp; Dias" authorityYear="2024" box="[201,504,1511,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FF57FA0F322041D0" box="[201,312,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">P. gagarini</emphasis>
, Dolibaina &amp; Dias
</taxonomicName>
,
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FD9CFA0F314A422F" bold="true" box="[514,594,1512,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFA9FFE6FD9CFA0F314A422F" box="[514,594,1512,1536]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, 1–2, male holotype from Morro da Independência, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro; 3–4, female allotype, same locality as the holotype. 5–6.
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FD3CF9EB301D420C" authorityName="Callaghan" authorityYear="1999" box="[674,773,1548,1571]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sumare">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FD3CF9EB301D420C" box="[674,773,1548,1571]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">P. sumare</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, male from Joinville, Santa Catarina. All specimens are deposited at the DZUP. Scale bar: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="B4AFCCCFFFA9FFE1FF59F97E31214532" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA9FFE6FF59F97E368E43A3" blockId="3.[151,1437,1689,2041]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FF59F97E3257429C" bold="true" box="[199,335,1689,1715]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Comments.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FEC7F97D315F429B" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[345,583,1690,1716]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FEC7F97D315F429B" box="[345,583,1690,1716]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Pachythone gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FDCFF97D31B6429B" bold="true" box="[593,686,1690,1716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFA9FFE6FDCFF97D31B6429B" box="[593,686,1690,1716]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is one of the most easily recognizable species of the genus. The wings are almost completely dark brown with white dots, anal area of the hind wing white, four brown rounded spots surrounded by a fine line of white scales at the base of the ventral forewing, in addition to its occurrence confined to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, permits its unequivocal recognition. Interestingly, the presence of spots surrounded by a fine line of white scales on the ventral forewings of
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FD74F8CC307C436B" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[746,868,1835,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FD74F8CC307C436B" box="[746,868,1835,1860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">P. gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FCF5F8CD30DC436B" bold="true" box="[875,964,1834,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFA9FFE6FCF5F8CD30DC436B" box="[875,964,1834,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is unique in the
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FBE4F8CD360D436B" box="[1146,1301,1834,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="35" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Pachythonina">Pachythonina</taxonomicName>
, resembling those present in several genera of the
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FDABF8A930554347" authority="(Hall 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Hall" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[565,845,1870,1896]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Nymphidiini">
Nymphidiini (
<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA9FFE6FD4CF8A9305D4347" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[722,837,1870,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall 2018</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, including
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FC59F8A937B44347" authority="Hall, 2018" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="2018" box="[967,1196,1870,1896]" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Hypoxylaceae" genus="Annulata" kingdom="Fungi" order="Xylariales" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FC59F8A937364347" box="[967,1070,1870,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Annulata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA9FFE6FBAAF8A937B44347" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[1076,1196,1870,1896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" refId="ref8091" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2018) A monograph of the Nymphidiina (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae: Nymphidiini). Phylogeny, taxonomy, biology and biogeography. The Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D. C., 990 pp." type="book" year="2018">Hall, 2018</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FB28F8A933C843A3" authority="Stichel, 1911" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Catocyclotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FB28F8A9365A4347" box="[1206,1346,1870,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Catocyclotis</emphasis>
Stichel, 1911
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FF42F89532D443A3" authority="Hall, 2007" authorityName="Hall" authorityYear="2007" box="[220,460,1906,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Livendula" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FF42F895325443A3" box="[220,332,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Livendula</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA9FFE6FECDF89532D443A3" author="Hall, J. P. W." box="[339,460,1906,1932]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="773 - 786" refId="ref8022" refString="Hall, J. P. W. (2007) Phylogenetic revision of the new Neotropical riodinid genus Minstrellus (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Annals of the entomological Society of America, 100 (6), 773 - 786. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / 0013 - 8746 (2007) 100 [773: PROTNN] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2007">Hall, 2007</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FE49F895300443A3" authority="Fabricius, 1807" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1807" box="[471,796,1906,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Nymphidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FE49F895317E43A3" box="[471,614,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Nymphidium</emphasis>
Fabricius, 1807
</taxonomicName>
(Nymphidiina) and
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FC61F89537E543A3" authority="Stichel, 1911" authorityName="Stichel" authorityYear="1911" box="[1023,1277,1906,1932]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Zabuella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FC61F895377B43A3" box="[1023,1123,1906,1932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Zabuella</emphasis>
Stichel, 1911
</taxonomicName>
(Zabuellina).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="FC0A9F44FFA9FFE1FF59F87231214532" blockId="3.[151,1437,1689,2041]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FF59F87232774380" bold="true" box="[199,367,1941,1967]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Conservation.</emphasis>
The
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFA9FFE6FE3BF87132CD439F" box="[421,469,1942,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FDCCF87031D4439F" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[594,716,1943,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FDCCF87031D4439F" box="[594,716,1943,1968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">P. gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FD4CF8713032439F" bold="true" box="[722,810,1942,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFA9FFE6FD4CF8713032439F" box="[722,810,1942,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
is a small area impacted by human occupation in the last decades which suppressed part of the vegetation. Another poorly known riodinid currently listed as “Endangered” in the Brazilian Red List of Endangered Species,
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFA9FFE6FD39F838362843D7" authority="(Hewitson, 1875) (Freitas et al. 2018)" authorityName="Freitas et al." authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Hewitson" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[679,1328,2014,2041]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Petrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="catiena">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FD39F838306343D7" box="[679,891,2015,2040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">Petrocerus catiena</emphasis>
(Hewitson, 1875) (
<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFA9FFE6FBC8F839363043D7" author="Freitas, A. V. L. &amp; Marini-Filho, O. J. &amp; Mielke, O. H. H. &amp; Casagrande, M. M. &amp; Brown Jr., K. S. &amp; Kaminski, L. A. &amp; Iserhard, C. A. &amp; Ribeiro, D. B. &amp; Dias, F. M. S. &amp; Dolibaina, D. R. &amp; Carneiro, E. &amp; Uehara-Prado, M. &amp; Romanowski, H. P. &amp; Emery, E. O. &amp; Accacio, G. M. &amp; Rosa, A. H. B. &amp; Bizarro, J. M. S. &amp; Silva, A. R. M. &amp; Guimaraes, M. P. &amp; Silva, N. A. P. &amp; Braga, L. &amp; Almeida, G." box="[1110,1320,2014,2040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="38" pagination="176 - 178" refId="ref7653" refString="Freitas, A. V. L., Marini-Filho, O. J., Mielke, O. H. H., Casagrande, M. M., Brown Jr., K. S., Kaminski, L. A., Iserhard, C. A., Ribeiro, D. B., Dias, F. M. S., Dolibaina, D. R., Carneiro, E., Uehara-Prado, M., Romanowski, H. P., Emery, E. O., Accacio, G. M., Rosa, A. H. B., Bizarro, J. M. S., Silva, A. R. M., Guimaraes, M. P., Silva, N. A. P., Braga, L. &amp; Almeida, G. (2018) Petrocerus catiena (Hewitson, 1875). In: ICMBio [Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade] (Org.), Livro vermelho da fauna brasileira ameacada de extincao: Volume VII - Invertebrados. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade, Brasilia, pp. 176 - 178." type="book chapter" year="2018">
Freitas
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFA9FFE6FB32F83837FD43D7" box="[1196,1253,2014,2040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="38">et al.</emphasis>
2018
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, was also recorded in the
<typeStatus id="230E21E6FFAEFFE1FED5FF703263449E" box="[331,379,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FD9EFF703166449F" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[512,638,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FD9EFF703166449F" box="[512,638,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FD19FF7031FA449E" bold="true" box="[647,738,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFAEFFE1FD19FF7031FA449E" box="[647,738,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="9824E2B5FFAEFFE1FD6CFF7030B2449E" author="Callaghan, C. J." box="[754,938,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref7031" refString="Callaghan, C. J. (1979) A new genus and a new subspecies of Riodinidae from Southern Brazil. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum, 53, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1979">Callaghan 1979</bibRefCitation>
). No additional specimen of
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FB6BFF70366A449F" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[1269,1394,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FB6BFF70366A449F" box="[1269,1394,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FAE5FF7033D044FA" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFAEFFE1FAE5FF7033D044FA" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
has been recorded in nearly 90 years, probably because of sampling bias in the potential area of occurrence of the species. Additionally,
<taxonomicName id="3BB5E4C7FFAEFFE1FE27FF38312D44D7" authorityName="Dolibaina &amp; Dias &amp; Mielke &amp; Casagrande" authorityYear="2024" box="[441,565,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Riodinidae" genus="Pachythone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagarini" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FE27FF38312D44D7" box="[441,565,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">P. gagarini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="CEC14356FFAEFFE1FDA2FF38318E44D6" bold="true" box="[572,662,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="D5F2FE2DFFAEFFE1FDA2FF38318E44D6" box="[572,662,223,249]" pageId="4" pageNumber="39" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
was probably captured on a hilltop, areas considered difficult access that are neglected by most collectors.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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