555 lines
64 KiB
XML
555 lines
64 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E3785A5A690F4DBFD92199DF2AFE600D">Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the Tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A89896803F33467DEAF242E92D76AF54">Hedges, Blair</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="410B5C816E7DA9C51337BB0FA764FF9F">Couloux, Arnaud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2D1D2A92CD0C643A9B7D89D1636A11A1">Vidal, Nicolas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="6EE3F53BDED39493A4A131640CEE149D">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="CB209B4B4A91F3EDB45DA78303561E62" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="292FC57AA360BE86B2F12E254C16DFBC">2067</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="F8C2580A3B63799CC48D4FCCD5D748BB" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.187018</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2CDECE2AF40D1B9E878DC7F99799D32F" type="Zenodo-Dep">187018</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="674E87DDF748FFECFF369033C9DEBE09" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6220095" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119614025" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6220095" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:674E87DDF748FFECFF369033C9DEBE09" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/674E87DDF748FFECFF369033C9DEBE09" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F748FFEDFF369033CA6FBC61" box="[151,607,1342,1368]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF748FFEDFF369033CA6FBC61" blockId="16.[151,607,1342,1368]" box="[151,607,1342,1368]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<heading id="B41081A7F748FFEDFF369033CA6FBC61" bold="true" box="[151,607,1342,1368]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF369033CA6FBC61" bold="true" box="[151,607,1342,1368]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFF4C9033CA6FBC61" authority="Gunther, 1858" authorityName="Gunther" authorityYear="1858" box="[237,607,1342,1368]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF4C9033C995BC61" bold="true" box="[237,421,1342,1368]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF748FFEDFE0C9033CA6FBC61" author="Gunther" box="[429,607,1342,1368]" pageId="16" pageNumber="24" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of colubrine snakes of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Günther, 1858</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F748FFEDFF36908ACB38BC98" box="[151,776,1415,1442]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF748FFEDFF36908ACB38BC98" blockId="16.[151,1437,1415,2022]" box="[151,776,1415,1442]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF36908AC909BC98" bold="true" box="[151,313,1415,1441]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<typeStatus id="305C8869F748FFEDFF36908AC8E4BC98" box="[151,212,1415,1441]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFEE19085CB30BC9B" authority="Gunther 1858:49" authorityName="Gunther" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1858" box="[320,768,1416,1442]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFEE19085CA02BC98" box="[320,562,1416,1441]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus ferox</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF748FFEDFD989085CAEEBC9B" author="Gunther" box="[569,734,1416,1442]" pageId="16" pageNumber="24" refString="Gunther, A. (1858) Catalogue of colubrine snakes of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 281 pp." type="book" year="1858">Günther 1858</bibRefCitation>
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:49
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F748FFEDFF6490A3CC99BE86" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="EF5836CBF748FFEDFF6490A3C8DBBEA1" blockId="16.[151,1437,1415,2022]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF6490A3C975BCF1" bold="true" box="[197,325,1454,1480]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Species in this genus have 17–19 midbody scale rows, 123–189 ventrals, 62–151 subcaudals, 1–2 apical scale pits, 7–8 upper labials, 9–10 lower labials, 13–21 total maxillary teeth, and 18–27 dentary teeth (
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<tableCitation id="A2650370F748FFEDFF4690F1C97CBF2F" box="[231,332,1532,1558]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,242,977,1001]" captionText="TABLE 2. Morphological variation in the genera of alsophiine snakes (SVL = snout-vent length), from Barbour &" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Table 2</tableCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFEC490F1CA13BF2C" box="[357,547,1532,1557]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFEC490F1CA13BF2C" box="[357,547,1532,1557]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs in at least one of these characters from
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFB2890F1C911BF05" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFB2890F1CCCFBF2C" box="[1161,1279,1532,1557]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arrhyton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Arrhyton</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFAAC90F1CDA8BF2C" box="[1293,1432,1532,1557]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Haitiophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Haitiophis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFF36932EC911BF05" box="[151,289,1571,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Magliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Magliophis</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFEC4932EC9EEBF05" box="[357,478,1571,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Uromacer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFEC4932EC9EEBF05" box="[357,478,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Uromacer</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFE4F932ECA66BF05" box="[494,598,1571,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFE4F932ECA66BF05" box="[494,598,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Alsophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs almost completely from
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFC43932ECCA7BF05" box="[994,1175,1571,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFC43932ECCA7BF05" box="[994,1175,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in ventrals (184–220 versus
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<quantity id="281F9B2EF748FFEDFF4B9344C940BF5A" box="[234,368,1609,1635]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9624" metricValueMax="4.8006" metricValueMin="3.1242" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="in" value="156.0" valueMax="189.0" valueMin="123.0">123–189 in</quantity>
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFED99344CA18BF5B" box="[376,552,1609,1634]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFED99344CA18BF5B" box="[376,552,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFDE09344CA82BF5B" box="[577,690,1609,1634]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Cubophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFDE09344CA82BF5B" box="[577,690,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Cubophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFCEE9344CBCFBF5B" box="[847,1023,1609,1634]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFCEE9344CBCFBF5B" box="[847,1023,1609,1634]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in possessing a unique hemipenial character: enlarged papillate body calyces in the basal region and medial surface of the lobes (
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<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF748FFEDFAA1937DCDBFBFB3" author="Zaher" box="[1280,1423,1648,1674]" pageId="16" pageNumber="26" refString="Zaher, H. (1999) Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 240, 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1999">Zaher 1999</bibRefCitation>
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). Most
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFF7A939AC9BABF89" box="[219,394,1687,1712]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF7A939AC9BABF89" box="[219,394,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have 19 midbody scales rows (
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFD5F939ACB63BF89" box="[766,851,1687,1712]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFD5F939ACB63BF89" box="[766,851,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. ater</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFC2D939ACC74BF89" box="[908,1092,1687,1712]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanichnus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFC2D939ACC74BF89" box="[908,1092,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. melanichnus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have 17 rows) whereas most
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFF3693B0C904BFEF" box="[151,308,1725,1750]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Borikenophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF3693B0C904BFEF" box="[151,308,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Borikenophis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have 17 rows (those populations from the
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<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF748FFEDFC8893B0CBFEBFEE" box="[809,974,1725,1751]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
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usually have 19 rows).
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFB4693B0CD79BFEF" box="[1255,1353,1725,1750]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Caraiba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFB4693B0CD79BFEF" box="[1255,1353,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Caraiba</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
differs from
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFF7B93E9C9BEBFC4" box="[218,398,1764,1789]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF7B93E9C9BEBFC4" box="[218,398,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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in having a unique hemipenis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF748FFEDFCAC93E9CBD4BFC7" author="Zaher" box="[781,996,1764,1790]" pageId="16" pageNumber="26" refString="Zaher, H., Grazziotin, F. G., Cadle, J. E., Murphy, R. W., Moura-Leite, J. C. & Bonatto, S. L. (2009) Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South America xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49,115 - 153." type="book" year="2009">Zaher et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFBFC93E9CC97BFC4" box="[1117,1191,1764,1789]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ialtris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFBFC93E9CC97BFC4" box="[1117,1191,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ialtris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, maxillary teeth are grooved whereas in
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<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFE239206CA01BE1D" box="[386,561,1803,1828]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
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<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFE239206CA01BE1D" box="[386,561,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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(as in other alsophiines) they are ungrooved (
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<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF748FFEDFBE59207CCD0BE1D" author="Maglio" box="[1092,1248,1802,1828]" pageId="16" pageNumber="25" refString="Maglio, V. J. (1970) West Indian xenodontine colubrid snakes: their probable origin, phylogeny, and zoogeography. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 141, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1970">Maglio 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFAB39206CDACBE1D" box="[1298,1436,1803,1828]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ialtris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haetianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFAB39206CDACBE1D" box="[1298,1436,1803,1828]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">I. haetianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they are ungrooved. Also, most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFD85923CCAEBBE73" box="[548,731,1841,1866]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFD85923CCAEBBE73" box="[548,731,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have eight upper labials whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFB23923CCCFEBE73" box="[1154,1230,1841,1866]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ialtris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFB23923CCCFEBE73" box="[1154,1230,1841,1866]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Ialtris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has seven upper labials; the small Jamaican
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFE7E9255CAA0BE48" box="[479,656,1880,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFE7E9255CAA0BE48" box="[479,656,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFD039255CB7FBE48" box="[674,847,1880,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callilaemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFD039255CB7FBE48" box="[674,847,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. callilaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFCFE9255CBD9BE48" box="[863,1001,1880,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="funereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFCFE9255CBD9BE48" box="[863,1001,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. funereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F748FFEDFB8A9255CC8BBE48" box="[1067,1211,1880,1905]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arrhyton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polylepis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFB8A9255CC8BBE48" box="[1067,1211,1880,1905]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">H. polylepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have seven upper labials.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF748FFEDFF6492A8CC99BE86" blockId="16.[151,1437,1415,2022]" box="[197,1193,1957,1983]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF6492A8C901BE86" bold="true" box="[197,305,1957,1983]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Content.</emphasis>
|
||
Eight species (18 species + subspecies) are included in the genus (
|
||
<tableCitation id="A2650370F748FFEDFBE192A8CCA7BE86" box="[1088,1175,1957,1983]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,241,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Classification of West Indian xenodontine snakes, Tribe Alsophiini. The arrangement used in this study is compared with that in previous classifications (Maglio 1970; Schwartz & Henderson 1991; Powell et al. 1996)." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F748FFEDFF6492C6CC1EBEDF" box="[197,1070,1995,2022]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF748FFEDFF6492C6CC1EBEDF" blockId="16.[151,1437,1415,2022]" box="[197,1070,1995,2022]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F748FFEDFF6492C6C955BEDC" bold="true" box="[197,357,1995,2021]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
The genus is distributed on Hispaniola and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF748FFEDFCC892C1CBF7BEDF" box="[873,967,1996,2022]" name="Jamaica" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF748FFEDFC7692C1CC2FBEDF" box="[983,1055,1996,2022]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="11.[151,255,804,828]" captionTargetBox="[279,1307,205,780]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[279,1307,194,780]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 2. Map showing the West Indies (including the southern tip of Florida above, Central America to the west, and the northern edge of South America below) and the distributions of the genera of the Tribe Alsophiini, Subfamily Xenodontinae, Family Dipsadidae." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187020/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F749FFECFF64959ACABBBB91" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF749FFECFF64959ACABBBB91" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1840]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF64959AC90FB988" bold="true" box="[197,319,151,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFE6A9595CA4CB988" box="[459,636,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFE6A9595CA4CB988" box="[459,636,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF749FFECFD2D9595CAE3B98B" box="[652,723,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="14.[151,261,1777,1801]" captionTargetBox="[174,1412,190,1725]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,166,1753]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 3. Representatives of genera of the snake Tribe Alsophiini (Dipsadidae: Xenonodontinae). Subtribe Alsophiina: Alsophis manselli (Woodlands Spring, Montserrat), Borikenophis portoricensis (1.5 km W. Playa de Tamarindo, Puerto Rico), Cubophis cantherigerus (2.0 km W Viñales, Pinar del Rio, Cuba), Hypsirhynchus ferox (Barahona, Barahona, Dominican Republic), Ialtris dorsalis (3 km N Bois Sec, Grand’Anse, Haiti), and Magliophis stahli (1.9 km NE Vista Alegre, Puerto Rico). Subtribe Arrhytonina: Arrhyton taeniatum (0.2 km WE Windmill Beach, Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, Cuba). Subtribe Uromacerina: Uromacer oxyrhynchus (4.4 km W Canada Honda, La Altagracia, Dominican Republic). Photos by S. B. Hedges." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187021/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
D) are small and moderate-sized (
|
||
<quantity id="281F9B2EF749FFECFBC69595CCFEB98B" box="[1127,1230,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" unit="mm" value="850.0">850 mm</quantity>
|
||
, maximum SVL) racers. Members of the Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFDA195B2CA9FB9E1" box="[512,687,191,216]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFDA195B2CA9FB9E1" box="[512,687,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included in our analysis (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF749FFECFC4195B3CC01B9E1" box="[992,1073,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1833,1857]" captionTargetBox="[379,1213,185,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[379,1215,185,1807]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 1. A phylogeny of Alsophiini. Bayesian tree obtained from the combined data set of six genes (RAG 2, 12 S & 16 S rRNA, cytochrome b, ND 2 and ND 4; 3387 sites). Alsophis portoricensis portoricensis and A. p. anegadae have identical sequences at all genes sampled, and therefore the latter taxon is not shown. Values are ML bootstrap values above 70 % followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities above 90 %. The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects usage prior to this study and shows paraphyly and polyphyly of Alsophis (blue), Arrhyton (purple), and Antillophis (orange). See Table 1 and Figure 4 for the new classification proposed here." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187019/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF749FFECFBCA95B3CC4BB9E1" box="[1131,1147,190,216]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1783,1807]" captionTargetBox="[169,1429,197,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[169,1429,197,1745]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. A timetree of Alsophiini. Divergence times and credibility / confidence intervals are shown in Table 3. Plei = Pleistocene. The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects the new classification proposed here and detailed in Table 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4</figureCitation>
|
||
) were previously placed in three genera: “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFEC795E8C9E1B9C7" box="[358,465,229,254]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arrhyton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFEC795E8C9E1B9C7" box="[358,465,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arrhyton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF749FFECFE4F95E8CA64B9C6" box="[494,596,229,255]" name="Jamaica" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
), and “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFD0895E8CB1BB9C7" box="[681,811,229,254]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Antillophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFD0895E8CB1BB9C7" box="[681,811,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Antillophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFCD595E8CCF4B9C6" authority="Hispaniola" authorityName="Hispaniola" box="[884,1220,229,255]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFCD595E8CC15B9C7" box="[884,1061,229,254]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
(Hispaniola)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Here, the species formerly placed in those genera are assigned to three species groups in the Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB0B9401CD55B81C" box="[1194,1381,268,293]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB0B9401CD55B81C" box="[1194,1381,268,293]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF36943FC92FB872" box="[151,287,306,331]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callilaemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF36943FC92FB872" box="[151,287,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">callilaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFE25943FCA01B872" box="[388,561,306,331]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callilaemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFE25943FCA01B872" box="[388,561,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. callilaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFDE1943FCAF9B872" box="[576,713,306,331]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="funereus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFDE1943FCAF9B872" box="[576,713,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. funereus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFCAA943FCBAAB872" box="[779,922,306,331]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arrhyton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="polylepis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFCAA943FCBAAB872" box="[779,922,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. polylepis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) occurring in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF749FFECFBE5943FCC96B875" box="[1092,1190,306,332]" name="Jamaica" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB7E943FCD2AB872" box="[1247,1306,306,331]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB7E943FCD2AB872" box="[1247,1306,306,331]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFADE943FC8E4B84B" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFADE943FC8E4B84B" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFEB19454C9A5B84B" box="[272,405,345,370]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFEB19454C9A5B84B" box="[272,405,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. scalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) occurring in Hispaniola, and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC969454CB84B84B" box="[823,948,345,370]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Antillophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC969454CB84B84B" box="[823,948,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">parvifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFBBA9454CC8DB84B" box="[1051,1213,345,370]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Antillophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFBBA9454CC8DB84B" box="[1051,1213,345,370]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. parvifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) also occurring in Hispaniola. Members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFE42948DCA5AB8A0" box="[483,618,384,409]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callilaemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFE42948DCA5AB8A0" box="[483,618,384,409]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">callilaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group have seven upper labials and nine lower labials compared with eight and 10–11 (respectively) present in other members of the genus. Members of the group also share two unique hemipenial characters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFE5D94C0CAB7B8DE" author="Zaher" box="[508,647,461,487]" pageId="17" pageNumber="26" refString="Zaher, H. (1999) Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 240, 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1999">Zaher 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and their monophyly suggests an island radiation on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF749FFECFAA394C0CD54B8DE" box="[1282,1380,461,487]" name="Jamaica" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF3694F9C8E2BB34" box="[151,210,500,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF3694F9C8E2BB34" box="[151,210,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group can be distinguished from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFD3094F9CB3ABB34" box="[657,778,500,525]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Antillophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFD3094F9CB3ABB34" box="[657,778,500,525]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">parvifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group by its fewer subcaudals (71–93 versus 100–138, respectively). Hemipenial morphology does not suggest a relationship between the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFBC09717CCD8BB0A" box="[1121,1256,538,563]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callilaemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFBC09717CCD8BB0A" box="[1121,1256,538,563]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">callilaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group and any other West Indian group. Instead,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFDE6974CCADCBB62" author="Zaher" box="[583,748,577,603]" pageId="17" pageNumber="26" refString="Zaher, H. (1999) Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 240, 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1999">Zaher (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found unique characters uniting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB30974CCDA5BB63" box="[1169,1429,577,602]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB30974CCDA5BB63" box="[1169,1429,577,602]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF369765C9BCBBB8" box="[151,396,616,641]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Haitiophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF369765C9BCBBB8" box="[151,396,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Haitiophis anomalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFE6D9765CB3ABBB8" box="[460,778,616,641]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Borikenophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portoricensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFE6D9765CB3ABBB8" box="[460,778,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Borikenophis portoricensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other characters uniting
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFBC49765CDA5BBB8" box="[1125,1429,616,641]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="parvifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFBC49765CDA5BBB8" box="[1125,1429,616,641]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus parvifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF369782C968BB91" box="[151,344,655,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ialtris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haetianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF369782C968BB91" box="[151,344,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ialtris haetianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFE059782CA3DBB91" box="[420,525,655,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arrhyton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFE059782CA3DBB91" box="[420,525,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Arrhyton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
"
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFD819782CAB3BB91" box="[544,643,655,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Arrhyton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exiguum">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFD819782CAB3BB91" box="[544,643,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">exiguum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F749FFECFF6497B8CA07BC97" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF749FFECFF6497B8CC52BD6B" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1840]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF6497B8C98EBBF7" box="[197,446,693,718]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF6497B8C98EBBF7" box="[197,446,693,718]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus ater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF749FFECFDAC97B8CA42BBF6" box="[525,626,693,719]" name="Jamaica" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
has not been seen in about 80 years or more (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFB6097B8CDA8BBF6" author="Henderson" box="[1217,1432,693,719]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" refString="Henderson, R. W. (1992) Consequences of predator introductions and habitat destruction on amphibians and reptiles in the post-Columbus West Indies. Caribbean Journal of Science. 28, 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="1992">Henderson 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Henderson & Powell 1996). Another related species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFCAD97D1CB83BBCC" box="[780,947,732,757]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capistratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFCAD97D1CB83BBCC" box="[780,947,732,757]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. capistratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF749FFECFB1097D1CD3FBBCF" box="[1201,1295,732,758]" name="Jamaica" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
at the same time that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFEAA960FC952BA22" box="[267,354,770,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFEAA960FC952BA22" box="[267,354,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. ater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was described (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFD87960FCA8ABA25" author="Gosse" box="[550,698,770,796]" pageId="17" pageNumber="24" refString="Gosse, P. H. (1851) A Naturalist's Sojurn in Jamaica. Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, London. 508 pp." type="book" year="1851">Gosse 1851</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it was synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB99960FCCBFBA22" box="[1080,1167,770,795]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB99960FCCBFBA22" box="[1080,1167,770,795]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. ater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFB1F960FCDA8BA25" author="Boulenger" box="[1214,1432,770,796]" pageId="17" pageNumber="23" refString="Boulenger, G. A. (1893) Catalogue of snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Vo l. 1, Longmans and Company, London, 448 pp." type="book" year="1893">Boulenger (1893)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Although we do not recognize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFDA59624CA9ABA7B" box="[516,682,809,834]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capistratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFDA59624CA9ABA7B" box="[516,682,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. capistratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
here, the original description suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB0D9624CD63BA7B" box="[1196,1363,809,834]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capistratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB0D9624CD63BA7B" box="[1196,1363,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. capistratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be a valid species; additional study is needed. No tissue samples were available from any of these taxa, but morphological data suggest some tentative assignments to genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC38967ACC4EBAA9" box="[921,1150,887,912]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC38967ACC4EBAA9" box="[921,1150,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus ater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB60967ACD57BAA9" box="[1217,1383,887,912]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capistratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB60967ACD57BAA9" box="[1217,1383,887,912]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. capistratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, if a valid species) lacks a loreal scale, an uncommon character (the absence of the scale) in the Subtribe Alsophiina that occurs in a few species of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFCAB96C9CB89BAE4" box="[778,953,964,989]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFCAB96C9CB89BAE4" box="[778,953,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC6A96C9CC46BAE4" box="[971,1142,964,989]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callilaemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC6A96C9CC46BAE4" box="[971,1142,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. callilaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="97F0765BF749FFECFB3C96C9CCCEBAE7" box="[1181,1278,964,990]" name="Jamaica" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFA9D96C9CDABBAE4" box="[1340,1435,964,989]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFA9D96C9CDABBAE4" box="[1340,1435,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF6896E7C97BBD3A" box="[201,331,1002,1027]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scalaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF6896E7C97BBD3A" box="[201,331,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. scalaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Hispaniola),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFDAC96E7CA65BD3A" box="[525,597,1002,1027]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ialtris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFDAC96E7CA65BD3A" box="[525,597,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ialtris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFDC696E7CAC3BD3A" box="[615,755,1002,1027]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ialtris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="haetianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFDC696E7CAC3BD3A" box="[615,755,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">I. haetianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Hispaniola) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC4196E7CC56BD3A" box="[992,1126,1002,1027]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Magliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC4196E7CC56BD3A" box="[992,1126,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Magliophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFBD996E7CCCABD3A" box="[1144,1274,1002,1027]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Magliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="exiguus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFBD996E7CCCABD3A" box="[1144,1274,1002,1027]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">M. exiguus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the Puerto Rican Bank). Although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFE10911CCA7BBD12" author="Zaher" box="[433,587,1041,1067]" pageId="17" pageNumber="26" refString="Zaher, H. (1999) Hemipenial morphology of the South American xenodontine snakes, with a proposal for a monophyletic Xenodontinae and a reappraisal of colubroid hemipenes. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 240, 1 - 168." type="journal article" year="1999">Zaher (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
could not associate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC9D911CCBBFBD13" box="[828,911,1041,1066]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC9D911CCBBFBD13" box="[828,911,1041,1066]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. ater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with any West Indian xenodontine based on hemipenial morphology,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFE1D9135CA56BD6B" author="Maglio" box="[444,614,1080,1106]" pageId="17" pageNumber="25" refString="Maglio, V. J. (1970) West Indian xenodontine colubrid snakes: their probable origin, phylogeny, and zoogeography. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 141, 1 - 54." type="journal article" year="1970">Maglio (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted skull bone similarities with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC5D9135CC6ABD68" box="[1020,1114,1080,1105]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferox">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC5D9135CC6ABD68" box="[1020,1114,1080,1105]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. ferox</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF749FFECFF649153CA07BC97" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1840]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFF649153C9B6BD41" author="Cochran" box="[197,390,1118,1144]" pageId="17" pageNumber="23" refString="Cochran, D. M. (1941) The herpetology of Hispaniola. Bulletin of the U. S. National Museum, 177, 1 - 398." type="journal article" year="1941">Cochran (1941)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFDB39152CB5BBD41" box="[530,875,1119,1144]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanichnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFDB39152CB5BBD41" box="[530,875,1119,1144]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus melanichnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from species in the eastern Caribbean (genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF5B9188C952BDA7" box="[250,354,1157,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Alsophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF5B9188C952BDA7" box="[250,354,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Alsophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFE3E9188CA71BDA7" box="[415,577,1157,1182]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Borikenophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFE3E9188CA71BDA7" box="[415,577,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Borikenophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) in lacking a furrow on the side of the head at the upper border of the upper labials. In scale counts it differs from the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC9791A1CBB0BDFC" box="[822,896,1196,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Ialtris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC9791A1CBB0BDFC" box="[822,896,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ialtris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC1D91A1CC75BDFC" box="[956,1093,1196,1221]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Magliophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC1D91A1CC75BDFC" box="[956,1093,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Magliophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having 17 midbody scale rows (not 19 rows), and from the Genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFD1D91DECB5DBDD5" box="[700,877,1235,1260]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Borikenophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFD1D91DECB5DBDD5" box="[700,877,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Borikenophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having 102 subcaudals (not 106–145).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF3691F4C9DDBC2B" box="[151,493,1273,1298]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanichnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF3691F4C9DDBC2B" box="[151,493,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus melanichnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has relatively large posterior upper labials compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB5A91F4C904BC00" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Borikenophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portoricensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB5A91F4C904BC00" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Borikenophis portoricensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and is closer in that sense to the Genus
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC81902DCBE9BC00" box="[800,985,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC81902DCBE6BC00" box="[800,982,1312,1337]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypsirhynchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Considering all of the morphological evidence, and while recognizing it is not strong, we tentatively assign
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB89904ACCC0BC59" box="[1064,1264,1351,1376]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanichnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB89904ACCC0BC59" box="[1064,1264,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">H. melanichnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the Genus
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF369060C97FBCBF" box="[151,335,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF369060C97BBCBF" box="[151,331,1389,1414]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Hypsirhynchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In terms of biogeography, such an assignment also makes sense because other species of the genus are distributed in Hispaniola.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A7FD6540F749FFECFF6490B7C9DEBE09" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="EF5836CBF749FFECFF6490B7C9DEBE09" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,1840]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Recently,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFEE390B7CA1DBCED" box="[322,557,1466,1492]" pageId="17" pageNumber="26" refString="Zaher, H., Grazziotin, F. G., Cadle, J. E., Murphy, R. W., Moura-Leite, J. C. & Bonatto, S. L. (2009) Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South America xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49,115 - 153." type="book">Zaher et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
resurrected
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFD6890B6CBB7BCED" authority="Cope" authorityName="Cope" box="[713,903,1466,1492]" genus="Ocyophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFD6890B6CB0EBCED" box="[713,830,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ocyophis</emphasis>
|
||
Cope
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC1C90B6CC81BCED" box="[957,1201,1467,1492]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC1C90B6CC81BCED" box="[957,1201,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus ater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<typeStatus id="305C8869F749FFECFB6390B7CCC9BCED" box="[1218,1273,1466,1492]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species) and included
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFEAE90ECCA4ABCC3" box="[271,634,1505,1530]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanichnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFEAE90ECCA4ABCC3" box="[271,634,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus melanichnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFD2D90ECCBAABCC3" box="[652,922,1505,1530]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Haitiophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anomalus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFD2D90ECCBAABCC3" box="[652,922,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Haitiophis anomalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC0D90ECCCD3BCC3" box="[940,1251,1505,1530]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Cubophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cantherigerus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC0D90ECCCD3BCC3" box="[940,1251,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Cubophis cantherigerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB5490ECCD6DBCC3" box="[1269,1373,1505,1530]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Cubophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vudii">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB5490ECCD6DBCC3" box="[1269,1373,1505,1530]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">C. vudii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF369305C9E7BF18" box="[151,471,1544,1569]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Borikenophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="portoricensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF369305C9E7BF18" box="[151,471,1544,1569]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Borikenophis portoricensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the genus. Such a grouping is unsupported in our expanded molecular data set (
|
||
<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF749FFECFF019323C8C4BF71" box="[160,244,1582,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 1. A" captionStartId="10.[151,255,1833,1857]" captionTargetBox="[379,1213,185,1804]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[379,1215,185,1807]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 1. A phylogeny of Alsophiini. Bayesian tree obtained from the combined data set of six genes (RAG 2, 12 S & 16 S rRNA, cytochrome b, ND 2 and ND 4; 3387 sites). Alsophis portoricensis portoricensis and A. p. anegadae have identical sequences at all genes sampled, and therefore the latter taxon is not shown. Values are ML bootstrap values above 70 % followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities above 90 %. The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects usage prior to this study and shows paraphyly and polyphyly of Alsophis (blue), Arrhyton (purple), and Antillophis (orange). See Table 1 and Figure 4 for the new classification proposed here." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187019/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="77DC2A4EF749FFECFE919323C972BF71" box="[304,322,1582,1608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4. A" captionStartId="15.[151,255,1783,1807]" captionTargetBox="[169,1429,197,1741]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[169,1429,197,1745]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 4. A timetree of Alsophiini. Divergence times and credibility / confidence intervals are shown in Table 3. Plei = Pleistocene. The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects the new classification proposed here and detailed in Table 1." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187022/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Therefore we place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFDED9322CA8EBF71" box="[588,702,1583,1608]" genus="Ocyophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFDED9322CA8EBF71" box="[588,702,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ocyophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC1A9322CC5FBF71" box="[955,1135,1583,1608]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC1A9322CC5FBF71" box="[955,1135,1583,1608]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="8B764B3AF749FFECFB219323CD53BF71" box="[1152,1379,1582,1608]" pageId="17" pageNumber="26" refString="Zaher, H., Grazziotin, F. G., Cadle, J. E., Murphy, R. W., Moura-Leite, J. C. & Bonatto, S. L. (2009) Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South America xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 49,115 - 153." type="book">Zaher et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFF539358C997BF57" box="[242,423,1621,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Schwartzophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFF539358C997BF57" box="[242,423,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Schwartzophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the three small Jamaican species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFC029358CC6DBF57" box="[931,1117,1621,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFC029358CC6DBF57" box="[931,1117,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(our
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB039358CD02BF57" box="[1186,1330,1621,1646]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="callilaemus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB039358CD02BF57" box="[1186,1330,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">callilaemus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group). However, while those three species have long been known to form a group, we consider it unnecessary to recognize every small cluster of species as a separate genus. Also, in this case the decision was premature because the larger Jamaican racer (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFD9193C4CB25BFDB" box="[560,789,1737,1762]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ater">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFD9193C4CB25BFDB" box="[560,789,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus ater</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) may be part of that radiation (see above) and it carries an older generic name (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFE1993FDCA1ABE30" box="[440,554,1776,1801]" genus="Ocyophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFE1993FDCA1ABE30" box="[440,554,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Ocyophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) that would take priority. Therefore, we also place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFB3F93FDCD7EBE30" box="[1182,1358,1776,1801]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Schwartzophis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFB3F93FDCD7EBE30" box="[1182,1358,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Schwartzophis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the synonymy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="28E74D48F749FFECFE99921AC9D7BE09" box="[312,487,1815,1840]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Hypsirhynchus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DD93EAD9F749FFECFE99921AC9D7BE09" box="[312,487,1815,1840]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Hypsirhynchus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |